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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001-39774
ROVER GROUP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware85-3147201
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
720 Olive Way, 19th Floor, Seattle, WA
98101
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code)

(888) 453-7889
Registrant's telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value
$0.0001 per share
ROVRThe Nasdaq Global Market
Redeemable warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 (1) ROVRWThe Nasdaq Global Market
(1) A Form 25 was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on January 12, 2022 to delist and deregister these Warrants. The delisting of the Warrants was effective 10 days after the filing of the Form 25. The deregistration of the Warrants under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 will be effective 90 days, or such shorter period as the SEC may determine, after the filing of the Form 25. Pending effectiveness of the Form 25, the Warrants are no longer trading on The Nasdaq Global Market.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer¨Accelerated filer¨
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No x
As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sales price for the registrant’s Class A common stock as reported on Nasdaq, was approximately $274,725,000. Shares of common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer and director of the registrant and by each person known by the registrant to beneficially own 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of March 4, 2022, the registrant had 180,261,620 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement for the registrant’s 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on June 15, 2022, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after December 31, 2021, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the proxy statement shall not be deemed to be filed as part hereof.


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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “might,” “possible,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report include statements about:

the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including as a result of new strains or variants of the virus, and other geopolitical events like Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on our business, the travel industry, travel trends, and the global economy generally;
our expectations regarding our operating and financial performance, including our bookings, gross booking value, revenue and expenses;
our ability to retain existing and acquire new pet parents and pet care providers;
the strength of our network, effectiveness of our technology, and quality of the offerings provided through our platform;
our opportunities and strategies for growth;
our offering expansion initiatives and market acceptance thereof;
our ability to match pet parents with high quality and well-priced offerings;
our assessment of and strategies to compete with our competitors;
our assessment of our trust and safety practices;
the success of our marketing strategies;
our ability to accurately and effectively use data and engage in predictive analytics;
our ability to attract and retain talent and the effectiveness of our compensation strategies and leadership;
general economic conditions and their impact on demand for our platform;
seasonal sales fluctuations;
our future capital requirements and sources and uses of cash;
the sufficiency of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments to meet our liquidity needs;
changes in applicable laws or regulations;
our ability to stay in compliance with laws and regulations, including tax laws, that currently apply or may become applicable to our business both in the United States and internationally and our expectations regarding various laws and restrictions that relate to our business;
the outcome of any known and unknown litigation and regulatory proceedings;
the increased expenses associated with being a public company;
our ability to maintain and protect our brand;
our current plans, considerations, expectations and determinations regarding future compensation programs; and
other risks and uncertainties set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 23 of this Annual Report.

We caution you that the foregoing list does not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

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Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of the principal risks we face that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition, all of which are more fully described in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report. This summary should be read in conjunction with the “Risk Factors” section and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive summary of the material risks facing our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic has materially adversely impacted and may continue to materially adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.
We have incurred net losses in each year since inception and may not be able to achieve profitability.
Our revenue growth rate has slowed over time, and may slow or reverse again in the future.
Online marketplaces for pet care are still in relatively early stages of growth and if demand for them does not continue to grow or grows slower than expected our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.
If we fail to retain existing pet care providers and pet parents or attract new pet care providers and pet parents, or if pet care providers fail to provide high-quality offerings, or if pet parents fail to receive high-quality offerings, our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.
The success of our platform relies on our matching algorithms and other proprietary technology and any failure to operate and improve our algorithms or to develop other innovative proprietary technology effectively could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
Any further and continued decline or disruption in the travel and pet care services industries or economic downturn would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The business and industry in which we participate are highly competitive and we may be unable to compete successfully with our current or future competitors.
Maintaining and enhancing our brand reputation is critical to our growth and negative publicity could damage the Rover brand.
Actions by pet care providers or pet parents that are criminal, violent, inappropriate, or dangerous, or fraudulent activity, may undermine the safety or the perception of safety of our platform and materially adversely affect our reputation, ability to attract and retain pet care providers and pet parents, business, operating results and financial conditions.
If pet care providers are reclassified as employees under applicable law or new laws are passed causing the reclassification of pet care providers as employees or otherwise adopting employment-like restrictions with regard to pet care providers who use our platform, our business would be materially adversely affected.
Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. laws and regulations, many of which are unsettled and still developing and failure to comply with such laws and regulations could subject us to claims or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results.
We have been subject to cybersecurity incidents in the past and anticipate being the target of future attacks. Any actual or perceived breach of security or security incident or privacy or data protection breach or violation could interrupt our operations, harm our brand and adversely affect our reputation, brand, business, financial condition and operating results.
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We rely on third-party payment service providers to process payments made by pet parents and payments made to pet care providers on our platform. If these third-party payment service providers become unavailable or we are subject to increased fees, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
We depend on our highly skilled employees to grow and operate our business and if we are unable to hire, retain, manage and motivate our employees, or if our new employees do not perform as anticipated, we may not be able to grow effectively and our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.
Our support function is critical to the success of our platform and any failure to provide high-quality service could affect our ability to retain our existing pet care providers and pet parents and attract new ones.
We may face difficulties as we expand our operations into new local markets in which we have limited or no prior operating experience.
Because we recognize revenue upon the start of a booked service and not at booking, upticks or downturns in bookings are not immediately reflected in our operating results.
Our management has limited experience in operating a public company.
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting which could result in a misstatement of the accounts or disclosures in our financial statements, that would result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.
We may face litigation and other risks as a result of the material weakness in the internal controls of our financial reporting.
Insiders currently have and may continue to possess substantial influence over us, which could limit investors’ ability to affect the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

Note Regarding Trademarks and Service Marks

The Rover design logo and the Rover mark appearing in this Annual Report are the property of Rover Group, Inc. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this Annual Report are the property of their respective holders. We have omitted the ® and ™ designations, as applicable, for the trademarks used in this Annual Report.


Note Regarding Industry and Market Data

Within this Annual Report, we reference information and statistics regarding the travel and pet care industries. We have obtained this information and these statistics from various independent third-party sources, including independent industry publications, reports by market research firms and other independent sources, such as Euromonitor International Limited. Some data and other information contained in this Annual Report are also based on management’s estimates and calculations, which are derived from our review and interpretation of internal surveys and independent sources. Data regarding the industries in which we compete and our market position and market share within these industries are inherently imprecise and are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties beyond our control, but we believe they generally indicate size, position and market share within this industry. While we believe such information is reliable, we have not independently verified any third-party information. While we believe our internal company research and estimates are reliable, such research and estimates have not been verified by any independent source. In addition, assumptions and estimates of our and our industries’ future performance are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors. These and other factors could cause our future performance to differ materially from our assumptions and estimates. As a result, you should be aware that market, ranking and other similar industry data included in this Annual Report, and estimates and beliefs based on that data, may not be reliable.
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PART I
Item 1. Business.
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our” refer to (a) the business of A Place for Rover, Inc. and its subsidiaries prior to the July 30, 2021 merger described below under “—Our History” or (b) Rover Group, Inc. together with its consolidated subsidiaries, after the consummation of that merger.
Our History
A Place for Rover, Inc., a Delaware corporation and, after the merger described below, our wholly owned subsidiary (“Legacy Rover”), was incorporated on June 16, 2011 and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington, with offices in Spokane, Washington and internationally in Barcelona, Spain. In March 2017, we acquired DogVacay, Inc to accelerate our presence and growth in the United States and Canada. In October 2018, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Barking Dog Ventures, Ltd. to accelerate our presence and expand our growth in Europe.
Nebula Caravel Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation, our legal predecessor company, and a special purpose acquisition company sponsored by True Wind Capital was incorporated in September 2020 and closed its initial public offering in December 2020 (“Caravel”). On July 30, 2021, Caravel consummated the previously announced merger (the “Merger”) with A Place for Rover, Inc. and Fetch Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of Caravel (“Merger Sub”). Pursuant to the Merger, Merger Sub merged with and into A Place for Rover, Inc., the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased, and A Place for Rover, Inc. continued as the surviving corporation in the Merger and as a wholly owned subsidiary of Caravel. The Merger was approved by Caravel’s stockholders at a meeting held on July 28, 2021. At the closing of the Merger on July 30, 2021, Caravel changed its name to Rover Group, Inc.

On August 2, 2021, our Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”), and public warrants, formerly those of Caravel, began trading on The Nasdaq Global Market under the ticker symbols “ROVR” and “ROVRW,” respectively. We subsequently redeemed all of our outstanding public and private warrants in January 2022. In connection with the warrant redemption, the public warrants ceased trading on The Nasdaq Global Market effective as of the close of trading on January 12, 2022, and have been delisted. The warrant redemption had no effect on the trading of our Class A Common Stock, which continues to trade on The Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “ROVR.” For more information on the warrant redemption, see Note 19 Subsequent Events.
As a result of the Merger, we raised gross proceeds of $268.3 million, including:
the contribution of $275.1 million of cash held in Caravel’s trust account from its initial public offering, net of the redemption of Caravel common stock held by Caravel’s public stockholders of $146.8 million;
$50.0 million private investment in public equity at $10.00 per share of our Class A Common Stock;
$80.0 million of additional gross proceeds from the Sponsor Backstop Subscription Agreement between Nebula Caravel Holdings, LLC (the “Sponsor”) and Caravel pursuant to which True Wind Capital II, L.P. and True Wind Capital II-A, L.P. (together, the “TWC Funds”) purchased an aggregate of 8,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock at $10.00 per share; and
$10.0 million of additional gross proceeds from the sale of our Class A Common Stock at $10.00 per share pursuant to the Assignment and Assumption Agreement by and among Caravel, the TWC Funds, and BBCM Master Fund Ltd.
As a result of the Merger, we received net proceeds of $235.6 million, net of estimated transaction costs paid of $32.7 million. See Note 3 Reverse Recapitalization for more information about the Merger.
Mission and Purpose
We believe that everyone deserves to experience the unconditional love of pets, and Rover exists to make that possible.

We started Rover to break down the barriers to loving and trusted pet care so more people could experience that unconditional love. As pet parents ourselves, we wanted to build a community where we could connect with pet care providers who would treat our pets like family. In developing the Rover platform, we also believed that if we could make it easy for everyday pet
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people to start and grow their own small pet care businesses, we could do more than enable additional income for care providers and loving care for pets; we could unlock joy for pets, pet lovers, and pet parents everywhere. Over the years, we have discovered more: Growing Rover has revealed to us the depth and importance of the bonds we share with our pets—and the extraordinary empathy, care, and love that people in our neighborhoods can provide for their communities. Some of the best parts of being on the Rover team are the stories and anecdotes that we hear about the unique bonds between pets, pet parents, and the pet care providers who love and care for them.
Take Ziggy, a Jindo mix whose owners were getting married. Like many contemporary pet parents, they wanted to incorporate their beloved Ziggy into the ceremony—so they turned to Rover. The care provider they met through Rover joined them at their wedding, not only keeping Ziggy out of trouble so he’d look sharp in his matching dog-suit, but going so far as to walk him down the aisle to greet his newly married parents.
Consider pet care provider Sylvia, who doesn’t just love dogs—she gets them. She asks her clients to pack a t-shirt that they’ve slept in as part of their dog’s overnight bag. The shirt smells like home, and it helps their dog feel safe and connected while they’re away.
In other words, the pet care providers on Rover are at the heart of our business. They’re ordinary neighborhood pet people who, when they step in to care for your pet, reveal themselves to be extraordinary. Our shared love of pets is powerful, inclusive, and magnetic. Pets bring people together and can even give us a sense of belonging and meaning. It’s our privilege to be stewards of those connections and relationships.

Overview
Rover is the world’s largest online marketplace for pet care based on gross booking value, or GBV. We connect pet parents with loving pet care providers who offer overnight services, including boarding and in-home pet sitting, as well as daytime services, including doggy daycare, dog walking, and drop-in visits. Through December 31, 2021, over three million unique pet parents and more than 660,000 pet care providers across North America, the United Kingdom and Western Europe have booked a service on Rover, enabling millions of moments of joy and play for people and pets. The user base of our platform extends across the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and seven countries in Western Europe: Spain, France, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, and Germany.
For pets and their parents, we started Rover to create a better pet care solution than the existing options of friends and family, neighbors and kennels. We built a marketplace where pet parents could match with pet people who wanted to earn extra income doing what they loved: spending time with pets. We believed that these matches not only enabled better care for pets, but also created joy for both parties, and we sought to radically simplify the logistics of pet care. We built a simple and easy-to-use platform that enables pet parents to discover, book, pay and review pet care providers online or in our app.
For pet care providers, we built tools to easily create a listing in the Rover marketplace along with simple tools for scheduling and booking care, communicating with pet parents, and receiving payment. To delight both parents and pet care providers, we invested in a customer service team to support them along the way. We went even further, with a foundational brand commitment to trust and safety. We developed features to facilitate safe, informed, and positive experiences for the people and pets in our community. We built a 24/7 in-house team to support our community if a problem arises during a stay and backed our marketplace with the Rover Guarantee to assist with certain out-of-pocket costs incurred by parents or pet care providers in the rare instance a service doesn’t go as planned. Safety has always been at the heart of what we do. Through it all, we have been guided by our love of pets and belief in the unique human-pet bond.
Based on GBV, Rover is the category leader in the online marketplace for pet care today. Our scale drives ongoing improvements powered by network effects, as we can facilitate more and better matches between pet parents and pet care providers as more people join our platform. GBV on Rover was approximately 11x the size of the next closest online marketplace for pet care for the year ended December 31, 2021, up from approximately 7x for the year ended December 31, 2020, based on that marketplace’s publicly available gross booking data.
Scale in the market for pet care matters. Because each pet’s needs are unique, pet care providers—unlike service providers in many other marketplaces—are not interchangeable. Against that backdrop, our network of care providers enables us to facilitate the match between pet, parent, and provider to best meet the unique needs and preferences of all three. We had 250,000 active providers with a booking in 2021, and we believe our network represents the largest number of high-quality providers among online marketplaces for pet care. Moreover, we have carefully designed our technology and data algorithms to leverage our growing scale to help pet parents easily find the best matches. Our results speak for themselves—pet parents love Rover. From
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inception through December 31, 2021, pet parents had written more than 4.9 million reviews, and 97% of reviewed bookings had a 5-star rating. Pet parents who try Rover for the first time often become repeat customers. For the year ended December 31, 2021, approximately 81% of our bookings were repeat bookings. In 2020 and 2019, approximately 86% and 84%, respectively, of our bookings were from repeat customers.
The U.S. commercial market for non-medical pet services was $10.3 billion in 2019, according to Packaged Facts. But we believe the demand for high-quality, personalized pet care far exceeds the existing market. For example, based on surveys we conduct, typically 67% of the new pet parents on our marketplace were previously relying on friends, family, and neighbors, and had never used a commercial service for pet care. Based on the number of dogs and cats in the United States and estimates of travel and daytime care needs of pet parents, we estimate that our total addressable market for overnight and daytime services in the United States is approximately $79 billion.

We generate revenue from service fees charged to pet care providers and pet parents based on a percentage of the booking value on our marketplace. We also earn revenue from ancillary sources such as background checks, affiliate advertising deals, and the Rover Store. While the COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted our 2020 operating results, we saw increased operating results for 2021 as compared to 2019 due to the lifting of the most severe COVID-19 restrictions and increasing vaccine availability and uptake even as as travel and work from home trends remained below pre-pandemic levels. We believe that demand for the pet care services offered through our platform will continue to rebound as people increasingly return to normalized travel and work activity. Moreover, consumer behavior has continued to shift meaningfully toward online and app-based experiences. Based on the combination of these factors, we believe that our business will return to strong growth when the pandemic subsides. See Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for more information.
We are inspired to keep building our business to bring the love of pets to people everywhere, especially in the times when people need that companionship the most.
Pets and Their Love in People’s Lives
Pets offer people more than companionship; they fill lives with comfort, support, and belonging. In other words, they’re a steady force of unconditional love. So it follows that people are increasingly integrating them into their lifestyles, traditions and families.
Nearly nine out of ten households in the United States have or have had a pet. Sixty-seven percent of U.S. households currently have a pet, and another 20% previously owned a pet according to a 2020 National Pet Owners Survey report by the American Pet Products Association, or APPA. Generational trends in lifestyle contribute to this prevalence, with an increasing number of people choosing to bring a pet into their lives, likely driven, in part, by later average ages for marriage and children. Studies suggest that pets may decrease stress, improve heart health, and help children with their social and emotional skills, according to the U.S. National Institute of Health. In an era of social distancing during the pandemic, pet companionship and love has never been more important. A Packaged Facts survey from March 2020 indicated that 95% of dog owners and 94% of cat owners in the United States say that they “consider their dogs and cats to be part of the family.” This attitudinal trend is often called the “humanization of pets.” We serve a wide range of pet parents and household incomes, though our pet parents tend to be slightly younger and more affluent when compared to the age and income of the average pet owner based on a survey conducted by APPA.
How People Spend on Pets
This “humanization,” in addition to driving the growth in pet-owning households, has combined with “premiumization,” another widespread trend, to accelerate spending on pets within households. According to the results of an APPA survey, 32% of dog owners and 28% of cat owners would prioritize their pets’ medical needs over their own. Led by Millennials and Generation Z, many pet parents increasingly consider the needs of their pets not just equally important to those of the rest of the family, but more important. While pet ownership in the United States increased 2% annually on average from 2011 to 2018, overall spending on pets increased 7% annually on average over the same period according to Market Watch. From 2014 to 2019, according to Packaged Facts, annual spending per pet-owning household on non-medical pet services, which include boarding, sitting, walking, grooming, and training, grew 26% from $120 to $152 per year. Additionally, pet spend has been recession-resilient in the past. During the 2008-2009 recession, spending on pets increased 17%, compared to decreased spend in many other sectors, including entertainment, food, and housing, according to Market Watch.
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Our Market Opportunity
Existing Commercial Market
The total U.S. market for pet spending was $95 billion in 2019, including pet food, veterinary services, pet supplies, and non-medical services, according to Packaged Facts. Due to impacts from COVID-19 and the related restrictions on travel and activities, Packaged Facts estimates a reduction in the market in 2020 to approximately $79 billion, Packaged Facts then estimates growth at a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 9.2% through 2024 to reach approximately $111 billion.
Within this market, every category except for non-medical services is highly penetrated online, with relatively few category players. In contrast, the non-medical pet services category is highly fragmented and largely offline. This category includes overnight care, daytime services, and grooming, with overnight care comprising the largest portion of the category. The non-medical pet services market is estimated to have reached $10.3 billion in 2019, and is expected to be the fastest-growing segment of the pet industry from 2020 to 2024, with an estimated CAGR of 18.6% according to Packaged Facts.
Pet Services Market Opportunity
We believe the existing commercial market for pet care is limited because of the challenges of traditional pet care service offerings. Based on surveys we have conducted, typically 67% of new customers to Rover report that they have never purchased pet care before. Customers report that they have previously relied on friends, family, and neighbors for pet care services because of dissatisfaction with their commercial options. We believe that this latent demand represents an enormous expansion opportunity for the pet services industry as whole. We estimate the total addressable market in the United Stated today to be approximately $79 billion, including approximately $69 billion in overnight services and $10 billion in daytime services.
Overnight Services
The table below details our calculation of the overnight services opportunity in the United States. According to the APPA, 67% of U.S. households, or 85 million households, had pets in 2020. To estimate trip nights per household, we take the Euromonitor estimate of 1.4 billion overnight trips with 2.4 people per household in 2019, from which we get 2.5 nights per domestic trip and 5.0 nights per international trip, for 3.9 billion total trip nights, which we calculate to be 11.4 total trip nights per household. The result is 964 million total addressable nights.
There were 97 million dogs and 76 million cats in U.S. households as of 2020, according to APPA, for a total of 173 million pets, an average of 2.0 per pet household. Based on our average nightly rate of approximately $35 per pet, this results in a total overnight market opportunity of $68.8 billion. This is more than 20x the size of the current commercial market for overnight pet services. Over the next ten years, with the growth of travel nights based on Euromonitor estimates, and our estimate of the increase in pet households, we calculate that the market could grow to $100.2 billion.
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Daytime Services
The table below details our calculation of the daytime services opportunity in the United States. There were 97 million dogs in pet households in 2020 according to APPA, and we estimate that figure can grow to 115 million over the next ten years. We estimate the number of services per year for dog grooming and walks and the percentage of pet households addressable for these services. Based on our historical average rate of $50 per groom and our average rate of $20 per walk, we estimate a total daytime market opportunity of $9.8 billion, with $5.8 billion from grooming services and $4.0 billion from walking services. This nearly $10 billion total addressable market is more than two times the size of the current commercial market for daytime pet services. Over the next ten years, with our estimate of the increase in pet households and addressable grooming households, we calculate that the market could grow to $13.4 billion per year. We believe opportunities in dog daycare and drop-in visits to be incremental to this market opportunity, as well as daytime service opportunities for cats.
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In total, we estimate a $79 billion market opportunity today growing to $113 billion in the next ten years. Additionally, we estimate that this increases by approximately 30% when including the Canadian, United Kingdom, and Western European markets where we currently operate.
Overview of the Pet Services Market
Existing Options for Pet Parents
For the millions of pet parents with travel plans or busy schedules, existing care options are fraught with disadvantages, especially for parents who have concerns that their pet will not receive enough personalized and loving care.
Family, Friends, and Neighbors. Most pet parents rely on short-term favors to care for their pets, but these arrangements can cause social guilt and require return favors. Pet parents choose friends, family, and neighbors so that their pet has a familiar experience. However, because the service is a favor, and not for pay, pet parents may feel unable to either specify or insist on particular levels of care. Friends, family, and neighbors often lack the experience to provide specialized care, and are not incentivized to provide reliable communication or deliver on specific pet care needs. Further, although these favors often occur with little or no direct cash transfer, once the costs of thank-you gifts and social capital are taken into account, many pet parents consider this approach to care to be anything but ‘free.’
Local Independent Providers. Local mom and pop shops and independent professionals often operate at small scale with little to no online presence, primarily relying on word of mouth and marketing solutions such as flyers and local ads. As a pet parent, it is difficult to know where to find reliable information, who to call, and who to trust in the absence of consistent background checks, reviews, insurance, and other safeguards.
Large Commercial Providers. Large commercial providers, such as kennels and daycares, cannot meet the individual needs of pet parents. First, they are often expensive. Second, many pets are not compatible with the crowded nature of large providers. Finally, pet parents may not feel comfortable with the quality of care their pets may receive from a commercial provider.
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Online Aggregators. Pet parents can also access general purpose online aggregators and directories, such as Craigslist, Nextdoor, or Yelp, to find pet care providers. However, pet parents may lack trust in these directories, or find it difficult to find an available and appropriate pet care provider. Providers they do find may not have verified reviews, have background checks, provide reliable updates, or provide other trust and safety features the pet parents desire.
What Pet Parents Want
We founded Rover because we believed a platform like ours could better address pet parents’ basic pet care needs—and that doing so represented an enormous business opportunity. As busy pet parents, we were ourselves familiar with the specific balance of quality, ease of use, and affordability that, if brought to market, could delight pet parents everywhere. In short, pet parents want:
An environment where their pet feels happy and stress-free. Above all, pet parents care about how their pets feel when they are away. Pet parents want regular reassurance that their pets feel as comfortable, loved, and engaged as they would be at home. While some commercial providers try to address this need with innovations like pet webcams, pet parents often desire better confirmation that their pet is receiving loving care.
Confidence and reassurance that their pets are receiving excellent, personalized care. Pet parents want the ability to carefully choose a provider and to confirm that their pets’ care is personalized to their unique needs and expectations. They also want to know that there are resources in place to effectively handle any problems that may arise while they are away from their pets.
Technology-enabled ease of access and management. Pet parents expect to be able to use their mobile devices or computers to find available providers who will meet their pet’s needs. They want to effortlessly contact and communicate, book and pay for a service, and stay connected with both their pet and their pet care provider so they can feel confident their pet is being loved and is safe and happy in their absence.
Care that suits their budget and their lifestyle. While many pet parents may find commercial solutions too expensive, they also live full lives and are willing to pay the right price for the right care. For other parents whose pets often have specific needs or requirements, cost is not a barrier in exchange for trusted and loving care.
Why Pet Parents Love Rover and Repeatedly Book
When a pet parent encounters Rover for the first time, they immediately know that we understand them. As pet parents new to Rover move through their first experience of browsing, booking, and managing care on our platform, our goal is to earn their trust and delight them by anticipating and addressing their unique needs. We aim to establish Rover as an extension of and improvement upon the pet care provided by friends and family: a loving, trustworthy, reliable option that becomes their go-to solution. Our success is reflected in the loyalty of our customers—for the year ended December 31, 2021, 81% of our bookings were repeat bookings.
Personalized care for each unique pet. The first thing we present to pet parents is a wide variety of neighborhood pet care providers. Our platform empowers parents to choose providers based on availability, location, price, reviews, as well as more specialized options including type of home, access to yard, and the presence of children or other pets. Parents can find providers that will allow their pets on their furniture or will let them sleep on the bed. We also prompt pet parents to share details about their pets’ preferences, behavior, feeding habits, and lovable quirks to empower care providers to cater their care to each pet. We allow parents to recreate the familiar experience of loving care provided by friends, family and neighbors, but improve upon it by providing the tools to specify exact care standards, routines, communication, and environments so they can be confident their pet will thrive when they’re away.
Care provider trust as a foundation. Pet parents see that providers on Rover share detailed profiles and personal information about themselves in order to build trust. Every provider has passed a third-party background check to offer peace of mind to pet parents. They include their names, pictures, and a description of their pet care experience and offerings, along with data on the number of repeat customers, verified customer reviews, and photos from previous stays. We also encourage pet care providers, pets, and pet parents to get to know each other before booking and mutually confirm that it’s a good match, through the use of “Meet & Greets.”
Higher quality service at any price point. Pet parents find that pet care providers typically offer better quality service than traditional commercial offerings, at more affordable prices. For example, pet care providers on Rover’s platform
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charged an average cost per night per pet for boarding in the United States of approximately $40 in 2021, on the lower end of the national range of $29 to $80 per night at dog kennels in 2021 according to Homeguide.com. However, for pet parents seeking luxury experiences or specialized care for their pet, including pet massages, home-cooked food, or training, those services are available on Rover as well.
Easy booking process. Pet parents have a simple and intuitive overall experience of finding, booking, and paying a pet care provider. Contacting a pet care provider through Rover us is as easy as a few keystrokes or taps on a phone, and most pet care providers respond in order to confirm the service within about three hours. Their personal and account information is secured, payments are cashless, and all credit card details are encrypted.
Verifiability of quality and peace of mind. Once a booking is in process, pet parents typically receive pictures and videos of their pet through our app or online. To date, 140 million photos have been shared on our platform, or roughly an average of 5.6 photos per booking. Providers can also map their dog walks and share information with pet parents. In fact, providers reported 11.5 million pees and poops, and 2.4 million miles walked while caring for pets in 2019. In the year ended December 31, 2021, providers reported over 11.9 million pees and poops, and 3.0 million miles walked while caring for pets. Beyond the burst of joy that comes with seeing their pet’s smiling face while they’re away, this provides pet parents with peace of mind.
Rover’s commitment to safety. Finally, pet parents see that trust and safety are at the heart of what we do. On top of our 24/7 support, we set clear community guidelines and provide features to facilitate safe, informed, and positive experiences for the people and pets in our community. In the rare instance that something goes wrong during a booking, the Rover Guarantee program covers members of our community up to a specified amount for costs arising from certain injuries or damages that occur during a service booked and paid through Rover. Our dedicated and in-house Trust & Safety team is equipped to offer steady, reliable, empathetic service to pet parents and pet care providers alike should any questions arise.
What Pet Care Providers Want
Our success is built on the foundation of passionate and dedicated pet care providers who have chosen to provide their services through Rover. Over the years, we have gotten to know the hundreds of thousands of care providers on the Rover platform, and understand what they want:
Flexibility and empowerment. Pet care providers want to offer their services on their own terms. Some providers who use Rover have a separate job, are retired, or work at home and are looking for a “side hustle,” while others are looking to build a pet care business that can grow and scale to a full-time commitment. Our pet care providers tend to be younger when compared to the average pet owner based on a survey conducted by APPA.
The love of pets in their lives. Pet care providers are driven by a shared love of pets. Passion for the playful energy and sweet companionship of a pet is a prerequisite. As one pet care provider shared in a November 2020 survey, they offer their services on Rover “to experience having a pet because I don’t have time for one—and for the extra money.” It’s a common refrain among our provider community: offering pet care is more than a way to make money. We are consistently struck by their passion for pets and providing excellent care.
Meaningful earnings that suit their schedules. Some pet care providers seek to make thousands of dollars per year, while others are satisfied with a few stays per year. Whatever level they choose, satisfaction in providing care is directly tied to their ability to maximize time with pets, and minimize time on logistics, marketing, and other administrative duties. Our platform offers tipping and daily pricing services to help our care providers increase their earnings potential.
Why Pet Care Providers are Attracted to Rover and Stay on Our Platform
Similar to pet parents, when prospective pet care providers encounter Rover for the first time, we aim to anticipate and address many of their needs in advance in a way that they notice immediately. For the year ended December 31, 2021, 68% of our bookings were with pet care providers who had received bookings on our platform in 2020, as we saw an influx of new providers join our platform and receive bookings in 2021.

Easy access to nearby demand from pet parents. The first thing that we want prospective providers to notice is that other providers in their neighborhoods have amassed dozens, if not hundreds, of reviews and repeat bookings. By
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browsing the profiles, reading the provider reviews, and observing stay photos, they can quickly get a sense for the experience of offering services through Rover. And by observing the clear, straightforward profiles of the most successful providers in their areas, potential pet care providers can easily appreciate the effort that is required to establish a presence on the platform.
Simple listing setup with an emphasis on trust. Pet care providers who establish a presence on Rover discover that, while the process itself is straightforward, it’s in everyone’s best interest for them to build trust and transparency with pet parents. Specifically, pet care providers are required to pass a background check in the United States and Canada or identity verification in the United Kingdom and Europe, and disclose pertinent details about themselves and their residences that are reviewed by Rover specialists. They are encouraged to reach out to members of their community for testimonials about their trustworthiness and experience in pet care that are then made available to pet parents. These measures reassure pet care providers that they are joining a platform that will represent them as trustworthy and reliable.
Flexible, straightforward booking management tools. Our platform offers tools that allow pet care providers to manage bookings, retain information about the pet parents and pets they have booked, and safely communicate (including through their anonymized Rover number) to share photos, videos, and GPS mapping. They can receive secure and convenient online payments, including tips, set their availability with our calendar feature, and only book care that’s a fit for their preferences and schedule—and they can do all this through a single app or via the Rover website.
24/7 support, for problems big and small. If something goes wrong during a booking, pet care providers have the support of our customer service and Trust & Safety teams as well as the Rover pet care community in helping to resolve issues. For example, Rover customer service can connect pet care providers to a third-party veterinary telemedicine service to help them assess the situation if a pet under their care becomes ill. Further, the Rover Guarantee program provides peace of mind for pet care providers as well as pet parents.
Our Marketplace Creation Strategy
To create this new market for pet services, which requires both local network effects and platform network effects, we have developed a local marketplace and brand strategy. In particular, by providing excellent customer satisfaction, with 97% 5-star reviews, we drive word of mouth growth in a local marketplace. This drives our brand in combination with efforts such as content marketing and our leading blog for pet lovers.
New pet parents and pet care providers join Rover organically. Pet parents and pet care providers from neighborhoods covering 96% of the United States population have signed up with Rover. In the year ended December 31, 2021, 43% of new pet parents came to us through word-of-mouth—50% in our largest U.S. markets. We also complement word-of-mouth momentum with content to drive awareness of Rover with more pet lovers. We created The Dog People, our blog, in 2014, and have scaled it to nearly seven million monthly unique visitors as of December 31, 2021, one of the largest pet blogs in the world.
Our matching algorithm increases customer satisfaction, growing the marketplace. Unlike marketplaces that invest primarily in acquisition marketing to create a flywheel of growing demand and supply, Rover’s matching algorithm is the key to our marketplace creation strategy. Facilitating great matches between pet, parent, and provider is the most important thing we do. Rover engineers, data scientists, and statisticians develop, maintain, and update our algorithms. We use reviews, proximity, browsing, contact, and booking data to predict which pet care providers are most likely to be great matches when pet parents search for providers in our marketplace. The stages of our matching algorithm are:
More bookings lead to more data. With more bookings we increase the density and diversity of our marketplace, adding to our data science asset and improving our ability to facilitate better matches through machine learning.
More data leads to better matches. As activity on our platform grows, we build better data density in a geography over time. More density leads to better matches. As the density of providers increases in a given geography the likelihood of finding the best provider in close proximity to match the nuanced needs of our pet parents increases. We monitor over a hundred attributes of a booking, including proximity, response time, and likelihood to rebook.
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Better matches lead to more bookings. Our proprietary Rover algorithm learns to present pet care providers who are most likely to match for a booking, and who have quick response times, increasing the likelihood that a search turns into a booking.
Repeat bookings increase, driving brand awareness and word of mouth attraction of more pet parents and pet care providers. As pets and parents have better experiences on Rover, they are increasingly more likely to rebook services. Increases in loyalty from pet parents also increases word of mouth marketing to other pet parents, who then join the platform. These pet parents in turn create even more information that Rover can use to make the experiences of other pets, parents, and pet care providers even better in the future, creating a virtuous cycle. Our brand sits at the nexus of trust and love, and our brand strategy is to earn our place in pet parents’ “circle of trust” for pet care. We do this by establishing Rover as an extension and improvement upon pet care provided by friends and family: a loving, trustworthy, reliable option that becomes the go-to solution.
In these ways, improvements in our matching algorithm have compounding, accelerating effects on the ability of our marketplace to scale, and to leverage our scale into faster scaling, as seen in the figure below.
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We complement our organic growth with paid customer acquisition. Our algorithm improves paid marketing efficiency as a local marketplace grows. Once our matching algorithms have enough data to increase our conversion rate and rebooking rate in a market, we accelerate investment in paid customer acquisition. In the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 46% of new bookings came from paid channels, while in the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 38% of new bookings came from paid channels. We use predictive analytics to invest in marketing and target a one to two quarter payback period, inclusive of variable costs. Because of our matching algorithm, we can acquire customers more efficiently than competing platforms with lower conversion rates.
Competitive Strengths
As we grow our online pet care marketplace, our competitive strengths relative to other online platforms include:
Largest number of high-quality pet care providers. Pet care providers are attracted to the Rover platform. As pet parents conduct more transactions on the platform, they create additional bookings for pet care providers. Additional bookings enable care providers to make more money and to manage their listings so that the matches they receive are even more targeted to their own preferences without sacrificing earnings. For example, a pet care provider who desires to book only with Havanese dogs may find herself able to do that over time as she amasses sufficient reviews and repeat customers, and as the Havanese bookings increase. This ability to precisely satisfy the unique preferences of pet care providers is very difficult to replicate and translates to enormous provider satisfaction and advocacy. Pet care
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providers come to our platform organically and stay with it. For example, we find that 70% of our providers receive three or more bookings in their first 12 months on the platform. For those in this group, when comparing year 2 revenue to year 1 repeat revenue, providers experience above 90% revenue retention. In subsequent years, we see revenue retention increase.
Rover algorithm and data scale to make better matches. The scale and breadth of Rover’s pet care provider network, coupled with the evolution of our algorithm, enables us to continuously improve matches on our platform. Instead of just investing in marketing to grow our marketplace, we have focused on matching the needs and preferences of each individual pet parent to the best pet care provider. As a result, pet parents who were first-time users of Rover during the three months ended December 31, 2021 were over two times more likely to find and book with a pet care provider than first-time users in 2012.
Multiple network effects. According to publicly available gross booking data, we are the leading marketplace for pet services in the United States, Canada and Europe; GBV on Rover was approximately 11x the size of the next closest online marketplace for pet care for the year ended December 31, 2021, up from approximately 7x for the year ended December 31, 2020, based on that marketplace’s publicly available gross booking data. With our leading scale, we can offer pet parents and pet care providers the benefits of density and diversity in a local marketplace. Pet parents searching for care on Rover can often find providers who live in their neighborhoods, or even—in the case of people in large cities—in their own apartment buildings. They can also find pet care providers who have both a broad diversity of environment, offerings, availability, capabilities, and price points to meet the unique needs of their pets. Many of these providers will also have dozens, if not hundreds, of reviews and repeat customers. This combination of density, diversity, and quality results in better matches and more positive experiences on our marketplace.
Strong pet parent loyalty and word-of-mouth growth. In 2021, 1.3 million unique pet parents had a booking on our platform. We define pet parent cohorts by the month/period in which pet parents first booked on our platform. Of our January 2021 cohort, 63% of new pet parents on Rover rebooked within the first 12 months. Our continuous excellence in facilitating initial matches between pet, parent, and provider translates directly into advantages in our ability to retain pet parents and match them with providers who offer other types of services as well. For example, a new pet parent who books a drop-in visit as a first service on Rover may translate her delight into trials of doggy day care, or dog walking. The number of bookings per repeat customer has grown from 3.7 in year 1 for our January 2013 cohort, to 7.3 in year 1 for our January 2021 cohort.
Top Tier trust and safety support designed for pet care. Our platform provides trust and safety support to both pet parents and providers by carefully selecting the trust and safety agents that assist parents and providers with everything from emergency vet visits to questions about pet behavior. Rover has spent the last eight years evolving the practice of supporting parents and providers via phone and email.
Growth Strategies
We aim to build a global brand that stands for excellence in pet care through the pursuit of the following strategies. These individual vectors accelerate each other by driving the entire marketplace with additional cross-sell opportunities and brand and data synergies.
Attract and delight customers in existing geographies and within existing services. We believe that considerable growth remains within our existing service offerings and geographies. Our cumulative customer volumes represent a tiny fraction of this potential. From inception through December 31, 2021, over three million unique pet parents had booked a service on Rover, which represents approximately 2.5% of the estimated 125 million pet households in the United States, Canada and Western Europe. By continuing to enhance our platform, we make it fast and easy to find a trusted pet care provider in your neighborhood.
Expand service offerings and pets covered. We plan to introduce additional service offerings in the Rover marketplace, further delighting pets, parents, and providers and driving significant revenue growth. For example, in late 2015 we introduced dog walking, drop-in visits, and doggy day care as complements to dog boarding and house sitting. In the year ended December 31, 2021, those services had expanded to 31% of total GBV.

We launched Rover with pet services for dogs and found that pet lovers use Rover to arrange care for animals of all types. In 2018, we modified our applications to better support cats on the platform. Over time we expect to enhance
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our cat offering and expand offerings to more types of pets. We will continue to add offerings to delight pet care providers and pet parents.
Increase international coverage. We aim to serve pet parents and pet care providers around the world. In the near term, our focus is to complete our European footprint. While we believe that our current footprint represents the most opportunity in Western Europe, we also believe that Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark, and Poland are attractive markets that could offer meaningful expansion to our existing European opportunity. We plan to expand organically, and continue to evaluate acquisitions to supplement our organic growth and operating leverage. Over the longer term, we may expand into additional attractive geographies.
Grow advertising and retail offerings. We plan to leverage our brand to expand revenue from non-service offerings. We offer The Dog People blog and Rover Store to make life easier and more joyful for pet parents and pet care providers. As part of our publishing platform, Rover pet care experts and writers craft customer-centric product reviews, recommendations, and information, which have become a trusted source on all things pet-related. Over time, we entered into affiliate relationships with select retail partners to monetize our content operation. Our second initiative to leverage our brand to make life easier for pet parents is the Rover Store, which offers products that strengthen bonds between people and the pets in their lives. The Rover Store celebrates unique human-pet relationships with curated and high-quality third-party merchandise alongside bespoke Rover-branded merchandise and materials for care providers to grow their pet care businesses on Rover.
Expand strategic partnerships. We believe that, over time, we can extend the value of Rover with strategic partnerships in the pet industry and others, including travel, hospitality, and omni-channel retail. We anticipate that many of these partnerships will be structured as affiliate relationships in which the partner introduces Rover to their customer base, and in turn receives a referral commission for completed bookings. These mutually beneficial partnerships can enable efficient growth by connecting Rover to new audiences of highly-qualified prospective customers: pet parents interested in travel, leading busy lives, and actively shopping for products they and their pets will love. By introducing Rover to these audiences through brands such audiences know and trust, we can target our awareness-building efforts and connect more pet parents with quality, local pet care providers.

Our Services

The figure below describes the services offered on our marketplace, with GBV and average price based on 2021 results. To find a pet care provider, following contact on our app, pet parents often arrange a Meet and Greet with the pet care provider. Once the service begins, pet parents can receive regular photos and updates from the pet care provider. Following the service, pet parents can review the pet care providers. Often, new pet parents come to our platform ahead of a planned trip, and once they experience Rover, they expand to daytime services as well. We introduced recurring bookings for daytime services in 2019 to allow pet parents and pet care providers to set a regular schedule for their services.
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A Foundation of Trust and Safety
Rover was founded in reverence for the unique bond between each pet and parent, so no pet, parent, care provider, or safety incident is a mere statistic. Building safety into every booking is foundational at Rover, and we are committed to promoting safe stays. In the rare instance something doesn’t go as planned, we’ve built an experienced team to assist pet parents and care providers alike. We have built safety features into our platform which we believe, taken together, are unparalleled in comparison to other pet care options. This is made possible by a number of investments we have made to bring peace of mind to pet parents.

Watchlist and background checks. All new pet care providers on our platform in the United States and Canada pass third-party background checks in order to offer their services on Rover. In the United States, pet care providers are checked against national criminal offense databases, sex offender registries, and certain regulatory, terrorist, and sanctions watchlists, and we’ve also moved to enhanced background checks, which is more comprehensive and includes county level verification. In the United Kingdom and Europe, we use a third-party to conduct an identity verification on all pet care providers. All pet care provider profiles are also subject to review and approval by our team of pet care provider specialists.
Community standards. We move quickly to correct behaviors that are not consistent with our community guidelines. We regularly remove both pet parents and pet care providers from our platform if they behave in ways that violate our community guidelines. In doing so, we aim to preserve the integrity of our platform and keep Rover safe for pets, parents, and providers.
Detailed pet care provider profile. All pet care providers on our platform provide a detailed profile and personal information such as name, profile picture, personal address, and pet care experience, among other information. This information, along with data on the number of repeat customers and verified customer reviews, provides additional trust for pet parents.
Personal information privacy. Pet parents and pet care providers can meet and communicate through the Rover platform without sharing their personal information with each other until they schedule a booking or decide to share personal information via Rover messaging.
Customer reviews. After a booking is complete, pet care providers can write reviews of the pets and respond publicly to the pet parents’ review of themselves. From inception through December 31, 2021, our pet parents and pet care providers had written more than 4.9 million cumulative reviews, and 97% of our reviewed bookings had a 5-star rating.
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Support. As a commitment to quality experience and peace of mind for our pet care providers and parents, our support line is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week in the United States and Canada, 9:00 am to 6:00 pm in the United Kingdom, and 10:00 am to 7:00 pm in Europe. Pet care providers also have access to advice from qualified veterinary professionals in case of emergencies. In the unfortunate event that a pet care provider needs to cancel at the last minute, our Reservation Protection means our customer service team will help the pet parent find someone new on the Rover platform who’ll offer great care for their pet.
Our People and Culture
Amazing people come to work at Rover because they hear about our culture. Our leadership team is committed to building and sustaining a culture that challenges people to be the best contributors to the business that they can be, but also welcomes and values them as human beings with everyday struggles that show up in the workplace. As a result, we have built a team of results-oriented and data-first professionals who are also collegial, personable, and genuinely nice to be around.
Our approach for building culture is explicit. “Culture” can be defined as “the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent.” We subscribe strongly to this idea and, as a company, have established those ideas that are excellent in the form of our company values. These values are not simply words on paper; they are statements that we take seriously and that we reinforce regularly during our interview process, in our employee review and development process, in our consideration of internal promotions, and in regular company presentations. These values are tied directly to specific, unique-to-Rover behaviors that we encourage, and others that we do not. They are worth stating here in their entirety:
Commitment to our community. We do our very best, every day, to serve the needs of pet care providers, parents, and their pets, so they feel a part of our community. Their safety and well-being are top priority.
No office politics. We lean into the hard stuff, own our decisions, and prioritize business goals over short-term career interests. We have respect for transparency and reverence for vulnerability, and we tell it how it is—including about ourselves.
Intentional balance of pace and precision. We rely on data and analysis to drive decisions, and we’re deliberate about balancing speed with the risk of error. And when it’s time to go fast, we move. We’re not intimidated by failure, accepting occasional errors of action as evidence of momentum.
Focus on impact. We don’t waste time and we don’t waste money. We value results, not just insights or effort.
Discipline in the way we debate. We get the right people involved in key conversations. When we spot a problem, we propose a solution. We believe that the best business outcomes come from a diverse set of perspectives. And when the decision parent makes a call, we lock arms to support its success.
Devotion to each other as people. We’re driven by seeing our people succeed and grow. Families and life events come first, and we make space for fun and celebration. We’re committed to building a culture of inclusivity and diversity and ensuring everyone contributes to their fullest potential.
Relentless pursuit of inspiring outcomes. We’re determined to do our jobs better than they’ve ever been done, and we inspire each other by pushing past our own perceived limitations—with the full knowledge that doing so will be uncomfortable.
Development and Technology Infrastructure
Our technology vision is to build and deliver secure, flexible, scalable systems, tools, and products that exceed our customers’ expectations, accelerate growth, and improve productivity. Our guiding principle is to aim for a technology architecture that is modularized along natural domain boundaries emerging from how our business works.
We built our marketplace to constantly improve in its ability to match unique pets with unique pet care providers as the business scaled. Our proprietary core booking funnel platform connects to the frontend customer web and mobile clients, as well as to our support operations team and our data science platform. We collect and secure information generated from customer activity and use machine learning to continuously improve our matching algorithm. We have a common platform that allows us to seamlessly internationalize our product, integrate images and videos, use experiments to optimize customer experience and test product improvements in real time, monitor our site reliability, and rapidly respond to incidents. Finally, our
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core booking funnel platform connects to leading third party vendors for communications, payment processing, IT operations management, as well as background checks.
We have a research and development culture that rapidly and consistently delivers high-quality products and enhancements to the performance, functionality, and usability of our platform. As of December 31, 2021, we have assembled a team of 119 highly skilled technical leaders, engineers, designers, and computer and data scientists whose expertise spans a broad range of technical areas. We organize our team with product development, platform engineering, data engineering and analytics, cloud engineering solutions, and information security. We focus on customer experience, quality, consistency, reliability, and efficiency when developing our software. Our offerings are mobile-first and operating system-agnostic. We follow agile methodology, frequently update our software products and have a regular software release schedule. Our products and systems are built on secure and scalable technology platforms and services that enable us to deliver customer-centric products and services on infrastructures that manage peaks in demand.
We have a commercial agreement with AWS for cloud services to help deliver and host our platform. As a result of this relationship, we believe we are more resilient to surges in demand on our platform or product changes we may introduce. See “Risk Factors—We primarily rely on Amazon Web Services to deliver our services to users on our platform and any disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.”
We designed our platform with multiple layers of redundancy to guard against data loss and deliver high availability. Full disk snapshots of the database are performed daily, and databases can be restored to any point in time within the retention period using our database services’ point-in-time recovery features. In addition, as a default, redundant copies of content are stored independently in at least two separate geographic regions and replicated reliably within each region. We are also investing in iterating and continuously improving our data privacy, data protection, and security foundations and continually implement, review, and update our related policies and practices.
Operations and Support
Our operations and support team assists pet parents and pet service providers with items such as changes to existing bookings, questions concerning completion of a booking, addressing safety issues such as illness or other complications, and the initial quality review of pet service provider profiles. We are proud of our success in providing excellent support to both pet parents and providers. In the United States and Canada, our support team offers 24/7 assistance in both French and English. We rely on a network of third-party partners to handle most of our customer service-related inbound requests, while more sensitive issues are handled by our employee teams located in Seattle and Spokane.
In Europe, all of our service-related contacts, both voice and email, are handled by employees located in Barcelona. These agents are trained to handle both routine and escalated contacts. We offer local language support for all the countries in which we operate, with the hours of operation for this support varying by language.
Marketing
Our marketing strategy primarily consists of acquisition marketing, brand marketing, and our blog, The Dog People.
We manage our digital demand acquisition marketing at a local level. In the earlier stages of maturity within a specific geography, we use acquisition marketing to complement organic growth and increase information for our algorithm. As a specific geographic marketplace matures, we see the proportion of new bookings driven by word-of-mouth increase. Once a marketplace is more mature, we accelerate acquisition marketing with a faster payback period and higher expected lifetime value for a new pet parent. Marketing spend, inclusive of headcount, represented 18% of GBV in 2018, 11% in 2019, 7% in 2020, and 4% in 2021 for the years ended December 31.
In response to the COVD-19 pandemic, we modified our approach to marketing in light of the depressed demand and increasing cancellation rates. As travel restrictions eased and market conditions began to improve in 2021, we increased our paid marketing acquisition, and as a result drove strong new customer bookings for the year. During the third and fourth quarters of 2021, we saw depressed demand due to the Delta and Omicron variants of COVID-19, which adversely impacted marketing efficiency for those periods. For additional information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, see “Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsImpact of COVID-19.”
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Our brand marketing strategy consists primarily of word of mouth, social media, our The Dog People blog, public relations, and up-funnel media buys that fit within our marketing payback guidelines. Our brand strategy is to earn a place in pet parents’ “circle of trust” for pet care. We do this by establishing Rover as an extension of, and improvement upon, the pet care provided by friends and family: a loving, trustworthy, reliable option that becomes the go-to solution.
We created The Dog People blog in 2014 and have scaled it to nearly seven million monthly unique visitors in 2021, making it one of the largest pet blogs in the world. In addition to driving awareness of Rover to prospective customers, The Dog People helps us to constantly reinforce our brand with pet parents and pet care providers who are currently on the platform. Historically, our content has focused on helpful, instructional articles designed to make it easier for people to have pets in their lives and spotlighting relevant stories that celebrate the joy of pets.
Employees
As of December 31, 2021, we had 372 employees worldwide, including 119 in product development, 35 in marketing, 148 in operations and support, and 70 in general and administrative. We also engage contractors and consultants. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages.
When not working from home due to a global health pandemic, our employees work in a collaborative, fun, and engaging environment with our four-legged friends in our Seattle headquarters, as well as our regional offices in Barcelona and Spokane. We’ve recently commenced hiring for a possible second operations center in San Antonio, Texas.
Because of the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we made the difficult decision to reduce our workforce by approximately 200 employees in the first half of 2020. For impacted employees, in addition to severance, we extended health benefits for six months and offered a longer exercise window for stock options. To support our teams during that difficult time, our management team focused on being intentional about how we communicate, providing context for our decisions, and acknowledging the ongoing human impact of the pandemic and the reduction in force to our employees.
Competition
Our customers consist of pet parents and pet care providers, and we compete to attract and retain both pet parents and pet care providers on the basis of brand appeal, commitment to safety, customer service, and the usefulness and convenience of our platform. We also compete, with respect to pet parents, on quality, affordability and variety of offerings, and, with respect to pet service providers, on the ability to generate income.
The markets in which we operate are highly fragmented. We face multiple competitors across different categories, and our competitors vary in both size and breadth of services. We expect competition to continue, both from current competitors, who may be well-established and enjoy greater resources or other strategic advantages, as well as new entrants into the market, some of which may become significant competitors in the future. Our main competitors include:
Friends, family, and neighbors. Our largest competitive dynamic remains the people to whom pet parents go for pet care within their personal networks.
Local independent operators. Local mom and pop shops and independent professionals often operate at small scale with little to no online presence, primarily relying on word of mouth and marketing solutions such as flyers and local ads. As a pet parent, it is difficult to know where to find reliable information, who to call, and who to trust.
Large commercial providers. Large commercial providers, such as kennels and daycares, often struggle to meet the individual needs of pet parents and their pets. Such providers can be expensive, and their facilities are often crowded, inducing stress in some pets and leading pet parents to question the quality of care their pets receive.
Online aggregators and directories. Pet parents can also access general purpose online aggregators and directories, such as Craigslist, Nextdoor, or Yelp, to find pet care providers. However, pet parents may lack trust in these directories, or find it difficult to find an available and appropriate pet care provider.
Other digital marketplaces. We compete with services such as Wag, the next largest online marketplace for pet care, and the pet care offering on Care.com in the United States, and small operators such as Gudog in Europe and Pawshake in Europe and Canada. We differentiate ourselves with our pure play and scaled offering.
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We believe that we compete effectively against each of these competitors given our scale, brand, trust, service, convenience, data, quality of care, and affordability, and ability of care providers to generate income.
Seasonality
Our bookings are impacted by seasonal trends. We typically experience stronger bookings during the months of June, July, and August, and November and December, which in a typical year coincides with high travel demand related to summer vacation and holiday travel. This seasonality impacts bookings, GBV, revenue, marketing and service operations expenses. Bookings can also be impacted by the timing of holidays and other events.

Intellectual Property
We believe that our intellectual property rights are valuable and important to our business. We rely on trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, license agreements, intellectual property, assignment agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements, and employee non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements to establish and protect our proprietary rights. Though we rely in part upon these legal and contractual protections, we believe that factors such as the skills and ingenuity of our employees and the functionality and frequent enhancements to our platform are larger contributors to our success in the marketplace.
We have an ongoing trademark and service mark registration program pursuant to which we register our key brand names and product names, taglines, and logos in the United States and other countries to the extent we determine appropriate and cost-effective. As of December 31, 2021, we held nine registered trademarks in the United States and 19 registered trademarks in foreign jurisdictions. We also have common law rights in some trademarks and pending trademark applications in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. In addition, we have registered domain names for websites that we use in our business, such as www.rover.com and other variations.
We intend to pursue additional intellectual property protection to the extent we believe it would be beneficial and cost-effective. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, they may not be respected in the future or may be invalidated, circumvented, or challenged.
Data Privacy, Data Protection and Security
We are committed to earning and maintaining the trust of our customers and our employees, and as such, we place an emphasis on data privacy, data protection and security. Our privacy and information security program is designed and implemented, both within our internal systems and on our platform, in an effort to address the security and compliance requirements of personal or otherwise sensitive or confidential data related to pet parents, pet service providers, and our employees.
We have a dedicated team of professionals that focuses on technical measures such as application, network, and system security, as well as policy measures related to privacy compliance, internal training and education, and documented incident response protocols. We maintain a documented information security program that includes periodic scans designed to identify security vulnerabilities on our servers, workstations, network equipment, production environment, and applications, and provides for subsequent remediation of any discovered vulnerabilities according to severity. We also conduct regular penetration tests and remediate according to severity for any vulnerabilities found.
We encrypt sensitive and proprietary information, as well as the personal information of our customers and our employees, both in transit (using secure transport layer security cryptographic protocols) and at rest. We use multi-factor authentication, permissioning software, audit logs, and other security controls to control access to internal systems that contain personal or other confidential information.
We design and implement our platform, offerings, and policies with a goal of facilitating compliance with evolving privacy, data protection and data security laws and regulations and demonstrate respect for the privacy and data protection rights of our customers and employees. We publish our customer-related privacy practices on our website, and we maintain certain additional internal policies and practices relating to the collection, use, storage, and disclosure of personal information. We maintain a process for responding to requests made by law enforcement or government authorities for the personal information of our customers, and in connection with that process, we generally require a subpoena, court order or similar legal process prior to providing such personal information.
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Publication of our privacy statement and other policies and notices regarding privacy, data protection and data security may subject us to investigation or enforcement actions by state and federal regulators if those statements, notices or policies are found to be deficient, lacking transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices. We also may be bound from time to time by contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection, or data security.
The laws and regulations to which we are subject relating to privacy, data protection, and data security, as well as their interpretation and enforcement, are evolving and we expect them to continue to change over time. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, among other things, requires covered companies to provide specified disclosures to California consumers, and affords such consumers abilities to opt out of certain sales of personal information. Additionally, in November 2020, California voters passed the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act of 2020, or CPRA. The CPRA further expands the CCPA with additional data privacy compliance requirements that may impact our business, and establishes a regulatory agency dedicated to enforcing those requirements. Guidance related to the CCPA and CPRA continues to evolve. In addition, on March 2, 2021, Virginia enacted the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or VCDPA, which will take effect on January 1, 2023, and the Colorado Privacy Act, passed on June 8, 2021, will take effect on July 1, 2023. Both laws emulate the CCPA and the CPRA in many respects, but each law includes its own unique compliance requirements. Other privacy and data security laws and regulations to which we may be subject include, for example, the California Online Privacy Protection Act, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation, the EU General Data Protection Regulation, the EU ePrivacy Directive, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act.

More generally, the various legal obligations that apply to us relating to privacy and data security may evolve in a manner that relates to our practices or the features of our mobile applications or website. We may need to take additional measures to comply with new and evolving legal obligations and to maintain and improve our information security posture in an effort to reduce information security incidents or avoid breaches affecting personal information or other sensitive or proprietary data. See “Risk Factors—Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection, or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, or any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, could adversely affect our business.
Government Regulation
We are subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations, and standards in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. These laws, regulations, and standards govern issues such as worker classification, labor and employment, anti-discrimination, payments, pricing, whistleblowing and worker confidentiality obligations, animal and human health and safety, text messaging, subscription services, intellectual property, consumer protection and warnings, marketing, product liability, environmental protection, taxation, privacy, data protection, data security, competition, unionizing and collective action, arbitration agreements and class action waiver provisions, terms of service, e-commerce, mobile application and website accessibility, money transmittal, and background checks. These laws, regulations, and standards are often complex and subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity or unclear applicability, and as a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies, such as federal, state, and local administrative agencies, and could be interpreted by regulators and courts in ways that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If we are unable to comply with these laws or regulations in a cost-effective manner, we may need to modify impacted services and our platform, which could require a substantial investment and loss of revenue, or cease providing the impacted service altogether. If we are found to have violated laws or regulations, we may be subject to significant fines, penalties, and other losses.
National, state and local governmental authorities have enacted or pursued, and may in the future enact and pursue, measures designed to regulate the “gig economy.” For example, in 2019, the California Assembly passed AB-5, codifying a narrow worker classification test known as the “ABC test,” which has had the effect of treating many “gig economy” workers as employees. AB-5 includes a referral agency exemption that specifically applies to animal services and dog walking and grooming. We believe that pet care providers who use the Rover platform either satisfy the ABC test, fall within the referral agency exemption, or both.
In addition, other jurisdictions could adopt similar laws that do not include such carve outs and which, if applied to Rover’s platform, could adversely impact its availability in those jurisdictions and our business. See “Risk Factors—If pet care providers are reclassified as employees under applicable law, our business would be materially adversely affected.”
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Other types of new laws and regulations, and changes to existing laws and regulations, continue to be adopted, implemented, and interpreted in response to our business and related technologies. For instance, state and local governments have in the past pursued, or may in the future pursue or enact, licensing, zoning or other regulation that impacts the ability of individuals to provide home-based pet care.
We proactively work with state and local governments and regulatory bodies to ensure that our platform is available broadly.

Where You Can Find More Information

We maintain a website at www.rover.com. We make available, free of charge, on our investor relations website at https://investors.rover.com under “Financials—SEC Filings,” our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing those reports to the SEC. Information contained on our website and investor relations website is not a part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report or any other document we file with the SEC, and the inclusion of our website and investor relations website addresses in this Annual Report is an inactive textual reference only.
We announce material information to the public about Rover, our products and services and other matters through a variety of means, including filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, webcasts, our website (www.rover.com), and our investor relations website (https://investors.rover.com). We use these channels, as well as social media, including our Twitter account (@RoverDotCom), our LinkedIn account (https://www.linkedin.com/company/roverdotcom/), and our YouTube page (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAPW_dKc5hmvDEl8oYnJfdA), to communicate with investors and the public news and developments about Rover and other matters and in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. We encourages investors, the media, and others interested in Rover to review the information we make public in these locations, as such information could be deemed to be material information. This list may be updated from time to time and reflects current updated channels as of the date of this Annual Report. The information we post through these channels is not a part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report or any other document we file with the SEC, and the inclusion of our website and investor relations website addresses, our LinkedIn and YouTube pages, and Twitter account is an inactive textual reference only.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
You should consider carefully the following risks and uncertainties, together with the other information in this Annual Report, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” beginning on page 62 and our consolidated financial statements and related notes beginning on page 97, and in our other public filings in evaluating our business. Our business, operating results, financial condition or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our Class A Common Stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

The COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of actions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic have materially adversely impacted and may continue to materially adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Governments have imposed various restrictions to limit the spread of COVID-19, including emergency declarations at the federal, state and local levels, school and business closings, quarantines, “shelter at home” orders, travel restrictions, limitations on social or public gatherings and other social distancing measures. These actions, pet owners and pet care providers being infected with COVID-19, and new habits such as increased reliance on online meeting tools rather than in-person meetings and business travel, have had and may continue to have a material adverse impact on our long-term business, operations and financial condition, and the demand for pet care.

Given the evolving nature of COVID-19, including novel strains of the virus and the uncertainty it has produced around the world, we do not believe it is possible to predict the COVID-19 pandemic’s cumulative and ultimate impact on our future business, operating results and financial condition. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, including the duration and extent of the spread of COVID-19, the development, severity and transmissibility of novel strains of the COVID-19 virus, such as the Delta and Omicron variants, the availability, uptake, and effectiveness of vaccines and boosters, the prevalence of local, national and international travel
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restrictions, impacts on travel or work behavior, any risk or perceived risk that pets may be a vector for COVID-19, the impact on capital and financial markets and on the United States and global economies and governmental or regulatory orders that impact our business, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Although demand for our offerings resumed in May 2021 as shelter-in-place orders and travel advisories lifted and we achieved record quarterly highs for new and repeat bookings during the third quarter of 2021 during the Delta wave and record high gross booking value, or GBV, during the fourth quarter of 2021, we continue to see demand adversely impacted as a result of each COVID wave or variant and cancellation rates that remain elevated compared to pre-pandemic levels. Accordingly, our business may again be negatively impacted if governmental orders and advisories are reinstated due to novel strains of COVID-19 or if our pet parent and pet care provider base is infected with COVID-19, and may remain depressed for a significant length of time if COVID-19 results in long-term changes in behavior. We cannot predict when, if ever, cancellation rates will return to pre-pandemic levels, nor do we know how pet parent and pet service provider behavior will be impacted even if pre-pandemic levels of cancellation rates return. Any of the foregoing factors, or other cascading effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that are not currently foreseeable, will materially adversely impact our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Most of our employees and many pet parents are still working remotely and these arrangements, especially if maintained over the long-term, could have a number of materially negative impacts on our business, including:
reduced demand for daytime pet care services due to pet parents’ presence at home;
lower customer satisfaction resulting from potential delays or slower than usual response times in support assistance to pet parents and pet service providers that use our platform;
slower execution of our business plans and reduced productivity and availability of key personnel, other employees and third-party service providers that perform critical services;
potential operational failures due to changes in our normal business practices;
increased consumer privacy, information technology security and fraud risks; and
impairment charges related to real property lease agreements if remote work arrangements become permanent.

We have incurred net losses in each year since inception and may not be able to achieve profitability.

As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $320.3 million. Historically, we have invested significantly in efforts to grow our pet parent and pet care provider network, introduced new or enhanced offerings and features, increased marketing spend, expanded operations, and hired additional employees. We are passionate about continually enhancing the experience of pets, pet parents and pet care providers, which may not necessarily maximize short-term financial results. This focus may not be consistent with our short-term expectations and may not produce the long-term benefits expected. In the second quarter of 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we significantly reduced fixed and variable costs. We have begun to reinvest in our business, however, and have made significant investments related to improving market conditions and becoming a public company. Especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may not succeed in increasing revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses, which would adversely impact our ability to achieve profitability.

Our historic revenue growth rate has slowed over time and may slow or reverse again in the future.

Prior to COVID-19, we experienced significant revenue growth from 2016 to 2019, growing from $16 million to $95 million in revenue. In 2020 revenue decreased 49% from 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although 2021 revenue exceeded 2019 levels despite the continued adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel and demand for pet services, such growth may again reverse or slow due to novel strains of the COVID-19 virus, low vaccination rates, seasonal variations or negative impacts on travel due to increased fuel costs or geopolitical events related to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. Investors should not rely on our revenue or revenue growth for any previous quarterly or annual period as any indication of revenue or revenue growth in future periods.

Future revenue growth depends on the growth of the number of pet parents on our platform, the frequency with which they seek to book services, our ability to attract sufficient high-quality pet care providers to meet pet parent demand, and the effects of general economic and business conditions worldwide, including trends in the travel industry. We also expect to continue to make investments in the development and expansion of our technology and business, which may not result in increased revenue or growth. If the demand for access to online marketplaces for individual pet care services does not grow, or if we are unable to maintain share, our revenue growth rate could be materially adversely affected. A softening of demand, whether caused by
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events outside of our control, such as COVID-19, changes in pet parent and pet care provider preferences or other risks described elsewhere in this Annual Report, will result in decreased revenue.

Our Adjusted EBITDA may not continue to grow over time and may slow or reverse again in the future.

Although our Adjusted EBITDA has continued to improve on an annual basis and was positive for the first time during 2021, we may experience declines in Adjusted EBITDA for as long as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to materially adversely impact our business. Other adverse developments in our business, including lower than anticipated revenue and higher operating expenses due to increased investments in the business or unanticipated events, could negatively impact our future Adjusted EBITDA. If our future Adjusted EBITDA fails to meet investor or analyst expectations, it is likely to have a materially negative effect on our stock price. Adjusted EBITDA is a supplemental metric that is not calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP, and for additional information.

Online marketplaces for pet care are still in relatively early stages of growth and if demand for them does not continue to grow, grows slower than expected, or fails to grow as large as expected, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Demand for booking pet care through online marketplaces has grown rapidly since the 2011 launch of our platform, but such platforms are still relatively new and it is uncertain to what extent market acceptance will continue to grow, if at all. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of people to obtain pet care through platforms like ours. If the public does not perceive these services as beneficial, or chooses not to adopt them, or instead adopts alternative solutions, then the market for our platform may not further develop, may develop slower than we expect, or may not achieve the growth potential we expect, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our marketing efforts to help grow the business may not be effective.

Promoting awareness of our platform is important to our ability to grow the business and to attract new pet parents and pet care providers. Since inception, our user base has grown in large part as a result of word-of-mouth, complemented by paid and organic search, social media and other online advertising and infrequent television advertising. Many of our marketing efforts to date have focused on amplifying and accelerating this word-of-mouth momentum and such efforts may not continue to be effective. Although we continue to rely significantly on word-of-mouth, organic search and other unpaid channels, we believe that a significant amount of the growth in the number of pet parents and pet care providers that use our platform also is attributable to our paid marketing initiatives.

Prior to the impact of COVID-19, marketing efforts included referrals, affiliate programs, free or discount trials, partnerships, display advertising, billboards, radio, video, television, direct mail, social media, email, podcasts, classified advertisement websites, mobile “push” communications, search engine optimization and paid keyword search campaigns. During upticks in the COVID-19 pandemic, we managed marketing spend carefully, focusing expenses primarily in keyword search campaigns and testing. More recently, we are investing into the recovery with increased spending on social media and streaming video, with a careful eye toward measurable results. Our marketing initiatives may become increasingly expensive and generating a meaningful return on these initiatives may be difficult. Even if we successfully increase revenue as a result of paid marketing efforts, we may not offset the additional marketing expenses incurred. If marketing efforts to help grow the business are not effective, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

If we fail to retain existing pet care providers or attract new pet care providers, or if pet care providers fail to provide high-quality offerings, our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

Our business depends on pet care providers maintaining their use of our platform and engaging in practices that encourage pet parents to book their services, including increasing the number of offerings that are available to book, providing timely responses to inquiries from pet parents, offering a variety of desirable and differentiated offerings at competitive prices that meet the expectations of pet parents, and offering exceptional services to pets and pet parents. These practices are outside of our direct control. If pet care providers do not establish or maintain enough availability, the number of bookings declines for a particular period, or pet care provider pricing is unattractive or insufficient, revenue will decline and our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

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Other factors that could adversely impact the availability of pet care providers and the number of offerings on our platform include:

our inability to offer sufficient tools to assist them;
our inability to attract large number of prospective pet parents to our platform.
the COVID-19 pandemic;
pet care providers choosing other third-party platforms over our platform;
economic, social and political factors;
perceptions of trust and safety on and off our platform;
negative experiences with pets and pet parents, including pets who damage pet care provider property;
our efforts or failure or perceived failure to comply with regulatory requirements;
any discontinuation of, or reduction in reimbursement benefits under, the Rover Guarantee program (which provides both pet parents and pet care providers up to $25,000 for costs arising from certain injuries or damages that occur during a service booked and paid through Rover and up to $1 million for costs arising from damage to pet parent property or certain third-party injuries, subject to terms and conditions thereunder);
large numbers of pet parent cancellations;
changes to income tax reporting requirements; and
removal of pet care providers from our platform due to violation of our community standards or other factors we deem detrimental to our community.

If we are unable to attract and retain individual pet care providers in a cost-effective manner, or at all, our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

Pet service providers have a range of options for offering their services. They may advertise their offerings in multiple ways that may or may not include our platform. Some of our pet care providers have chosen to cross-list their offerings on other platforms, which reduces the availability of such offerings on our platform. When offerings are cross-listed, the price paid by pet parents on our platform may be or may appear to be less competitive for many reasons, including differences in fee structure and policies, which may cause pet parents to book with competitors, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Additionally, certain pet parents reach out to our pet care providers (and vice versa) and incentivize them to book directly with them and bypass our platform, which reduces the use of our platform. Some pet service providers may choose to stop offering services all together for a variety of reasons, including work obligations or health concerns. In addition, pet care providers have in the past, and may continue to, attempt to or successfully source bookings from us and then complete the transaction off of our platform, and we cannot prevent this activity entirely. A change in our ability to attract providers to our platform, enable them to generate income and dissuade them from sourcing bookings off our platform could negatively impact our ability to provide sufficient offerings to attract and serve pet parents and, in turn, have a significant negative impact on our GBV, revenue and operating results.

If we fail to retain existing pet parents or add new pet parents, or if pet parents fail to receive high-quality offerings, our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

Our success depends significantly on retaining existing pet parents and attracting new pet parents to use our platform, increasing the number of repeat bookings that pet parents make and attracting them to different types of service offerings on our platform. Pet parents have a range of options for meeting their pet care needs and may choose to arrange for pet care services with pet care providers outside of our platform. Our ability to attract and retain pet parents could be materially adversely affected by a number of factors, such as:

pet care providers failing to provide differentiated, high-quality and adequately available pet services at competitive prices;
the fees we charge to pet parents for use of the platform;
taxes;
our failure to facilitate new or enhanced offerings or features that pet parents value;
the COVID-19 pandemic or other pandemics or health concerns;
increased or continuing restrictions on travel and immigration;
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the impact of climate change on travel and seasonal destinations (such as fires, floods and other natural disasters);
macroeconomic and other conditions outside of our control affecting travel or business activities generally;
the performance of our matching algorithms;
pet parents not receiving timely and adequate support from us;
negative perceptions of the trust and safety of our platform;
negative associations with, or reduced awareness of, our brand;
declines and inefficiencies in our marketing efforts;
our platform not being perceived as easy to navigate;
pet parents experiencing an unsatisfactory sign-up, search, booking, or payment experience on our platform;
any discontinuation of, or modification to, the Rover Guarantee program;
our failure to provide a user experience in a manner that meets rapidly changing demand;
our efforts or failure or perceived failure to comply with regulatory requirements; and
our decision to remove pet parents from our platform for not adhering to our community standards or other factors we deem detrimental to our community.

The success of our platform relies on our matching algorithms and other proprietary technology and any failure to operate and improve our algorithms or to develop other innovative proprietary technology effectively could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We use proprietary Rover matching algorithms in an effort to maximize customer satisfaction and retention, as well as to optimize return on marketing expenses. Built to improve with data science, we have carefully designed algorithms to leverage growing scale by helping pet parents find increasingly better matches as our provider network expands. Successfully using our algorithms to match pet parents and pet service providers is crucial to our continued success, as better matches can lead to more bookings, more data and, in turn, further improvements to our algorithms. Any failure to successfully operate or improve our algorithms or to develop other innovative proprietary technology could materially adversely affect our ability to maintain and expand our business. Fewer matches could lead to fewer bookings, which could in turn lead to less or lower quality data, which could affect our ability to improve our algorithms and maintain, market and scale our platform effectively.

Additionally, there is increased governmental interest in regulating technology companies in areas including algorithm-based discrimination. Any failure, or perceived failure, or negative consequences associated with our efforts to comply with any present or future laws or regulations in this area could subject us to claims, actions and other legal and regulatory proceedings, fines or other penalties and other enforcement actions and result in damage to our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our fee structure is impacted by a number of factors and ultimately may not be successful in attracting and retaining pet parents and pet care providers.

Demand for our platform is highly sensitive to a range of factors, including the prices that pet care providers set for their services, the level of potential earnings required to attract and retain pet care providers, and the fees we charge pet care providers and pet parents. Many factors, including operating costs, legal and regulatory requirements, constraints or changes and our current and future competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, could significantly affect our pricing strategies. Existing or future competitors offer, or may in the future offer, lower-priced or a broader range of offerings. Similarly, certain competitors may use marketing strategies that enable them to attract or retain pet parents or pet care providers at a lower cost than us. There can be no assurance that we will not be forced, through competition, regulation, or otherwise, to reduce the fees charged pet care providers and pet parents, or to increase marketing and other expenses to attract and retain pet parents and pet care providers in response to competitive pressures.

We have launched and may in the future launch new fee strategies or modify existing fee strategies, any of which may not ultimately be successful in attracting and retaining pet parents and pet care providers. Further, pet parents’ price sensitivity may vary by geographic location. In particular, our continued international expansion may require us to change our fee structure and to adjust to different cultural norms in different locales, which efforts may not be successful. While we attempt to set fees based on prior operating experience and pet parent and pet care provider feedback and engagement levels, our assessments may not be accurate. In addition, if the offerings on our platform change, then we may need to revise our fee structures.

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Any decline or disruption in the travel and pet care services industries or economic downturn would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our financial performance is substantially dependent on the strength of the travel and pet services industries. In addition to the impacts of COVID-19 as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report, other events beyond our control can result in declines in travel or continued work-from-home mandates. For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its resulting consequences, such as increasing fuel prices and the potential for political unrest or military conflict to spread across Europe, could materially adversely impact travel and demand for our services in all of our markets, especially our United Kingdom and Western European markets. Because these events or concerns and the full impact of their effects are largely unpredictable, they can dramatically and suddenly affect travel and work behavior by pet parents and therefore demand for our platform, which would materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our financial performance is also subject to global economic conditions and their impact on levels of discretionary consumer spending. Downturns in worldwide or regional economic conditions, such as the current downturn resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or volatility due to geopolitical instability, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine, have led or could lead to a general decrease in travel and spending on pet care services. Future downturns may materially adversely impact demand for our platform.

The business and industry in which we participate are highly competitive and we may be unable to compete successfully with our current or future competitors.

We operate in a highly competitive environment and face significant competition in attracting pet care providers and pet parents. Pet parents have a range of options to find and book pet care offerings, both online and offline. We believe that our competitors include:

friends, family and neighbors that pet parents go to for pet care within their personal networks;
local independent operators;
large, commercial providers such as kennels and daycares;
online aggregators and directories, such as Craigslist, Nextdoor, and Yelp; and
other digital marketplaces, such as Wag and the pet care offerings on Care.com in the United States and small operators such as Gudog and Pawshake outside of the United States.

We believe that our ability to compete effectively depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including:

the popularity and adoption of online marketplaces to obtain services from individual pet care providers;
the popularity, utility, ease of use, performance and reliability of our offerings compared to those of our competitors;
our reputation and brand strength relative to our competitors;
the prices of offerings and the fees we charge pet care providers on our platform;
our ability to attract and retain qualified pet care providers;
the perceived safety and cleanliness of offerings on our platform, especially throughout the COVID-19 pandemic;
cancellation policies, especially throughout the COVID-19 pandemic;
our ability, and the ability of our competitors, to develop new offerings;
our ability to establish and maintain relationships with partners;
changes mandated by, or that we elect to make to address, legislation, regulatory authorities or litigation, including settlements, judgments, injunctions and consent decrees;
our ability to attract, retain and motivate talented employees;
our ability to raise additional capital; and
acquisitions or consolidation within our industry.

Currently, our primary competition is from the friends, family and neighbors to whom pet parents often turn for pet services within their personal networks. Given that online marketplaces offering pet services are a relatively nascent business model and are rapidly evolving, reliance on personal networks is still prevalent. Current and potential competitors (including any new entrants into the market) may enjoy substantial competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition, longer
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operating histories, greater category share in certain markets, market-specific knowledge, established relationships with local pet parents and pet care providers and larger existing user bases in certain markets, more successful marketing capabilities and substantially greater financial, technical and other resources than we have. Competitors may be able to provide pet parents with a better or more complete experience and respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or pet care provider and pet parent requirements or preferences.

The pet care industry also may experience significant consolidation or the entrance of new players. Some of our competitors could adopt aspects of our business model, which could affect our ability to differentiate our offerings from competitors. Increased competition could result in reduced demand for our platform from pet care providers and pet parents, slow our growth and materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Consolidation among our competitors could give them increased scale and may enhance their capacity, abilities and resources and lower their cost structures. In addition, emerging start-ups may be able to innovate and focus on developing a new product or service faster than we can or may foresee consumer need for new offerings or technologies before we do.

New offerings and initiatives can be costly and if we unsuccessfully pursue such offerings and initiatives, we may fail to grow and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects would be materially adversely affected.

We plan to invest in new offerings that differentiate us from our competitors. For example, we introduced, then later deactivated, an on-demand dog walking offering and a grooming offering, and have increased investment in The Dog People, our pet-related blog, and The Rover Store, which offers Rover-branded merchandise for sale alongside third-party merchandise. Developing new offerings increases our expenses and organizational complexity and we have and may continue to experience difficulties in developing these new offerings.

Our new offerings have a high degree of risk, as they may involve unproven businesses with which we have limited or no prior development or operating experience. There can be no assurance that consumer demand for such offerings will exist or be sustained at the levels that we anticipate, that we will be able to successfully manage the development and delivery of such offerings, or that any of these offerings will gain sufficient market acceptance to generate sufficient revenue to offset associated expenses or liabilities. It is also possible that offerings developed by others will render our offerings noncompetitive or obsolete. Even if we are successful in developing new offerings, regulatory authorities may subject us or our pet care providers and pet parents to new rules, taxes, or restrictions or more aggressively enforce existing rules, taxes, or restrictions, that could increase our expenses or prevent us from successfully commercializing these initiatives. If we do not realize the expected benefits of our investments, we may fail to grow and our business, operating results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected.

We rely on internet search engines to drive traffic to our platform to grow revenue and if we are unable to drive traffic cost-effectively, it would materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our success depends in part on our ability to attract pet care providers and pet parents through unpaid internet search results on search engines. The vast majority of our unpaid internet search results comes from a single search platform. The number of pet care providers and pet parents that we attract to our platform from search engines is due in large part to how and where our website ranks in unpaid search results. These rankings can be affected by many factors, many of which are not under our direct control and may change frequently. As a result, links to our website or mobile applications may not be prominent enough to drive traffic to our website and we may not know how or otherwise be able to influence the results. In some instances, search engine companies may change these rankings in a way that promotes their own competing products or services or the products or services of one or more of our competitors. Search engines may also adopt a more aggressive auction-pricing system for paid search keywords that would cause us to incur higher advertising costs or reduce our market visibility to prospective pet parents. Any reduction in the number of pet care providers and pet parents directed to our platform could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Further, we have used performance marketing products offered by search engines and social media platforms to distribute paid advertisements that drive traffic to our platform. A critical factor in attracting pet care providers and pet parents to our platform has been how prominently offerings are displayed in response to search queries for key search terms. The success of pet services logistics and our brand has at times led to increased costs for relevant keywords as our competitors competitively bid on our keywords, including our brand name. However, we may not be successful in our efforts to drive traffic growth cost-effectively. If we are not able to effectively increase our traffic growth without increases in spend on performance marketing, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

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Maintaining and enhancing our brand reputation is critical to our growth and negative publicity could damage our brand, thereby harming our ability to compete effectively and could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Maintaining and enhancing our brand reputation is critical to our ability to attract pet care providers, pet parents and employees, to compete effectively, to preserve and deepen the engagement of our existing pet care providers, pet parents and employees, to maintain and improve our standing in the communities where our pet care providers operate, including our standing with community leaders and regulatory bodies, and to mitigate legislative or regulatory scrutiny, litigation and government investigations. We are heavily dependent on the perceptions of pet care providers and pet parents who use our platform to help make word-of-mouth recommendations that contribute to our growth. Negative perception of our platform or company may harm our reputation, brand and local network effects and could potentially lead to increased regulatory or litigation exposure, including as a result of:

complaints or negative publicity (media reports, social media posts, and blogs) about us, our platform, pet parents, pet care providers, our third-party background check provider, third-party verification provider, or our policies and guidelines;
illegal, negligent, reckless, or otherwise inappropriate behavior by pet care providers, pet parents or third parties;
injuries or other safety-related issues involving pets;
actual or rumored incidents involving the safety or security of pets, pet care providers, pet parents, or other members of the public, including incidents that are mistakenly attributed to us and any resulting media coverage;
a pandemic or an outbreak of disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in which constituents of our network become infected;
fraudulent activity and transactions;
cancellations by pet care providers;
actual or perceived disruptions or defects in our platform, such as site outages, payment disruptions, privacy or data security breaches, other security incidents, or other actual or perceived incidents that may impact the reliability of our services;
litigation over, or investigations by regulators into, our platform;
users’ lack of awareness of, or compliance with, our policies;
changes to our platform policies that users or others perceive as overly restrictive, permissive, unclear, or inconsistent with our values or mission;
an actual or perceived failure to comply with legal, tax and regulatory requirements;
a failure, or perceived failure, to act responsibly in a number of areas, including animal welfare, safety, data security, privacy and data protection, diversity and non-discrimination, concerns relating to the “gig” economy, litigation and response to regulatory activity and local communities;
our current and future business partners;
our involvement with companies in which we may have minority investments;
a failure to enforce our policies in a manner that users perceive as effective, fair and transparent;
a failure to operate our business in a way that is consistent with our values and mission;
inadequate, untimely or unsatisfactory user support experiences or resolutions;
illegal or otherwise inappropriate behavior by our management team or other employees or contractors;
negative responses by pet parents or pet care providers to new services on our platform;
a failure to register our trademarks and prevent or defend against misappropriation or third-party challenges to our existing or new trademarks;
negative perception of our treatment of employees, pet parents, pet care providers, or of our response to employee, pet parents and pet care provider sentiment related to political or social causes or actions of management; or
any of the foregoing with respect to our competitors, to the extent such resulting negative perception affects the public’s perception of us or our industry.

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For example, as a result of past complaints and negative publicity, some pet care providers and pet parents have refrained from, and may in the future refrain from, offering services through our platform or using our platform.

In addition, we rely on pet parents to provide trustworthy reviews and ratings that other pet parents may rely upon to help decide whether or not to book a particular offering. We rely on these reviews to further strengthen trust among members of our community. Users of our platform may be less likely to rely on reviews and ratings if they believe that our review system does not generate trustworthy reviews and ratings. We have procedures in place to combat fraud or abuse of our review system, but cannot guarantee that these procedures are or will be effective. An actual or perceived failure of our review system could reduce trust within our community and damage our brand reputation and could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Actions by pet care providers or pet parents that are criminal, violent, inappropriate, dangerous, or fraudulent may undermine the safety or the perception of safety of our platform and materially adversely affect our reputation, our ability to attract and retain pet care providers and pet parents, business, operating results and financial condition.

We have no control over or ability to predict the specific actions of our users and other third parties during the time that pets or pet parents are with pet care providers or otherwise and cannot guarantee the safety of pets, pet care providers, pet parents and third parties. The actions of pets, pet care providers, pet parents and other third parties may result in pet and human injuries, fatalities, fraud, invasion of privacy, property damage, discrimination, or other harms, which have created and could continue to create brand reputational damage and potential legal or other substantial liabilities for us.

All new pet care providers on our platform in the United States and Canada undergo third-party background checks before they can offer their services on our platform. U.S. pet care providers are checked against national criminal offense databases, sex offender registries and certain regulatory, terrorist and sanctions watchlists. In the United Kingdom and Europe, we use a third party to conduct identity verification on all pet care providers. Pet care provider profiles in all geographies are also subject to review and approval by our team of pet care provider specialists.

We do not verify the identity of, or require background checks for, pet parents, nor do we verify or require background checks for third parties who may be present during a service made through our platform. In addition, we do not currently and may not in the future require pet care providers to re-verify their identity or undergo subsequent background checks following the successful completion of their initial screening process. If a pet care provider engages in criminal activity after the third-party background check has been conducted, we may not be informed of such criminal activity and this pet care provider may continue offering services through our platform. If we choose to engage in more frequent background checks in the future, we may experience a decrease in pet care provider retention, which may adversely impact our platform. Our screening processes rely on, among other things, information provided by pet care providers and pet parents, our ability to validate that information, the accuracy, completeness and availability of the underlying information relating to criminal records, the digitization of certain records, the evolving regulatory landscape in this area, such as relating to data privacy, data protection and criminal background screening, and the effectiveness of third-party service providers that may fail to conduct such background checks adequately or disclose information that could be relevant to a determination of eligibility. These processes are beneficial, but not exhaustive and have limitations. If the background checks or identity verification checks are, or are perceived to be, inaccurate, insufficiently inclusive of relevant records or otherwise inadequate or below expectations, pet care providers who otherwise would be barred from using our platform may be approved to offer services via our platform and some pet care providers may be inadvertently excluded from our platform. There can be no assurances that the screening measures we use will significantly reduce criminal or fraudulent activity on our platform.

In addition, we have not undertaken in the past and may not undertake in the future to independently verify the safety, suitability, location, quality, compliance with our policies or standards or legal compliance, of all our pet care providers’ offerings for individual pets and pet parents or the suitability, qualifications, or credentials of pet care providers. Where we have undertaken the verification or screening of certain aspects of pet care provider qualifications and offerings, the scope of such processes may be limited and rely on, among other things, information provided by pet care providers and the ability of our internal teams or third-party vendors to adequately conduct such verification or screening practices. In addition, we have not in the past taken and may not in the future take steps to re-verify or re-screen pet care provider qualifications or offerings following initial review. We have relied in the past and may continue in the future to rely on pet care providers and pet parents to disclose information relating to their offerings and such information may be inaccurate or incomplete. We have created policies and standards to respond to issues reported with offerings, but certain offerings may pose heightened safety risks to individual users because those issues have not been reported to us or because our customer support team has not taken the requisite action based on our policies. We rely, at least in part, on reports of issues from pet care providers and pet parents to
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investigate and enforce many of our policies and standards. In addition, our policies may not contemplate certain safety risks posed by offerings or by individual pet care providers or pet parents or may not sufficiently address those risks.

We also have faced or may face civil litigation, regulatory investigations and inquiries involving allegations of, among other things, unsafe or unsuitable offerings, discriminatory policies, data processing, practices or behavior on and off our platform or by pet care providers, pet parents and third parties, general misrepresentations regarding the safety or accuracy of offerings on our platform and other pet care provider, pet parent, or third-party actions that are criminal, violent, inappropriate, dangerous, or fraudulent. While we recognize that we need to continue to build trust and invest in innovations that will support trust when it comes to our policies, tools and procedures to protect pet care providers, pet parents and the communities in which our pet care providers operate, we may not be successful in doing so. Similarly, offerings that are inaccurate, of a lower than expected quality, or that do not comply with our policies may harm pet parents and public perception of the quality and safety of offerings on our platform and materially adversely affect our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition.

We have a limited operating history in an evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate prospects and may increase the risk that we will not be successful.

We launched operations in 2011 and since then have increased the number of local markets in which we offer services (including via expansion into Europe) and expanded our platform features and services. This limited operating history and our evolving business make it difficult to evaluate our prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter. These risks and challenges include our ability to:

accurately forecast our revenue and plan our operating expenses;
increase the number of and retain existing pet parents and pet care providers that use our platform;
successfully compete with current and future competitors;
successfully expand our business in existing markets and enter new markets and geographies;
anticipate and respond to macroeconomic changes and changes in the markets in which we operate;
maintain and enhance the value of our reputation and brand;
adapt to rapidly evolving trends in the ways service providers and consumers interact with technology;
avoid interruptions or disruptions in our service;
develop a scalable, high-performance technology infrastructure that can efficiently and reliably handle increased usage, as well as the deployment of new features and services;
hire, integrate and retain talented technology, marketing, customer service and other personnel;
effectively manage rapid growth in our personnel and operations; and
effectively manage our costs.

If we fail to address the risks and difficulties that we face, including those associated with the challenges listed above as well as those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

We may experience significant fluctuations in our operating results, which make it difficult to forecast future results.

Our operating results may vary significantly and are not necessarily an indication of future performance. We experience seasonal fluctuations in our financial results. We experience seasonality in our number of bookings, GBV, revenue, net loss and Adjusted EBITDA, which we expect to continue and which may become more extreme. In addition, our operating results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of other factors, some of which are beyond our control. As a result, we may not accurately forecast our operating results. Moreover, we base our expense levels and investment plans on estimates for revenue that may turn out to be inaccurate and we may not be able to adjust our spending quickly enough if our revenue is less than expected, resulting in losses that exceed our expectations. If our assumptions regarding the risks and uncertainties that we use to plan our business are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating results could differ materially from our expectations and our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Investors should not rely on our operating results for any previous period as any indication of operating results or growth in future periods.

We base our decisions regarding expenditures in customer acquisition in part on our analysis of the GBV generated from pet parents that we acquired in prior periods. Our estimates and assumptions may not accurately reflect future results and we may not be able to recover our customer acquisition costs.

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Our success depends on our ability to attract pet parents in a cost-effective manner. Our decisions regarding investments in pet parent acquisition substantially depend upon our analysis of the revenue generated from pet parents acquired in earlier periods. Our analysis regarding pet parent acquisition investment and revenue includes several assumptions. For example:

We make various assumptions based on our historical data with respect to the rebooking rates of pet parents.
While we believe the trends reflected by our various pet parent cohorts are illustrative of our pet parent base, the results of particular cohorts inherently reflect a distinct group of pet parents and may not be representative of our current or future composite group of pet parents or other monthly cohorts during a given year, particularly as we grow, our pet parent base broadens and we expand to new local markets.
Our analysis focuses on support and acquisition marketing expenses incurred during the period in which the pet parents were originally acquired and makes various assumptions with respect to the level of additional marketing or other expenses necessary to maintain pet parent loyalty and generate booking activity in subsequent periods.

If our assumptions regarding our pet parent cohort behaviors, acquisition investment and resulting revenue from bookings, including those relating to the effectiveness of our marketing expenditures, prove incorrect, our ability to generate revenue from our investments in new pet parent acquisitions may be less than we have assumed and less than we have experienced in the past. In such case, we may need to increase expenses or otherwise alter our strategy and our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected.

If use of our platform in large metropolitan areas is negatively affected, our financial results and future prospects could be adversely impacted.

We derive a significant portion of our bookings and historically have generated a significant portion of our growth in more densely populated urban areas. Our business and financial results may be susceptible to economic, social and regulatory conditions or other circumstances that tend to impact such areas. An economic downturn, increased competition, or regulatory obstacles in these areas could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results to a much greater degree than would the occurrence of such events in other areas. Further, we expect to continue to face challenges in penetrating lower-density suburban and rural areas, where our network is smaller and finding matches is more difficult, the cost of pet ownership is lower, and alternative pet care providers may be more convenient. If we are not successful in penetrating suburban and rural areas, or if we are unable to operate in certain key metropolitan areas in the future, our ability to serve what we consider to be our total addressable market would be limited and our business, financial condition and operating results would suffer.

Risks Related to Regulation and Taxation

If pet care providers are reclassified as employees under applicable law, our business would be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, administrative actions, government investigations and other legal and regulatory proceedings at the U.S. federal, state and municipal levels challenging the classification of pet care providers that use our platform as independent contractors. For example, representative actions, including actions under California’s Private Attorney General Act, have been filed against us alleging that we misclassified pet care providers in California as independent contractors in violation of the California Labor Code. In one of the actions, the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, granted our motion for summary judgment and entered judgment in our favor, but the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal of the court’s dismissal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. See Part I, Item 3, “Legal Proceedings.” We may also become subject to such matters in the United Kingdom and Europe.

The tests governing whether a service provider is an independent contractor or an employee vary by governing law and are typically highly fact sensitive. Laws and regulations that govern the status and classification of independent contractors are subject to changes and divergent interpretations by various authorities, which can create uncertainty and unpredictability for us. We maintain that pet care providers that use our platform are our customers and, as such, are at most independent contractors. However, pet care providers may be reclassified as employees, especially in light of the evolving rules and restrictions on service provider classification and their potential impact on participants in the “gig economy.” A reclassification of service providers as employees would adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results, including as a result of:
monetary exposure arising from, or relating to failure to, withhold and remit taxes, unpaid wages and wage and hour laws and requirements (such as those pertaining to failure to pay minimum wage and overtime, or to provide required breaks and wage statements), expense reimbursement, statutory and punitive damages, penalties and government fines;
injunctions prohibiting continuance of existing business practices;
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claims for employee benefits (including equity incentives), social security, workers’ compensation and unemployment;
claims of discrimination, harassment and retaliation under civil rights laws;
claims under laws pertaining to unionizing, collective bargaining and other concerted activity;
other claims, charges, or other proceedings under laws and regulations applicable to employers and employees, including risks relating to allegations of joint employer liability or agency liability; and
harm to our reputation and brand.

In the United States, national, state and local governmental authorities have enacted or pursued and may in the future enact and pursue, measures designed to regulate the gig economy. For example, in 2019 the California Assembly passed AB-5, which codified a narrow worker classification test that has had the effect of treating many “gig economy” workers as employees. AB-5 includes a referral agency exemption that specifically applies to animal services and dog walking and grooming, and while we believe that pet care providers who use our platform fall within such exemption, interpretation or enforcement of the exemption may vary. In addition, other jurisdictions (including in international geographies where we offer, or in the future may offer, our platform) could pursue similar laws that do not include such carve outs and which, if applied to our platform, could adversely impact our platform’s availability and our business.

In addition to the harms listed above, a reclassification of pet care providers as employees would require us to significantly alter our existing business model and operations and impact our ability to add and retain pet care providers to our platform and grow our business, which we would expect to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. laws and regulations, many of which are unsettled and still developing, and failure to comply with such laws and regulations could subject us to claims or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operating results.

Online marketplaces offering pet care services are a relatively nascent business model and are rapidly evolving. We are or may become subject to a variety of laws in the United States and other jurisdictions. Laws, regulations and standards governing issues such as worker classification, labor and employment, anti-discrimination, animal safety, home-based pet care licensing and regulation, online payments, gratuities, pricing and commissions, subscription services, intellectual property, background and identity verification checks, algorithm-based discrimination and tax are often complex and subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity. The scope and interpretation of these laws and whether they are applicable to us, are often uncertain and may be conflicting, including varying standards and interpretations among countries, between state or province and federal law, between individual states or provinces and even at the city and municipality level. As a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies. We have been proactively working with state and local governments and regulatory bodies to ensure that our platform is available broadly in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Western Europe.

Additionally, laws relating to the potential liability of providers of online services for activities of their users and other third parties are currently being tested by a number of claims, including actions based on invasion of privacy and other torts, unfair competition, copyright and trademark infringement and other theories based on the nature and content of the materials searched, the ads posted, or the content provided by users. In addition, regulatory authorities in the United States at the federal and state level are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning privacy and other matters that may be applicable to our business. It is also likely that if our business grows and evolves and our services are used in a greater number of geographies, we would become subject to laws and regulations in additional jurisdictions. It is difficult to predict how existing laws would be applied to our business and the new laws to which it may become subject.

In the United States, money transmission is subject to various state and federal laws and the rules and regulations are enforced by multiple authorities and governing bodies, including numerous federal, state and local agencies who may define money transmission differently. Outside of the United States, we are subject to additional laws, rules and regulations related to the provision of payments and financial services and if we expand into new jurisdictions, the foreign regulations and regulators governing our business that we are subject to will expand as well. Noncompliance with such regulations may subject us to fines or other penalties in one or more jurisdictions levied by federal or state or local regulators, including state Attorneys General, as well as those levied by foreign regulators. In addition to fines, penalties for failing to comply with applicable rules and regulations could include criminal and civil proceedings, forfeiture of significant assets or other enforcement actions. We could also be required to make changes to our business practices or compliance programs as a result of regulatory scrutiny.
Recent financial, political and other events may increase the level of regulatory scrutiny on larger companies, technology companies in general and companies engaged in dealings with independent service providers or otherwise viewed as part of the
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“gig economy.” Legislative, regulatory, and administrative bodies may enact new laws or promulgate new regulations that are adverse to our business, or they may view matters or interpret laws and regulations differently than they have in the past or in a manner adverse to our business, including by changing employment-related laws or by enacting employment-like regulations with regard to dual-sided marketplaces like our platform. In addition, regulatory scrutiny or action may create different or conflicting obligations on us from one jurisdiction to another, which creates additional challenges to managing our business.

Our success, or perceived success and increased visibility may also drive some businesses that perceive our business model as a threat to their services or otherwise negatively to raise their concerns to local policymakers and regulators. These businesses and their trade association groups or other organizations may take actions and employ significant resources to shape the legal and regulatory regimes in jurisdictions where we may have, or seek to have, a market presence in an effort to change such legal and regulatory regimes in ways intended to adversely affect or impede our business and the ability of pet parents and service providers to use our platform.

If we are not able to comply with these laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations, including any future laws or regulations that we may not be able to fully anticipate at this time, we could be materially adversely affected and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources or to discontinue certain services or platform features, which would adversely affect our business. Any failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could also subject us to claims and other legal and regulatory proceedings (including class, collective or other representative actions), fines, or other penalties, criminal and civil proceedings, forfeiture of significant assets and other enforcement actions. In addition, the increased attention to liability issues as a result of lawsuits and legislative proposals could adversely affect our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred to prevent or mitigate this potential liability are also expected to adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Government regulation of the Internet, mobile devices and e-commerce is evolving and unfavorable changes could substantially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to general business regulations and laws as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the Internet, mobile devices and e-commerce that are constantly evolving. Existing and future laws and regulations, or changes thereto, may impede the growth of the Internet, mobile devices, e-commerce, or other online services and increase the cost of providing online services, require us to change our business practices, or raise compliance costs or other costs of doing business. These regulations and laws, which continue to evolve, may address taxation, tariffs, privacy, data retention and protection, data security, pricing and commissions, content, copyrights, distribution, social media marketing, advertising practices (including targeted ads and behavioral advertising), sweepstakes, mobile, electronic contracts and other communications, consumer protection, text messaging, Internet and mobile application access to our offerings and the characteristics and quality of online offerings, the provision of online payment services and the characteristics and quality of services. It is not always clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales, use and other taxes, libel and personal privacy apply to the Internet and e-commerce. In addition, as we continue to expand internationally, it is possible that foreign government entities may seek to censor content available on our mobile applications or website or may even attempt to block access to our mobile applications and website. Compliance with these laws could render some of our business practices less effective or more costly to maintain, and any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation and brand, a loss in business and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to regulatory inquiries, claims, lawsuits, investigations, various proceedings and other disputes and faces potential liability and expenses for legal claims, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are or may become subject to claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations and other legal, regulatory and administrative proceedings, including those involving pet or personal injury, death or illness, property damage, worker classification, pay model, labor and employment, unemployment insurance benefits, workers’ compensation, anti-discrimination, commercial disputes, competition, pet care provider and pet parent complaints, intellectual property disputes, compliance with regulatory requirements, data security, advertising practices, tax issues and other matters and we may become subject to additional types of claims, lawsuits, government investigations and legal or regulatory proceedings as our business grows and as we deploys new services.

We have in the past been, are currently and may in the future be the subject of regulatory and administrative investigations, audits and inquiries conducted by federal, state, or local governmental agencies. Results of investigations, audits and inquiries and related governmental action are inherently unpredictable and, as such, there is always the risk of an investigation, audit, or
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inquiry having a material impact on our business, financial condition and operating results, particularly if an investigation, audit, or inquiry results in a lawsuit or unfavorable regulatory enforcement or other action. Regardless of outcome, these matters can have an adverse impact on us in light of the costs associated with cooperating with, or defending against, such matters and the diversion of management resources and other factors.

We are also subject to claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings seeking to hold us vicariously liable for the actions of pets, pet parents and service providers. In the ordinary course of business, our Trust and Safety team receives claims pursuant to the Rover Guarantee Program, as well as claims and threats of legal action that arise from pet sitting services booked through the Rover website or applications. Various parties have from time to time claimed and may claim in the future, that we are liable for damages related to accidents or other incidents involving pets, pet parents, pet service providers and third parties. For example, third parties have asserted legal claims against us in connection with personal injuries related to pet or human safety issues or accidents caused by service providers or animals. We have incurred expenses to settle personal injury claims, which we sometimes choose to settle for reasons including implementation of the Rover Guarantee Program, customer goodwill, expediency, protection of our reputation and to prevent the uncertainty of litigating. We expect that such expenses will continue to increase as our business grows and it faces increasing public scrutiny. Pending or threatened legal proceedings could have a material impact on our business, financial condition, or operating results. Regardless of the outcome of any legal proceeding, any injuries to, or deaths of, any pet parents, pet service providers, animals, or third parties could result in negative publicity and harm to our brand, reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.

We face potential liability and expense for claims relating to the information that we publish on our website and mobile applications, including claims for trademark and copyright infringement, defamation, libel and negligence, among others. Our platform also relies upon content that is created and posted by pet care providers, pet parents, or other third parties. Claims of defamation, disparagement, negligence, warranty, personal harm, intellectual property infringement, or other alleged damages could be asserted against us, in addition to our pet care providers and pet parents. While we rely on a variety of statutory and common-law frameworks and defenses, including those provided by the DMCA, the CDA, the fair-use doctrine in the United States and the E-Commerce Directive in the European Union, differences between statutes, limitations on immunity, requirements to maintain immunity and moderation efforts in the many jurisdictions in which we operate may affect our ability to rely on these frameworks and defenses, or create uncertainty regarding liability for information or content uploaded by pet care providers and pet parents or otherwise contributed by third-parties to our platform. Moreover, regulators in the United States and in other countries may introduce new regulatory regimes, such as a potential repeal or amendment of CDA Section 230, that increase potential liability for information or content available on our platform.

The results of any such claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations, or other legal or regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, be harmful to our reputation, require significant management attention and divert significant resources. Determining reserves for our pending litigation is a complex and fact-intensive process that requires significant subjective judgment and speculation. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in substantial damages, settlement costs, fines and penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. These proceedings could also result in harm to our reputation and brand, sanctions, consent decrees, injunctions, or other orders requiring a change in our business practices. Further, under certain circumstances, we have contractual and other legal obligations to indemnify and to incur legal expenses on behalf of our business and commercial partners and current and former directors and officers.

Our use of arbitration and class action waiver provisions subjects us to reputational risks and may not be enforceable, which could increase our litigation costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We include arbitration and class action waiver provisions in our terms of service with the pet parents and pet care providers that use our platform. These provisions are intended to streamline the litigation process for all parties involved, as they can in some cases be faster and less costly than litigating disputes in state or federal court. However, arbitration can be costly and the use of arbitration and class action waiver provisions subjects us to certain risks to our reputation and brand, as these provisions have been the subject of increasing public scrutiny. In order to minimize these risks to our reputation and brand, we may choose to limit our use of arbitration and class action waiver provisions or be required to do so in a legal or regulatory proceeding, either of which could cause an increase in our litigation costs and exposure. Additionally, we permit certain users of our platform to opt out of such provisions, which could also cause an increase in our litigation costs and exposure.

Further, with the potential for conflicting rules regarding the scope and enforceability of arbitration and class action waivers on a state-by-state basis, as well as between state and federal law, there is a risk that some or all of our arbitration and class action waiver provisions could be subject to challenge or may need to be revised to exempt certain categories of protection. If these
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provisions were found to be unenforceable, in whole or in part, or specific claims are required to be exempted, we could experience an increase in our costs to litigate disputes and the time involved in resolving such disputes and we could face increased exposure to potentially costly lawsuits, each of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to governmental economic and trade sanctions laws and regulations which could result in liability and negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are required to comply with economic and trade sanctions and export controls administered by governments where we operate, including the U.S. government (including without limitation regulations administered and enforced by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, and the U.S. Department of Commerce), the Council of the European Union and the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation of Her Majesty’s Treasury in the United Kingdom, or OFSI. These economic and trade sanctions prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with certain specified countries, regions, their governments and, in certain circumstances, their nationals and with individuals and entities that are specially-designated, such as individuals and entities included on OFAC’s List of Specially Designated Nationals, or SDN List), subject to EU/UK asset freezes, or other sanctions measures. Any future economic and trade sanctions imposed in jurisdictions where we have significant business could materially adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our ability to track and verify transactions and otherwise to comply with these regulations requires a high level of internal controls. We maintain policies and procedures to implement these internal controls, which we periodically assess and update to the extent we identify compliance gaps. Our internal policies and procedures require that we report to OFAC on payments we have rejected or blocked pursuant to OFAC sanctions regulations and on any possible violations of those regulations. Our policies also require that we report to OFSI on dealings with persons subject to EU/UK sanctions. There is a risk that, despite the internal controls that we have in place, we have engaged in dealings with persons sanctioned under applicable sanctions laws. Any non-compliance with economic and trade sanctions laws and regulations or related investigations could result in claims or actions against us and materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to various U.S. and international anti-corruption laws and other anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, and other anticorruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the jurisdictions in which we do business, both domestic and abroad. These laws generally prohibit us and our employees from improperly influencing government officials or commercial parties in order to obtain or retain business, direct business to any person, or gain any improper advantage. The FCPA and other applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws also may hold us liable for acts of corruption and bribery committed by our third-party business partners, representatives and agents who are acting on our behalf. We and our third-party business partners, representatives and agents may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and we may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party business partners and intermediaries and our employees, representatives, contractors and agents, even if it does not explicitly authorize such activities.

These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure that our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies or applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible and our exposure for violating these laws increases as our international presence expands and as we increase sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions. Any violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, imposition of significant legal fees, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, or suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, substantial diversion of management’s attention, a drop in our stock price, or overall adverse consequences to our business, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.

Taxing authorities may successfully assert that we have not properly collected, or in the future should collect, sales and use, gross receipts, value added, or similar taxes and may successfully impose additional obligations on us and any such assessments, obligations, or inaccuracies could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

The application of non-income, or indirect, taxes, such as sales and use tax, value-added tax, goods and services tax, business tax and gross receipt tax, to businesses like ours is a complex and evolving issue. Many of the fundamental statutes and
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regulations that impose these taxes were established before the adoption and growth of the Internet and e-commerce. Significant judgment is required on an ongoing basis to evaluate applicable tax obligations and as a result, amounts recorded are estimates and are subject to adjustments. In many cases, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain because it is not clear how new and existing statutes might apply to our business.

In addition, governments are increasingly looking for ways to increase revenue, which has resulted in discussions about tax reform and other legislative action to increase tax revenue, including through indirect taxes. Such taxes could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to indirect taxes, such as payroll, sales, use, value-added and goods and services taxes and we may face various indirect tax audits in various U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. We believe that we remit indirect taxes in all relevant jurisdictions in which we generate taxable sales, based on our understanding of the applicable laws in those jurisdictions. However, tax authorities may raise questions about, or challenge or disagree with, our calculation, reporting, or collection of taxes and may require us to collect taxes in jurisdictions in which we do not currently do so or to remit additional taxes and interest and could impose associated penalties and fees. A successful assertion by one or more tax authorities requiring us to collect taxes in jurisdictions in which we do not currently do so or to collect additional taxes in a jurisdiction in which we currently do so, could result in substantial tax liabilities, including taxes on past sales, as well as penalties and interest, could discourage pet parents and service providers from utilizing our offerings, or could otherwise harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Further, even where we are collecting taxes and remitting them to the appropriate authorities, we may fail to accurately calculate, collect, report and remit such taxes. Additionally, if we or pet care providers try to pass along increased additional taxes and raise fees or prices to pet parents, booking volume may decline.

As a result of these and other factors, the ultimate amount of tax obligations owed may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and any such difference may adversely affect our operating results in future periods in which we change our estimate of tax obligations or in which the ultimate tax outcome is determined.

We may have exposure to greater than anticipated tax liabilities.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate could be materially adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings and losses in countries with differing statutory tax rates, certain non-deductible expenses and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Increases in our effective tax rate would reduce profitability or increase losses.

As we expand the scale of our international business activities, any changes in the United States or foreign taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our business, financial condition and operating results.
We have been subject to examination and may be subject to examination in the future, by federal, state, local and foreign tax authorities on income, employment, sales and other tax matters. While we regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes from such examinations and the adequacy of our provision for taxes, there can be no assurance that such provision is sufficient and that a determination by a tax authority would not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, and its member countries which includes the United States, have been focusing for an extended period on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations, such as the comprehensive plan set forth by the OECD to create an agreed set of international tax rules for preventing base erosion and profit shifting. Recently they agreed upon a broad framework for overhauling the taxation of multinational corporations that includes, among other things, profit reallocation rules and a 15% global minimum corporate income tax rate. Similarly, the European Commission and several countries have issued proposals that would change various aspects of the current tax framework under which we are taxed. These proposals include changes to the existing framework to calculate income tax, as well as proposals to change or impose new types of non-income (including indirect) taxes, including taxes based on a percentage of revenue. For example, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, among others, have each proposed or enacted taxes applicable to digital services, which includes business activities on digital platforms and would likely apply to our business. The Biden Administration and members of the U.S. Congress have also issued proposals that may change various aspects of the existing framework under which our tax obligations are determined.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited, which could adversely impact our financial condition and operating results.

As of December 31, 2021, we had accumulated approximately $271.3 million, $132.6 million and $5.9 million of federal, state and non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, respectively. These NOLs are available to reduce future taxable
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income with approximately $170.7 million of gross federal NOLs beginning to expire in 2031 and gross state NOLs beginning to expire in 2025. It is possible that we will not generate taxable income in time to use some or all NOLs before their expiration. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOLs to offset its post-change taxable income may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5 percent stockholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. In the event that it is determined that we have in the past experienced an ownership change, or if we experience one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, our ability to use NOLs to reduce future taxable income and liabilities may be subject to annual limitations as a result of prior ownership changes and ownership changes that may occur in the future.

Under the legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or the Tax Act, as amended by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or the CARES Act, NOLs from taxable years that began after December 31, 2017 may offset no more than 80% of current year taxable income for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020. NOLs arising in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 can be carried forward indefinitely, but NOLs generated in tax years ending before January 1, 2018 will continue to have a two-year carryback and 20-year carryforward period. As we maintain a full valuation allowance against our U.S. NOLs, these changes did not impact our balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 or our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

There is also a risk that our existing NOLs or tax credits could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, either as the result of regulatory changes issued, possibly with retroactive effect, by various jurisdictions seeking to raise revenue, or for other unforeseen reasons.

Risks Related to Privacy and Technology

We have been subject to cybersecurity incidents in the past and anticipate being the target of future attacks. Any actual or perceived breach of security or security incident or privacy or data protection breach or violation could interrupt our operations, harm our brand and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business involves the collection, storage, processing and transmission of personal data and other sensitive and proprietary data of pet parents and pet care providers. Additionally, we maintain, and third party service providers on our behalf maintain, sensitive and proprietary information relating to our business, such as our own proprietary information, other confidential information and personal data relating to individuals such as our employees. An increasing number of organizations have disclosed breaches of their information security systems and other information security incidents, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks. We, and our third party service providers, have experienced and may in the future experience such attacks. In addition, these incidents can originate on our vendors’ websites, which can then be leveraged to access our website, further preventing our ability to successfully identify and mitigate the attack.

Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage information systems change frequently and may not be known until launched against us, we may be unable to anticipate or prevent these attacks, react in a timely manner, or implement adequate preventive measures and we may face delays in our detection or remediation of, or other responses to, security breaches and other privacy-, data protection- and security-related incidents. In addition, users on our platform could have vulnerabilities on their own devices that are unrelated to our systems and platform but could mistakenly be attributed to us. Further, breaches experienced by other companies may also be leveraged against us. For example, credential stuffing attacks are becoming increasingly common and sophisticated actors can mask their attacks, making them increasingly difficult to identify and prevent. We have previously experienced incidents of fraud on our platform that we believe involved credential stuffing attacks and which we were unable to detect or prevent.

Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect data of pet parents and pet care providers that use our platform, protect our systems and the proprietary, sensitive and confidential information we maintain, prevent data loss, and prevent other security breaches and security incidents, these security measures have not fully protected against such matters in the past and cannot guarantee security in the future. The IT and infrastructure used in our business may be vulnerable to cyberattacks or security breaches and data, including personal data and other sensitive and proprietary data of pet parents and pet care providers, our employees’ personal data, or our other sensitive, confidential or proprietary data that it maintains or that otherwise is accessible through those systems may be rendered unavailable or subject to loss, compromise, or unauthorized use, disclosure, or other processing. Employee error, malfeasance, or other errors in the storage, use, or transmission of any of these types of data could result in an actual or perceived privacy, data protection, or security breach or other security incident. We also face the risk of computer viruses, ransomware, or other malware being introduced to such IT and infrastructure. Although
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we have policies restricting access to the personal information we store, there is a risk that these policies may not be effective in all cases.

Any actual or perceived breach of privacy or data protection, or any actual or perceived security breach or other incident that impacts our platform or systems, other IT and infrastructure used in our business, or data maintained or processed in our business, could interrupt our operations, result in our platform being unavailable, result in loss or unavailability of, or improper access to, or acquisition, disclosure, or other processing of, data, result in fraudulent transfer of funds, harm our reputation, brand and competitive position, damage our relationships with third-party partners, result in significant claims, litigation, regulatory investigations and proceedings (including ongoing monitoring by regulators), fines, penalties, and increased credit card processing fees and other costs and liabilities, or result in the loss of pet parents’ and pet care providers’ confidence in, or decreased use of, our platform, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Any actual or perceived breach of privacy, data protection or security, or other security incident, impacting any entities with which we share or disclose data (including, for example, our third-party technology providers) could have similar effects. Further, any cyberattacks or actual or perceived security, privacy or data protection breaches and other incidents directed at, or suffered by, our competitors could reduce confidence in our industry and, as a result, reduce confidence in us.

We expect to incur significant costs in an effort to detect and prevent privacy, data protection and security breaches and other privacy-, data protection- and security-related incidents and we may face increased costs and requirements to expend substantial resources if an actual or perceived privacy, data protection, or security breach or other incident occurs. While we maintain cyber insurance that may help provide coverage for these types of incidents, our insurance may not adequately cover costs and liabilities related to any incidents, and may not continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, and any insurer may deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection, or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, or any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, could adversely affect our business.

We receive, transmit and store a large volume of personal information and other data relating to users on our platform, as well as personal information and other data relating to individuals such as our employees. Numerous local, municipal, state, federal and international laws and regulations address privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of certain types of data, including the California Online Privacy Protection Act, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation, the EU ePrivacy Directive, the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (restricting telemarketing and the use of automated SMS text messaging), Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act and the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, and the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act of 2020, or the CPRA. These laws, rules and regulations evolve frequently and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation and changes in enforcement and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another.

For example, the GDPR, which became effective on May 25, 2018, has resulted and will continue to result in significant compliance burdens and costs for companies like ours. The GDPR regulates our collection, use, and other processing of personal data of European Union residents, referred to as personal data, and imposes stringent data protection requirements with significant penalties and the risk of civil litigation, for noncompliance. Failure to comply with the GDPR may result in fines of up to 20 million Euros or up to 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. It may also lead to civil litigation, with the risks of damages or injunctive relief, or regulatory orders adversely impacting the ways in which our business can use personal data.

In addition, the United Kingdom has implemented legislation similar to the GDPR, referred to as the UK GDPR, which provides for fines of up to the greater of 17.5 million British Pounds and 4% of global turnover. The relationship between the United Kingdom and the EU in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, and these changes will lead to additional costs and increase our risk exposure. On June 28, 2021, the European Commission announced a decision of “adequacy” concluding that the United Kingdom ensures an equivalent level of data protection to the GDPR, providing some relief regarding the legality of continued personal data flows from the European Economic Area, or EEA, to the United Kingdom. This adequacy determination must be renewed after four years and may be modified or revoked in the interim.

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Additionally, we are or may become subject to laws, rules and regulations regarding cross-border transfers of personal data, including those relating to transfer of personal data outside the EEA, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Recent legal developments have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from these regions to the United States and other jurisdictions; for example, on July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union, or CJEU, invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, or the Privacy Shield, under which personal data could be transferred from the EEA to U.S. entities that had self-certified under the Privacy Shield scheme. While the CJEU upheld the adequacy of the standard contractual clauses (a standard form of contract approved by the European Commission as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism), it noted that reliance on them may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances. In addition to other mechanisms (particularly standard contractual clauses), in limited circumstances we may rely on Privacy Shield certifications of third parties (for example, vendors and partners). On June 4, 2021, the European Commission issued new SCCs that are required to be implemented, and on February 2, 2022, the United Kingdom’s Information Commissioner’s Office issued new standard contractual clauses to support personal data transfers from the United Kingdom. Continually evolving requirements have created uncertainty and increased the risk around our international operations. We may, in addition to other impacts, be required to review and amend the legal mechanisms by which we make or receive personal data transfers to the United States and other jurisdictions, to engage in new contract negotiations with third parties that aid in processing personal data on our behalf or localize certain personal data, to localize certain personal data, and to incur additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens.

Further, in the EEA, the Austrian and the French data protection authorities recently indicated that use of Google Analytics by European website operators involves the unlawful transfer of personal data to the United States. As the enforcement landscape further develops, and depending on the impacts of these rulings, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal information between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, among other things, requires covered companies to provide disclosures to California consumers and affords such consumers abilities to opt out of certain sharing and sales of personal information. The law also prohibits covered businesses from discriminating against consumers for exercising their CCPA rights. The CCPA imposes severe statutory damages as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches. This private right of action is expected to increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. In November 2020, California voters passed the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act of 2020, or the CPRA. The CPRA further expands the CCPA with additional data privacy compliance requirements that may impact our business and establishes a regulatory agency dedicated to enforcing those requirements. In addition, on March 2, 2021, Virginia enacted the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or VCDPA, which will take effect on January 1, 2023, and the Colorado Privacy Act, passed on June 8, 2021, will take effect July 1, 2023. Both laws emulate the CCPA and the CPRA in many respects but include their own compliance requirements.

Aspects of the interpretation and enforcement of these laws remain uncertain. Comprehensive privacy laws have also been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States, with potentially greater penalties and more rigorous compliance requirements relevant to our business. The effects of such laws are significant and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. Additionally, many laws and regulations relating to privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure, protection, and other processing of certain types of data are subject to varying degrees of enforcement and new and changing interpretations by courts. Current or new laws or regulations, or evolving interpretations of their requirements, may require significant changes to our operations and our platform, or prevent us from providing our platform in jurisdictions in which we currently operate and in which we may operate in the future.

Additionally, we have incurred and may continue to incur significant expenses in an effort to comply with privacy, data protection and information security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards, or contractual obligations. For example, increased regulation and regulatory scrutiny could force us to change how we use cookies and other tracking technologies, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert technology personnel resources, increase costs, and subject us to additional liabilities. Furthermore, publication of our privacy statement and other policies regarding privacy, data protection and data security may subject us to investigation or enforcement actions by regulators if those statements or policies are found to be deficient, lacking transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices. We are also bound by contractual obligations related to privacy, data protection and data security and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful or may have other negative consequences. Such efforts may not be successful or may have other negative consequences. In particular, with such laws and regulations imposing new and relatively burdensome obligations and with substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these and other laws and regulations, we may face challenges in addressing their requirements and making necessary changes to our policies and practices and may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so.
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Despite our efforts to comply, it is possible that our interpretations of the law, practices, or platform could be inconsistent with, or fail or be alleged to fail to meet all requirements of, applicable laws, regulations, or obligations. Our failure, or the failure by our third-party providers, pet parents, or pet care providers on our platform, or consequences associated with our efforts to comply with applicable laws or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access to, or use or release of data relating to service providers, pet parents. or other individuals, or the perception that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing service providers and pet parents from using our platform, or result in fines, investigations, or proceedings by governmental agencies and private claims and litigation, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Even if not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Systems defects and failures and resulting interruptions in the availability of our website, mobile applications, or platform could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our success depends on pet parents and pet care providers being able to access our platform at any time. Our systems, or those of third parties upon which we rely, may experience service interruptions or degradation or other performance problems because of hardware and software defects or malfunctions, distributed denial-of-service and other cyberattacks, infrastructure changes, human error, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, natural disasters, power losses, disruptions in telecommunications services, fraud, military or political conflicts, terrorist attacks, computer viruses, ransomware, malware, or other events. Our systems also may be subject to break-ins, sabotage, theft and intentional acts of vandalism, including by our own employees. Some of our systems are not fully redundant and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Our business interruption insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses that may result from interruptions in our service as a result of systems failures and similar events.

We have experienced and will likely continue to experience system failures and other events or conditions from time to time that interrupt the availability or reduce or affect the speed or functionality of our platform. Minor interruptions can result in new customer acquisition losses that are never recovered. Affected users could seek monetary recourse from us for their losses and such claims, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time-consuming and costly for us to address. Further, in some instances, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these performance problems within an acceptable period of time. A prolonged interruption in the availability or reduction in the availability, speed, or other functionality of our platform could adversely affect our business and reputation and could result in fewer pet parents and pet care providers using our platform.

We primarily rely on Amazon Web Services to deliver our services to users on our platform and any disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We currently rely on Amazon Web Services, or AWS, to host our platform and support our operations. We do not have control over the operations of the facilities of AWS that we use. The facilities of AWS are vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural disasters, cybersecurity attacks, terrorist attacks, power outages and similar events or acts of misconduct. Our platform’s continuing and uninterrupted performance is critical to our success. We have experienced, and expect that in the future we will experience, interruptions, delays and outages in service and availability from time to time due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, website hosting disruptions and capacity constraints. In addition, any changes in AWS’ service levels may adversely affect our ability to meet the requirements of users on our platform.

As our platform’s continuing and uninterrupted performance is critical to our success, sustained or repeated system failures would reduce the attractiveness of our platform. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times, as we expand the usage of our platform. Any of the above circumstances or events may harm our reputation and brand, reduce the availability or usage of our platform, lead to a significant short-term loss of revenue, increase our costs and impair our ability to attract new users, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our headquarters and other essential business operations could face catastrophic events, including those from climate change, that may disrupt and harm our operations.

Our headquarters and certain other essential customer support operations are located in Washington state, which is a seismically active region. We also recently added additional customer support operations in Texas, which is a state subject to hurricanes
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and tropical storms. The occurrence of a natural disaster such as an earthquake, drought, flood, fire (such as the recent wildfires in Washington and in the western United States and Canada), hurricane, tropical storm, localized extended outages of critical utilities or transportation systems, or any critical resource shortages could cause a significant interruption in our business, damage or destroy our facilities or those of service providers on which we rely, and cause us to incur significant costs, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The insurance policies we maintain may not cover such losses or may not be adequate to cover losses in any particular case.

We rely on third-party payment service providers to process payments made by pet parents and payments made to pet care providers on our platform. If these third-party payment service providers become unavailable, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on several third-party payment service providers, including payment card networks, banks, payment processors and payment gateways, to link us to payment card and bank clearing networks to process payments made by our pet parents and payments made to pet care providers through our platform. We also rely on these third-party providers to address our compliance with various laws, including money transmission regulations. If these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us on acceptable terms, fail to provide us payments owed to us in a timely manner or at all, become insolvent or enter bankruptcy, or regulators take action against them or us, our business may be substantially disrupted. In such case, we would need to find an alternate payment service provider and we may not be able to secure similar terms or replace such payment service provider in an acceptable time frame. If we need to migrate to alternative or integrate additional third-party payment service providers for any reason, the transition or addition would require significant time and management resources and may not be as effective, efficient, or well-received by our pet care providers and pet parents or adequately address regulatory requirements. Any of the foregoing risks related to third-party payment service providers, including with regard to compliance with money transmission rules in any jurisdiction in which we operate, could cause us to incur significant losses and, in certain cases, require us to make payments to pet care providers out of our funds, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, the software and services provided by our third-party payment service providers may fail to meet our expectations, contain errors or vulnerabilities, be compromised, or experience outages. Any of these risks could cause us to lose our ability to accept online payments or other payment transactions or facilitate timely payments to pet care providers on our platform, which could make our platform less convenient and desirable to customers and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain pet care providers and pet parents. Compromise of, or default by, a third party payment providers also could result in loss of funds by Rover or by pet care providers.

Increased fees charged by third-party payment service providers and their ability to hold our cash as a reserve or suspend processing activities could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees and such fees result in significant costs. Payment card network costs have increased and may continue to increase in the future, the interchange fees and assessments that they charge for each transaction that accesses their networks and may impose special fees or assessments on any such transaction. Our payment card processors have the right to pass any increases in interchange fees and assessments on to us. Credit card transactions result in higher fees to us than transactions made through debit cards. We also face a risk of increased transaction fees and other fines and penalties if we fail to comply with payment card industry security standards. Any material increase in interchange fees in the United States or other geographies, including as a result of changes in interchange fee limitations imposed by law in some geographies, or other network fees or assessments, or a shift from payment with debit cards to credit cards could increase our operating costs and materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Moreover, our agreements with payment service providers may allow these companies, under certain conditions, to hold an amount of our cash as a reserve. They may be entitled to a reserve or suspension of processing services upon the occurrence of specified events, including material adverse changes in our business, operating results and financial condition. An imposition of a reserve or suspension of processing services by one or more of our processing companies could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on third parties to provide some of the software or features for our platform and depend on the interoperability of our platform across third-party applications and services. If these third parties were to interfere with the distribution of our platform or with our use of their software, our business would be materially adversely affected.

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If the third parties we rely upon cease to provide access to the third-party software that we, pet parents and pet care providers use, do not provide access to the software on terms that we believe to be attractive or reasonable, or do not provide us with the most current version of the software, we may be required to seek comparable software from other sources, which may be more expensive or inferior, or may not be available at all, any of which would adversely affect our business. For example, we rely on Google Maps for maps and location data that are core to the functionality of our platform, telecommunication service providers for voice calls and SMS, and we integrate applications, content and data from third parties to deliver our platform and services. Third-party applications, products and services are constantly evolving and we may not be able to maintain or modify our platform to ensure its compatibility with third-party offerings following development changes. If we lose such interoperability, experience difficulties or increased costs in integrating our offerings into alternative devices or systems, or manufacturers or operating systems elect not to include our offerings, make changes that degrade the functionality of our offerings, or give preferential treatment to competitive products, the growth of our community and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on mobile operating systems and application marketplaces to make our applications available and if they modify their policies, or if we do not effectively operate with or receive favorable placements within such application marketplaces and maintain high user reviews, our usage or brand recognition could decline and our business, financial results and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

We depend in part on mobile operating systems, such as Android and iOS and their respective application marketplaces, to make our applications available to pet parents and pet care providers that use our platform. Any changes in such systems and application marketplaces that degrade the functionality of our applications, give preferential treatment to our competitors’ applications or limit our ability to market to our customers could adversely affect our platform’s usage on mobile devices. If such mobile operating systems or application marketplaces limit or prohibit us from making our applications available to pet parents and pet care providers, make changes that degrade the functionality of our applications, increase the cost to users or to us of using such mobile operating systems or application marketplaces or our applications, impose terms of use unsatisfactory to us, or modify their search or ratings algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, or if our competitors’ placement in such mobile operating systems’ application marketplace is more prominent than the placement of our applications, our user growth could slow, pause or decline. Our applications have experienced fluctuations in the past and we anticipate similar fluctuations in the future. In addition, these application marketplaces may modify their guidelines and policies at any time, which could impose a significant burden on us, prevent us from rolling out updates to our applications, or impair our ability to collect or store information we rely on for marketing, measurement, analytics or other business purposes. Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

As new mobile devices and mobile platforms, as well as entirely new tech platforms, are developed and released, there is no guarantee that certain devices will continue to support our platform or effectively roll out updates to our applications. Additionally, in order to deliver high-quality applications, we need to ensure that our platform is designed to work effectively with a range of mobile technologies, systems, networks and standards. We may not be successful in developing or maintaining relationships with key participants in the mobile industry that enhance users’ experience. If pet parents or pet care providers that use our platform encounter any difficulty accessing or using our applications on their mobile devices or if we are unable to adapt to changes in popular mobile operating systems, we expect that our user growth and user engagement would be materially adversely affected.

Our platform contains third-party open source software components and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could restrict our ability to provide our platform.

Our platform contains software modules licensed to us by third-party authors under “open source” licenses. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification, or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platform.

Some open source licenses contain requirements that may, depending on how the licensed software is used or modified, require that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the licensed open source software, authorizes further modification and redistribution of that source code, makes that source code available at little or no cost, or grants other licenses to our intellectual property. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software under the terms of an open source software license. This could enable our competitors to create similar offerings with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of our competitive advantages. Alternatively, to avoid the release of the affected portions of our source code, we could be required to purchase additional licenses, expend substantial time
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and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software or cease use or distribution of some or all of our software until we can adequately address the concerns.

We also release certain of our proprietary software modules to the public under open source licenses. Although we have certain policies and procedures in place to monitor our use of open source software that are designed to avoid subjecting our platform to conditions we do not intend, those policies and procedures may not be effective to detect or address all such conditions. In addition, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our platform. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their solutions. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software.

If we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with all the terms and conditions of an open source software license, we could face infringement or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties to continue providing our platform on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our platform, to discontinue or delay the provision of our platform if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business depends on our intellectual property, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of trademarks (including registered trademarks in the United States and foreign jurisdictions), copyrights, trade secrets, license agreements, intellectual property assignment agreements and confidentiality procedures to protect our intellectual property. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information by requiring our employees and consultants who develop intellectual property on our behalf to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements and third parties with whom we share information to enter into nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property, or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy if unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information or technology, or infringement of our intellectual property. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may copy aspects of our platform or other software, technology and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. In addition, unauthorized parties may also attempt, or successfully endeavor, to obtain our intellectual property, confidential information and trade secrets through various methods, including through scraping of public data or other content from our website or mobile applications, cybersecurity attacks and legal or other methods of protecting this data may be inadequate.

Competitors have and may continue to adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks that are similar to our trademarks. Litigation or proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other governmental authorities and administrative bodies in the United States and abroad may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Further, we may not timely or successfully register our trademarks or otherwise secure our intellectual property. Our efforts to protect, maintain, or enforce our proprietary rights may not be respected in the future or may be invalidated, circumvented, or challenged and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Intellectual property infringement assertions by third parties could result in significant costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and reputation.

We operate in an industry with frequent intellectual property litigation. Other parties have asserted, and in the future may assert, that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. We could be required to pay substantial damages or cease using intellectual property or technology that is deemed infringing.

Further, we cannot predict whether other assertions of third-party intellectual property rights or claims arising from such assertions would substantially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. The defense of these claims and any future infringement claims, whether they are with or without merit or are determined in our favor, may result in
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costly litigation and diversion of technical and management personnel. Further, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a party’s patent or copyright rights, cease making, licensing, or using products that are alleged to incorporate the intellectual property of others, expend additional development resources to redesign our offerings and enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In any event, we may need to license intellectual property which would require us to pay royalties or make one-time payments. Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, the time and resources necessary to resolve them could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition and operating results.

We may be unable to continue to use the domain names that we use in our business or prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that infringe on, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of our brand, trademarks, or service marks.

We have registered domain names that we use in, or are related to, our business, most importantly www.rover.com. If we lose the ability to use a domain name, whether due to trademark claims, failure to renew the applicable registration, or any other cause, we may be forced to market our offerings under a new domain name, which could cause us substantial harm, or to incur significant expense in order to purchase rights to the domain name in question. We may not be able to obtain preferred domain names outside the United States due to a variety of reasons, including because they are already held by others. In addition, our competitors and others could attempt to capitalize on our brand recognition by using domain names similar to our domain names. We may be unable to prevent third parties from acquiring and using domain names that infringe on, are similar to, or otherwise decrease the value of our brand or our trademarks or service marks. Protecting, maintaining and enforcing our rights in our domain names may require litigation, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Risk Related to Our Operations

We depend on our highly skilled employees to grow and operate our business and if we are unable to hire, retain, manage and motivate our employees, or if our new employees do not perform as anticipated, we may not be able to grow effectively and our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Our future success will depend in part on the continued service of our senior management team, key technical employees and other highly skilled employees, including Aaron Easterly, our co-founder and chief executive officer, Brent Turner, our chief operating officer and president, and Tracy Knox, our chief financial officer, and on our ability to continue to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain talented employees. Our U.S.-based employees, including our senior management team, work for us on an at-will basis and there is no assurance that any such employee will remain with us. For example, on March 1, 2022, Ms. Knox indicated her intent to retire as chief financial officer on September 1, 2022, but will remain employed at-will as an advisor through December 31, 2022 to help with the transition of her successor. Any other changes in our senior management team or our failure to engage in effective succession planning may be disruptive to our business.

We face intense competition for highly skilled employees. For example, competition for engineering talent is particularly intense and engineering support is particularly important for our business. To attract and retain top talent, we have offered and we believe we will need to continue to offer competitive compensation and benefits packages. Our competitors may be successful in recruiting and hiring members of our management team or other key employees and it may be difficult for us to find suitable replacements on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all. If we are unable to attract and retain the necessary employees, particularly in critical areas of our business, we may not achieve our strategic goals. Current job market dynamics, where the number of workers who quit their job in a single month in 2021 has broken multiple all-time U.S. records - referred to as the “Great Resignation” - increases the challenge of employee retention.

Job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain highly qualified employees. On the other hand, our employees may receive significant proceeds from sales of our equity which may reduce their motivation to continue to work for us. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain new employees and expend significant time and resources to identify, recruit, train and integrate such employees and we may never realize returns on these investments. If we are unable to effectively manage our hiring needs or successfully integrate new hires, our efficiency, ability to meet forecasts and employee morale, productivity and engagement could suffer, which could adversely affect business, financial conditions and operating results.

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Our company culture has contributed to our success and if we cannot maintain and evolve our culture as we grow, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We believe that our company culture has been critical to our success. We face many challenges that may affect our ability to sustain our corporate culture, including:

failure to identify, attract, reward and retain people in leadership positions in our organization who share and further our culture, values and mission;
the potential growth in size and geographic diversity of our workforce;
competitive pressures to move in directions that may divert us from our mission, vision and values (including, for example, pressure exerted by large technology companies adopting permanent remote work frameworks);
the impact on employee morale created by geopolitical events, public stock market volatility, and general public company criticism;
the continued challenges of a rapidly evolving industry;
the increasing need to develop expertise in new areas of business that affect us;
negative perception of our treatment of employees, pet parents, pet care providers, or our response to employee sentiment related to political or social causes or actions of management; and
the integration of new personnel and businesses from acquisitions.

If we are not able to maintain and evolve our culture, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Our support function is critical to the success of our platform and any failure, or perceived failure, to provide high-quality service and support could materially adversely affect our ability to retain our existing pet care providers and pet parents and attract new ones.

Meeting the support expectations of our pet care providers and pet parents requires significant time and resources from our support team and significant investment in staffing, technology (including automation and machine learning to improve efficiency), infrastructure, policies and support tools. The failure to develop the appropriate technology, infrastructure, policies and support tools, to hire new operations personnel in a manner that keeps pace with our post-2020 business recovery, or to manage or properly train our support team, could compromise our ability to resolve questions and complaints quickly and effectively. As part of our 2020 workforce reduction, we significantly reduced the number of employees in our support organization and our technology organization, and beginning in 2021 it has been necessary to rapidly increase such personnel, which impacts, or could in the future impact, our ability to provide effective support.

Our service is staffed based on complex algorithms that map to our business forecasts. Any volatility or errors in judgment in those forecasts could lead to staffing gaps that could impact the quality of our service. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience backlog incidents that lead to substantial delays or other issues in responding to requests for customer support, which may reduce our ability to effectively retain pet care providers and pet parents.

The majority of our customer contact volume typically is serviced by a limited number of third-party service providers. We rely on our internal team and these third parties to provide timely and appropriate responses to the inquiries of pet care providers and pet parents that come to us via telephone, email, social media and chat. Reliance on these third parties requires that we provide proper guidance and training for our employees, maintain proper controls and procedures for interacting with our community, and ensure acceptable levels of quality and customer satisfaction are achieved. Failure to appropriately allocate functions to these third-party service providers or to maintain suitable training, controls and procedures could materially adversely impact our business.

We provide support and help to mediate disputes between pet care providers and pet parents. We rely on information provided by pet care providers and pet parents and are at times limited in our ability to provide adequate support or help resolve disputes due to our lack of information or control. To the extent that our users are not satisfied with the quality or timeliness of our support or third-party support, we may not be able to retain pet care providers or pet parents and our reputation as well our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

When a pet care provider or pet parent has a poor experience on our platform, we may issue refunds or coupons for future bookings, or other customer service gestures of monetary value. These refunds and coupons are generally treated as a reduction
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to revenue, and we may make payouts for property damage and personal and animal injury claims under the Rover Guarantee Program. A robust support effort is costly and we expect such costs to continue to rise in the future as we grow our business and implement new product offerings. We have historically seen a significant number of support inquiries from pet care providers and pet parents. Our efforts to reduce the number of support requests as we scale the business may not be effective and we could incur increased costs without corresponding revenue, which would materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on a third-party background check provider and a third-party identification provider to screen potential pet care providers and if such providers fail to provide accurate information or we do not maintain business relationships with them, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

In the United States and Canada, we rely on a single third-party background check provider to provide or confirm the criminal and other records of potential pet care providers to help identify those that are not eligible to use our platform pursuant to our internal standards and applicable law, and in the United Kingdom and Europe we rely on a single identity verification provider. Our business may be materially adversely affected to the extent such providers do not meet their contractual obligations, our expectations, or the requirements of applicable laws or regulations. If either of our third-party background check provider or our identity verification provider terminates its relationship with us or refuses to renew its agreement with us on commercially reasonable terms, we may need to find an alternate provider and may not be able to secure similar terms or replace such partners in an acceptable timeframe. If we cannot find alternate providers on terms acceptable to us, we may not be able to timely onboard potential pet care providers and as a result, our platform may be less attractive to potential pet care providers and we may have difficulty finding enough pet care providers to meet pet parent demand.

We rely primarily on third-party insurance policies to insure our operations-related risks. If our insurance coverage is insufficient for the needs of our business or our insurance providers are unable to meet their obligations, we may not be able to mitigate the risks facing our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We procure third-party insurance policies to cover various operations-related risks, including general liability, auto liability, excess and umbrella liability, employment practices liability, workers’ compensation, property, cybersecurity and data breaches, crime and fiduciary liability, and directors’ and officers’ liability. For certain risks, including reclassification of pet care providers under applicable law and certain business interruption losses, such as those resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or future risks related to our new and evolving services, we may not be able to, or may choose not to, acquire insurance, or such insurance may not cover all claims. In addition, we may have to pay high premiums, self-insured retentions, or deductibles for the coverage we do obtain. Additionally, if any of our insurance providers become insolvent, such provider would be unable to pay any operations-related claims that we make. Further, some of our agreements with vendors require that we procure certain types of insurance and if we are unable to obtain and maintain such insurance, we would be in violation of the terms of these vendor agreements.

Insurance providers have raised premiums and deductibles for many businesses and may do so again in the future. As a result, our insurance and claims expense could increase, or we may decide to raise our deductibles or self-insured retentions when our policies are renewed or replaced. Our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected if: (1) the cost per claim, premiums, or the number of claims significantly exceeds our historical experience or coverage limits; (2) we experience a claim in excess of our coverage limits; (3) our insurance providers fail to pay on our insurance claims; (4) we experience a claim for which coverage is not provided; or (5) the number of claims under our deductibles or self-insured retentions differs from historical averages.

While the Rover Guarantee Program is a commercial agreement with pet parents and pet care providers for which we are primarily responsible, we rely on our general liability insurance policy to provide coverage to us for claims and losses subject to the Rover Guarantee Program that exceed our self-insured retention. Increased claim frequency and severity and increased fraudulent claims could result in greater payouts, premium increases, or difficulty securing coverage. Further, disputes with pet care providers as to whether the Rover Guarantee Program applies to alleged losses or damages and the increased submission of fraudulent payment requests could require significant time and financial resources.

We may face difficulties as we expand our operations into new local markets in which we have limited or no prior operating experience.

Our capacity for continued growth depends in part on our ability to expand our operations into and compete effectively in new local markets, including in geographies outside of the United States. It may be difficult for us to accurately predict pet parent preferences and purchasing habits in these new local markets. In addition, each market has unique regulatory dynamics. These
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include laws and regulations that can directly or indirectly affect our ability to operate, the pool of pet care providers that are available and our costs associated with insurance, support, fraud and onboarding new pet care providers. Each market also is subject to distinct competitive and operational dynamics. These include our ability to offer more attractive services than alternative options, to provide effective customer support and to efficiently attract and retain pet parents and pet care providers, all of which affect our sales, operating results and key business metrics. We may experience fluctuations in our operating results due to changing dynamics in the local markets where we operate. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our operations and are unable to manage these risks effectively, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Our presence outside the United States and any future international expansion strategy will subject us to additional costs and risks and our plans may not be successful.

We have started expanding our presence internationally. We opened our platform in Canada in 2017 and in the United Kingdom and Western Europe in 2018 and we may continue to expand our international operations. We are a growing platform with pet care providers in over 24,000 neighborhoods. Operating outside of the United States may require significant management attention to oversee operations over a broad geographic area with varying cultural norms and customs, in addition to placing strain on our finance, analytics, compliance, legal, engineering and operations teams. We may incur significant operating expenses and may not be successful in our international expansion for a variety of reasons, including:

recruiting and retaining talented and capable employees in foreign countries and maintaining our company culture across all of our offices;
an inability to attract pet care providers and pet parents;
competition from local incumbents that better understand the local market, may market and operate more effectively and may enjoy greater local affinity or awareness;
differing demand dynamics, which may make our platform less successful;
complying with varying laws and regulatory standards, including with respect to labor and employment, data privacy and data protection, tax and local regulatory restrictions;
obtaining any required government approvals, licenses, or other authorizations;
varying levels of Internet and mobile technology adoption and infrastructure;
currency exchange restrictions or costs and exchange rate fluctuations;
operating in jurisdictions that do not protect intellectual property rights in the same manner or to the same extent as the United States;
public health concerns or emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and other highly communicable diseases or viruses, outbreaks of which have from time to time occurred and which may occur, in various parts of the world in which we operate or may operate in the future; and
limitations on the repatriation and investment of funds as well as foreign currency exchange restrictions.

Our limited experience in operating our business internationally increases the risk that any potential future expansion efforts that we may undertake may not be successful. If we invest substantial time and resources to expand our operations internationally and are unable to manage these risks effectively, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

International expansion also may increase our risks in complying with various laws and standards, including with respect to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, export controls and trade and economic sanctions.

The failure to successfully execute and integrate acquisitions could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

As part of our business strategy, we will continue to consider a wide array of potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions of businesses, new technologies, services and other assets and strategic investments that complement our business. For example, in March 2017 we acquired DogVacay and in October 2018 we acquired DogBuddy. We have previously acquired and continue to evaluate targets that operate in relatively nascent markets and as a result, there is no assurance that such acquired businesses will be successfully integrated into our business or generate substantial revenue. Acquisitions involve
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numerous risks, any of which could harm our business and negatively affect our financial condition and operating results, including:

intense competition for suitable acquisition targets, which could increase prices and adversely affect our ability to consummate deals on favorable or acceptable terms;
failure or material delay in closing a transaction;
transaction-related lawsuits or claims;
difficulties in integrating the technologies, operations, existing contracts and personnel of an acquired company;
difficulties in retaining key employees or business partners of an acquired company;
difficulties in retaining merchants, consumers and service providers, as applicable, of an acquired company;
challenges with integrating the brand identity of an acquired company with our own;
diversion of financial and management resources from existing operations or alternative acquisition opportunities;
failure to realize the anticipated benefits or synergies of a transaction;
failure to identify the problems, liabilities, or other shortcomings or challenges of an acquired company or technology, including issues related to intellectual property, regulatory compliance practices, litigation, revenue recognition or other accounting practices, or employee or user issues;
risks that regulatory bodies may enact new laws or promulgate new regulations that are adverse to an acquired company or business;
risks that regulatory bodies do not approve our acquisitions or business combinations or delay such approvals;
theft of our trade secrets or confidential information that we share with potential acquisition candidates;
risk that an acquired company or investment in new services cannibalizes a portion of our existing business; and
adverse market reaction to an acquisition.

If we fail to address the foregoing risks or other problems encountered in connection with past or future acquisitions of businesses, new technologies, services and other assets and strategic investments, or if we fail to successfully integrate such acquisitions or investments, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

We may require additional capital to support business growth and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

To support our growing business and to effectively compete, we must have sufficient capital to continue to make significant investments in our platform. We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new platform features and services or enhance our existing platform, improve our operating infrastructure, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Although we currently anticipate that our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months, we may require additional financing over the long-term. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity, equity-linked securities, or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of current equity investors. If we raise additional funds through the incurrence of indebtedness, then we may be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could be subject to restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any additional future indebtedness we may incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to our equity investors.

We evaluate financing opportunities from time to time and our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans and operating performance and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be impaired and our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected.

Our application for the Paycheck Protection Program Loan could in the future be determined to have been impermissible or could result in damage to our reputation.
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In April 2020, we entered into a certain Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, Promissory Note and Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, pursuant to which we received loan proceeds of $8.1 million, or the PPP Loan. The PPP Loan was subject to the terms and conditions of the PPP, which was established under the CARES Act and is administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration, or the SBA. The PPP loan application required us to certify, among other things, that the “current economic uncertainty” made the PPP Loan request “necessary” to support our ongoing operations. We made this certification in good faith after analyzing, among other things, the maintenance of our workforce, our need for additional funding to continue operations, the severe impact of COVID-19 on our revenue, financial covenants associated with then-existing loans and our ability to access alternative forms of capital in the then-current market environment to offset the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Following this analysis, we believe that we satisfied all eligibility criteria for the PPP Loans and that our receipt of the PPP Loans was consistent with the broad objectives of the CARES Act. The certification described above did not contain any objective criteria and is subject to interpretation.

In accordance with the requirements of the PPP, we used the PPP Loan to cover certain qualified expenses, including payroll costs, rent and utility costs. We repaid the principal and accrued interest on the PPP Loan in connection with the closing of the Merger on July 30, 2021.

The lack of clarity regarding loan eligibility under the PPP has resulted in significant media coverage and controversy with respect to companies applying for and receiving loans. If, despite our good-faith belief that given our circumstances we satisfied all eligible requirements for the PPP Loan, we are later determined to have violated any applicable laws or regulations that may apply to us in connection with the PPP Loan or it is otherwise determined that we were ineligible to receive the PPP Loan, we may be subject to penalties, which could also result in adverse publicity and damage to our reputation. Our PPP Loan eligibility and use of proceeds are currently under review by the U.S. Small Business Administration, or SBA. While we believe we can demonstrate that we satisfied all eligibility criteria and used all proceeds for permissible expenses, there is no guarantee that the SBA will agree, and any adverse findings or prolonged audit proceedings could, in addition to fines or penalties, result in the diversion of management’s time and attention and legal and reputational costs. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Financial Reporting and Disclosure

Because we recognize revenue upon the start of a booked service and not at booking, upticks or downturns in bookings are not immediately reflected in our operating results.

We experience a difference in timing between when a booking is made and when we recognize revenue, which occurs when the service is provided. The effect of significant downturns in bookings or increases in cancellations for upcoming booking dates in a particular quarter may not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods because of this timing in revenue recognition.

We track certain operational metrics with internal systems and tools and do not independently verify such metrics. Certain of our operational metrics are subject to inherent challenges in measurement and any real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may adversely affect our business and reputation.

We track certain operational metrics, including our key business metrics such as the number of bookings, GBV, and pet parent cohort behavior, with internal systems and tools that are not independently verified by any third party and which may differ from estimates or similar metrics published by third parties due to differences in sources, methodologies, or the assumptions on which we rely. Our internal systems and tools have a number of limitations and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we publicly disclose. If the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate.

While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our metrics for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platform is used across large populations. For example, the accuracy of our operating metrics could be impacted by fraudulent users of our platform, and further, we believe that there are consumers who have multiple accounts, even though this is prohibited in our Terms of Service and we implement measures to detect and prevent this behavior. In addition, limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies. If our operating metrics are not accurate representations of our business, if investors do not perceive our operating
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metrics to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, we expect that our business, reputation, financial condition and operating results would be materially adversely affected.

Certain estimates and information contained in this Annual Report and other filings with the SEC are based on information from third-party sources and we do not independently verify the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in such sources or the methodologies for collecting such data and any real or perceived inaccuracies in such estimates and information may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

Certain estimates and information contained in this Annual Report and other filings with the SEC, including general expectations concerning our industry and the market in which we operate, category share, market opportunity and market size, are based to some extent on information provided by third-party providers. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations and although we believe the information from such third-party sources is reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in such third-party sources or the methodologies for collecting such data. If there are any limitations or errors with respect to such data or methodologies, or if investors do not perceive such data or methodologies to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to such data or methodologies, our reputation, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Our management has limited experience in operating a public company.

Our executive officers and directors have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. For example, our Chief Financial Officer, Tracy Knox, who is our only executive officer with extensive public company operating experience, announced that she would retire from that position effective September 1, 2022. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage being a public company, and we are subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Our executive officers’ limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to our management and growth. We have hired, and it is likely we will hire in the future, additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

We are incurring significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that Legacy Rover did not incur as a private company, and these expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404, and the rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and the Nasdaq listing standards impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with these requirements will increase costs, make certain activities more time-consuming, and require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand the business and achieve strategic objectives.

A number of those requirements now obligate us to carry out activities that had not been previously required of Legacy Rover. For example, we are obligated to create new board committees, obtain new insurance policies and adopt new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we have incurred new expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with these new requirements are identified (for example, if our management or independent registered public accounting firm identifies additional material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us, and it may be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board or as executive officers. Our new status as a public company has made it more difficult and more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we have incurred considerable costs to maintain the level of coverage that we believe is appropriate for a public company. In addition, such insurance provides for a substantial retention of liability, is subject to limitations and may not cover a significant portion, or any, of the expenses we may now incur or be subject to in connection with any stockholder class action or other litigation to which we are named as a party.

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As a result of filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition has become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims and the time and resources necessary to resolve them could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Activist stockholders may attempt to effect changes at our company, acquire control over our company or seek a sale of our company, which could impact the pursuit of business strategies and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our stockholders may from time to time engage in proxy solicitations, advance stockholder proposals or otherwise attempt to affect changes or acquire control over our company. Campaigns by stockholders to effect changes at public companies are sometimes led by investors seeking to increase short-term stockholder value through actions such as financial restructuring, increased debt, special dividends, stock repurchases or sales of the entire company. For example, an activist investor recently acquired a stake in a company that, like us, went public via a merger with a special purpose acquisition company, or SPAC, and recommended that it consider strategic alternatives, including a sale, citing, among other reasons, its recent stock price underperformance and the market’s largely unfavorable view of companies taken public via a SPAC. We could face a similar campaign if the unfavorable view of SPACs continues or if our stock price does not improve. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist stockholders can lead to changes in governance and reporting, be extremely costly and time-consuming, divert the attention of our board of directors and senior management from the management of our operations and the pursuit of our business strategies, and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways in which we cannot currently anticipate. As a result, stockholder campaigns could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are an emerging growth company and any decision to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our Class A Common Stock less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to “emerging growth companies,” including:

not being required to have an independent registered public accounting firm audit our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act;
reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and annual report on Form 10-K; and
exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

As a result, stockholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. Our status as an emerging growth company will end as soon as any of the following takes place:

the last day of the fiscal year in which we have at least $1.07 billion in annual revenue;
the date we qualify as a “large accelerated filer,” with at least $700.0 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates;
the date on which we have issued, in any three-year period, more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or
the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of the Caravel IPO, which is December 31, 2025.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period and as a result, our financial statements may not be comparable with similarly situated public companies.

We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A Common Stock less attractive if we choose to rely on any of the exemptions afforded emerging growth companies. If some investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive because we rely on any of these exemptions, there may be a less active trading market for the Class A Common Stock and the market price of the Class A Common Stock may be more volatile and may decline.
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We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or fail to maintain effective internal control over our financial reporting, which may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as described below. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We did not design or maintain an effective control environment due to an insufficient complement of personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training commensurate with our accounting and reporting requirements. This material weakness contributed to the following additional material weaknesses.
We did not design and maintain sufficient formal procedures and controls to achieve complete and accurate financial reporting and disclosures, including controls over the preparation and review of journal entries and account reconciliations. Additionally, we did not design and maintain controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties.
We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the identification of and accounting for certain non-routine, unusual or complex transactions, including the proper application of U.S. GAAP of such transactions. Specifically, we did not design and maintain controls to timely identify and account for warrant instruments that are derivative financial instruments.

The material weakness related to accounting for warrant instruments resulted in the restatement of the previously issued financial statements of Caravel related to warrant liabilities, change in fair value of warrant liabilities, additional paid-in capital, accumulated deficit and related financial statement disclosures. The other material weaknesses described above did not result in a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements; however they did result in adjustments to several accounts and disclosures prior to the original issuance of the financial statements. Additionally, these material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of substantially all of the financial statement accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

We identified an additional material weakness as a result of the material weakness in our control environment in that we did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology (“IT”) general controls for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain: (1) program change management controls for financial systems to ensure that information technology program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately; (2) user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties that adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial applications, programs, and data to appropriate Company personnel; (3) computer operations controls to ensure that critical batch jobs are monitored and data backups are authorized and monitored; and (4) testing and approval controls for program development to ensure that new software development is aligned with business and IT requirements.

These IT deficiencies did not result in a material misstatement to the financial statements; however, the deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact our ability to maintain effective segregation of duties, as well as the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls (such as automated controls that address the risk of material misstatement to one or more assertions, along with the IT controls and underlying data that support the effectiveness of system-generated data and reports) that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, we have determined these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material weakness.

We have begun implementation of a plan to remediate these material weaknesses. These remediation measures are ongoing and include hiring additional personnel and implementing additional procedures and controls. We can give no assurance that the measures we have taken and plan to take in the future will remediate the material weaknesses identified or that any additional material weaknesses or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or circumvention of these controls. Likewise, if our financial statements are not filed on a timely basis, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our Class A
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Common Stock is listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Failure to timely file will cause us to be ineligible to utilize short-form registration statements on Form S-3, which may impair our ability to obtain capital in a timely fashion to execute our business strategies and issue shares to effect a business combination. In either case, there could be a material adverse effect on our business. The existence of material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, we will incur additional costs to remediate material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management is not presently required to perform an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, but will be required to perform this annual assessment for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. We will then be required to disclose changes made in our internal control over financial reporting on a quarterly basis. Our independent registered public accounting firm will first be required to audit the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the first year we are no longer an “emerging growth company” or a “smaller reporting company” or eligible for other relief. Failure to comply with the rules and regulations of the SEC could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the applicable stock exchange or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources. Management has begun the process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with the rules and regulations of the SEC in the future, but we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion.

Our Warrants are accounted for as liabilities and are recorded at fair value upon issuance with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

Caravel previously accounted for, and we currently account for, the 8,074,164 warrants that were issued in connection with the Caravel IPO in accordance with the guidance contained in Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (ASC 815-40). Such guidance provides that because the Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment thereunder, each Warrant must be recorded as a liability. Accordingly, we have classified each Warrant as a liability at its fair value. These liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. With each such re-measurement, the Warrant liability will be adjusted to fair value, with a resulting non-cash gain or loss related to the change in the fair value being recognized in our earnings in the statement of operations. We announced the redemption of our outstanding Warrants in December 2021, and completed the redemption in January 2022. As a result, the Warrants will no longer be deemed liabilities subject to fair value adjustments after January 2022. In January 2022, we recorded a $4.6 million gain within the statement of operations due to the change in fair value of the Warrants, and reclassified $15.4 million of the carrying amount of the warrant liability to stockholder’s equity.

We may face litigation and other risks as a result of the material weakness in the internal control over financial reporting of Caravel.

Following the issuance of the SEC’s “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies,” after consultation with Caravel’s independent registered public accounting firm, Caravel’s management and audit committee concluded that it was appropriate to restate its previously issued audited financial statements as of December 31, 2020. As part of the restatement, Caravel identified a material weakness in its internal controls over financial reporting.

As a result of such material weakness, the restatement, the change in accounting for the warrants, and other matters raised or that may in the future be raised by the SEC, we may face potential litigation or other disputes which may include, among others, claims invoking the federal and state securities laws, contractual claims or other claims arising from the restatement and material weaknesses in Caravel’s and Legacy Rover’s internal control over financial reporting and the preparation of Caravel’s and Legacy Rover’s financial statements. We can provide no assurance that such litigation or dispute will not arise in the future. Any such litigation or dispute, whether successful or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

As a public company, we are required to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information
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required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and financial officers.

We must continue to improve our internal control over financial reporting. We will be required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the year ending December 31, 2022, and once we cease to be an emerging growth company or eligible for other relief, we will be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with these requirements within the prescribed time period, we will be engaging in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. There is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed time period or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal additional deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses.

Any failure to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, including the identification of one or more material weaknesses, could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements and reports, which would likely adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock. In addition, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC and other regulatory authorities.

Risks Related to Ownership of Class A Common Stock

The market price of our Class A Common Stock may be volatile and may decline.

The trading price of our Class A Common Stock could be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to the risk factors described in this Annual Report and other factors beyond our control as listed below. Any of such factors could have a material adverse effect on an investment in our Class A Common Stock, and our Class A Common Stock may trade at prices significantly below the price an investor paid for them. In such circumstances, the trading price of our Class A Common Stock may not recover and may experience a further decline.

Factors affecting the trading price of our Class A Common Stock may include:

the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business;
general economic and political conditions, including inflation, changes in interest rates, and geopolitical events such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its impact on fuel costs and travel demand;
actual or anticipated changes or fluctuations in our operating results, changes in the market’s expectations about our operating results, or failure to meet the expectation of securities analysts or investors in a particular period;
any unfavorable view by the market of companies taken public via a SPAC;
announcements by us or our competitors of new technology, features or services;
our competitors’ performance;
developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;
actual or perceived data security breaches or other data security incidents;
announced or completed acquisitions of businesses by us or our competitors;
actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
any actual or anticipated changes in the financial projections we may provide to the public or our failure to meet those projections;
any major change in our Board or management;
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changes in laws and regulations affecting our business, actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally and any related market speculation;
litigation involving us, our industry or both;
governmental or regulatory actions or audits;
regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;
announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;
changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;
our ability to meet compliance requirements;
the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;
operating and share price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to us;
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
changes in operating performance and stock market trading volumes and trading prices of other technology companies generally, or those in the pet care industry in particular;
failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, or changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts concerning us or the pet care industry in general;
changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;
the volume of shares of Class A Common Stock available for public sale or being sold;
sales of shares of Class A Common Stock by us or our stockholders;
expiration of market stand-off or lock-up agreements;
sales of substantial amounts of shares of Class A Common Stock by our directors, executive officers or significant stockholders or the perception that such sales could occur; and
other factors identified throughout these “Risk Factors.

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our securities irrespective of our operating performance. The stock markets in general, have experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks and of our securities may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for retail stocks or the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress our share price regardless of our business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. A decline in the market price of our securities also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

Insiders currently have and may continue to possess substantial influence over us, which could limit your ability to affect the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

As of March 4, 2022, our executive officers, directors and their affiliates as a group beneficially owned approximately 36.9% of the Class A Common Stock representing 34.2% of the vote (the calculation of such amounts excludes the last tranche of 2,192,687 shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued upon the Class A Common Stock achieving certain share price milestones pursuant to our Business Combination Agreement with Caravel, or Earnout Shares, unvested restricted stock units, or RSUs, and options to purchase Class A Common Stock that remain issued and outstanding in addition to equity awards that may be issued under our employee benefit plans, including the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2021 Plan, and the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the 2021 ESPP).

As a result, these stockholders, if they act together, may be able to influence our management and affairs and all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and approval of significant corporate transactions. They may also have interests that differ from other stockholders and may vote in a way with which other stockholders disagree and which may be adverse to their interests. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of the Company and might affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

In addition, the Sponsor holds the right to designate a director to our Board. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in our management and could make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of insider stockholders and their votes.
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If securities or industry analysts either do not publish research about us or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business or our industry, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our Class A Common Stock, the trading price and/or the trading volume of our Class A Common Stock could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Common Stock is influenced in part by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market and our competitors. Overly enthusiastic opinions or estimates regarding our business or future stock price can result in volatility if performance does not meet such estimates. In addition, if one or more securities analysts initiate research with an unfavorable rating or downgrade our Class A Common Stock, provide a more favorable recommendation about our competitors or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Class A Common Stock price will likely decline. If few securities analysts commence coverage of us, or if one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets and demand for our securities could decrease, which in turn could cause the price and trading volume of our Class A Common Stock to decline.

Future sales of Class A Common Stock in the public market could cause our share price to decline significantly, even if our business is doing well.

The market price of our Class A Common Stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of Class A Common Stock in the market, or the perception that these sales could occur. There are a total of 180,261,620 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding as of March 4, 2022 (excluding the last tranche of 2,192,687 Earnout Shares that may be issued, unvested RSUs, and options to purchase Class A Common Stock outstanding under our employee benefit plans and any equity awards that may be issued under the 2021 ESPP and the 2021 Plan).

We filed a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. The Form S-8 registration statement became effective automatically upon filing, and shares covered by the registration statement became eligible for sale in the public market, subject to Rule 144 limitations applicable to affiliates. Subject to the satisfaction of applicable vesting restrictions, the shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, vesting of RSUs and other awards will be available for immediate resale in the public market. Sales of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause the trading price of our Class A Common Stock to fall and make it more difficult for investors to sell shares of our Class A Common Stock at a time and price that they deem appropriate.

Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock for the foreseeable future, investors may not receive any return on investment unless they sell their Class A Common Stock at a price greater than what they paid for it.

We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on shares of our Class A Common Stock will be at the sole discretion of the Board. The Board may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, implications of the payment of dividends to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as the Board may deem relevant. As a result, investors may not receive any return on an investment in our Class A Common Stock unless they sell their Class A Common Stock for a price greater than that which they paid for it.

Our stockholders may experience dilution in the future.

The percentage of shares of our Class A Common Stock owned by current stockholders may be diluted in the future because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or otherwise, including, without limitation, equity awards that we may grant to our directors, officers and employees or meeting the conditions under the last tranche of Earnout Shares. These issuances may have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share, which could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock. For example, because the volume weighted average price of our Class A Common Stock over the 20 trading days preceding and inclusive of September 29, 2021 exceeded $12.00 and $14.00, the first two tranches of Earnout Shares were triggered, and we issued an aggregate of 17,540,964 Earnout Shares to eligible former Legacy Rover stockholders in October 2021. Further, in connection with the redemption of all of our outstanding Warrants, we issued 2,046,220 shares of Class A Common Stock in January 2022 related to the cashless exercise of certain of those warrants during December 2021 and January 2022.
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In addition, we have implemented “sell-to-cover” to satisfy tax withholding obligations for grants of RSUs and to satisfy tax withholding obligations and the aggregate exercise price for the exercise of stock options. Under “sell-to-cover,” shares with a market value equivalent to (1) the tax withholding obligation will be sold on behalf of the holder of the RSUs upon vesting and settlement to cover the tax withholding liability and (2) the tax withholding obligation and aggregate exercise price will be sold on behalf of the individual exercising vested options to cover the tax withholding liability and aggregate exercise price, and the cash proceeds related to tax withholding obligations from these sales will be remitted by us to the taxing authorities. These sales will not result in the expenditure of additional cash by us to satisfy the tax withholding obligations for RSUs or options, but will cause dilution to our stockholders and, to the extent a large number of shares are sold in connection with any vesting or exercise event, such sales volume may cause our stock price to fluctuate.

Delaware or Washington law and provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws might delay, discourage or prevent a change in control of the Company or changes in our management, thereby depressing the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make an acquisition of the Company more difficult or delay or prevent changes in control of our management. Among other things, these provisions:

authorize the Board to issues shares of preferred stock and determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval;
permit only the Board to establish the number of directors and fill vacancies on the Board;
establish that our Board is divided into three classes, with each class serving staggered three-year terms;
provide that our directors may be removed only for cause;
permit stockholders to take actions only at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;
require that stockholders give advance notice to nominate directors or submit proposals for consideration at stockholder meetings;
prohibit stockholders from calling a special meeting of stockholders; and
require a super-majority vote of stockholders to amend some of the provisions described above.

In addition, because our principal executive offices are located in Washington, the anti-takeover provisions of the Washington Business Corporation Act may apply to us under certain circumstances now or in the future. These provisions prohibit a “target corporation” from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any stockholder constituting an “acquiring person” for a period of five years following the date on which the stockholder became an “acquiring person.”

These provisions, alone or together, could delay, discourage or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of the Company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A Common Stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A Common Stock.

Our bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders and also provide that the federal district courts are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, each of which limits our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, stockholders or employees.

Our Bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for: (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, stockholders, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (3) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; or (4) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware),
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except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within ten days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction. This provision does not apply to any action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or its rules and regulations.

Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, establishes concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over Securities Act claims. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to hear such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding or owning (or continuing to hold or own) any interest in any of our securities is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing bylaw provisions. Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which each applies, the exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of such stockholder’s choosing for disputes with us or our current or former directors, officers, stockholders or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our current and former directors, officers, stockholders and other employees. In addition, a stockholder that is unable to bring a claim in the judicial forum of such stockholder’s choosing may be required to incur additional costs in the pursuit of actions which are subject to the exclusive forum provisions described above. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provisions.

Further, the enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings and it is possible that a court of law could rule that these types of provisions are inapplicable or unenforceable if they are challenged in a proceeding or otherwise. If a court were to find either exclusive forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, all of which could harm our results of operations.
Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2.    Properties.
Our corporate headquarters are located in Seattle, Washington and consists of approximately 91,000 square feet under an operating lease that expires in 2030. We sublease approximately 31,000 square feet of our corporate headquarters. We lease additional offices in Spokane, Washington, and Barcelona, Spain. We use our corporate headquarters and our other offices primarily for our management, engineering, marketing, operations and support, accounting, finance, legal, human resources, general administrative, and information technology teams.

We believe that these facilities are generally suitable to meet our current needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations. See Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for more information about our lease commitments.
Item 3.    Legal Proceedings.
For information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved, see Note 11Commitments and Contingencies under the subsection titled “Litigation and Other” in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5.    Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information
Our Class A Common Stock has traded on The Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “ROVR” since August 2, 2021. Prior to August 2, 2021 and before the completion of the business combination with Nebula Caravel Acquisition Corp., the Class A common stock of Nebula Caravel Acquisition Corp. traded on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol “NEBC” and there was no public trading market for Legacy Rover’s equity.
Holders

As of March 4, 2022, there were 154 stockholders of record of our Class A Common Stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on the Class A Common Stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, development, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to declare or pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any future decision to declare and pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we may incur.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

See Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report for the required information.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Our unregistered sales of equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2021 were previously included in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 10, 2021 and our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed on February 11, 2021 and August 5, 2021.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

PeriodTotal number of shares (or units) purchasedAverage price paid per share (or unit)Total number of shares (or units) purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programsMaximum number (or approximate dollar value) of shares (or units) that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
October 1 - October 31, 2021
November 1 - November 30, 2021
December 1 - December 31, 20211,362,540 (1) (1)1,362,540 (1)4,137,440 (1)
     Total
1,362,540 (1)(1)1,362,540 (1)4,137,440 (1)
(1) On December 13, 2021, we announced that, pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agreement, we would redeem all of the 5,499,980 outstanding Public Warrants that remained outstanding at 5:00 p.m. New York City time on January 12, 2022 for a redemption price of $0.10 per Public Warrant. In connection with the redemption, holders of Public Warrants had the option to exercise the Public Warrants on a “cashless” basis to receive 0.2558 shares of Class A Common Stock per Public Warrant in lieu of receiving the redemption price. The 1,362,540 Public Warrants that were submitted for cashless exercise during December 2021 were entitled to receive an aggregate of 348,519 shares of Class A Common Stock, which shares were issued in January 2022.
Item 6.    [Reserved].
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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
As a result of the closing of the Merger, which was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. GAAP as discussed in Note 3Reverse Recapitalization, the financial statements of A Place for Rover, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary, are now the financial statements of Rover. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 and the related notes included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans, estimates and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references to “Rover,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Rover Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries.
Overview
We believe in the unconditional love of pets, and Rover exists to make it possible for everyone to experience this love in their lives. Rover was founded to give pet parents an alternative to relying on friends and family, neighbors, and kennels for pet care; it is the world’s largest online marketplace for pet care based on gross booking value, or GBV, which represents the dollar value of bookings on our platform in a period and is inclusive of pet care provider earnings, service fees, add-ons, taxes and alterations that occurred during that period. Our online marketplace aims to match pet parents with pet lovers who are dedicated to providing excellent pet care while earning extra income. Our simple and easy-to-use platform enables pet parents to easily discover and book the right pet care providers for them and their pets, communicate with providers and write and read reviews. Our platform enables pet care providers to list on our marketplace with low startup costs, schedule bookings, communicate with pet parents, set the prices charged for their services, and receive payment.
We connect pet parents with caring pet care providers who offer overnight services, including boarding and in-home pet sitting, as well as daytime services, including doggy daycare, dog walking, and drop-in visits. Through December 31, 2021, over three million unique pet parents and more than 660,000 pet care providers across North America, the United Kingdom and Europe have booked a service on Rover, enabling millions of moments of joy and play for people and pets.
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This scale matters. Because each pet’s needs are unique, pet care providers, unlike service providers in many other marketplaces, are not interchangeable. We have carefully designed our technology and data algorithms to leverage our growing scale to best meet the unique needs and preferences of pets, parents, and providers. With our leading scale, we can offer pet parents and pet care providers the benefits of density and diversity in a local marketplace. We believe we are well positioned to build on this advantage over time. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our GBV was approximately 11x the size of the next closest online marketplace for pet care, up from approximately 7x for the year ended December 31, 2020 based on that marketplace’s publicly available gross booking data. For information about how we calculate GBV, see “—Key Business Metrics.
We generate substantially all of our revenue from our pet care marketplace platform that connects pet care providers and pet parents. We collect services fees from both providers and pet parents. As more providers accept and complete bookings, we earn more revenue. We also earn revenue from ancillary sources such as background checks, affiliate advertising deals, and the Rover Store.

We have made focused and substantial investments in support of our mission. For example, to continually launch new features on our platform we have invested heavily in product development and have completed two strategic acquisitions. We have also invested in sales and marketing to grow the user base of the platform across the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and seven countries in Western Europe (Spain, France, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, and Germany). For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, approximately 4%, 5%, and 5% of our revenue, respectively, was generated from offerings outside of the United States.
Notwithstanding the impact of COVID-19, we are continuing to invest in the future through product development and marketing efforts. We also continue to explore and test new service lines that we may launch at a future date. Our strategy is to create a marketplace that operates at a hyper-local level while leveraging our trusted brand. Even as we invest in the business, we also remain focused on finding ways to operate more efficiently.

Financial Highlights

Highlights from fiscal year 2021 compared with fiscal year 2020 included the following, which are discussed in more detail below under “Key Business Metrics,” “Results of Operations,” “Non-GAAP Measures,” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources”:

Revenue increased approximately 125% to $109.8 million, compared to $48.8 million.
GBV increased approximately 124% to $521.9 million, compared to $233.2 million. For further information about how we calculate GBV, see “—Key Business Metrics.
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Net loss increased approximately 11% to $64.0 million, compared to $57.5 million, which, unlike 2020, included a non-cash expense related to the change in fair value of earnout and warrant liabilities from the Merger of $43.9 million. As a percentage of revenue, net loss was (58%) in 2021 as compared to (118%) in 2020.
Adjusted EBITDA increased to $12.4 million, compared to $(25.0) million. For information about how we calculate Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, the limitations of the use of such measure, and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, see “—Non-GAAP Measures.
Cash and cash equivalents increased approximately 245% to $278.9 million, compared to $80.8 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $14.3 million, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $57.0 million.

Given the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business during 2020, highlights from fiscal year 2021 compared with fiscal year 2019 are shown below, as we believe this supplemental comparison is more meaningful to investors:

Revenue increased approximately 16% to $109.8 million, compared to $95.1 million.
GBV increased approximately 20% to $521.9 million, compared to $436.4 million.
Net loss increased approximately 24% to $64.0 million, compared to $51.7 million, which, unlike 2019, included a non-cash expense related to the change in fair value of earnout and warrant liabilities from the Merger of $43.9 million. As a percentage of revenue, net loss was (58%) in 2021 as compared to (54%) in 2019.
Adjusted EBITDA increased to $12.4 million, compared to ($35.2) million.
Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $14.3 million, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $24.7 million.

With the redemption of all of our outstanding warrants in January 2022 and the conversion of our earnout liabilities to equity as of December 31, 2021, our future results of operations will not be materially impacted by a non-cash expense related to the mark-to-market of these liabilities. For more information, see “Factors Affecting Our Performance—Earnout and Derivative Warrant Liabilities.” Due to paying off our outstanding debt and terminating all outstanding loans and credit agreements during 2021, as of December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding debt, which will substantially reduce all interest expenses for the near term. While we expect revenue to increase for the year ending December 31, 2022 driven by increased bookings as the pandemic restrictions continue to ease, resulting in further recovery in travel and more workers returning to the office, related expenses will also increase in absolute dollars due to continued investments in our business and higher wage trends.
Impact of COVID-19 
The COVID-19 pandemic, which has persisted longer than we had originally anticipated, continues to impact communities globally, including in the markets we serve in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Western Europe, which in turn creates a level of uncertainty over the near and medium term and impacts our business. Since the outbreak began in March 2020, authorities have implemented numerous restrictive measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, and business shutdowns. These restrictive measures, along with pet owners and pet care providers being infected with COVID-19, have not only negatively impacted consumer and business spending habits, including a significant decline in demand for pet services during 2020, the first half of 2021, and with each subsequent variant wave, but they have also adversely impacted, and may continue to impact, our workforce and operations. Although the broad availability of vaccines in 2021 resulted in the most severe of these measures being eased in many U.S. geographic regions and recent announcements by certain state and local governments indicate that remaining measures will be lifted in their regions in response to the declining case numbers from the Omicron wave, some measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak may remain in place, or be reinstated, for a significant period of time if those geographic regions experience a resurgence of COVID-19 infections, as well as new variants of the virus, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. As a result of the pandemic, we experienced an unfavorable impact on our revenue, results of operations and cash flows during 2020, 2021, and with each subsequent variant wave.

Beginning mid-March 2020, we rapidly experienced the impact of COVID-19, and in April, bookings were down 82% and GBV was down 88% relative to the prior year, and the cancellation rate increased to 80%, approximately nine times the 9% rate in 2019. This combined effect continued throughout 2020, as pet parents faced ongoing uncertainty about COVID-19 restrictions. By June 2020, our business had experienced some recovery as travel and work restrictions decreased, resulting in a lesser decrease in bookings of 53% and a decrease in GBV of 55% year over year. Although this modest recovery continued into the fourth quarter 2020, increasing government restrictions in the fourth quarter put downward pressure on our business,
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resulting in December 2020 bookings being down 52% and GBV down 54% relative to 2019, and with cancellation rates increasing to 17% compared to 10.5% in the fourth quarter of 2019.
The COVID-19 pandemic event and economic conditions were significant in relation to our ability to fund business operations. In response to the impact of COVID-19, we implemented a number of cost-cutting measures to minimize cash outlays, including turning off substantially all paid acquisition marketing activities and reducing other expenses, and implemented a restructuring plan in April 2020 whereby approximately 50% of our employees were terminated or placed on standby. In connection with this restructuring, we incurred severance-related and legal costs of $3.8 million, and modified the terms of stock options previously awarded to impacted employees. See Note 15Stock-Based Compensation and Note 18Restructuring. Though these decisions were painful, we believe our leaner cost structure positions us for strong financial performance. While we prepared our business for the potential of an extended economic shutdown, recovery began sooner than we expected during 2021.
With the phased rollout of effective vaccine options during the three months ended March 31, 2021, our business saw noticeable recovery starting in March 2021 and continuing in the three months ended June 30, September 30, and December 31, 2021, with a 67%, 309%, 176% and 193% increase of GBV year over year, respectively. As our business recovered during 2021 and our financial position strengthened as result of the Merger, we increased our hiring and marketing activities.
Although we have seen signs of demand improving as COVID-19 case counts trended down, particularly compared to the demand levels during the first year of the pandemic, demand levels continue to be negatively affected by the impact of variants and changes in case counts, especially with pet owners and pet care providers being infected with COVID-19. Despite achieving record quarterly highs for new and repeat bookings during the third quarter of 2021 during the Delta wave and achieving record high GBV during the fourth quarter of 2021 during the end of the Delta wave and beginning of the Omicron wave, the effect and extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business in the near and medium-term continues to be uncertain and difficult to predict. Of particular importance is the pandemic’s impact on travel and the return of workers to their offices, as well as the increasing adoption of hybrid work accommodations that blend office and remote environments, which could continue to result in fewer bookings and higher than average cancellation rates if the pandemic continues to depress travel or office attendance compared to pre-pandemic levels. Prior to the pandemic in 2019, our cancellation rate was 9% of GBV. For the year ended December 31, 2020, our cancellation rate increased to 21% of GBV as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the three months ended December 31, 2021, our cancellation rate was 16% of GBV, driven by the Omicron variant of COVID-19 and its negative impact on our pet parents and pet care providers. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our cancellation rate was 14% of GBV. Our cancellation rate has remained elevated in early 2022 compared to pre-pandemic rates due to the continued impact of the Omicron wave, which also negatively impacted demand and revenue. Because revenue is recognized when a service starts, a change in cancellation rate does not impact recognized revenue.
Despite ongoing pandemic depression on new and repeat bookings, we experienced record GBV and booking volumes starting in the three months ended June 30, 2021 driven by pandemic-created and secular tailwinds. We have seen continued recovery in our business from the initial economic effects of the pandemic and increases in revenue and GBV over pre-pandemic periods and our bookings recovery from the pandemic continues to trend ahead of the United States air travel recovery from the pandemic. We believe we are benefiting from an increase in pet ownership during the pandemic, increases in spend per pet, and the ongoing shift to online pet care options. When we look further into the future, we believe that COVID-19 has created a number of tailwinds to accelerate progress towards our mission. For example, while demand for pet care decreased under travel restrictions, shelter-in-place orders, and work from home requirements beginning in March 2020, leading to a negative impact on our revenue for 2020, 2021, and with each subsequent variant wave, pet adoptions simultaneously skyrocketed. Twenty percent of respondents to a Nielsen survey in July 2020 said they adopted one or more dogs or cats between March and June 2020, compared to fewer than 5% of respondents over the corresponding period in 2019. New and experienced pet parents, having spent more time at home bonding with their pets, may be less comfortable leaving them home alone or in a kennel in the future. The financial pressure of COVID-19 has also negatively impacted traditional commercial providers and may expand the number of people looking to earn extra income.
Although we believe that demand for pet care services offered through our platform will continue to rebound as people increasingly return to normalized travel and work activity, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including new variants or sub-variants or changed travel and work behaviors resulting from the pandemic, may continue to affect our financial results in 2022 and beyond. The extent to which the pandemic continues to impact our business, operating results and financial position will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, difficult to predict and beyond our knowledge and control, including but not limited to the duration and spread of the pandemic, its severity, new variants, the actions to contain the virus
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or treat its impact, the extent of the business disruption and financial impacts, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume.
Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may experience materially adverse impacts to our business, operating results and financial position as a result of its economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. However, there are no existing conditions or events that raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. For additional discussion of COVID-19-related risks, see “Risk Factors.
We have taken action to promote the health and safety of our employees during the COVID-19 pandemic, and we quickly transitioned the vast majority of our employees to work remotely in March 2020. We’ve enabled voluntary office access to our office locations and continue to make adjustments in response to the guidelines issued by health authorities. We currently expect our office re-openings to be a gradual process over many months in 2022 and that ultimately our offices will continue to be a primary location for work, learning and collaboration. We may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by federal, state, or local authorities or that we determine is in the best interests of our employees and our customers.
Key Business Metrics
In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business metrics to measure our performance, identify trends, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. In addition to the comparisons between the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the fourth quarter of 2021 and 2020, the narrative below also reflects supplemental comparisons between the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2019, and the fourth quarter of 2021 and 2019. Given the impact of COVID-19 on our business in the fourth quarter of 2020, we believe this supplemental comparison is more meaningful to investors.
Bookings
We define a booking as a single arrangement, prior to cancellation, between a pet parent and pet care provider, which can be for a single night or multiple nights for our overnight services, or for a single walk/day/drop-in or multiple walks/days/drop-ins for our daytime services. We believe that the number of bookings is a useful indicator of the scale of our marketplace. We define new bookings as the total number of first-time bookings that new users, which Rover refers to as pet parents, book on our platform in a period. We define repeat bookings as the total number of bookings from pet parents who have had a previous booking on Rover. Bookings grow as pet parents increase their repeat activity on the platform, and as we attract new pet parents to the platform.
Our bookings are impacted by seasonal trends. We typically experience stronger bookings during the months of June, July, and August, and November and December, which in a typical year coincides with high travel demand related to summer vacation and holiday travel. Over the course of the year, we historically experience seasonally high bookings during the third quarter, which then step down slightly during the fourth quarter, and then stay approximately flat during the first quarter before ramping again in the second quarter as summer travel commences. This seasonality impacts bookings, GBV, revenue, marketing and service operations expenses. Bookings can also be impacted by the timing of holidays and other events.
Despite the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel and demand for pet services, we had 4.2 million bookings in the year ended December 31, 2021, a 75% increase from 2.4 million bookings in the year ended December 31, 2020, and flat from 4.2 million bookings in the year ended December 31, 2019. For additional information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, see “—Impact of COVID-19.

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New bookings in the year ended December 31, 2021 were 804,000, a 147% increase from the year ended December 31, 2020. The improvement was driven by improved travel dynamics from 2020’s COVID-induced downturn and increased pet ownership between the two periods. New bookings in the year ended December 31, 2021 were up 21% from 663,000 in the year ended December 31, 2019 and the distribution of these customers across services roughly mirrored our normal historical mix.
We had 3.4 million repeat bookings in the year ended December 31, 2021, a 64% increase from the year ended December 31, 2020 driven by strong initial repeat behavior from 2021 cohorts, continued strength from late 2020 cohorts, offset by performance of pre-pandemic cohorts which, while trailing historical performance, still showed steady recovery during the year. Repeat bookings for the year ended December 31, 2021 were down 4% from 3.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2019, as the pre-pandemic cohorts still trail historical performance, and we have not seen the full annual repeat performance of the 2021 cohorts yet.
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Despite the impact of the Omicron wave in December 2021, in the three months ended December 31, 2021, we had 1.2 million bookings, a 117% increase from 0.6 million bookings in the three months ended December 31, 2020 and a 10% increase from 1.1 million bookings in the three months ended December 31, 2019. In the three months ended December 31, 2020, we had a 49% decrease from the bookings in the three months ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
New bookings in the three months ended December 31, 2021 were 215,000, a 156% increase from the three months ended December 31, 2020. This improvement was driven by improved travel dynamics from 2020’s COVID-induced downturn and increased pet ownership between the two periods. New bookings in the three months ended December 31, 2021 were up 30% from 165,000 in the three months ended December 31, 2019 and the distribution of these customers across services roughly mirrored our normal historical mix.
We had over 998,000 repeat bookings in the three months ended December 31, 2021, a 110% increase from the three months ended December 31, 2020 driven by strong initial repeat behavior from 2021 cohorts and continued strength from late 2020 cohorts, offset by performance of pre-pandemic cohorts which, while trailing historical performance, still showed steady recovery during the quarter. Repeat bookings for the three months ended December 31, 2021 were up 6% from 941,000 in the three months ended December 31, 2019.
We have continued to see strength in our word-of-mouth organic growth of new pet parents. In the second, third and fourth quarters of 2020 we cut marketing expense by 87% compared to the first quarter, but new bookings were down only 34%. Strength in organic acquisition trends continued as the business recovered. In the year ended December 31, 2021, marketing expense increased by 22% and new bookings increased 147% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Momentum in new customer acquisition drove our ratio of repeat customers to new customers down slightly for the three months ended December 31, 2021 compared to the same period in 2019.
Gross Booking Value
Gross Booking Value, or GBV, represents the dollar value of bookings on our platform in a period and is inclusive of pet care provider earnings, service fees, add-ons, taxes and alterations that occurred during that period. We believe that GBV is a useful indicator of the level of spending on and growth of our platform. Growth in GBV represents increasing activity on our platform from repeat and new pet parents and may differ slightly from bookings growth depending on the mix of daytime and overnight services for each period. GBV can also be impacted by cancellation rates which have been higher during the COVID-19
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pandemic. See “Impact of COVID-19.” While bookings historically peak during the third quarter, GBV historically tends to peak in the fourth quarter due to higher average booking values associated with longer duration stays.
In 2020, GBV declined from prior year levels as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The decline began in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and was most severe in the three months ended June 30, 2020, with GBV declining 71% from the prior year period. With easing of COVID restrictions during the third and fourth quarters, our business subsequently improved in the six months ended December 31, 2020 with a smaller decline of 51% compared to the prior year period. As vaccines started being rolled out over the first half of 2021, our business saw noticeable improvement. In the three months ended June 30, 2021, our GBV was $134.1 million, a 309% increase from $32.8 million in the same prior year period in 2020, driven by a 220% increase in bookings, and a 28% increase in the average booking value, or ABV. In the three months ended September 30, 2021, our GBV was $157.1 million, a 176% increase from the same prior year period, driven by a 118% increase in bookings, and a 27% increase in the ABV. In the three months ended December 31, 2021, our GBV was $166 million, a 193% increase from the same prior year period, driven by a 117% increase in bookings and a 35% increase in the ABV. GBV in the three months ended December 31, 2021 grew 44% over the same period in 2019, despite elevated cancellation rates and a slowdown in demand in December due to the Omicron variant of COVID-19.
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In the year ended December 31, 2021, our GBV was $521.9 million, a 124% increase from the $233.2 million in GBV from the year ended December 31, 2020, and a 20% increase from the $436.4 million in GBV from the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in our GBV was primarily due to the continued recovery in U.S. domestic travel demand, as international markets remained slower to recover. In 2020, we had a 47% decrease from GBV in 2019, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For additional information regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, see “Impact of COVID-19.
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We have also seen less of an impact on our business in less densely populated and restricted areas during COVID. In December 2020, GBV in the most dense and restricted areas was down 65% relative to the same period in 2019, while GBV in the least dense and restricted areas was only down 47%. As the COVID-19 vaccine became more widely available, performance recovered throughout 2021, despite being impacted by the Delta and Omicron variants. By December 2021, GBV in the most dense and restricted areas was up 28% relative to the same period in 2019, while GBV in the least dense and restricted areas was up 45%. GBV growth relative to 2019 slowed in August and September as the Delta variant surged in the United States. GBV growth slowed again in December and this slowing continued into 2022 as the Omicron variant drove lower incremental demand for our services, as illustrated in the following chart.
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We expect ongoing volatility in these trends and fluctuations from month to month as the continued impact from COVID-19 is not linear across geographies, as many countries, states and cities have continued to enact and/or lift new lockdowns and
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prohibitions on travel, as administration rates of COVID-19 vaccines and boosters have slowed, as novel strains of the COVID-19 virus have appeared, and as COVID-19 may again materially adversely affect our business and financial results.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
We believe that our performance and future success depend on a number of factors that present significant opportunities for Rover, but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below. See Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report titled “Risk Factors.”

Growth of our Base of Pet Parents

Our objective is to attract new pet parents to our platform and to successfully convert them into repeat bookers. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to expand our pet parent base given the size of the market in which we operate. Through December 31, 2021, more than three million unique pet parents have booked a service on our platform. We attract pet parents to our platform through word of mouth and from a variety of paid marketing channels, such as paid search, social media, video, and other online and offline channels. When assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of our marketing spend, we monitor the payback period on pet parent acquisition, which we target at one to two quarters in non-COVID-19 periods. The payback period represents the number of months it takes a cohort of pet parents of our services to generate a cumulative contribution profit that equals or exceeds estimated advertising expenses attributed to the acquisition of the specific cohort in the quarter it was acquired. We define contribution profit as the cumulative pet provider and pet parent fees from a cohort, less variable costs of credit card fees, refunds and claims. We may choose to extend our target payback period to invest in new markets. In addition, the payback period can be longer for fourth quarter cohorts due to higher advertising rates and less repeat behavior in the first quarter.

Over time, as individual markets mature, the strength of word-of-mouth customer acquisition has increased and our marketing spend as a percentage of GBV has decreased. For example, in the year ended December 31, 2021, 50% of new pet parents in our ten largest, most mature cities were acquired via word-of-mouth, compared to 41% in all other cities. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we had cut advertising expenses in the second, third, and fourth quarters of 2020, with a near-total reduction in video and social channel advertising expenses, which drove more share of acquisition via word-of-mouth. As we began to ramp advertising spend back up in the second quarter of 2021, we saw the word-of-mouth mix in the other cities decrease towards levels seen prior to the pandemic.

The chart below demonstrates the growth of organic acquisition and decline in marketing expense as a percentage of GBV over time as markets scale.

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Repeat Booking Activity

Our aim when we attract a new pet parent is to generate a long lifetime of bookings from that pet parent. We monitor the absolute number of repeat bookings and the percentage of total bookings that are from repeat customers. We define a repeat customer as any customer that has an incremental booking beyond their first. The chart below demonstrates the growth in cumulative average total bookings for each January cohort, which ultimately increases pet parent lifetime values. Cohorts are defined as the specific month in which pet parents first make a booking on Rover. January cohorts have been sampled for the illustrative demonstration below. The chart below includes bookings through 2019 for the January 2013 through January 2019 cohorts, prior to the impact of COVID-19. Our January 2020 cohort had a strong start, and then slowed due to the pandemic. However, based on recent bookings performance, our January 2021 cohort is on pace to be our best ever compared to previous years’ January cohorts. This cohort’s performance was not as impacted by COVID-19 variant waves as cohorts in the second half of 2021. The linearization of each cohort demonstrates the growth and stickiness of our marketplace.

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The growth in average bookings per pet parent is driven both by higher rebooking rates and higher frequency. We have demonstrated strong growth in the percentage of a cohort that rebooks in Year 1. The chart below demonstrates the percentage of re-bookers in the 12 months following an initial booking. Our rebooking rate has grown from 41% in Year 1 for our January 2013 cohort, to 62% in Year 1 for our January 2019 cohort, our latest cohort without the impact of COVID-19 as seen in the chart below. In the three months ended December 31, 2021, repeat bookings increased 110% to 1.0 million from the three months ended December 31, 2020 as our business recovered. However, repeat bookings as a percentage of total bookings declined to 82% from 85% as we experienced relatively greater strength in new bookings. While our momentum in new customer acquisitions drove the ratio of repeat customers to new customers down, we believe this ratio highlights the future potential of our existing customer base to return as the marketplace continues to scale and that this ratio will climb back towards a historical norm. Our rebooking rate has grown from 62% in Year 1 for our January 2019 cohort, to 64% in Year 1 for our January 2021 cohort, as seen in the chart below.

The historical increase in repeat bookings has been driven by improvements in our marketplace as we have increased the diversity and quality of providers available. We have also improved our algorithms and ultimately our ability to better match a pet parent with a pet care provider. This in turn improves a pet parent’s experience. While we believe there will be continued improvement in our rebooking rate in our mature markets, we expect that we will continue to serve a number of pet parents that use our platform only for a one-off booking. We also expect future improvements in our rebooking rate in mature markets to be partially offset by lower rebooking rates as we invest to grow more nascent markets. Our improving ability to match pet parents with pet care providers is a continued advantage relative to other platforms, because while marketing investment can attract pet parents to a platform, if they do not find a match or if they have a bad experience, they will not return.

In addition, pet parents that rebook continue to book services over time at an increasing frequency, as seen in the chart below. This increase is a result of improvements in our platform and data algorithms which enhance the customer experience,
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increasing pet care provider density as we continue to scale our platform, as well as the introduction of new service offerings, namely daytime services in the fourth quarter of 2015. The number of bookings per repeat customer has grown from 3.7 in Year 1 for our January 2013 cohort, to 7.2 in Year 1 for our January 2019 cohort, our latest cohort without the impact of COVID-19. With the vaccine adoption and travel recovery continuing throughout the year ended December 31, 2021, early signs of improvement have already appeared from the booking performance of 2021 cohorts. Following their initial month of joining, the number of bookings per repeat customer has grown from 7.2 after the first 12 months for our January 2019 cohort, to 7.6 after the first 12 months for our January 2021 cohort. Our goal is to continue to increase bookings by enabling delivery of reliable and convenient services to pet parents, improving the Rover experience, and converting more pet parents into repeat bookers.

rovr-20211231_g13.jpg

Repeat bookings decreased on an absolute basis in 2020, but increased as a percentage of total bookings due to the decline in our new bookings and overall business resulting from COVID-19. Because of the restrictions put in place on a local geographic basis by local governments the behavior from new and existing customers was depressed. However, as the travel industry recovers, we believe our existing customer base will continue to return resulting in an increase in the percentage of bookings from repeat customers, though repeat bookings from these customers may not recover to pre-COVID-19 levels entirely.

In the year ended December 31, 2021, repeat bookings increased 64% to 3.4 million from the prior year period as our business recovered. However, repeat bookings as a percentage of total bookings declined to 81% from 86% as we experienced significant strength in new bookings. While our momentum in new customer acquisitions drove the ratio of repeat customers to new customers down, we believe this ratio highlights the future potential of our existing customer base to return as the marketplace continues to scale and that this ratio will climb back towards a historical norm, though repeat bookings from these customers may not recover to pre-COVID-19 levels entirely.

We may see a change in the percentage of bookings from repeat customers over time. A change in our ability to attract pet parents to our platform or changes in pet parent behavior could have a significant negative impact on our GBV, revenue and operating results.

Investing in Growth

We plan to invest both in new markets and new service offerings. We believe that we can further expand our services to new markets within North America and Europe by carefully targeting locations with high expected demand. We carefully evaluate market demand in specific urban, suburban, and rural areas. This will allow us to better serve both pet parents and pet care providers. We also believe there is an opportunity to expand our services outside of our existing geographic locations into other countries and regions where there is an attractive spend per pet to address. As we invest in new markets, we may extend our marketing payback target in order to accelerate growth in each new market. Our strategy is to continue to evaluate business acquisitions that can accelerate our growth and operating leverage. The timing of acquisitions and related integration will impact our financial results. In addition, we believe that expanding our offerings may help us to better provide more value to our pet parents, improve the ability to attract additional pet parents through additional marketing and advertising spend, and increase the engagement and value of our existing pet parents.
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Availability of Rover Care Providers

We attract pet care providers to our platform primarily by word-of-mouth. To serve our pet parents in any given market, we need density of providers so that pet parents have options at all price points within an acceptable distance from their home. During certain peak periods, such as holidays, we have faced supply constraints in some markets.

In addition, pet care providers have in the past, and may continue to, attempt to or successfully source bookings from us and then complete the transaction off of our platform, and we cannot prevent this activity entirely. While we can use our matching algorithm to identify pet care providers that are attempting to disintermediate Rover by booking transactions off the platform and reduce the chance that those pet care providers are featured to pet parents, we cannot prevent this activity entirely.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had 250,000 active pet care providers who were able to successfully source a booking on our platform, up 33% from the same period in 2020 and down 11% from the same period in 2019. A change in our ability to attract providers to our platform, enable them to generate income and dissuade them from sourcing bookings off our platform could negatively impact our ability to serve pet parents and, in turn, have a significant negative impact on our GBV, revenue and operating results.

Service Booking Mix

Pet care providers set the price for the services offered on our platform. Overnight services are generally at a higher price point than daytime services. Typically, the first booking on our platform has the highest GBV, as pet parents tend to start with us with a specific need in mind, such as a seven-day trip, that is beyond what they can ask of friends, family, or neighbors. Subsequent bookings tend to be for less total nights or walks as pet parents use our platform for shorter more frequent trips or start using daytime services. As the mix of overnight and daytime services change, and as the number of nights or daytime services in an average booking changes, the ABV will fluctuate.

For example, in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic we saw a shift towards daytime services and shorter duration bookings, which both have lower ABV. ABV was $94, $98, $98, and $101 in the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively, compared to $103, $108, $101, and $104 in 2019. ABV was $101, $125, $124, and $137 in the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2021, respectively, as the booking mix shifted back towards overnight services, and providers started increasing their pricing on the platform, likely in response to rising inflation in the United States.

We collect the full GBV at the time the booking is made and recognize revenue at the time that the pet care service begins. We transfer fees earned by pet care providers upon completion of the service. In the case of overnight stays, the average period between booking and service is impacted by seasonality, as pet parents tend to book farther in advance of expected travel dates in the summer and holidays, and by COVID-19, due to pet parents booking less in advance, and closer to their travel dates given uncertainty surrounding pandemic-related restrictions and other impacts.

Earnout and Derivative Warrant Liabilities

On July 30, 2021, Caravel consummated the Merger with Legacy Rover and Merger Sub. Pursuant to the Merger, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Rover, the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased, and Legacy Rover continued as the surviving corporation in the Merger and as a wholly owned subsidiary of Caravel, which was later renamed Rover Group, Inc. The Merger was accounted for as a reverse capitalization under GAAP because Legacy Rover has been determined to be the accounting acquirer under Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations. Under this method of accounting, Caravel was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the Company will represent a continuation of the financial statements of Legacy Rover with the Merger treated as the equivalent of Legacy Rover issuing stock for the net assets of Caravel, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Caravel are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Merger are those of Legacy Rover. See Note 3—Reverse Recapitalization.

At the closing of the Merger, Legacy Rover stockholders were entitled to receive up to 19,734,183 shares (the “Rover Earnout Shares”) of our Class A common stock subject to the occurrence of certain stock price-based triggers. The triggers with respect to all but 2,192,687 Rover Earnout Shares were met as of September 29, 2021, and 17,540,964 Rover Earnout Shares were issued on October 6, 2021.

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In addition, Caravel’s sponsor subjected 2,461,627 shares (the “Sponsor Earnout Shares” and, together with the Rover Earnout Shares, the “Earnout Shares”) to vesting and potential forfeiture tied to the same stock-price-based triggers as the Rover Earnout Shares. All but 492,325 of the Sponsor Earnout Shares vested on September 29, 2021.

The Earnout Shares were accounted for as liability classified instruments. The Earnout Shares were measured at closing, and subsequently measured at each reporting date until settled, or they met the criteria for equity classification. Changes in the fair value were recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The aggregate fair value of the Earnout Shares on the closing date of the Merger was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model and was determined to be $228.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a change in fair value of contingent earnout liability of $(46.0) million. Prior to December 31, 2021, the Sponsor Earnout Shares and Rover Earnout Shares were reclassified to equity. See Note 1—Organization and Description of Business and Note 7—Fair Value.

At the closing of the Merger, we assumed 2,574,164 private placement warrants (the “Private Warrants”) and 5,500,000 public warrants (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Warrants, the “Warrants”). Each whole warrant entitled the holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustments. The Warrants became exercisable at any time from December 11, 2021 and terminate on July 30, 2026.

The Warrants are accounted for as liability classified instruments and we concluded that they do not meet the criteria to be classified within stockholders’ equity (deficit). The Warrants were measured at the Merger closing, and are subsequently measured at each reporting date until settled. Changes in the fair value were recorded as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The aggregate fair value of the Warrants on the closing date of the Merger was estimated using a Black-Scholes model and was determined to be $22.0 million.

On December 13, 2021, the Company announced that, pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Agreement, it would redeem all of the outstanding Warrants that remained outstanding at 5:00 p.m. New York City time on January 12, 2022 based on the terms in the Warrant Agreement. On January 12, 2022, any Warrants that remained unexercised became void and no longer exercisable, and the holders of those Warrants were entitled to receive only the redemption price of $0.10 per Warrant. In connection with the redemption, holders of Warrants had the option to exercise the Warrants on a “cashless” basis to receive 0.2558 shares of Class A common stock per Warrant in lieu of receiving the redemption price.

In connection with the redemption, during December 2021 and January 2022, 5,425,349 Public Warrants and 2,574,164 Private Warrants, representing approximately 98.6% of the Public Warrants and 100% of the Private Warrants, respectively, were exercised on a cashless basis in exchange for an aggregate of 2,046,220 shares of Class A common stock that were issued in January 2022. A total of 74,631 Public Warrants remained unexercised after January 12, 2022 and the broker protect period and we redeemed those unexercised Public Warrants for an aggregate redemption price of $7,463.10. As of January 20, 2022, we had no Warrants outstanding. Upon each exercise of such Warrants to Class A Common Stock, the related carrying amount of the Warrant liability was reclassified to stockholders’ equity. In January 2022, a $4.6 million gain in change in fair value was recorded in the statement of operations, and $15.4 million of the carrying amount of the warrant liability was reclassified to stockholder’s equity.

See Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Earnout Liabilities, Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Derivative Warrant Liabilities, Note 7—Fair Value, Note 14—Stock Warrants and Note 19—Subsequent Even for further information.

Public Company Costs

As a result of the Merger, we became the successor to an SEC-registered and Nasdaq-listed company, which requires us to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums, which are substantial, director fees, and additional internal and external accounting, legal and administrative resources.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
We derive revenue principally from fees paid by pet care providers and pet parents for use of our platform, net of discounts, promotions, sales tax paid on behalf of pet parents, and incentives. We also derive revenue from fees paid by pet care providers
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for background checks in order to be listed on our platform. We recognize revenue related to the facilitation of the connection between pet care providers and pet parents at the start of a booking.
Costs and Expenses
Cost of Revenue (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Shown Separately)
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) includes fees paid to payment processors for credit card and other payment transactions, server hosting costs, internal-use software amortization, third-party costs for background checks for pet care providers, claim costs paid out under the Rover Guarantee program and other direct and indirect costs arising as a result of bookings that take place on our platform. We expect our cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) to vary from period-to-period on an absolute dollar basis, but correlate as a percentage of revenue with the exception of internal-use software amortization depending on the timing and pace of recovery of the travel and pet care services market.
Operations and Support
Operations and support expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation and other personnel-related costs associated with our operations and support team, and third-party costs related to outsourced support providers. This team assists with onboarding new pet service providers, quality reviews of pet care provider profiles, fraud monitoring and prevention across our marketplace, and community support provided via phone, email, and chat to our pet parents and pet service providers. This support includes assistance and responding to pet parents’ and pet care providers’ inquiries regarding the general use of our platform or how to make or modify a booking through our platform. We allocate a portion of overhead costs, which includes lease expense, utilities and information technology expense to operations and support expense based on headcount. Notwithstanding the decrease in operations and support expenses as a result of the restructuring discussed below, we expect that operations and support expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis for the foreseeable future to the extent that we continue to see growth on our platform. Although we will continue to make strategic investments in these areas to ensure we are providing the best customer service possible, we expect these expenses to decrease as a percentage of revenue over the longer term due to better leverage in our operations and increased scale of our marketplace.
Marketing

Marketing expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel-related costs associated with our marketing team. These expenses also include digital marketing, brand marketing, public relations, broadcast television, marketing partnerships and other promotions. Digital marketing primarily consists of targeted promotional campaigns through electronic channels, such as social media, search engine marketing and optimization, affiliate programs and display advertising which are focused on pet parent acquisition and brand marketing. In 2020, we significantly curtailed our discretionary marketing spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to reducing headcount to our marketing team as part of our restructuring plan. Beginning in the second quarter of 2021, we have steadily increased discretionary marketing spending as demand has returned in connection with the vaccine rollout and easing of COVID-19 restrictions. We intend to invest in marketing in the near and medium term to drive new customer acquisition which will likely cause marketing expense to increase as a percentage of revenue relative to recent periods.
Product Development
Product development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense and other headcount related costs for employees in engineering, design and product management, as well as the maintenance and support costs for technology infrastructure, primarily related to non-revenue generating systems. In 2020, we reduced the headcount in our product development team as part of our restructuring plan. In 2021, we increased the headcount as we invest in our product and engineering efforts. We expect that our product development expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis and will vary from period-to-period as a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in product development activities relating to ongoing improvements and maintenance of our technology platform. We expect these expenses to decrease as a percentage of revenue over the longer term due to better leverage in our operations.
The costs incurred in the preliminary stages of website and software development related to the platform are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental and deemed by management to be significant, are capitalized as internal-use software and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Maintenance and enhancement costs, including those costs in the post-implementation stages, are
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typically expensed as incurred, unless such costs relate to substantial upgrades and enhancements to the website or software that result in added functionality, in which case the costs are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. Amortization expense related to capitalized internal-use software is included in cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately).
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses include payroll, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel-related costs for employees in corporate functions, as well as management, accounting, legal, corporate insurance and other expenses used to run the business. In 2020, we reduced the headcount in our general and administrative functions as part of our restructuring plan. In 2021, we increased headcount, professional services, insurance and software to support the growth of our business and our requirements as a newly public company. We expect to incur additional general and administrative expense to support operating as a public company and the overall expected growth in our business. While these expenses may vary from period-to-period as a percentage of revenue, we expect them to decrease as a percentage of revenue over the longer term.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expenses include depreciation of our property and equipment, leasehold improvements and amortization of our intangible assets. Amortization related to our internal-use software is included in cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately).
Restructuring
In response to the impact of COVID-19, we implemented a number of measures to minimize cash outlays, including implementation of a restructuring plan in April 2020 whereby approximately 50% of employees were terminated or put on standby. In connection with this restructuring, we incurred severance-related and legal costs, and modified the terms of stock options previously awarded to impacted employees.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Interest Income
Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and short- and long-term investments.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists of interest on our borrowing arrangements, including our unsecured letter of credit, and the amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs.
Loss from Impairment of DogHero Investment
Consists of our write-down of our investment in DogHero, a pet care marketplace based in Brazil.
Change in Fair Value of Earnout Liabilities
Consists of the change in fair value of our contingent earnout liability. See “Factors Affecting Our Performance—Earnout and Derivative Warrant Liabilities.”
Change in Fair Value of Derivative Warrant Liabilities
Consists of the change in fair value of our Class A common stock warrant liabilities. See “Factors Affecting Our Performance—Earnout and Derivative Warrant Liabilities.”

Other Income (Expense), Net
Other income (expense), net consists primarily of realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and realized gains and losses on sales of our securities.
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Results of Operations

Given the remaining uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, financial performance for prior and current periods may not be indicative of future performance.
Comparisons for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, 
20212020
(in thousands)
Revenue$109,837 $48,800 
Costs and expenses(1):
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
26,536 19,823 
Operations and support14,928 12,371 
Marketing19,937 16,332 
Product development22,712 22,567 
General and administrative35,559 21,813 
Depreciation and amortization7,327 8,899 
Total costs and expenses126,999 101,805 
Loss from operations(17,162)(53,005)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income49 488 
Interest expense(2,952)(3,154)
Loss from impairment of DogHero investment— (2,080)
Change in fair value of earnout liabilities(46,015)— 
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities2,089 — 
Other income (expense), net(284)172 
Total other income (expense), net(47,113)(4,574)
Loss before income taxes(64,275)(57,579)
Benefit from income taxes226 94 
Net loss$(64,049)$(57,485)
________________
(1)Costs and expenses include stock-based compensation expense as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
(in thousands)
Operations and support$545 $299 
Marketing725 397 
Product development3,821 1,873 
General and administrative5,970 2,972 
Total stock-based compensation expense$11,061 $5,541 
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The following table sets forth the components of our consolidated statements of operations for each of the periods presented as a percentage of revenue:
Year Ended December 31, 
20212020
Revenue100 %100 %
Costs and expenses(1):
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
24 41 
Operations and support14 25 
Marketing18 33 
Product development21 46 
General and administrative32 45 
Depreciation and amortization18 
Total costs and expenses116 208 
Loss from operations(16)(108)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income— 
Interest expense(3)(6)
Loss from impairment of DogHero investment— (4)
Change in fair value of earnout liabilities(42)— 
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities— 
Other income (expense), net— — 
Total other income (expense), net(43)(9)
Loss before income taxes(59)(117)
Benefit from income taxes— — 
Net loss(59)%(117)%
________________
(1)Costs and expenses include stock-based compensation expense.

Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
Change
20212020Amount%
(in thousands)
Revenue$109,837 $48,800 $61,037 125 %
Revenue increased $61.0 million, or 125%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in revenue was primarily due to a 75% increase in the number of bookings on our platform and a 28% increase in ABV. Demand for overnight and daytime pet care is primarily linked to pet parents traveling or working outside of the home, both of which were negatively impacted by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the various state and local restrictions that followed during the year ended December 31, 2020. As individuals became more comfortable with traveling again and local restrictions eased, more pet parents began to travel relative to the prior year resulting in an increasing ABV as overnight services normalized as a proportion of service mix during the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in ABV was also due to increasing prices set by pet care providers, a higher mix of new bookings as compared to repeat bookings, and the increase to the service fees we charge new pet parents acquired since January 2021. We expect revenue to increase for the year ending December 31, 2022 driven by increased bookings as the pandemic restrictions continue to ease, resulting in further recovery in travel and more workers returning to the office. However, we cannot predict the impact of COVID variants and the longer term impact of the pandemic on consumer behavior. See “Impact of COVID-19.”
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Costs and Expenses
Year Ended December 31,
Change
20212020Amount%
(in thousands)
Costs and expenses:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
$26,536 $19,823 $6,713 34 %
Operations and support
14,928 12,371 2,557 21 
Marketing
19,937 16,332 3,605 22 
Product development
22,712 22,567 145 
General administrative
35,559 21,813 13,746 63 
Depreciation and amortization
7,327 8,899 (1,572)(18)
Total costs and expenses
$126,999 $101,805 $25,194 25 %
Cost of Revenue (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Shown Separately). Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) increased $6.7 million, or 34%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) was the result of a 125% increase in revenue as the business continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase includes a $6.4 million increase in merchant fees, a $1.5 million increase in customer claim costs related to the Rover Guarantee program, and a $0.4 million increase in technology platform costs. In aggregate, these cost increases represent a 100% growth for those items. These increases were driven by changes in demand for our platform as illustrated by the 124% increase in GBV and related platform activity. These increases were partially offset by a net decrease of $2.3 million in the amortization of internal-use software as we accelerated $2.6 million of amortization associated with the discontinuation of the Rover Now service in 2020 versus only $0.3 million from the discontinuation of grooming services in the fourth quarter 2021. We expect cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately) to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to increased bookings as the pandemic restrictions continue to ease, resulting in further recovery in travel and more workers returning to the office.
Operations and Support. Operations and support expenses increased $2.6 million, or 21%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was the result of a $0.3 million increase in personnel-related costs for the operations and support team as well as a $1.9 million increase in third-party costs related to outsourced support providers in response to changes in demand for our platform as illustrated by the 75% increase in the number of bookings and related platform activity as the business continues to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase was also driven by a $0.8 million increase in the allocation of overhead costs due to a 97% increase in headcount, and a $0.3 million increase in stock-based compensation expense related to the vesting of restricted stock units in 2021. These increases were partially offset by a $0.5 million decrease in severance expense related to the reduction in force in the first quarter of 2020. We expect operations and support expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to increased bookings as the pandemic restrictions continue to ease, as well as higher wages for operations and support team and outsourced support providers.
Marketing. Marketing expenses increased $3.6 million, or 22%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in marketing expenses was the result of a $4.9 million increase in advertising spend as we strategically invested in new customer acquisition as demand for pet care services continued to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, and a $0.4 million increase in stock-based compensation expense related to the vesting of restricted stock units in 2021. These increases were partially offset by a $0.8 million decrease in personnel costs due to an overall decline in the average number of employees, and a $0.4 million decrease in severance expense related to the reduction in force in the first quarter of 2020. We expect marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 as we increase advertising to attract more pet parents as travel restrictions ease, and increase personnel expense due to increased headcount and wage inflation.
Product Development. Product development expenses increased $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $2.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense related to the vesting of restricted stock units in 2021. This increase was almost entirely offset by a $1.3 million decrease in severance expense related to the reduction in force in the first quarter of 2020 and a $0.5 million decrease in other personnel costs due to an overall decline in the average number of employees. We expect product development expenses
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to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to increased personnel expense resulting from increased headcount and wage inflation as we continue hiring to support innovation and maintenance of the marketplace.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased $13.7 million, or 63%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in general and administrative expenses was due to a $5.4 million increase of professional services related to the Merger and our secondary offering of Class A Common Stock in November 2021, a $3.6 million increase in personnel costs due to a 52% increase in headcount as we invest in and support operating as a public company as well as the expected growth in our business, a $3.0 million increase in stock-based compensation expense related to the vesting of restricted stock units in 2021, a $1.5 million increase of insurance expense related to the expansion of our directors and officers insurance policy, and a $0.7 million increase in SEC reporting expenses related to public filings associated with becoming a public company. These increases were partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in severance expense related to the reduction in force in the first quarter of 2020, and a $0.6 million decrease in overhead allocations. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to additional annual public company expenses and increased personnel expense resulting from increased headcount and wage inflation.
Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization decreased $1.6 million, or 18%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in depreciation and amortization expenses was due to a decrease in intangible asset amortization expense as a result of certain intangible assets related to the DogVacay and Barking Dog Ventures acquisitions reaching the end of their useful lives. We expect depreciation and amortization to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to investments in technology equipment for our employees as we continue to increase headcount.
Other Income (Expense), Net
Interest Income. Interest income decreased $0.4 million, or 90%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily related to a decrease in longer term investments as we shifted to a more conservative strategy in 2020 and the first half of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We expect interest income to increase in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to a higher average cash and investments balance.
Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased $0.2 million, or 6%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily the result of the debt outstanding for a shorter period of time in 2021 as compared to 2020 due to the repayment of all of our outstanding debt during 2021. We expect interest expense to decrease in absolute dollars for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to our current lack of debt.
Loss on Impairment of DogHero Investment. The $2.1 million decrease was due to the write-down of our investment in DogHero, a pet care marketplace based in Brazil, for the year ended December 31, 2020. As this was a one-time write-down during 2020, we will not have this impairment expense in future periods.
Change in Fair Value of Earnout Liabilities. Change in fair value of liabilities related to the Earnout Shares increased $46.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. We recognized a loss on the contingent earnout liability of $46.0 million due to the change in the fair value of our Class A Common Stock after consummation of the Merger. As the Earnout Shares were reclassified to equity as of December 31, 2021, we will no longer have to account for the Earnout Shares as a liability or report any change in fair value as a non-cash expense. As a result, we will not have this expense in future periods. See “Factors Affecting Our Performance—Earnout and Derivative Warrant Liabilities.”
Change in Fair Value of Derivative Warrant Liabilities. Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities increased $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. We recognized a $2.1 million gain due to the change in the fair value of our Warrants during the respective period the Warrants were outstanding. Due to the cashless exercise of certain of the previously outstanding warrants during December 2021 and January 2022 and the subsequent issuance of Class A Common Stock in January 2022, we will no longer have to account for the Warrants as a liability or report any change in fair value as a non-cash expense after January 2022. As a result, we will recognize a change in fair value related to the derivative warrant liabilities during 2022, but it will not recur in future years. See “Factors Affecting Our Performance—Earnout and Derivative Warrant Liabilities.”

Other Income (Expense), Net. The $0.5 million decrease in other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was the result of income received in 2020 from the sale of certain class
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action settlement rights and the sale of longer term investments. Additionally, the dollar weakened year over year resulting in an increase in foreign currency expense in 2021.
Benefit From Income Taxes. Benefit from income taxes increased by $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 driven by the tax law change enacted increasing the general UK tax rate from 19% to 25% effective April 1, 2023. We expect benefit from income taxes to decrease and become an expense for the year ending December 31, 2022 due to the one-time tax benefit in 2021 of the UK tax rate change and our European subsidiaries being limited risk service providers.
Comparisons for the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
Year Ended December 31, 
20202019
(in thousands)
Revenue$48,800 $95,052 
Costs and expenses(1):
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below)
19,823 23,522 
Operations and support12,371 19,882 
Marketing16,332 49,921 
Product development22,567 22,066 
General and administrative21,813 24,947 
Depreciation and amortization8,899 8,390 
Total costs and expenses101,805 148,728 
Loss from operations(53,005)(53,676)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income488 2,807 
Interest expense(3,154)(204)
Loss from impairment of DogHero investment(2,080)— 
Other income (expense), net172 (1,109)