10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-40591

HCW Biologics Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	82-5024477
( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2929 N. Commerce Parkway Miramar, Florida	33025
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (954) 842–2024

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	HCWB	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 10, 2023, the registrant had 35,926,721 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Unaudited condensed interim financial statements as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023:
	Balance sheets	1
	Statements of operations	2
	Statements of changes in stockholders’ equity	3
	Statements of cash flows	4
	Notes to financial statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	14
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	25
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	25
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	26
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	26
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	26
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	26
Item 5.	Other Information	26
Item 6.	Exhibits	27
Signatures		28

i

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Balance Sheets

	December 31,			June 30,
	2022			2023
				Unaudited
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	22,326,356		$	7,449,010
Short-term investments		9,735,930			9,959,370
Accounts receivable, net		417,695			707,211
Prepaid expenses		1,394,923			1,356,520
Other current assets		196,015			327,055
Total current assets		34,070,919			19,799,166
Investments		1,599,751			1,599,751
Property, plant and equipment, net		10,804,610			12,623,308
Deposit for interest reserve		—			5,250,000
Other assets		333,875			211,019
Total assets	$	46,809,155		$	39,483,244
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,226,156		$	2,116,216
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities		1,730,325			2,421,682
Total current liabilities		2,956,481			4,537,898
Debt, net		6,409,893			6,359,704
Other liabilities		14,275			—
Total liabilities		9,380,649			10,897,602
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock:
Common, $0.0001 par value; 250,000,000 shares authorized    and 35,876,440 shares issued at December 31, 2022; 250,000,000 shares    authorized and 35,926,721 shares issued at June 30, 2023		3,588			3,593
Additional paid-in capital		82,962,964			83,495,201
Accumulated deficit		(45,538,046	)		(54,913,152	)
Total stockholders’ equity		37,428,506			28,585,642
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	46,809,155		$	39,483,244

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

1

HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023			2022			2023
Revenues:
Revenues	$	454,000		$	622,807		$	3,571,545		$	664,690
Cost of revenues		(287,200	)		(502,402	)		(1,615,276	)		(531,752	)
Net revenues		166,800			120,405			1,956,269			132,938
Operating expenses:
Research and development		1,969,882			1,616,666			3,759,558			3,872,479
General and administrative		1,707,995			3,014,260			3,588,597			6,131,550
Total operating expenses		3,677,877			4,630,926			7,348,155			10,004,029
Loss from operations		(3,511,077	)		(4,510,521	)		(5,391,886	)		(9,871,091	)
Interest expense		—			(95,514	)		—			(188,951	)
Other (expense) income, net		516			301,615			(175,882	)		684,936
Net loss	$	(3,510,561	)	$	(4,304,420	)	$	(5,567,768	)	$	(9,375,106	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.16	)	$	(0.26	)
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		35,814,482			35,910,669			35,796,257			35,897,224

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

2

HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

	Stockholders’ Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021		35,768,264	$	3,577	$	81,827,006	$	(30,637,343	)	$	51,193,240
Issuance of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options		11,225		1		2,272		—			2,273
Stock-based compensation		—		—		260,348		—			260,348
Net loss		—		—		—		(2,057,207	)		(2,057,207	)
Balance, March 31, 2022		35,779,489	$	3,578	$	82,089,626	$	(32,694,550	)	$	49,398,654
Issuance of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options		44,434		4		5,996		—			6,000
Stock-based compensation		—		—		271,335		—			271,335
Net loss		—		—		—		(3,510,561	)		(3,510,561	)
Balance, June 30, 2022		35,823,923	$	3,582	$	82,366,957	$	(36,205,111	)	$	46,165,428

	Stockholders’ Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022		35,876,440	$	3,588	$	82,962,964	$	(45,538,046	)	$	37,428,506
Issuance of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options		10,195		1		1,900		—			1,901
Stock-based compensation		—		—		259,206		—			259,206
Net loss		—		—		—		(5,070,686	)		(5,070,686	)
Balance, March 31, 2023		35,886,635	$	3,589	$	83,224,070	$	(50,608,732	)	$	32,618,927
Issuance of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options		40,086		4		7,708		—			7,712
Stock-based compensation		—		—		263,423		—			263,423
Net loss		—		—		—		(4,304,420	)		(4,304,420	)
Balance, June 30, 2023		35,926,721	$	3,593	$	83,495,201	$	(54,913,152	)	$	28,585,642

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

3

HCW Biologics Inc.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(5,567,768	)	$	(9,375,106	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		292,363			583,180
Stock-based compensation		531,683			522,629
Unrealized loss (gain) on investments, net		209,337			(223,440	)
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use asset		836			(418	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(213,934	)		(289,516	)
Deposit for interest reserve		—			(5,250,000	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,863,759			(49,819	)
Accounts payable and other liabilities		(1,347,729	)		1,212,921
Operating lease liability		(50,545	)		(160,490	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(4,281,998	)		(13,030,059	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(36,461	)		(1,856,900	)
Proceeds for sale or maturities of short-term investments		7,999,840			—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		7,963,379			(1,856,900	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		8,273			9,613
Net cash provided by financing activities		8,273			9,613
Net changes in cash and cash equivalents		3,689,654			(14,877,346	)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period		11,730,677			22,326,356
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	15,420,331		$	7,449,010
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	$	—		$	188,951
Noncash operating, investing and financing activities:
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets	$	269,134		$	—
Capital expenditures accrued, but not yet paid	$	—		$	357,466
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and other liabilities	$	—		$	18,382

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed interim financial statements.

4

HCW Biologics Inc.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

HCW Biologics Inc. (the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing novel immunotherapies to lengthen healthspan by disrupting the link between chronic, low-grade inflammation and age-related diseases. The Company believes age-related low-grade chronic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” is a significant contributing factor to several chronic diseases and conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The Company is located in Miramar, Florida and was incorporated in the state of Delaware in April 2018.

Liquidity

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had not generated any revenue from commercial product sales of its internally-developed immunotherapeutic products for the treatment of cancer and other age-related diseases. In the course of its development activities, the Company has sustained operating losses and expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. Since inception, substantially all the Company’s activities have consisted of research, development, establishing large-scale cGMP production for clinical trials, and raising capital. The Company's total revenues to date have been generated solely from the Wugen License and manufacturing and supply arrangement with Wugen. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenues from manufacturing and supply of materials for Wugen of $622,807 and $664,690, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $7.4 million, a deposit for interest reserve of $5.3 million, and short-term investments of $10.0 million held in U.S. government-backed securities. Since inception to June 30, 2023, the Company incurred cumulative net losses of $52.2 million. Management expects to incur additional losses in the future to conduct product research and development and recognizes the need to raise additional capital to fully implement its business plan. The Company intends to focus its efforts to raise capital from non-dilutive funding sources. This includes out-licensing rights to technology or regional markets, third-party collaboration funding, cooperative agreements for clinical trials, or other business development transactions. In addition, when or if market conditions are more favorable, the Company may raise capital through additional debt or equity financings. However, if such financing is not available at adequate levels, the Company will need to reevaluate its operating plan and may be required to delay the development of some of its products.

5

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed interim financial statements include only normal and recurring adjustments that the Company believes are necessary to fairly state the Company’s financial position and the results of its operations and cash flows. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any subsequent interim period. The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Because all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements are not included herein, these unaudited condensed interim financial statements and the notes accompanying them should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 which appear in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-40591) filed for the year ended December 31, 2022 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 28, 2023 and in other filings with the SEC.

Deposit for Interest Reserve

The Company agreed to establish an interest reserve account for the purpose of paying interest on outstanding debt under the Development Line of Credit Agreement which is further described in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies - Project Financing herein. As of June 30, 2023, there was a balance of $5.3 million included in Deposit for interest reserve in noncurrent assets on the accompanying condensed balance sheet.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenues in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that fall within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred to the customer.

At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. To date, the Company's revenues have been generated solely from transactions with Wugen. The Wugen License includes licenses of intellectual property, cost reimbursements, upfront signing fees, milestone payments and royalties on future licensee’s product sales. In addition, the Company and Wugen have an agreement for supply of materials, from which the Company also recognizes revenues.

License Grants:

For out-licensing arrangements that include a grant of a license to the Company’s intellectual property, the Company considers whether the license grant is distinct from the other performance obligations included in the arrangement. For licenses that are distinct, the Company recognizes revenues from nonrefundable, upfront payments and other consideration allocated to the license when the license term has begun and the Company has provided all necessary information regarding the underlying intellectual property to the customer, which generally occurs at or near the inception of the arrangement.

6

Milestone and Contingent Payments:

At the inception of the arrangement and at each reporting date thereafter, the Company assesses whether it should include any milestone and contingent payments or other forms of variable consideration in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of each such milestone and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Since milestone and contingent payments may become payable to the Company upon the initiation of a clinical study or filing for or receipt of regulatory approval, the Company reviews the relevant facts and circumstances to determine when the Company should update the transaction price, which may occur before the triggering event. When the Company updates the transaction price for milestone and contingent payments, the Company allocates the changes in the total transaction price to each performance obligation in the agreement on the same basis as the initial allocation. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment, which may result in recognizing revenue for previously satisfied performance obligations in such period. The Company’s licensees will generally pay milestones payments subsequent to achievement of the triggering event.

Materials Supply:

The Company provides clinical and research grade materials so that licensees may develop products based on the licensed molecules. The Company plans to enter into commercialization supply agreements when licensees enter the commercial stage of their company. The amounts billed are recognized as revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied by the Company, once the Company determines that a contract exists.

On June 18, 2021, the Company entered into a master services agreement (“MSA”) for the supply of materials for clinical development of licensed products. On March 14, 2022, the Company entered into statements-of-work (“SOWs”) contemplated under the MSA for all current and historical purchases of clinical and research grade materials. The Company determined that upon entering into the SOWs all requirements were met to qualify as a contract under Topic 606. The manufacturing of the clinical and research materials supplied by the Company each represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue using an input method based on the costs incurred relative to the total expected cost, which determines the extent of the Company's progress toward completion. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgement to determine the progress towards completion. The Company reviews its estimate of the progress toward completion based on the best information available to recognize the cumulative progress toward completion as of the end of each reporting period, and makes revisions to such estimates, if facts and circumstances change during each reporting period.

The Company recognized revenue related to sale of development supply materials to its licensee, Wugen, of $454,000 and $3,571,545, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022; and $622,807 and $664,690, respectively, for three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Investments

The Company holds a minority interest in Wugen which is accounted for using the measurement alternative whereby the investment is recorded at cost less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same investee. No impairment has been recognized on the minority interest in Wugen as of June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company included $1.6 million for the investment in Wugen in Investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.

The Company invests in bills and notes issued by the U.S. Treasury which are classified as trading securities. The Company reported a fair value of $9.7 million and $10.0 million for the fair value of investments in U.S. Treasury bills as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively, included in Short-term investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.

Operating Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in Other assets, Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities, and Other liabilities on the accompanying condensed balance sheets. Operating lease Right of Use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company has a lease agreement with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

7

Net Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share of common stock includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise of stock options and unvested shares of restricted stock, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. For diluted net loss per share, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock is the same for basic net loss per share due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive securities are not included in the calculation as the impact is anti-dilutive.

2. Accrued Liabilities and Other Current Liabilities

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a balance of $1.7 million included in Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed balance sheet, consisting primarily of $416,000 for legal expenses, $277,500 for clinical expenses, $524,000 for bonus expenses, $134,000 for salary and benefits, and $178,000 for a lease liability.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had a balance of $2.4 million in Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed balance sheet, consisting primarily of the following: $994,000 for legal expenses related to legal proceedings which are further described in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies - Legal herein; $377,000 for clinical expenses; $365,000 performance-related bonus payable; $115,000 for salary and benefits; $79,000 for legal expenses related to the execution of the Company's patent prosecution strategy and other legal expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business; $112,000 for a lease liability; and $97,101 for the current portion of long-term debt.

8

3. Debt, Net

On August 15, 2022, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the "2022 Loan Agreement") with Cogent Bank ("Cogent"), pursuant to which it received $6.5 million in gross proceeds to purchase a building that will become the Company's new headquarters. The Cogent loan is secured by a first priority lien on the building.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $6.5 million in gross principal outstanding in a loan under the 2022 Loan Agreement. The interest-only period is one year followed by 48 months of equal payments of principal and interest beginning on September 15, 2023 based on a 25-year amortization rate. The unamortized balance is due on August 15, 2027 (the “Cogent Maturity Date”), and bears interest at a fixed per annum rate equal to 5.75%. Upon the Cogent Maturity Date, a final payment of unamortized principal will be due. The Company is in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2023. The Company has the option to prepay the outstanding balance of the loan prior to the Cogent Maturity Date without penalty.

As of December 31, 2022, the Cogent loan consisted of a long-term portion of $6.5 million which is included in Debt, net on the accompanying condensed balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, it consisted of a current portion of $97,101 which is included in Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities and a noncurrent portion of $6.4 million which is included in Debt, net in the accompanying condensed balance sheet.

4. Preferred Stock

At December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized and no shares issued.

5. Net Loss Per Share

The following table summarizes the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023			2022			2023
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(3,510,561	)	$	(4,304,420	)	$	(5,567,768	)	$	(9,375,106	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding		35,814,482			35,910,669			35,796,257			35,897,224
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.16	)	$	(0.26	)

The following table summarizes the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

	At June 30,
	2022		2023
Common stock options		1,924,317		1,873,806
Potentially diluted securities		1,924,317		1,873,806

9

6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amount of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, U.S. government-backed securities with maturity dates up to one year, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. The balance of funds included in Deposit for interest reserve is held in a non-interest bearing account and its carrying value approximates its fair value.

Money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents and U.S. government-backed securities are measured at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets, which are considered Level 1 inputs. No transfers between levels occurred during the periods presented. The following table presents the Company’s assets which were measured at fair value at December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	At December 31, 2022:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	19,458,020	$	—	$	—	$	19,458,020
Treasury notes		9,735,930		—		—		9,735,930
Total	$	29,193,950	$	—	$	—	$	29,193,950

	At June 30, 2023:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	6,422,104	$	—	$	—	$	6,422,104
Treasury notes		9,959,370		—		—		9,959,370
Total	$	16,381,474	$	—	$	—	$	16,381,474

7. Income Taxes

The Company computes its quarterly income tax expense/(benefit) by using a forecasted annual effective tax rate and adjusts for any discrete items arising during the quarter. The Company did not have a provision for income taxes (current or deferred tax expense) as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023. The Company will continue to maintain a 100% valuation allowance on total deferred tax assets. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax asset will not be realized. As a result, the Company’s effective tax rate will remain at 0.00% because no items either estimated or discrete items would impact the tax provision.

10

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company has operating leases for approximately 12,250 square feet of space located in Miramar, Florida. The leases have a two-year term which commenced on March 1, 2022 and will terminate on February 29, 2024. Upon the commencement of the leases, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate of 6.0% to determine the amounts to recognize for a ROU asset and a lease liability. There are no obligations under finance leases.

The components of the lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023		For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Operating lease cost	$	42,413	$	84,825

Supplemental cash flow information related to lease for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows	$	84,040
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating lease	$	80,036

As of June 30, 2023, the supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

	As of June 30, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	110,561
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	112,232

As of June 30, 2023, the remaining lease payments were as follows:

2023	$	85,661
2024		28,693
Total future minimum lease payments	$	114,354

For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, rent expense recognized by the Company was $49,996 and $40,875, respectively, of which $25,149 and $22,212, respectively, is included in research and development in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, rent expense recognized by the Company was $77,139 and $84,825, respectively, of which $32,834 and $44,424, respectively, is included in research and development in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.

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Contractual Commitments

The Company entered into an agreement with a third-party global contract development and manufacturer of biologics for the manufacture of the Company’s proprietary molecules for use in clinical trials. At December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, future payment obligations under such agreements were $406,000 and $2.2 million, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, the Company committed to purchase upstream processing and fluid management equipment for $1.6 million, and it advanced $495,000 for this purchase as of June 30, 2023.

Project Financing

On April 21, 2023, the Company entered into a secured Development Line of Credit Agreement (the "2023 Loan Agreement") with Prime Capital Ventures, LLC ("Prime"), pursuant to which Prime will advance loans to the Company in a principal amount not to exceed $26.3 million with a scheduled maturity of April 20, 2028 (the "Prime Maturity Date"). The Company has the option to prepay the balance of the loan prior to the Prime Maturity date without penalty. The note issued pursuant to the 2023 Loan Agreement bears interest at a fixed rate equal to 7.00% per annum, due monthly in arears on the first day of each month. The primary purpose of the loan is to provide the funding required to complete the buildout of the Company's new headquarters, including improved research laboratories and a vivarium to support the Company's pre-clinical research efforts, and a manufacturing facility to produce GMP material to support the Company's clinical development as well as produce material to support the clinical development of its licensee, Wugen.

Under the 2023 Loan Agreement, the Company was required to fund an interest reserve bank account controlled by Prime in the amount of $5.3 million to fund the interest payments due on outstanding principal amounts under the 2023 Loan Agreement. The balance of the reserve account is presented in Deposit for interest reserve in noncurrent assets on the accompanying condensed balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the 2023 Loan Agreement. The initial advance is contingent upon the Company's receipt of all necessary permits and approvals to begin construction. On August 10, 2023, the Company obtained construction permits required to begin the buildout of its new headquarters. This satisfies the final condition precedent to accessing the $26.3 million line of credit. The Company will incur $1.8 million in debt issuance costs in connection to the Prime loan, which will be earned and payable upon the first draw down.

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Legal

From time to time, the Company is a party to or otherwise involved in legal proceedings, including suits, assessments, regulatory actions and investigations generally arising out of the normal course of business. In addition, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions, pursuant to which the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. When the Company believes that the outcome of such a matter will result in a liability that is probable to be incurred and result in a potential loss, or range of loss, that can be reasonably estimated, the Company will accrue a liability and make the appropriate disclosure in the footnotes to the financial statements.

On December 23, 2022, Altor BioScience, LLC and NantCell, Inc. (“Altor/NantCell”) initiated an arbitration against Dr. Hing C. Wong, the Company’s Founder and Chief Executive Officer, in California alleging breach of contract and fiduciary duty, among other claims. On that same date, Altor/NantCell filed a lawsuit against the Company in federal court alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, inducement of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty, among other claims against the Company. On January 31, 2023, the Company filed a motion to compel arbitration, a motion for the stay of the litigation, and a motion to dismiss the complaint (“motion to compel”). On April 18, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Court”) heard oral argument on the Company’s motion to compel and ordered the parties to provide supplemental briefing by April 28, 2023. Before the Court ruled on the Company’s motion to compel, on April 26, 2023, the parties stipulated that Altor/NantCell’s action against the Company would be consolidated with the Altor/NantCell arbitration demand against Dr. Wong. On April 27, 2023, the Court approved the parties’ stipulation and ordered the parties to arbitration. On May 1, 2023, Altor/NantCell filed a demand against the Company before JAMS. On May 3, 2023, Altor/NantCell dismissed the federal court action without prejudice and the Court ordered the case dismissed without prejudice and closed the case. Altor/NantCell’s proceeding against the Company is now proceeding in arbitration before JAMS.

Inflationary Cost Environment, Geopolitical Risks and Other Macroeconomic Factors

The operations have been affected by many headwinds, including inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, ongoing global supply chain disruptions resulting from increased geopolitical tensions such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, Chinese aggression towards Taiwan, financial market volatility and currency movements. Further, there have been lingering, long-term effects of COVID-19 that continue to directly or indirectly impact the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly related to staffing at clinical sites. The Company may be impacted by inflation when procuring materials required for the buildout of our new headquarters, the costs for recruiting and retaining employees and other employee-related costs. The Company uses a number of strategies to effectively navigate these issues, including product redesign, alternate sourcing, and establishing contingencies in budgeting and timelines. Future developments in these and other areas present material uncertainty and risk with respect to the Company's clinical trials, IND-enabling activities, buildout of the new headquarters, as well as the Company's financial condition and results of operations. The extent and duration of such events and conditions, and resulting disruptions to our operations, are highly unpredictable.

9. Subsequent Events

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date the financial statements were available to be issued. As of such date, there were no material subsequent events identified that required recognition or disclosure other than as disclosed in the footnotes herein.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with (i) our unaudited condensed interim financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and (ii) our audited financial statements and related notes and the discussion under the heading “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 28, 2023. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “HCW Biologics,” “HCWB”, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to HCW Biologics Inc.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this quarterly report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, prospective products, product approvals, research and development costs, timing and likelihood of success of our clinical trials, plans and objectives of management for future operations, adequacy of our cash resources and working capital, future economic conditions or performance, lingering impact of COVID-19 pandemic on our research and development activities and business operations, and future results of anticipated products, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this report in Part II, Item 1A -“Risk Factors,” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other filings we make with the SEC from time to time. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Overview

HCW Biologics Inc. is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing novel immunotherapies to lengthen healthspan by disrupting the link between chronic, low-grade inflammation and age-related diseases. We believe age-related, chronic, low-grade inflammation, or “inflammaging,” is a significant contributing factor to several diseases and conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

The induction and retention of low-grade inflammation in an aging human body is mainly the result of the accumulation of non-proliferative but metabolically active senescent cells, which can also be caused by persistent activation of protein complexes, known as inflammasomes, in innate immune cells. These two elements share common mechanisms in promoting secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins and in many cases interact to drive senescence, and thus, inflammaging. Our novel approach is to reduce senescent cells and eliminate the pro-inflammatory factors they secrete systemically through multiple pathways. We believe our approach has the potential to fundamentally change the treatment of age-related diseases. Our lead product candidates address the two primary processes that promote chronic inflammation.

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HCW9218. Subcutaneous administration of our clinical-stage, lead drug candidate, HCW9218, activates NK cells, innate lymphoid group-1, and CD8+ T cells, and neutralizes TGF-β. This bifunctionality gives HCW9218 the ability to reduce senescent cells as well as function as a senomorphic that eliminates senescence-associated pro-inflammatory factors. As a result, we believe HCW9218 has the ability to lower chronic inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis. This lead product candidate is currently being evaluated in two Phase 1/1b clinical trials for chemo-refractory/chemo-resistant solid tumor cancers.

HCW9302. Subcutaneous administration of our preclinical-stage, lead drug candidate, HCW9302, is designed to activate and expand Treg cells to reduce senescence by suppressing the activity of inflammasome-bearing cells and the inflammatory factors which they secrete. This molecule is a single-chain, IL-2-based fusion protein. Preclinical studies in mouse models have demonstrated the ability of HCW9302 to expand and activate Treg cells and reduce inflammation-related diseases, supporting the potential of HCW9302 to treat a wide variety of autoimmune and pro-inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. We are in the process of completing IND-enabling studies and intend to prepare and submit an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application to the FDA in 2023.

Recent Developments

•In a Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate HCW9218 in the treatment of chemo-refractory/chemo-resistant solid tumors, sponsored by the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota (the "UMN study"), the first patient was dosed in the expansion phase of the trial. There has been no dose-limiting toxicity to date. The Company expects this trial to be completed in the second half of 2023 and intends to disclose human clinical data from this trial and the mechanism of action underlying HCW9218 anti-cancer activities at a major industry conference prior to the end of the year.

•In a Company-sponsored Phase 1b clinical trial to evaluate HCW9218 in the treatment of chemo-refractory/chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer, the trial has completed two dose escalations and has begun a third, with no dose-limiting toxicity to date. The Company expects this trial to be completed late in 2023 or early 2024, with a human clinical data readout in the first half of 2024.

•On April 21, 2023, we entered into a secured Development Line of Credit Agreement with Prime Capital Ventures, LLC, as lender, pursuant to which the Company may borrow up to $26.3 million with a scheduled maturity date of April 20, 2028. In connection with this loan, the Company established a $5.3 million deposit for interest reserve. Among the other uses of proceeds, we plan to refinance our existing long-term debt with some of the proceeds from this loan. Some of the proceeds of the loan will be used to recoup $3.2 million in funds advanced from the Company's operating capital while awaiting permits. On August 10, 2023, we obtained construction permits required to begin the buildout of our new headquarters. This satisfies the final condition precedent to accessing the $26.3 million line of credit.

•On June 13, 2023, HCW Biologics was granted U.S. Patent No. 11,672,826 by the United States Patent and Trademark Office which contains methods of use claims directed to administering the Company’s clinical-stage bifunctional immunotherapeutic, HCW9218, to treat cancer, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, urothelial carcinoma, and melanoma.

Trends and Uncertainties

Inflationary Cost Environment, Geopolitical Risks and Other Macroeconomic Factors

The operations have been affected by many headwinds, including inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, ongoing global supply chain disruptions resulting from increased geopolitical tensions such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, Chinese aggression towards Taiwan, financial market volatility and currency movements. The Company may be impacted by inflation, especially when procuring materials required for the buildout of our new headquarters, the costs for recruiting and retaining employees and other employee-related costs. Further, there continue to be some lingering, long-term effects of COVID-19 that directly or indirectly impacts the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly related to staffing at clinical sites. The Company uses a number of strategies to effectively navigate these issues, including product redesign, alternate sourcing, and establishing contingencies in budgeting and timelines. Future developments in these and other areas, such as the Company's ongoing legal proceedings, present material uncertainty and risk with respect to the Company's clinical trials, IND-enabling activities, buildout of the new headquarters, as well as the Company's financial condition and results of operations. The extent and duration of such events and conditions, and resulting disruptions to our operations, are highly unpredictable.

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Components of our Results of Operation

Revenues

We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales of internally-developed immunotherapeutic products for the treatment of cancer and other age-related diseases. The principal source of our revenues to date have been generated from our Wugen License and Master Services Agreement (the “MSA”) with Wugen. See Note 1 to our condensed financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for these definitions and more information.

We derive revenue from a license agreement granting rights to Wugen to further develop and commercialize products based on two of our internally-developed molecules. Consideration under our contract included a nonrefundable upfront payment, development, regulatory and commercial milestones, and royalties based on net sales of approved products. Additionally, HCW Biologics retained manufacturing rights and has agreed to provide Wugen with clinical and research grade materials for clinical development and commercialization of licensed products under separate agreements. We assessed which activities in the Wugen License should be considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately. We develop assumptions that require judgement to determine whether the license to our intellectual property is distinct from the research and development services or participation in activities under the Wugen License.

Performance obligations relating to the granting a license and delivery of licensed product and R&D know-how were satisfied when transferred upon the execution of the Wugen License on December 24, 2020. The Company recognized revenue for the related consideration at a point in time. The revenue recognized from a transaction to supply clinical and research grade materials entered into under the MSA and covered by a Statement of Work (“SOW”), represents one performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue generated for supply of material for clinical development using an input method based on the costs incurred relative to the total expected cost, which determines the extent of the Company’s progress toward completion.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses are reported as research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our product candidates, which include:

•Employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense;

•Expenses related to manufacturing and materials, consisting primarily of expenses incurred primarily in connection with CMOs, which produce cGMP materials for clinical trials on our behalf;

•Expenses associated with preclinical activities, including research and development and other IND-enabling activities;

•Expenses incurred in connection with clinical trials; and

•Other expenses, such as facilities-related expenses, direct depreciation costs for capitalized scientific equipment, and allocation for overhead.

We expense research and development costs as they are incurred. Costs for contract manufacturing are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our vendors. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the agreement, and the pattern of payments for goods and services will change depending on the material. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses and expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

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We expect research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our product candidates. We cannot reasonably determine the nature, timing, and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of, and obtain regulatory approval for, any of our product candidates. Product candidates in later stages of development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages. See “Risk Factors -- Risks Related to the Development and Clinical Testing of Our Product Candidates,” in our Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023 for a discussion of some of the risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates. Any changes in the outcome of any of these risks and uncertainties with respect to the development of our product candidates in preclinical and clinical development could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of these product candidates. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to delay our planned start of clinical trials or require us to conduct clinical trials or other testing beyond those that we currently expect or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our planned clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development of that product candidate.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, related benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for employees in the executive, legal, finance and accounting, human resources, and other administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include third-party costs such as insurance costs, fees for professional services, such as legal, auditing and tax services, facilities administrative costs, and other expenses.

During the period ended December 31, 2022, Altor/NantCell, a former employer of Dr. Hing C. Wong, our Founder and Chief Executive Officer, initiated legal proceedings against Dr. Wong and the Company. On April 26, 2023, the parties stipulated that Altor/NantCell’s action against the Company would be consolidated with the Altor/NantCell arbitration demand against Dr. Wong. On April 27, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Court”) with jurisdiction over lawsuit against the Company approved the parties’ stipulation and ordered the parties to arbitration. On May 1, 2023, Altor/NantCell filed a demand against the Company before JAMS. On May 3, 2023, Altor/NantCell dismissed the federal court action without prejudice and the Court ordered the case dismissed without prejudice and closed the case. Altor/NantCell’s proceeding against the Company is now proceeding in arbitration before JAMS. In connection with claims brought against Dr. Wong, Altor/NantCell has advancement obligations to him for claims brought against him. Thus, legal expenses incurred by him in connection with his arbitration will be advanced by Altor/NantCell; however, under certain circumstances, the Company may be required to advance his legal fees. The Company incurred legal expenses on its own behalf in the period ended June 30, 2023, and we expect to continue to incur material costs and expenses in connection with defending the Company in the foregoing legal matters for the remainder of the year.

We expect general and administrative expenses incurred in the normal course of business for other purposes, such as costs for recruitment and retention of personnel, service fees for consultants, advisors and accountants, as well as costs to comply with government regulations, corporate governance, internal control over financial reporting, insurance and other requirements for a public company, are expected to continue to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale our operations.

Interest Expense and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Interest expense reflects the interest paid for loans. Other (expense) income, net consists of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, unrealized gains and losses related to our investments in U.S. government-backed securities, income related to non-operating activities, and miscellaneous non-operating expenses.

Income related to non-operating activities includes rent earned under a short-term, market rate lease, which the Company entered into with the former owner of the building purchased by the Company on August 15, 2022. The lease provides the former owner with the right to occupy offices that comprise approximately 15,000 square feet of the building for a period of one year, ending August 14, 2023. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company reported rental income of $59,453 and $118,907, respectively, which is included within Other (expense) income, net in the interim statement of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

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Results of Operations

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023			2022			2023
Revenues:
Revenues	$	454,000		$	622,807		$	3,571,545		$	664,690
Cost of revenues		(287,200	)		(502,402	)		(1,615,276	)		(531,752	)
Net revenues		166,800			120,405			1,956,269			132,938
Operating expenses:
Research and development		1,969,882			1,616,666			3,759,558			3,872,479
General and administrative		1,707,995			3,014,260			3,588,597			6,131,550
Total operating expenses		3,677,877			4,630,926			7,348,155			10,004,029
Loss from operations		(3,511,077	)		(4,510,521	)		(5,391,886	)		(9,871,091	)
Interest expense		—			(95,514	)		—			(188,951	)
Other (expense) income, net		516			301,615			(175,882	)		684,936
Net loss	$	(3,510,561	)	$	(4,304,420	)	$	(5,567,768	)	$	(9,375,106	)

Comparison of the Three Months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023

Revenues

The Company recognized $454,000 and $662,807 of revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. All revenues were generated under the development supply agreement with our licensee, Wugen. Revenue was recognized for all transactions made under the MSA for which the Company entered a SOW, since a contract existed for these transactions and all of the other conditions for revenue recognition were met under Topic 606. For those transactions for which revenue was not recognized because one or more of the criteria for revenue recognition had not been met, the Company records deferred revenue. There were $314,625 of short-term deferred revenues as of June 30, 2022 and no deferred revenues as of June 30, 2023.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023		$ Change			% Change
Salaries, benefits and related expenses	$	802,033	$	758,193	$	(43,840	)		(5	)%
Manufacturing and materials		304,329		100,387		(203,942	)		(67	)%
Preclinical expenses		599,520		323,695		(275,825	)		(46	)%
Clinical trials		83,939		197,936		113,997			136	%
Other expenses		180,061		236,455		56,394			31	%
Total research and development expenses	$	1,969,882	$	1,616,666	$	(353,216	)		(18	)%

Research and development expenses decreased by $353,216, or 18%, from $2.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to a decline in expenses for manufacturing and preclinical activities, offset by an increase in expenses for clinical trials.

Salaries, benefits, and related expenses decreased by $43,840, or 5%, from $802,033 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $758,193 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $53,109 in salaries, including the impact of the reimbursement for certain expenses provided for under the Wugen license, partially offset by a $8,913 increase in expenses related to employee benefits.

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Manufacturing and materials expense decreased by $203,942, or 67%, from $304,329 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $100,387 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. In the three months ended June 30, 2022, costs were primarily attributable to a 1000L GMP manufacturing run for HCW9218. By June 30, 2023, the Company anticipated that adequate supply of clinical development material for the Company's two lead molecules, HCW9218 and HCW9302, had been put in place for clinical development activities planned for the next 24 months. In the three months ended June 30, 2023, costs were primarily for ancillary activities such as shipping, insurance and storage.

Expenses associated with preclinical activities decreased by $275,825, or 46%, from $599,520 for the three months ended June 30, 2021 to $323,695 for the three months ended June 30, 2022. In the three months ended June 30, 2022, expenses were related primarily to the cost of toxicology studies and experimental materials related to IND-enabling activities required to prepare our IND for clinical trials to evaluate HCW9302 in an autoimmune indication, alopecia areata. In the three months ended June 30, 2023, costs were incurred primarily for additional studies required for submission of an IND to request permission to conduct a clinical study to evaluate HCW9302 in an autoimmune indication.

Expenses associated with clinical activities increased by $113,997, or 136%, from $83,939 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $197,936 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. In the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company incurred clinical trial expenses as a result of the UMN study. This study is designed as a dose escalation study of HCW9218 to identify the maximum tolerated dose for future evaluation. The primary objectives are to determine safety, maximum tolerated dose, and the recommended Phase 2 dose.

In the three months ended June 30, 2023, there were two ongoing clinical studies. In the UMN study, the first patient was dosed in the expansion phase of the trial. The Company expects the UMN study to be complete in the second half of 2023. Once completed, it is our intention to disclose human clinical data from this trial at a major industry conference by the end of the year, which we expect will include results from additional studies based on biopsies and other studies and data on the mechanism of action of HCW9218 in anti-cancer activities. During this period, clinical trial expenses also include expenses incurred in connection with a Company-sponsored, multi-center Phase 1b/2 clinical trial to evaluate HCW9218 in advanced pancreatic cancer. There are currently five clinical sites participating in this trial, including the National Cancer Institute's Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of South Carolina (an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), Washington University in St. Louis (an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio (an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), and HonorHealth Research Institute. We expect to complete Phase 1b portion of the pancreatic cancer study in late 2023 or early 2024, followed by a human data readout of clinical data in the first half of 2024. There has been no dose-limiting toxicity in either study to date.

Other expenses, which include overhead allocations, increased by $56,394, or 31%, from $180,061 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $236,455 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in other expenses is due primarily to an increase of $43,633 in the allocation for depreciation arising from the acquisition of a property in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $11,919 in the allocation of rent and occupancy expense, and an increase of $12,324 for office-related equipment and repairs, offset by a decrease of $13,549 in travel-related expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023		$ Change			% Change
Salaries, benefits and related expenses	$	743,842	$	812,889	$	69,047			9	%
Professional services		287,199		1,628,214		1,341,015			467	%
Facilities and office expenses		113,254		141,459		28,205			25	%
Depreciation		16,940		64,797		47,857			283	%
Rent and occupancy expense		35,298		39,764		4,466			13	%
Other expenses		511,462		327,137		(184,325	)		(36	)%
Total general and administrative expenses	$	1,707,995	$	3,014,260	$	1,306,265			76	%

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General and administrative expenses increased by $1.3 million, or 76%, from $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in professional fees, which includes legal fees associated with the proceedings brought against the Company by Altor/NantCell, partially offset by a decrease in other expenses, mainly insurance premiums.

Professional services increased by $1.3 million, or 467%, from $287,199 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023. Professional services include corporate legal services, expenses related to legal actions brought by Altor/NantCell, and other professional services, such as auditing and tax advisory fees. For the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company incurred $1.2 million for legal fees in connection with the Altor/NantCell matter, $154,806 for legal fees in connection to the execution of the prosecution of our patent strategy, and $47,009 in fees associated with other professional services such as audit fees and tax advisory services.

Depreciation allocation to general and administrative expenses increased by $47,857, or 283%, from $16,940 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $64,797 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in the depreciation allocation to general and administrative expenses reflects the Company's acquisition of a property to buildout for its new headquarters and manufacturing facility in the third quarter of 2022.

Other expenses decreased by $184,325, or 36%, from $511,462 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 to $327,137 for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease consists primarily of a $232,283 decrease in insurance premiums, partially offset by a $43,633 increase in the depreciation allocation and a $49,219 increase in taxes. The increase in the depreciation allocation to general and administrative expenses reflects the Company's acquisition of a property to buildout for its new headquarters and manufacturing facility in the third quarter of 2022.

Comparison of the Six Months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023

Revenues

The Company recognized $3.6 million and $644,690 of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. All revenues were generated under the development supply agreement with Wugen. The decline in revenue is attributed to a change in Wugen's clinical development plan, a delay in the ramp up of its manufacturing process, as well as transactions for which not all of the elements for revenue recognition were met. The revenue recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2022 reflects recognition of revenues that had previously been classified as deferred revenue. Revenue may be recognized for all transactions made under the MSA for which the Company entered SOWs, since both of these elements must be in place for a contract to exist and to fulfill all of the other conditions for revenue recognition under Topic 606. For those transactions for which revenues were not recognized because one or more of the criteria for revenue recognition had not been met under Topic 606, the Company records deferred revenue. There were $314,625 of short-term deferred revenues as of June 30, 2022 and no deferred revenues as of June 30, 2023.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023		$ Change			% Change
Salaries, benefits and related expenses	$	1,574,981	$	1,502,658	$	(72,323	)		(5	)%
Manufacturing and materials		521,957		385,293		(136,664	)		(26	)%
Preclinical expenses		1,112,637		1,061,381		(51,256	)		(5	)%
Clinical trials		194,716		444,295		249,579			128	%
Other expenses		355,267		478,852		123,585			35	%
Total research and development expenses	$	3,759,558	$	3,872,479	$	112,921			3	%

Research and development expenses increased by $112,921, or 3%, from $3.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $3.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to an increase in clinical trial expenses and the allocation of depreciation, offset by a decrease in salaries and benefits, manufacturing and preclinical expenses.

20

Salaries, benefits, and related expenses decreased by $72,323, or 5%, from $1.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $108,849 in salaries and performance-based bonus compensation, including the impact of the reimbursement of expenses provided for under the Wugen license, partially offset by a $19,059 increase in payroll taxes and a $14,460 increase in employee benefits expenses.

Manufacturing and materials expense decreased by $136,664, or 26%, from $521,957 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $385,293 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. In the six months ended June 30, 2022, costs were primarily attributable to HCW9302 technology transfer and development process closeout through finalization of reports and the project initiation and production costs for a 1000L GMP manufacturing run for HCW9218. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, costs were incurred primarily for production activities associated with a 200L cGMP manufacturing run of HCW9302 and ancillary activities such as shipping, insurance and storage.

Expenses associated with preclinical activities decreased by $51,256, or 5%, from $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. In the six months ended June 30, 2022, expenses were related primarily to the cost of toxicology studies and experimental materials related to IND-enabling activities required to prepare our IND for clinical trials to evaluate HCW9302 in an autoimmune indication, alopecia areata. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, costs were incurred to complete the toxicology study and for additional studies required for submission of an IND to request permission to conduct a clinical study to evaluate HCW9302 in an autoimmune indication.

Expenses associated with clinical activities increased by $249,579, or 128%, from $194,716 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $444,295 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. In the six months ended June 30, 2022, there was one ongoing clinical trial at the University of Minnesota. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, in addition to the UMN study, the Company incurred costs related to an ongoing Company-sponsored Phase 1b clinical trial to evaluate HCW9218 in chemo-refractory/chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer which initiated in October 2022.

Other expenses, which include overhead allocations, increased by $123,585, or 35%, from $355,267 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $478,852 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in other expenses is due primarily to an increase of $99,406 in the allocation for depreciation, reflecting the Company's acquisition of a property to buildout for its new headquarters and manufacturing facility in the third quarter of 2022. In addition, there was a $13,090 increase in the allocation for rent and occupancy expenses, offset by a $8,125 decrease in travel-related expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes our general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2023		$ Change			% Change
Salaries, benefits and related expenses	$	1,458,128	$	1,632,665	$	174,537			12	%
Professional services		746,363		3,335,803		2,589,440			347	%
Facilities and office expenses		213,933		263,681		49,748			23	%
Depreciation		52,545		134,010		81,465			155	%
Rent expense		65,277		81,924		16,647			26	%
Other expenses		1,052,351		683,467		(368,884	)		(35	)%
Total general and administrative expenses	$	3,588,597	$	6,131,550	$	2,542,953			71	%

General and administrative expenses increased by $2.5 million, or 71%, from $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $6.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $2.6 million increase in professional fees, consisting of a $2.3 million increase in legal fees associated with the proceedings brought against the Company by Altor/NantCell, $514,560 in legal fees arising from the execution of the prosecution of our patent strategy, and $280,016 for other professional services such as audit fees and tax advisory fees.

21

Depreciation allocation to general and administrative expenses increased by $81,465, or 155%, from $52,545 for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $134,010 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The increase in the depreciation allocation to general and administrative expenses reflects the Company's acquisition of a property to buildout for its new headquarters and manufacturing facility in the third quarter of 2022.

Other expenses decreased by $368,884, or 35%, from $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 to $683,467 for the six months ended June 30, 2023. The decrease consists primarily of a $446,724 decrease in the insurance premiums offset by a $81,552 increase in taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of June 30, 2023, our principal source of liquidity was $7.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, a $5.3 million deposit for interest reserve, and $10.0 million held in U.S. government-backed securities presented in Short-term investments. Our principal source of liquidity has been $49.2 million in net proceeds from our initial public offering, a $6.5 million bank loan, and a $26.3 million loan for project financing. For future capital needs, the Company intends to focus our efforts on non-dilutive funding sources. This includes out-licensing rights to technology or regional markets, third-party collaboration funding, cooperative agreements for clinical trials, or other business development transactions. If market conditions become more favorable, the Company may raise capital through additional debt or equity financings.

On August 15, 2022, we purchased a 36,000 square foot building located in Miramar, Florida for approximately $10.1 million, including transaction costs. A portion of the acquisition cost was funded with a $6.5 million five-year loan obtained from the Cogent Bank (“Cogent Loan”) and is secured by the building. As of June 30, 2023, the Company owed $6.5 million on the Cogent Loan and was in compliance with all covenants under the 2022 Loan agreement and related documents.

On April 21, 2023, the Company entered into the 2023 Loan Agreement with Prime Capital Ventures, LLC (“Prime”), pursuant to which Prime shall advance loans to the Company in a principal amount not to exceed $26.3 million with a scheduled maturity of April 20, 2028 (the “Prime Maturity Date”). The Company has the option to terminate the 2023 Loan Agreement prior to the Prime Maturity Date. The note issued pursuant to the 2023 Loan Agreement bears interest at a fixed per annum rate equal to 7.00%, due monthly in arears on the first day of each month. The primary use for borrowings under the 2023 Loan Agreement is to obtain the funding required to complete the buildout of the Company's new headquarters, including improved research laboratories, a vivarium, and manufacturing facilities.

Under the 2023 Loan Agreement, the Company was required to fund a reserve bank account controlled by Prime in the amount of $5.3 million, with the purpose to fund the interest due on outstanding amounts under the 2023 Loan Agreement. The balance of the reserve account is presented in Deposit for interest reserve in noncurrent assets on the accompanying condensed balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had no borrowings under the 2023 Loan Agreement. The initial advance under the terms of the 2023 Loan Agreement is contingent upon the Company's receipt of all necessary permits and approvals to begin construction. On August 10, 2023, we obtained construction permits required to begin the buildout of our new headquarters. This satisfies the final condition precedent to accessing the $26.3 million line of credit. The Company incurred $1.8 million in debt issuance costs in connection to with the loan, which will be earned and payable upon the first draw down. Some of the proceeds of the loan will be used to recoup $3.2 million in funds advanced from the Company's operating capital while awaiting permits. We intend to repay the Cogent Loan with part of the proceeds from borrowings under the 2023 Loan Agreement. We will not incur any prepayment penalties as a result of prepayment.

22

We believe that our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of June 30, 2023 will be sufficient to meet our capital requirements and fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. We have based our projections of operation expenses requirements on assumptions, including our existing commitments and contingencies, that may prove to be incorrect, and we may use all of our available capital sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the clinical development and commercialization of immunotherapeutics, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of capital requirements to pursue these activities. Our funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

•timing, progress, costs, and results of our ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our immunotherapeutic products;

•impact of COVID-19 on the timing and progress of our IND-enabling activities, clinical trials and our ability to identify and enroll patients;

•costs, timing, and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•number of clinical trials required for regulatory approval;

•whether we enter into any cooperative, collaboration or co-development agreements and the terms of such agreements;

•whether we raise additional funding through bank loan facilities, other debt arrangements, out-licensing or joint ventures, cooperative agreements or strategic collaborations;

•effect of competing technology and market developments;

•cost of maintaining, expanding, and enforcing our intellectual property rights;

•impact of arbitration, litigation, regulatory inquiries, or investigations, as well as costs to indemnify our officers and directors against third-party claims related to our patents and other intellectual property:

•cost and timing of buildout of new headquarters, including risks of cost overruns and delays, and ability to obtain additional financing, if needed; and

•costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales, and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other factors with respect to the clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate.

Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for clinical trials and other research and development expenditures.

Comparison of the Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023
Cash used in operating activities	$	(4,281,998	)	$	(13,030,059	)
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities		7,963,379			(1,856,900	)
Cash provided by financing activities		8,273			9,613
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	3,689,654		$	(14,877,346	)

23

Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 consisted primarily of a net loss of $5.6 million, as well as $1.5 million of cash used in operations, resulting from a $1.3 million decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities and a $213,934 increase in accounts receivable. Cash provided by operations consisted primarily of $1.9 million arising from a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and adjustments for noncash charges, including $292,363 for depreciation and amortization and $531,683 for compensation expense related to stock-based compensation.

Cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted primarily of a net loss of $9.4 million, as well as a deposit $5.3 million used to establish an interest reserve for future interest payments, as required under the terms of the 2023 Loan Agreement. In addition, an increase in accounts receivable used $289,516 of cash and an increase in accounts payable and other liabilities provided $1.2 million of cash. There was $881,951 of cash provided by net non-cash adjustments, consisting of $583,180 of cash provided by an adjustment for depreciation and amortization, $522,629 of cash provided by an adjustment for stock-based compensation, partially offset by a $223,440 use of cash for an adjustment for unrealized gains on investments.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022, consisted of $8.0 million of cash provided when short-term investments reached maturity, offset by $36,461 of cash used to purchase equipment. Cash used by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023, consisted of $1.9 million arising from the purchase of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, cash provided by financing activities is due to issuance of common stock upon exercise of vested employee stock options.

Critical Accounting Policies, Significant Judgements and Use of Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgements and estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue under the guidance of Topic 606. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract(s) with the customer, (ii) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract and determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, (iii) measurement of the transaction price, (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations, and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to our customer. See Note 1 to our condensed interim financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.

Other than the above, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from those described under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Critical Accounting Policies, Significant Judgements and Use of Estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to our unaudited condensed interim financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for more information about recent accounting pronouncements.

24

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $7.4 million, a deposit for interest reserve of $5.3 million, and short-term investments in U.S. government-backed securities of $10.0 million. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. We are exposed to market risk related to the marketability of our Wugen common stock reported within Investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheet. Until such time as these shares become publicly traded, we will have limited access to liquidity for these securities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, communicated to our management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Any disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective and management necessarily applies its judgement in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of June 30, 2023. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2023, which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

25

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

On December 23, 2022, Altor BioScience, LLC and NantCell, Inc. initiated an arbitration against Dr. Hing C. Wong, the Company’s Founder and Chief Executive Officer, in California alleging breach of contract and fiduciary duty, among other claims. On that same date, Altor/NantCell filed a lawsuit against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Court”) alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, inducement of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty, among other claims against the Company. On January 31, 2023, the Company filed a motion to compel arbitration, a motion for the stay of the litigation, and a motion to dismiss the complaint (“motion to compel”). On April 18, 2023, the Court heard oral argument on the Company’s motion to compel and ordered the parties to provide supplemental briefing by April 28, 2023. Before the Court ruled on the Company’s motion to compel, on April 26, 2023, the parties stipulated that Altor/NantCell’s action against the Company would be consolidated with the Altor/NantCell arbitration demand against Dr. Wong. On April 27, 2023, the Court approved the parties’ stipulation and ordered the parties to arbitration. On May 1, 2023, Altor/NantCell filed a demand against the Company before JAMS. On May 3, 2023, Altor/NantCell dismissed the federal court action without prejudice and the Court ordered the case dismissed without prejudice and closed the case. Altor/NantCell’s proceeding against the Company is now proceeding in arbitration before JAMS. Although adverse decisions (or settlements) may occur in the lawsuit described above, it is not possible to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated therewith at this time. As such, no accrual for these matters has been recorded within the financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed by us in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2023. The risk factors included in the Form 10-K continue to apply to us and describe risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO from that described in the final prospectus filed by us with the SEC on July 21, 2021.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not Applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Insider Adoption or Termination of Trading Agreements

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, none of our directors or officers informed us of the adoption, amendment, or termination of a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement” as those terms are defined in Regulation S-K, Item 408.

26

Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibit Number		Incorporated by Reference			Filed Herewith
	Description	Form	Date	Number
10.1	Development Line of Credit Agreement, dated as of April 20, 2023 by and between Prime Capital Ventures, LLC and HCW Biologics Inc.	8-K	4/27/2023	001-40591
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.				X
101	The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023 (unaudited); (ii) the Condensed Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 (unaudited) and June 30, 2023 (unaudited); (iv) the Condensed Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2022 (unaudited) and June 30, 2023 (unaudited); (v) the Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 (unaudited) and June 30, 2023 (unaudited); and (vi) the notes to the Condensed Financial Statements (unaudited).				X
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)				X

* This certificate is deemed not filed for purpose of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities act or the Exchange Act.

27

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	HCW Biologics Inc.
Date: August 11, 2023	By:	/s/ Hing C. Wong
		Hing C. Wong
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 11, 2023	By:	/s/ Rebecca Byam
		Rebecca Byam
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

28

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Hing C. Wong, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of HCW Biologics Inc. for the quarter ended June 30, 2023;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ Hing C. Wong

Hing C. Wong

Chief Executive Officer

Date: August 11, 2023

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Rebecca Byam, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of HCW Biologics Inc. for the quarter ended June 30, 2023;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

/s/ Rebecca Byam

Rebecca Byam

Chief Financial Officer

Date: August 11, 2023

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of HCW Biologics Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

Date: August 11, 2023	By:	/s/ Hing C. Wong
		Hing C. Wong
		Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of HCW Biologics Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company.

Date: August 11, 2023	By:	/s/ Rebecca Byam
		Rebecca Byam
		Chief Financial Officer

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Cover Page - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Aug. 10, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2023
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Entity Registrant Name	HCW Biologics Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0001828673
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	82-5024477
Entity Address, Address Line One	2929 N
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Commerce Parkway
Entity Address, City or Town	Miramar
Entity Address, State or Province	FL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	33025
City Area Code	954
Local Phone Number	842–2024
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock
Trading Symbol	HCWB
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		35,926,721
Securities Act File Number	001-40591

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Condensed Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 7,449,010	$ 22,326,356
Short-term investments	9,959,370	9,735,930
Accounts receivable, net	707,211	417,695
Prepaid expenses	1,356,520	1,394,923
Other current assets	327,055	196,015
Total current assets	19,799,166	34,070,919
Investments	1,599,751	1,599,751
Property and equipment, net	12,623,308	10,804,610
Deposit for interest reserve	5,250,000	0
Other assets	211,019	333,875
Total assets	39,483,244	46,809,155
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,116,216	1,226,156
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities	2,421,682	1,730,325
Total current liabilities	4,537,898	2,956,481
Debt, Net	6,359,704	6,409,893
Other Liabilities	0	14,275
Total Liabilities	10,897,602	9,380,649
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders' equity:
Common Stock, Value, Issued	3,593	3,588
Additional paid-in capital	83,495,201	82,962,964
Accumulated deficit	(54,913,152)	(45,538,046)
Total stockholders' equity	28,585,642	37,428,506
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 39,483,244	$ 46,809,155

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Condensed Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Condensed Balance Sheets [Line Items]
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	250,000,000	250,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued	35,926,721	35,876,440

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Condensed Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Revenues:
Revenues	$ 622,807	$ 454,000	$ 664,690	$ 3,571,545
Cost of Revenues	(502,402)	(287,200)	(531,752)	(1,615,276)
Net Revenues	120,405	166,800	132,938	1,956,269
Operating expenses:
Research and development	1,616,666	1,969,882	3,872,479	3,759,558
General and administrative	3,014,260	1,707,995	6,131,550	3,588,597
Total operating expenses	4,630,926	3,677,877	10,004,029	7,348,155
Loss from operations	(4,510,521)	(3,511,077)	(9,871,091)	(5,391,886)
Interest expense	(95,514)	0	(188,951)	0
Other (expense) income, net	301,615	516	684,936	(175,882)
Net loss	$ (4,304,420)	$ (3,510,561)	$ (9,375,106)	$ (5,567,768)
Net loss per share, basic	$ (0.12)	$ (0.1)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.16)
Net loss per share, diluted	$ (0.12)	$ (0.1)	$ (0.26)	$ (0.16)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic	35,910,669	35,814,482	35,897,224	35,796,257
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted	35,910,669	35,814,482	35,897,224	35,796,257

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Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)	Total	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		35,768,264
Beginning balance , Value at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 51,193,240	$ 3,577	$ 81,827,006	$ (30,637,343)
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Shares		11,225
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Value	2,273	$ 1	2,272
Stock-based compensation , Value	260,348		260,348
Net loss	(2,057,207)			(2,057,207)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		35,779,489
Ending balance , Value at Mar. 31, 2022	49,398,654	$ 3,578	82,089,626	(32,694,550)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		35,768,264
Beginning balance , Value at Dec. 31, 2021	51,193,240	$ 3,577	81,827,006	(30,637,343)
Net loss	(5,567,768)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		35,823,923
Ending balance , Value at Jun. 30, 2022	46,165,428	$ 3,582	82,366,957	(36,205,111)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		35,779,489
Beginning balance , Value at Mar. 31, 2022	49,398,654	$ 3,578	82,089,626	(32,694,550)
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Shares		44,434
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Value	6,000	$ 4	5,996
Stock-based compensation , Value	271,335		271,335
Net loss	(3,510,561)			(3,510,561)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		35,823,923
Ending balance , Value at Jun. 30, 2022	46,165,428	$ 3,582	82,366,957	(36,205,111)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		35,876,440
Beginning balance , Value at Dec. 31, 2022	37,428,506	$ 3,588	82,962,964	(45,538,046)
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Shares		10,195
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Value	1,901	$ 1	1,900
Stock-based compensation , Value	259,206		259,206
Net loss	(5,070,686)			(5,070,686)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		35,886,635
Ending balance , Value at Mar. 31, 2023	32,618,927	$ 3,589	83,224,070	(50,608,732)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		35,876,440
Beginning balance , Value at Dec. 31, 2022	37,428,506	$ 3,588	82,962,964	(45,538,046)
Net loss	(9,375,106)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		35,926,721
Ending balance , Value at Jun. 30, 2023	28,585,642	$ 3,593	83,495,201	(54,913,152)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023		35,886,635
Beginning balance , Value at Mar. 31, 2023	32,618,927	$ 3,589	83,224,070	(50,608,732)
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Shares		40,086
Issuance of Class A Common Stock upon exercise of stock options , Value	7,712	$ 4	7,708
Stock-based compensation , Value	263,423		263,423
Net loss	(4,304,420)			(4,304,420)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		35,926,721
Ending balance , Value at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 28,585,642	$ 3,593	$ 83,495,201	$ (54,913,152)

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (9,375,106)	$ (5,567,768)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	583,180	292,363
Stock-based compensation	522,629	531,683
Unrealized loss (gain) on investments, net	(223,440)	209,337
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use asset	(418)	836
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(289,516)	(213,934)
Deposit for interest reserve	(5,250,000)	0
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(49,819)	1,863,759
Accounts payable and other liabilities	1,212,921	(1,347,729)
Operating lease liability	(160,490)	(50,545)
Net cash used in operating activities	(13,030,059)	(4,281,998)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(1,856,900)	(36,461)
Proceeds for sale or maturities of short-term investments	0	7,999,840
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(1,856,900)	7,963,379
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	9,613	8,273
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	9,613	8,273
Net changes in cash and cash equivalents	(14,877,346)	3,689,654
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period	22,326,356	11,730,677
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	7,449,010	15,420,331
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Cash paid for interest	188,951	0
Non-cash operating, investing and financing activities:
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of -use assets	0	269,134
Capital expenditures accrued, but not yet paid	357,466	0
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and other liabilities	$ 18,382	$ 0

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

HCW Biologics Inc. (the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing novel immunotherapies to lengthen healthspan by disrupting the link between chronic, low-grade inflammation and age-related diseases. The Company believes age-related low-grade chronic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” is a significant contributing factor to several chronic diseases and conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The Company is located in Miramar, Florida and was incorporated in the state of Delaware in April 2018.

Liquidity

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had not generated any revenue from commercial product sales of its internally-developed immunotherapeutic products for the treatment of cancer and other age-related diseases. In the course of its development activities, the Company has sustained operating losses and expects to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. Since inception, substantially all the Company’s activities have consisted of research, development, establishing large-scale cGMP production for clinical trials, and raising capital. The Company's total revenues to date have been generated solely from the Wugen License and manufacturing and supply arrangement with Wugen. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenues from manufacturing and supply of materials for Wugen of $622,807 and $664,690, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $7.4 million, a deposit for interest reserve of $5.3 million, and short-term investments of $10.0 million held in U.S. government-backed securities. Since inception to June 30, 2023, the Company incurred cumulative net losses of $52.2 million. Management expects to incur additional losses in the future to conduct product research and development and recognizes the need to raise additional capital to fully implement its business plan. The Company intends to focus its efforts to raise capital from non-dilutive funding sources. This includes out-licensing rights to technology or regional markets, third-party collaboration funding, cooperative agreements for clinical trials, or other business development transactions. In addition, when or if market conditions are more favorable, the Company may raise capital through additional debt or equity financings. However, if such financing is not available at adequate levels, the Company will need to reevaluate its operating plan and may be required to delay the development of some of its products.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed interim financial statements include only normal and recurring adjustments that the Company believes are necessary to fairly state the Company’s financial position and the results of its operations and cash flows. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any subsequent interim period. The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Because all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements are not included herein, these unaudited condensed interim financial statements and the notes accompanying them should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 which appear in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-40591) filed for the year ended December 31, 2022 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 28, 2023 and in other filings with the SEC.

Deposit for Interest Reserve

The Company agreed to establish an interest reserve account for the purpose of paying interest on outstanding debt under the Development Line of Credit Agreement which is further described in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies - Project Financing herein. As of June 30, 2023, there was a balance of $5.3 million included in Deposit for interest reserve in noncurrent assets on the accompanying condensed balance sheet.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenues in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that fall within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred to the customer.

At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. To date, the Company's revenues have been generated solely from transactions with Wugen. The Wugen License includes licenses of intellectual property, cost reimbursements, upfront signing fees, milestone payments and royalties on future licensee’s product sales. In addition, the Company and Wugen have an agreement for supply of materials, from which the Company also recognizes revenues.

License Grants:

For out-licensing arrangements that include a grant of a license to the Company’s intellectual property, the Company considers whether the license grant is distinct from the other performance obligations included in the arrangement. For licenses that are distinct, the Company recognizes revenues from nonrefundable, upfront payments and other consideration allocated to the license when the license term has begun and the Company has provided all necessary information regarding the underlying intellectual property to the customer, which generally occurs at or near the inception of the arrangement.

Milestone and Contingent Payments:

At the inception of the arrangement and at each reporting date thereafter, the Company assesses whether it should include any milestone and contingent payments or other forms of variable consideration in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of each such milestone and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Since milestone and contingent payments may become payable to the Company upon the initiation of a clinical study or filing for or receipt of regulatory approval, the Company reviews the relevant facts and circumstances to determine when the Company should update the transaction price, which may occur before the triggering event. When the Company updates the transaction price for milestone and contingent payments, the Company allocates the changes in the total transaction price to each performance obligation in the agreement on the same basis as the initial allocation. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment, which may result in recognizing revenue for previously satisfied performance obligations in such period. The Company’s licensees will generally pay milestones payments subsequent to achievement of the triggering event.

Materials Supply:

The Company provides clinical and research grade materials so that licensees may develop products based on the licensed molecules. The Company plans to enter into commercialization supply agreements when licensees enter the commercial stage of their company. The amounts billed are recognized as revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied by the Company, once the Company determines that a contract exists.

On June 18, 2021, the Company entered into a master services agreement (“MSA”) for the supply of materials for clinical development of licensed products. On March 14, 2022, the Company entered into statements-of-work (“SOWs”) contemplated under the MSA for all current and historical purchases of clinical and research grade materials. The Company determined that upon entering into the SOWs all requirements were met to qualify as a contract under Topic 606. The manufacturing of the clinical and research materials supplied by the Company each represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue using an input method based on the costs incurred relative to the total expected cost, which determines the extent of the Company's progress toward completion. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgement to determine the progress towards completion. The Company reviews its estimate of the progress toward completion based on the best information available to recognize the cumulative progress toward completion as of the end of each reporting period, and makes revisions to such estimates, if facts and circumstances change during each reporting period.

The Company recognized revenue related to sale of development supply materials to its licensee, Wugen, of $454,000 and $3,571,545, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022; and $622,807 and $664,690, respectively, for three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Investments

The Company holds a minority interest in Wugen which is accounted for using the measurement alternative whereby the investment is recorded at cost less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same investee. No impairment has been recognized on the minority interest in Wugen as of June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company included $1.6 million for the investment in Wugen in Investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.

The Company invests in bills and notes issued by the U.S. Treasury which are classified as trading securities. The Company reported a fair value of $9.7 million and $10.0 million for the fair value of investments in U.S. Treasury bills as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively, included in Short-term investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.

Operating Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in Other assets, Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities, and Other liabilities on the accompanying condensed balance sheets. Operating lease Right of Use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company has a lease agreement with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share of common stock includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise of stock options and unvested shares of restricted stock, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. For diluted net loss per share, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock is the same for basic net loss per share due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive securities are not included in the calculation as the impact is anti-dilutive.

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Accrued Liabilities and Other Current Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Liabilities and Other Current Liabilities

2. Accrued Liabilities and Other Current Liabilities

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a balance of $1.7 million included in Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed balance sheet, consisting primarily of $416,000 for legal expenses, $277,500 for clinical expenses, $524,000 for bonus expenses, $134,000 for salary and benefits, and $178,000 for a lease liability.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had a balance of $2.4 million in Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed balance sheet, consisting primarily of the following: $994,000 for legal expenses related to legal proceedings which are further described in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies - Legal herein; $377,000 for clinical expenses; $365,000 performance-related bonus payable; $115,000 for salary and benefits; $79,000 for legal expenses related to the execution of the Company's patent prosecution strategy and other legal expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business; $112,000 for a lease liability; and $97,101 for the current portion of long-term debt.

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Debt, Net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt, Net

3. Debt, Net

On August 15, 2022, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the "2022 Loan Agreement") with Cogent Bank ("Cogent"), pursuant to which it received $6.5 million in gross proceeds to purchase a building that will become the Company's new headquarters. The Cogent loan is secured by a first priority lien on the building.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $6.5 million in gross principal outstanding in a loan under the 2022 Loan Agreement. The interest-only period is one year followed by 48 months of equal payments of principal and interest beginning on September 15, 2023 based on a 25-year amortization rate. The unamortized balance is due on August 15, 2027 (the “Cogent Maturity Date”), and bears interest at a fixed per annum rate equal to 5.75%. Upon the Cogent Maturity Date, a final payment of unamortized principal will be due. The Company is in compliance with all covenants as of June 30, 2023. The Company has the option to prepay the outstanding balance of the loan prior to the Cogent Maturity Date without penalty.

As of December 31, 2022, the Cogent loan consisted of a long-term portion of $6.5 million which is included in Debt, net on the accompanying condensed balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, it consisted of a current portion of $97,101 which is included in Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities and a noncurrent portion of $6.4 million which is included in Debt, net in the accompanying condensed balance sheet

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Preferred Stock

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Preferred Stock

4. Preferred Stock

At December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company has 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized and no shares issued.

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Net Loss Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share

5. Net Loss Per Share

The following table summarizes the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023			2022			2023
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(3,510,561	)	$	(4,304,420	)	$	(5,567,768	)	$	(9,375,106	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding		35,814,482			35,910,669			35,796,257			35,897,224
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.16	)	$	(0.26	)

The following table summarizes the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

	At June 30,
	2022		2023
Common stock options		1,924,317		1,873,806
Potentially diluted securities		1,924,317		1,873,806

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amount of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, U.S. government-backed securities with maturity dates up to one year, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. The balance of funds included in Deposit for interest reserve is held in a non-interest bearing account and its carrying value approximates its fair value.

Money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents and U.S. government-backed securities are measured at fair value based on quoted prices in active markets, which are considered Level 1 inputs. No transfers between levels occurred during the periods presented. The following table presents the Company’s assets which were measured at fair value at December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	At December 31, 2022:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	19,458,020	$	—	$	—	$	19,458,020
Treasury notes		9,735,930		—		—		9,735,930
Total	$	29,193,950	$	—	$	—	$	29,193,950

	At June 30, 2023:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	6,422,104	$	—	$	—	$	6,422,104
Treasury notes		9,959,370		—		—		9,959,370
Total	$	16,381,474	$	—	$	—	$	16,381,474

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

7. Income Taxes

The Company computes its quarterly income tax expense/(benefit) by using a forecasted annual effective tax rate and adjusts for any discrete items arising during the quarter. The Company did not have a provision for income taxes (current or deferred tax expense) as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023. The Company will continue to maintain a 100% valuation allowance on total deferred tax assets. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax asset will not be realized. As a result, the Company’s effective tax rate will remain at 0.00% because no items either estimated or discrete items would impact the tax provision.

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

. Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company has operating leases for approximately 12,250 square feet of space located in Miramar, Florida. The leases have a two-year term which commenced on March 1, 2022 and will terminate on February 29, 2024. Upon the commencement of the leases, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate of 6.0% to determine the amounts to recognize for a ROU asset and a lease liability. There are no obligations under finance leases.

The components of the lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023		For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Operating lease cost	$	42,413	$	84,825

Supplemental cash flow information related to lease for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows	$	84,040
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating lease	$	80,036

As of June 30, 2023, the supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

	As of June 30, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	110,561
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	112,232

As of June 30, 2023, the remaining lease payments were as follows:

2023	$	85,661
2024		28,693
Total future minimum lease payments	$	114,354

For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, rent expense recognized by the Company was $49,996 and $40,875, respectively, of which $25,149 and $22,212, respectively, is included in research and development in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023, rent expense recognized by the Company was $77,139 and $84,825, respectively, of which $32,834 and $44,424, respectively, is included in research and development in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.

Contractual Commitments

The Company entered into an agreement with a third-party global contract development and manufacturer of biologics for the manufacture of the Company’s proprietary molecules for use in clinical trials. At December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, future payment obligations under such agreements were $406,000 and $2.2 million, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, the Company committed to purchase upstream processing and fluid management equipment for $1.6 million, and it advanced $495,000 for this purchase as of June 30, 2023.

Project Financing

On April 21, 2023, the Company entered into a secured Development Line of Credit Agreement (the "2023 Loan Agreement") with Prime Capital Ventures, LLC ("Prime"), pursuant to which Prime will advance loans to the Company in a principal amount not to exceed $26.3 million with a scheduled maturity of April 20, 2028 (the "Prime Maturity Date"). The Company has the option to prepay the balance of the loan prior to the Prime Maturity date without penalty. The note issued pursuant to the 2023 Loan Agreement bears interest at a fixed rate equal to 7.00% per annum, due monthly in arears on the first day of each month. The primary purpose of the loan is to provide the funding required to complete the buildout of the Company's new headquarters, including improved research laboratories and a vivarium to support the Company's pre-clinical research efforts, and a manufacturing facility to produce GMP material to support the Company's clinical development as well as produce material to support the clinical development of its licensee, Wugen.

Under the 2023 Loan Agreement, the Company was required to fund an interest reserve bank account controlled by Prime in the amount of $5.3 million to fund the interest payments due on outstanding principal amounts under the 2023 Loan Agreement. The balance of the reserve account is presented in Deposit for interest reserve in noncurrent assets on the accompanying condensed balance sheet. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the 2023 Loan Agreement. The initial advance is contingent upon the Company's receipt of all necessary permits and approvals to begin construction. On August 10, 2023, the Company obtained construction permits required to begin the buildout of its new headquarters. This satisfies the final condition precedent to accessing the $26.3 million line of credit. The Company will incur $1.8 million in debt issuance costs in connection to the Prime loan, which will be earned and payable upon the first draw down.

Legal

From time to time, the Company is a party to or otherwise involved in legal proceedings, including suits, assessments, regulatory actions and investigations generally arising out of the normal course of business. In addition, the Company enters into agreements that may include indemnification provisions, pursuant to which the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party. When the Company believes that the outcome of such a matter will result in a liability that is probable to be incurred and result in a potential loss, or range of loss, that can be reasonably estimated, the Company will accrue a liability and make the appropriate disclosure in the footnotes to the financial statements.

On December 23, 2022, Altor BioScience, LLC and NantCell, Inc. (“Altor/NantCell”) initiated an arbitration against Dr. Hing C. Wong, the Company’s Founder and Chief Executive Officer, in California alleging breach of contract and fiduciary duty, among other claims. On that same date, Altor/NantCell filed a lawsuit against the Company in federal court alleging misappropriation of trade secrets, inducement of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty, among other claims against the Company. On January 31, 2023, the Company filed a motion to compel arbitration, a motion for the stay of the litigation, and a motion to dismiss the complaint (“motion to compel”). On April 18, 2023, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the “Court”) heard oral argument on the Company’s motion to compel and ordered the parties to provide supplemental briefing by April 28, 2023. Before the Court ruled on the Company’s motion to compel, on April 26, 2023, the parties stipulated that Altor/NantCell’s action against the Company would be consolidated with the Altor/NantCell arbitration demand against Dr. Wong. On April 27, 2023, the Court approved the parties’ stipulation and ordered the parties to arbitration. On May 1, 2023, Altor/NantCell filed a demand against the Company before JAMS. On May 3, 2023, Altor/NantCell dismissed the federal court action without prejudice and the Court ordered the case dismissed without prejudice and closed the case. Altor/NantCell’s proceeding against the Company is now proceeding in arbitration before JAMS.

Inflationary Cost Environment, Geopolitical Risks and Other Macroeconomic Factors

The operations have been affected by many headwinds, including inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, ongoing global supply chain disruptions resulting from increased geopolitical tensions such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, Chinese aggression towards Taiwan, financial market volatility and currency movements. Further, there have been lingering, long-term effects of COVID-19 that continue to directly or indirectly impact the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly related to staffing at clinical sites. The Company may be impacted by inflation when procuring materials required for the buildout of our new headquarters, the costs for recruiting and retaining employees and other employee-related costs. The Company uses a number of strategies to effectively navigate these issues, including product redesign, alternate sourcing, and establishing contingencies in budgeting and timelines. Future developments in these and other areas present material uncertainty and risk with respect to the Company's clinical trials, IND-enabling activities, buildout of the new headquarters, as well as the Company's financial condition and results of operations. The extent and duration of such events and conditions, and resulting disruptions to our operations, are highly unpredictable.

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

9. Subsequent Events

Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date the financial statements were available to be issued. As of such date, there were no material subsequent events identified that required recognition or disclosure other than as disclosed in the footnotes herein.

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited condensed interim financial statements as of June 30, 2023 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2023 have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed interim financial statements include only normal and recurring adjustments that the Company believes are necessary to fairly state the Company’s financial position and the results of its operations and cash flows. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or any subsequent interim period. The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Because all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements are not included herein, these unaudited condensed interim financial statements and the notes accompanying them should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 which appear in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (No. 001-40591) filed for the year ended December 31, 2022 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 28, 2023 and in other filings with the SEC.

Deposit for Interest Reserve

Deposit for Interest Reserve

The Company agreed to establish an interest reserve account for the purpose of paying interest on outstanding debt under the Development Line of Credit Agreement which is further described in Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies - Project Financing herein. As of June 30, 2023, there was a balance of $5.3 million included in Deposit for interest reserve in noncurrent assets on the accompanying condensed balance sheet.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenues in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that fall within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred to the customer.

At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. To date, the Company's revenues have been generated solely from transactions with Wugen. The Wugen License includes licenses of intellectual property, cost reimbursements, upfront signing fees, milestone payments and royalties on future licensee’s product sales. In addition, the Company and Wugen have an agreement for supply of materials, from which the Company also recognizes revenues.

License Grants:

For out-licensing arrangements that include a grant of a license to the Company’s intellectual property, the Company considers whether the license grant is distinct from the other performance obligations included in the arrangement. For licenses that are distinct, the Company recognizes revenues from nonrefundable, upfront payments and other consideration allocated to the license when the license term has begun and the Company has provided all necessary information regarding the underlying intellectual property to the customer, which generally occurs at or near the inception of the arrangement.

Milestone and Contingent Payments:

At the inception of the arrangement and at each reporting date thereafter, the Company assesses whether it should include any milestone and contingent payments or other forms of variable consideration in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur upon resolution of the uncertainty, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of each such milestone and any related constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Since milestone and contingent payments may become payable to the Company upon the initiation of a clinical study or filing for or receipt of regulatory approval, the Company reviews the relevant facts and circumstances to determine when the Company should update the transaction price, which may occur before the triggering event. When the Company updates the transaction price for milestone and contingent payments, the Company allocates the changes in the total transaction price to each performance obligation in the agreement on the same basis as the initial allocation. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment, which may result in recognizing revenue for previously satisfied performance obligations in such period. The Company’s licensees will generally pay milestones payments subsequent to achievement of the triggering event.

Materials Supply:

The Company provides clinical and research grade materials so that licensees may develop products based on the licensed molecules. The Company plans to enter into commercialization supply agreements when licensees enter the commercial stage of their company. The amounts billed are recognized as revenue as the performance obligations are satisfied by the Company, once the Company determines that a contract exists.

On June 18, 2021, the Company entered into a master services agreement (“MSA”) for the supply of materials for clinical development of licensed products. On March 14, 2022, the Company entered into statements-of-work (“SOWs”) contemplated under the MSA for all current and historical purchases of clinical and research grade materials. The Company determined that upon entering into the SOWs all requirements were met to qualify as a contract under Topic 606. The manufacturing of the clinical and research materials supplied by the Company each represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. The Company recognizes revenue using an input method based on the costs incurred relative to the total expected cost, which determines the extent of the Company's progress toward completion. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgement to determine the progress towards completion. The Company reviews its estimate of the progress toward completion based on the best information available to recognize the cumulative progress toward completion as of the end of each reporting period, and makes revisions to such estimates, if facts and circumstances change during each reporting period.

The Company recognized revenue related to sale of development supply materials to its licensee, Wugen, of $454,000 and $3,571,545, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022; and $622,807 and $664,690, respectively, for three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Investment

Investments

The Company holds a minority interest in Wugen which is accounted for using the measurement alternative whereby the investment is recorded at cost less impairment, adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same investee. No impairment has been recognized on the minority interest in Wugen as of June 30, 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, the Company included $1.6 million for the investment in Wugen in Investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.

The Company invests in bills and notes issued by the U.S. Treasury which are classified as trading securities. The Company reported a fair value of $9.7 million and $10.0 million for the fair value of investments in U.S. Treasury bills as of December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023, respectively, included in Short-term investments in the accompanying condensed balance sheets.

Operating Leases

Operating Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in Other assets, Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities, and Other liabilities on the accompanying condensed balance sheets. Operating lease Right of Use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. The Company has a lease agreement with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share of common stock includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise of stock options and unvested shares of restricted stock, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. For diluted net loss per share, the weighted-average number of shares of common stock is the same for basic net loss per share due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive securities are not included in the calculation as the impact is anti-dilutive.

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Net Loss Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Summary of Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The following table summarizes the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2023			2022			2023
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(3,510,561	)	$	(4,304,420	)	$	(5,567,768	)	$	(9,375,106	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding		35,814,482			35,910,669			35,796,257			35,897,224
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.16	)	$	(0.26	)

Summary of Outstanding Potentially Dilutive Securities

The following table summarizes the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:

	At June 30,
	2022		2023
Common stock options		1,924,317		1,873,806
Potentially diluted securities		1,924,317		1,873,806

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following table presents the Company’s assets which were measured at fair value at December 31, 2022 and June 30, 2023:

	At December 31, 2022:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	19,458,020	$	—	$	—	$	19,458,020
Treasury notes		9,735,930		—		—		9,735,930
Total	$	29,193,950	$	—	$	—	$	29,193,950

	At June 30, 2023:
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	6,422,104	$	—	$	—	$	6,422,104
Treasury notes		9,959,370		—		—		9,959,370
Total	$	16,381,474	$	—	$	—	$	16,381,474

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Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]

Summary of components of the lease expense

The components of the lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 were as follows:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023		For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Operating lease cost	$	42,413	$	84,825

Summary of supplemental cash flow information related to lease

Supplemental cash flow information related to lease for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was as follows:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows	$	84,040
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating lease	$	80,036

Supplemental balance sheet information related to lease

As of June 30, 2023, the supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

	As of June 30, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	110,561
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	112,232

Schedule of remaining lease payments

As of June 30, 2023, the remaining lease payments were as follows:

2023	$	85,661
2024		28,693
Total future minimum lease payments	$	114,354

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue recognized	$ 622,807	$ 454,000	$ 664,690	$ 3,571,545
Investment impairment charges			0
Investments	1,599,751		1,599,751		$ 1,599,751
Short-term investments	9,959,370		9,959,370		9,735,930
Cash and cash equivalents	7,449,010		7,449,010		22,326,356
Interest reserve receivable	5,300,000		5,300,000
Research and development			52,200,000
U.S. Government Backed Securities [Member]
Short-term investments	10,000,000		10,000,000
U.S. Treasury bills [Member]
Fair value of investments	10,000,000		10,000,000		9,700,000
Wugen License [Member]
Revenue recognized	622,807	$ 454,000	664,690	$ 3,571,545
Investments	$ 1,600,000		$ 1,600,000		$ 1,600,000

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Accrued Liabilities and Other Current Liabilities - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023
Payables And Accruals [Line Items]
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities, Current	$ 1,700,000	$ 2,400,000
short term lease liability		112,232
Current portion of long term debt		97,101
Accrued Expenses Current [Member]
Payables And Accruals [Line Items]
short term lease liability	178,000	112,000
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Payables And Accruals [Line Items]
Legal Proceeding Expenses		994,000
Salaries and Employee Benefits	134,000	115,000
Legal Fees	416,000
Clinical Expenses	277,500	377,000
Performance-related bonus payable	$ 524,000	365,000
Patent prosecution strategy and other legal expenses		79,000
Current portion of long term debt		$ 97,101

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Debt, Net - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Aug. 15, 2022
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Current portion of long term debt	$ 97,101
Debt, Net	6,359,704	$ 6,409,893
Cogent Bank[Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Gross Proceeds			$ 6,500,000
Gross Principal Outstanding	$ 6,500,000
Line Of Credit Facility Frequency Of Payments	interest-only period is one year followed by 48 months of equal payments of principal and interest
Debt Instrument, Maturity Date	Aug. 15, 2027
Credit Facility Interest Rate During Period	5.75%
Debt, Net		$ 6,500,000

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Preferred Stock - Additional Information (Detail) - shares	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	0	0

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Net Loss Per Share - Summary of Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share (Detail) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Numerator:
Net loss	$ (4,304,420)	$ (5,070,686)	$ (3,510,561)	$ (2,057,207)	$ (9,375,106)	$ (5,567,768)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, basic	35,910,669		35,814,482		35,897,224	35,796,257
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, diluted	35,910,669		35,814,482		35,897,224	35,796,257
Net loss per share, basic	$ (0.12)		$ (0.1)		$ (0.26)	$ (0.16)
Net loss per share, diluted	$ (0.12)		$ (0.1)		$ (0.26)	$ (0.16)

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Net Loss Per Share - Summary of Outstanding Potentially Dilutive Securities (Detail) - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially diluted securities	1,873,806	1,924,317
Common Stock Options [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially diluted securities	1,873,806	1,924,317

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Summary of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Detail) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets:
Assets	$ 16,381,474	$ 29,193,950
Money Market Funds [Member]
Assets:
Assets	6,422,104	19,458,020
Treasury Notes [Member]
Assets:
Assets	9,959,370	9,735,930
Level 1 [Member]
Assets:
Assets	16,381,474	29,193,950
Level 1 [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Assets:
Assets	6,422,104	19,458,020
Level 1 [Member] | Treasury Notes [Member]
Assets:
Assets	9,959,370	9,735,930
Level 2 [Member]
Assets:
Assets	0	0
Level 2 [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Assets:
Assets	0	0
Level 2 [Member] | Treasury Notes [Member]
Assets:
Assets	0	0
Level 3 [Member]
Assets:
Assets	0	0
Level 3 [Member] | Money Market Funds [Member]
Assets:
Assets	0	0
Level 3 [Member] | Treasury Notes [Member]
Assets:
Assets	$ 0	$ 0

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Income Taxes - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Provision for income taxes	$ 0	$ 0
Deferred Tax Assets Valuation Allowance, Percent	100.00%
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation, Percent	0.00%

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Detail)		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Apr. 21, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) ft²	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) ft²	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 01, 2022
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Area of land | ft²		12,250		12,250
Lease term							2 years
Lease termination date				Feb. 29, 2024
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Discount Rate, Percent		6.00%		6.00%
Operating Leases, Rent Expense		$ 40,875	$ 49,996	$ 84,825	$ 77,139
Future payment obligations		2,200,000		2,200,000		$ 406,000
Purchase commitment made		495,000		495,000		1,600,000
Deposit for interest reserve		5,250,000		5,250,000		$ 0
Prime Loan[Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Deposit for interest reserve	$ 5,300,000
Debt Issuance Costs		1,800,000		1,800,000
Prime Capital VenturesLLC [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Gross Principal Outstanding	$ 26.3
Maturity Date	Apr. 20, 2028
Credit Facility Interest Rate During Period	7.00%
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Operating Leased Assets [Line Items]
Operating Leases, Rent Expense		$ 22,212	$ 25,149	$ 44,424	$ 32,834

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Commitments and Contingencies - Summary of components of the lease expense (Detail) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 42,413	$ 84,825

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Commitments and Contingencies - Summary of supplemental cash flow information related to lease (Detail)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows	$ 84,040
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating lease	$ 80,036

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Commitments and Contingencies - Supplemental balance sheet information related to lease (Detail)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 110,561
Other current liabilities	$ 112,232

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Commitments and Contingencies - Summary of the Future Minimum Payments for the Lease and Sublease Agreements (Detail)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2023	$ 85,661
2024	28,693
Total future minimum lease payments	$ 114,354