S-1

S-1 1 d94783ds1.htm S-1 S-1

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 21, 2021

Registration No. 333-

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

ARKO Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

5412

85-2784337

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

8565 Magellan Parkway

Suite 400

Richmond, Virginia 23227-1150

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Arie Kotler

8565 Magellan Parkway

Suite 400

Richmond, Virginia 23227-1150

(804) 730-1568

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Drew M. Altman, Esq.

Aryana M. Gharagozloo, Esq.

Win Rutherfurd, Esq.

Greenberg Traurig, P.A.

333 S.E. 2nd Avenue, Suite 4400

Miami, Florida 33131

(305) 579-0500

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box: ☐

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE



Title of Securities to be Registered	Amount to be Registered(1)(2)	Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Share(3)	Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price	Amount of Registration Fee
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	99,251,253	$ 7.81	$ 775,152,285.93	$ 84,569.11
Private placement warrants to purchase common stock	4,000,000(4)	—	—	—(5)

(1)

Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the securities being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of additional securities as may be issuable to prevent dilution resulting of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar transaction.

(2)

Consists of (i) 99,251,253 shares of common stock registered for sale by the selling securityholders named in this registration statement (including the shares referred to in the following clauses (ii)-(iv)), (ii) 1,100,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of certain issued and outstanding warrants, (iii) 8,333,333 shares issuable upon conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (as defined below) and (iv) 4,200,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the satisfaction of certain conditions contained in the Business Combination Agreement (as defined below).

(3)	Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act, based on the average of the high and low prices of the registrant’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on January 20, 2021, which was $7.81 per share.

(4)	Represents the resale of 4,000,000 Private Warrants (as defined below) to purchase shares of common stock that were issued in a private placement, which represent warrants to acquire 4,000,000 shares of common stock.

(5)

In accordance with Rule 457(i), the entire registration fee for the Private Warrants is allocated to the shares of common stock underlying the Private Warrants, the issuance and resale of which shares of common stock have been registered under a separate registration statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC (file no. 333-252106) and for which an allocable registration fee of approximately $3,617 has been previously paid (of an aggregate registration fee in the amount of $15,676.94 previously paid in respect of the foregoing registration statement on Form S-1 (file no. 333-252106)).

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders may sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JANUARY 21, 2021

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

ARKO Corp.

Up to 99,251,253 Shares of Common Stock

Up to 1,100,000 Shares of Common Stock Issuable Upon Exercise of Warrants

Up to 4,000,000 Warrants

This prospectus relates to the issuance by us of up to an aggregate of up to 1,100,000 shares of our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (“common stock”), issuable upon exercise of the New Ares Warrants (as defined below), for which we will receive the proceeds from any exercise of any such warrants for cash.

This prospectus also relates to the resale from time to time by the selling securityholders named in this prospectus (the “Selling Securityholders”) of up to 99,251,253 shares of our common stock, including (i) the 8,333,333 shares of common stock (the “PIPE Shares”) issuable upon conversion of 1,000,000 shares of our Series A convertible preferred stock, par value 0.0001 per share (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”), (ii) 1,100,000 shares of common stock that may be issued upon exercise of the New Ares Warrants, (iii) 533,333 shares of common stock that may be issued upon exercise of certain of our Public Warrants (as defined below) held by certain Selling Securityholders and (iv) 9,000,000 Founder Shares (as defined below) (including 4,200,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the satisfaction of certain conditions contained in the Business Combination Agreement (the “Deferred Shares”)), and 4,000,000 warrants (the “Private Warrants”) originally issued in a private placement in connection with the initial public offering of Haymaker.

We are registering the securities for resale pursuant to the Selling Securityholders’ registration rights under that Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2020 (as amended, the “Registration Rights Agreement”) among us and the Selling Securityholders. Our registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that either we or the Selling Securityholders will issue, offer or sell, as applicable, any of the securities.

The Selling Securityholders may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of the shares of common stock or Private Warrants registered hereby publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We provide more information about how the Selling Securityholders may sell their shares of our common stock and Private Warrants in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”

We will pay certain offering fees and expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the common stock and Private Warrants offered hereby and will not receive proceeds from the sale of the shares of common stock by the Selling Securityholders. We will receive the proceeds from the exercise of any Private Warrants or New Ares Warrants for cash.

Our common stock and the Public Warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively. On January 20, 2021, the closing price of our common stock was $7.78, and the closing price for our publicly traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”) was $1.24.

INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS THAT ARE DESCRIBED IN THE “RISK FACTORS” SECTION BEGINNING ON PAGE 5 OF THIS PROSPECTUS.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under this prospectus or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is , 2021.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


FREQUENTLY USED TERMS			ii
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			iv
THE OFFERING			4
RISK FACTORS			5
USE OF PROCEEDS			23
DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE			24
MARKET INFORMATION FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY			25
SELECTED HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION			26
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION			27
NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION			41
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS			50
BUSINESS			83
MANAGEMENT			95
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			102
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES			115
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES			126
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS			129
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS			139
U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS			144
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION			149
LEGAL MATTERS			152
EXPERTS			152
CHANGE IN AUDITOR			152
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION			153
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION			F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No one has been authorized to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. This prospectus is dated as of the date set forth on the cover hereof. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than that date.

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “we,” “us,” “Arko,” “our,” “New Parent” and the “Company” refer to ARKO Corp., a Delaware corporation, including its consolidated subsidiaries:

•

“amended and restated certificate of incorporation” means our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, dated December 21, 2020.

•

“Arko Holdings” means Arko Holdings Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel and, unless the context otherwise requires, includes its consolidated subsidiaries

•

“Board” or “Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

•

“Business Combination” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, Merger Sub I merged with and into Haymaker (the “First Merger”), with Haymaker surviving the First Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arko, and Merger Sub II merged with and into Arko Holdings (the “Second Merger”), with Arko Holdings surviving the Second Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Arko.

•

“Business Combination Agreement” means that certain Business Combination Agreement, dated as of September 8, 2020 (as amended by the Consent and Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement, dated November 18, 2020) by and among Haymaker, Arko, Merger Sub I, Merger Sub II, and Arko Holdings.

•

“Closing Date” means the date of the closing of the Business Combination on December 22, 2020.

•

“Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

•

“common stock” means the shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company.

•

“DGCL” means the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

•

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

•

“Founder Shares” means, as of the Closing Date, the 4,800,000 shares of common stock and the right to receive 4,200,000 Deferred Shares (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) that are owned by the Initial Stockholders.

•

“GAAP” means U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

•

“GPM” means GPM Investments, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, together with all of its subsidiaries. Prior to the Business Combination, Arko Holdings held a majority of the outstanding equity of GPM, and, following the Business Combination, both Arko Holdings and GPM became our wholly owned subsidiaries.

•

“GPM Petroleum” or “GPMP” means GPM Petroleum LP together with all of its subsidiaries. GPM owns, directly and indirectly, 100% of the general partner of GPMP and 99.71% of the GPMP limited partner units.

•

“Haymaker” means Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II, a Delaware corporation.

•

“Incentive Plan” means the ARKO Corp. 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan.

•

“Initial Stockholders” means the Sponsor and its permitted transferees together with Haymaker’s independent directors and their respective permitted transferees.

•

“Investment Company Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

•

“IPO” means Haymaker’s initial public offering of units, consummated on June 11, 2019.

•

“ISL” means Securities Law, 5728-1968, of the State of Israel, and the rules and regulations thereunder.

•

“JOBS Act” means the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.

•

“Merger Sub I” means Punch US Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

•

“Merger Sub II” means Punch Sub Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel.

•

“Nasdaq” means the Nasdaq Stock Market.

•

“New Ares Warrants” means 1,100,000 warrants, each exerciseable for one share of our common stock for $10.00 per share with an exercise period ending on the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date, received in connection with the Business Combination by certain entities affiliated with Ares Capital Management in exchange for warrants to acquire membership interests in GPM.

•

“PIPE Shares” means 8,333,333 shares of our common stock into which the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible.

•

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

•

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

•

“Selling Securityholders” means the persons listed in the table in the “Selling Securityholders” section of this prospectus, and the pledgees, donees, transferees, assignees, successors and others who later come to hold any of the Selling Securityholders’ interest in our common stock or Private Warrants in accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement other than through a public sale.

•

“Series A Convertible Preferred Stock” means our Series A convertible preferred stock, par value 0.0001 per share, issued to the PIPE Investors pursuant to the Subscription Agreement.

•

“SOX” means the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

•

“Sponsor” means Haymaker Sponsor II LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

•

“Subscription Agreement” means that certain subscription agreement entered into among us and the PIPE Investors on November 18, 2020 in connection with the Business Combination pursuant to which, among other things, the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and we agreed to issue and sell to such investors, up to 1,000,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

•

“Transfer Agent” means Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

•

“Warrants” means the Private Warrants and the Public Warrants.

iii

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. Certain statements in this prospectus may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements in this registration statement may include, for example, statements about:

•

our ability to recognize the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination, which may be affected by, among other things, competition and the ability of the combined business to grow and manage growth profitably;

•

our financial performance following the Business Combination;

•

our ability to maintain the listing of our common stock and the Public Warrants on Nasdaq;

•

changes in our strategy, future operations, financial position, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects and plans;

•

expansion plans and opportunities;

•

the integration of Empire’s operations;

•

changes in the markets in which we compete;

•

changes in applicable laws or regulations, including those relating to environmental matters;

•

costs related to the Business Combination;

•

market conditions and global and economic factors beyond our control, including the potential adverse effects of the ongoing global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on capital markets, general economic conditions, unemployment and our liquidity, operations and personnel;

•

the outcome of any known or unknown litigation and regulatory proceedings; and

•

other risks and uncertainties detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control, or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and in our periodic filings with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available publicly on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, forward-looking statements in this prospectus should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

SUMMARY OF THE PROSPECTUS

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that is important to you in making an investment decision. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information included in this prospectus. Before making your investment decision with respect to our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the information under “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to “we,” “our,” the “Company,” “us,” “New Parent” and other similar terms refer to ARKO Corp., a Delaware corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (including Arko Holdings and GPM).

ARKO Corp.

The Company owns, directly and indirectly, 100% of GPM, our operating entity, which is based in Richmond, VA. As of September 30, 2020, GPM, the seventh largest convenience store chain in the United States ranked by store count, operated 1,250 retail convenience stores. As of September 30, 2020, GPM operated the stores under 16 regional store brands including 1-Stop, Admiral, Apple Market^®, BreadBox, E-Z Mart^®, fas mart^®, Jiffi Stop^®, Li’l Cricket, Next Door Store^®, Roadrunner Markets, Rstore, Scotchman^®, shore stop^®, Town Star, Village Pantry^® and Young’s. GPM also supplied fuel to 139 dealer-operated gas stations. GPM is well diversified and as of September 30, 2020, operated across 23 states in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, Northeastern, Southeastern and Southwestern United States. In addition, in October 2020, GPM consummated its acquisition of the business of Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC, or Empire, which at the consummation of the acquisition included direct operation of 84 convenience stores and supply of fuel to 1,453 independently operated fueling stations in 30 states and the District of Columbia. As a result of the closing of the transaction with Empire, GPM now operates stores or supplies fuel in 33 states and the District of Columbia.

As of September 30, 2020, GPM owned 217 properties including 181 company-operated sites, 14 consignment agent locations, and 22 lessee-dealer sites. Additionally, GPM has long-term control over a leased portfolio comprised of 1,136 locations as of September 30, 2020. Of the leased properties, 1,069 were company-operated stores, 24 were consignment agent locations, and 43 were lessee-dealer sites. For GPM’s leased sites, approximately 1,010 sites had lease terms with at least 10 years remaining, of which approximately 780 sites had at least 20 years remaining, in each case assuming all extension options are exercised.

The Company primarily operates in two business channels through GPM: retail and wholesale fuel. We derive our revenue from the retail sale of fuel and the products and services offered in its stores, and the wholesale distribution of fuel. The retail stores offer a wide array of cold and hot foodservice, beverages, cigarettes and other tobacco products, grocery, beer and general merchandise. We have foodservice offerings at 309 company-operated stores. The foodservice category includes hot and fresh foods, deli, bakery, pizza, roller grill and other prepared foods. In addition, we have 73 branded quick service restaurants consisting of major national brands. Additionally, we provide a number of traditional convenience store services that generate additional income including lottery, prepaid products, money orders, ATMs, gaming, and other ancillary product and service offerings. GPM also generates car wash revenue at approximately 80 of its locations.

the closing of the Empire acquisition (described below), GPM’s store count grew to 2,926 sites of which 1,334 were operated as retail convenience stores and 1,592 supplied fuel to independently operated fueling stations. With our achievement of significant size and scale, we have refocused our strategy on organic growth, including implementing company-wide marketing and merchandising initiatives, which we believe will result in significant value to all the assets we have acquired. We believe that this complementary strategy will help further our growth through both acquisitions and organically and improve our results of operations.

We operate within the large and growing U.S. convenience store industry. According to National Association of Convenience Stores, the U.S. convenience store industry has grown in-store sales from $182.4 billion in 2009 to $251.9 billion in 2019, which represents a CAGR of 3.3%. Pretax Income for the industry also grew from $4.8 billion in 2009 to $11.9 billion in 2019, representing a CAGR of 9.5%.

The U.S. convenience store industry remains highly fragmented, with the 10 largest convenience store retailers accounting for approximately 19% of total industry stores in 2019. A majority of stores are managed by small, local operators with 50 or fewer stores and account for approximately 72% of all convenience stores. In addition, the U.S. convenience store industry has proven to be recession resilient as demonstrated by the designation of convenience stores as essential businesses during the statewide shutdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, as consumers grew wary of visiting comparatively high-touch grocery stores during the pandemic, convenience stores drew more “fill-in” visits for various food and other grocery items. The Company’s management believes that convenience retail is a dynamic industry that flexes and evolves with changing consumer preference and will continue to do so as a result of the pandemic.

The mailing address of the Company’s principal executive office is 8565 Magellan Parkway, Suite 400, Richmond, Virginia 23227-1150, and its telephone number is (804) 730-1568.

The Business Combination

On September 8, 2020, Haymaker entered into the Business Combination Agreement with us. Furthermore, on November 18, 2020, we and Haymaker entered into a certain Consent and Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement. On November 18, 2020, the Business Combination was approved by Arko Holdings, on December 8, 2020, the Business Combination Agreement was adopted by Haymaker’s stockholders, and on December 22, 2020, pursuant to the Business Combination, Haymaker and Arko Holdings became wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company.

Empire Acquisition

In October 2020, pursuant to that certain purchase agreement entered into on December 17, 2019 entered into between a wholly owned subsidiary of GPM, GPMP and unrelated third-parties (the “Sellers”), we consummated our acquisition of the business of Empire Petroleum Partners (the “Empire Acquisition”) for $353 million paid at closing plus an additional $20 million to be paid in equal annual installments over five years, and potential post-closing contingent amounts of up to an additional $45 million. As part of the Empire Acquisition, the Sellers: (i) sold to GPMP the rights in agreements with fuel suppliers and all of the rights to supply fuel to 1,537 sites; (ii) sold to a subsidiary of GPM the fee simple ownership rights in 64 sites; (iii) assigned to various of GPM’s subsidiaries leases of 132 sites (including two vacant parcels and one non-operating site) (the “third party leases”); (iv) leased to certain of GPM’s subsidiaries 34 sites (including one vacant parcel) that are valued at approximately $60 million that are owned by the Sellers, at terms as specified below (collectively the “Sellers’ Leases”); and (v) sold and assigned to various of GPM’s subsidiaries and GPMP the equipment, inventory, agreements, intangible assets and other rights with regard to the wholesale and retail businesses acquired (collectively, the “Acquired Operations”).

Empire was one of the largest and most diversified wholesale fuel distributors in the United States, distributing motor fuels to approximately 1,450 independently operated fueling stations in 30 states and the District of Columbia. In addition to supplying third party sites, Empire directly operated approximately 85 convenience stores. As a result of the closing of the Empire Acquisition, we now operate stores or supply fuel in 33 states and the District of Columbia. Empire sold branded and unbranded fuel products to customers on both fixed margin and consignment bases under long-term contracts. Empire maintained relationships with all major oil companies, enabling Empire to offer customers a broad portfolio of fuel brands and security of supply. Since 2011, Empire completed 23 acquisitions to grow its distribution base rapidly, complementing its organic growth which includes single-site additions of new supply contracts.

Summary of Principal Risk Factors

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 5 before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our securities would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Set forth below is a summary of some of the principal risks we face:

•

Changes in economic conditions and consumer confidence in the U.S. could adversely affect our business.

•

If we do not make acquisitions on economically acceptable terms, our future growth may be limited. Furthermore, any acquisitions we complete are subject to substantial risks that could result in losses.

•

We may be unable to successfully integrate Empire’s operations or otherwise realize the expected benefits from the Empire Acquisition, which could adversely affect the expected benefits from the Empire Acquisition and our results of operations and financial condition.

•

Our future growth depends on our ability to successfully implement our organic growth strategy, a major part of which consists of remodeling our convenience stores.

•

Significant changes in current consumption of tobacco and nicotine products could adversely affect our business.

•

Our financial condition and results of operations are influenced by changes in the wholesale prices of motor fuel, which may adversely impact our sales, customers’ financial condition and the availability of trade credit.

•

Significant changes in demand for fuel-based modes of transportation could adversely affect our business.

•

We operate in a highly competitive industry characterized by low entry barriers.

•

Negative events or developments associated with branded motor fuel suppliers could have an adverse impact on our revenues.

•

We depend on four principal suppliers for the majority of our gross fuel purchases and two suppliers for merchandise. A failure by a principal supplier to renew its supply agreement, a disruption in supply or an unexpected change in supplier relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

A portion of GPM’s revenue is generated under fuel supply agreements with independent dealers that must be renegotiated or replaced periodically. If GPM is unable to successfully renegotiate or replace these agreements, then our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

•

The retail sale, distribution and storage of motor fuels is subject to environmental protection and operational safety laws and regulations that may expose us or our customers to significant costs and liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

•

Business disruption and related risks resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

THE OFFERING

Issuer

ARKO Corp.

Issuance of Common Stock

Shares of Common Stock Offered by Us

Up to 1,100,000 shares of our common stock, common stock, issuable upon exercise of the New Ares Warrants.

Shares of Common Stock Outstanding Prior to Exercise of All Warrants and the New Ares Warrants

124,427,805 shares (as of January 21, 2021).

Shares of Common Stock Outstanding Assuming Exercise of All Warrants and the New Ares Warrants

142,861,138 shares (which shares do not include the issuance of PIPE Shares or Deferred Shares).

Exercise Price of Private Warrants

$11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as described herein.

Exercise Price of New Ares Warrants

$10.00 per share, subject to adjustment as described herein.

Use of Proceeds

We will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $57 million from the exercise of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of such warrants for cash. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of such warrants for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.”

Resale of Common Stock and Private Warrants

Common Stock Offered by the Selling Securityholders

Up to 99,251,253 shares.

Use of Proceeds

We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the shares of common stock or Private Warrants by the Selling Securityholders.

Market for Our Shares of Common Stock and Public Warrants

Our common stock and the Public Warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively.

Lock-up Restrictions

Certain of our Selling Securityholders are subject to certain restrictions on the transfer of our securities until the termination of applicable lock-up periods. See “Selling Securityholders—Certain Relationships with Selling Securityholders” for further discussion.

Risk Factors

Any investment in the securities offered hereby is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the information set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the other information in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” before deciding whether to invest in our securities. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, revenue, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, in which event the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including the risks described below. See the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Changes in economic conditions and consumer confidence in the U.S. could adversely affect our business.

Our operations and the scope of services we provide are affected by changes in the macro-economic situation in the United States, which has a direct impact on consumer confidence and spending patterns. A number of key macro-economic factors, such as rising interest rates, inflation and unemployment, could have a negative effect on consumer habits and spending, and lead to lower demand for fuel and other products sold at our convenience stores and gas stations. Significant negative developments in the macro-economic environment in the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to grow depends substantially on our ability to make acquisitions. We intend to expand our retail business and dealer distribution network through acquisitions. However, we may be unable to take advantage of accretive opportunities for any of the following reasons:

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We are unable to identify attractive acquisition opportunities or negotiate acceptable terms for acquisitions;

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We are unable to reach an agreement regarding the terms of pursued acquisitions;

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We are unable to raise financing for such acquisitions on economically acceptable terms; or

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We are outbid by competitors.

If we are unable to make acquisitions, our future growth will be limited. In addition, if we complete any future acquisitions, our capitalization and results of operations may change significantly. We may complete acquisitions, which, contrary to our expectations, ultimately prove to not be accretive. If any of these events were to occur, our future growth would be limited.

We may make acquisitions that we believe are beneficial, which ultimately result in negative financial consequences. Any acquisition involves potential risks, including, among other things:

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We may not be able to successfully integrate the businesses we acquire;

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We may not be able to achieve the anticipated synergies and financial improvements from the acquired businesses;

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We may not be able to retain key locations from the acquired businesses;

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We may be unable to discover material liabilities of businesses that we acquire;

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Acquisitions may divert the attention of senior management from focusing on our day-to-day operations;

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We may experience a decrease in liquidity resulting from our use of a significant portion of cash available for investment or borrowing capacity to finance acquisitions;

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Substantial investments in financial controls, information systems, management resources and human resources may be required in order to support future growth; and

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We may have difficulties in obtaining the required approvals, permits, licenses and consents for the acquired sites.

The Empire Acquisition involves the integration of the business of two companies that have previously operated independently. The difficulties of combining the operations of the two businesses include:

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integrating personnel with diverse business backgrounds;

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converting customers to new systems;

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combining different corporate cultures; and

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retaining key employees.

The process of integrating operations could cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of the business and the loss of key personnel. The integration will require the experience and expertise of certain key employees of Empire retained by us. We may not be successful in retaining these employees for the full time period necessary to successfully integrate Empire’s operations with ours. The diversion of management’s attention and any delay or difficulty encountered in connection with the integration of the two companies’ operations could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The success of the Empire Acquisition will depend, in part, on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from combining the business of Empire with ours. If we are unable to successfully integrate Empire, the anticipated benefits of the Empire Acquisition may not be realized fully or may take longer to realize than expected. For example, we may fail to realize the anticipated increase in earnings anticipated to be derived from the Empire Acquisition. In addition, as with regard to any acquisition, a significant decline in asset valuations or cash flows may also cause us not to realize expected benefits.

Our future growth depends on our ability to successfully implement our organic growth strategy, a major part of which consists of remodeling our convenience stores.

A major part of our organic growth strategy consists of remodeling our convenience stores in order to improve customers’ shopping experience by offering high-quality, convenient and efficient facilities. Such large-scale remodeling projects entail significant risks, including shortages of materials or skilled labor, unforeseen engineering, environmental and/or geological problems, work stoppages, weather interference, unanticipated cost increases and non-availability of construction equipment. Such risks, in addition to potential difficulties in obtaining any required licenses and permits, could lead to significant cost increases and substantial delays in the

opening of the remodeled convenience stores. Historically, we have grown through acquisitions and have not previously undertaken such large-scale remodeling projects. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve our growth targets by successfully implementing this strategy.

Significant changes in current consumption of tobacco and nicotine products could adversely affect our business.

Tobacco and nicotine products, which accounted for approximately 16% of GPM’s total net sales for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, are a significant revenue source for us. Significant increases in wholesale cigarette prices, current and future tobacco legislation, including restrictions or bans on flavored tobacco products, national, state and local campaigns to discourage smoking, reductions in manufacturer rebates for the purchase of tobacco products and increases in taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products could have a material adverse effect on the demand for tobacco products and, in turn, on GPM’s financial condition and results of operations.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, fuel sales were approximately 65% of GPM’s total net sales and 34% of its gross profit, each of which will increase as a result of the acquisition of the business of Empire. Historically, GPM has not carried inventory on hand for more than five days in the ordinary course of its business and has not engaged in hedging transactions. GPM’s operating results are influenced by prices for motor fuel, variable retail margins and the market for such products. Crude oil and domestic wholesale motor fuel

markets are volatile. General political conditions, acts of war or terrorism and instability in oil producing regions, particularly in the Middle East, Russia, Africa and South America, could significantly impact crude oil supplies and wholesale fuel prices. Significant increases and volatility in wholesale fuel prices could result in substantial increases in the retail price of motor fuel products, lower fuel gross margin per gallon, lower demand for such products and lower sales to consumers and dealers. This volatility makes it extremely difficult to predict the impact future wholesale cost fluctuations will have on GPM’s financial condition and results of operations. Increases in fuel prices compress retail fuel margin because fuel costs typically increase faster than retailers are able to pass them along to customers. In addition, when prices for motor fuel rise, some of GPM’s fuel distributor customers may have insufficient credit to purchase motor fuel from GPM at their historical volumes. Furthermore, as motor fuel prices decrease, so do prompt payment incentives, which are generally calculated as a percentage of the total purchase price of the motor fuel distributed. Finally, higher prices for motor fuel may reduce GPM’s access to trade credit or worsen the terms under which such credit is available to GPM.

Significant changes in demand for fuel-based modes of transportation could adversely affect our business.

The road transportation fuel and convenience business is generally driven by consumer preferences, growth of road traffic and trends in travel and tourism. A number of key factors could impact current customer behavior and trends with respect to road transportation and fuel consumption. These include new technologies providing increased access to non-fuel dependent means of transportation, legislation and regulations focused on fuel efficiency and lower fuel consumption, and the public’s general approach with regard to climate change and the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. Significant developments in any of the above-listed factors could lead to substantial changes in the demand for petroleum-based fuel and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in a highly competitive industry characterized by low entry barriers.

We compete with other convenience stores, gas stations, large and small food retailers, quick service restaurants and dollar stores. Since all such competitors offer products and services that are very similar to those offered by us, a number of key factors determine our ability to successfully compete in the marketplace. These

include the location of stores, competitive pricing, convenient access routes, the quality and configuration of stores and fueling facilities, and a high level of service. In particular, large convenience store chains have expanded their number of locations and remodeled their existing locations in recent years, enhancing their competitive position. In addition, some of our competitors have greater financial resources and scale than us, which may provide them with competitive advantages in negotiating fuel and other supply arrangements. Our inability to successfully compete in the marketplace by continuously meeting customer requirements concerning price, quality and service level could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative events or developments associated with branded motor fuel suppliers could have an adverse impact on our revenues.

The success of our operations is dependent, in part, on the continuing favorable reputation, market value and name recognition associated with the motor fuel brands sold at GPM-controlled gas stations and to independent and lessee dealers. An event which adversely affects the value of those brands could have a negative impact on the volumes of motor fuel we distribute, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, Valero Marketing and Supply Company (“Valero Marketing”) supplied approximately 21%, Marathon Petroleum Company LP (“Marathon Petroleum”) supplied approximately 21%, BP Products North America Inc. (“BP North America”) supplied approximately 15% and Equilon Enterprises LLC DBA Shell Oil Products US (“Shell”) supplied approximately 16% of GPM’s gross fuel purchases, respectively. GPM’s supply agreement with Valero Marketing expires in March 2026, GPM’s supply agreement with Marathon Petroleum expires in June 2023, GPM’s supply agreement with BP North America expires in December 2022 and GPM’s supply agreement with Shell expires in August 2023. If any of Valero Marketing, Marathon Petroleum, BP North America or Shell elects not to renew its contracts with GPM, GPM may be unable to replace the volume of motor fuel it currently purchases from such supplier on similar terms or at all. GPM relies upon its suppliers to timely provide the volumes and types of motor fuels for which they contract. GPM purchases motor fuels from a variety of suppliers under term contracts. In times of extreme market demand or supply disruption, GPM may be unable to acquire enough fuel to satisfy the demand of its customers. Any disruption in supply or a significant change in GPM’s relationship with its principal fuel suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

GPM depends on two major vendors, Core-Mark and Grocery Supply Company, to supply a majority of its in-store merchandise. A significant disruption or operational failure affecting the operations of Core-Mark or Grocery Supply Company could materially impact the availability, quality and price of products sold at our convenience stores and gas stations, cause us to incur substantial unanticipated costs and expenses, and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A portion of GPM’s revenue is generated under fuel supply agreements with independent dealers. As these supply agreements expire, they must be renegotiated or replaced. GPM’s fuel supply agreements generally have an initial term of 10 years and, as of September 30, 2020, had a volume-weighted average remaining term of approximately 6.0 years. GPM’s dealers have no obligation to renew their fuel supply agreements with GPM on similar terms or at all.

GPM may be unable to renegotiate or replace its fuel supply agreements when they expire, and the terms of any renegotiated fuel supply agreements may not be as favorable as the terms of the agreements they replace. Whether these fuel supply agreements are successfully renegotiated or replaced is frequently subject to factors beyond GPM’s control. Such factors include fluctuations in motor fuel prices, a dealer’s ability to pay for or accept the contracted volumes and a competitive marketplace for the services offered by GPM. If GPM cannot successfully renegotiate or replace its fuel supply agreements or must renegotiate or replace them on less favorable terms, revenues from these arrangements could decline and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

GPM and its facilities and operations are subject to various federal, state and local environmental, health and safety laws, and regulations. These laws and regulations continue to evolve and are expected to increase in both number and complexity over time and govern not only the manner in which GPM conducts its operations, but also the products it sells. For example, international agreements and national, regional, and state legislation and regulatory measures that aim to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions or otherwise address climate change are currently in various stages of implementation. There are inherent risks of increasingly restrictive environmental and other regulation that could materially impact our results of operations or financial condition. Most of the costs of complying with existing laws and regulations pertaining to GPM’s operations and products are embedded in the normal costs of doing business. However, it is not possible to predict with certainty the amount of additional investments in new or existing technology or facilities or the amounts of increased operating costs to be incurred in the future to prevent, control, reduce or eliminate releases of hazardous materials or other pollutants into the environment; remediate and restore areas damaged by prior releases of hazardous materials; or comply with new or changed environmental laws or regulations. Although these costs may be significant to the results of operations, we do not presently expect them to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or financial position. Accidental leaks and spills requiring cleanup may occur in the ordinary course of business. We may incur expenses for corrective actions or environmental investigations at various owned and previously owned facilities or leased or previously leased and at third-party-owned waste disposal sites used by GPM. An obligation may arise when operations are closed or sold or at non-GPM sites where company products have been handled or disposed of. Expenditures to fulfill these obligations may relate to facilities and sites where past operations followed practices and procedures that were considered acceptable at the time but may require investigative or remedial work or both to meet current or future standards.

Our business involves the purchase of motor fuels for retail sale and wholesale distribution to customers, including third-party sub-wholesalers and bulk purchasers. GPM’s share of the motor fuels is distributed to GPM-controlled convenience stores, independent and lessee dealers and consignment locations, whereas the third-party sub-wholesalers’ share is generally distributed to convenience stores and the bulk purchasers’ share is generally retained for their own use. GPM does not physically transport any of the motor fuels. Rather, third-party transporters distribute the motor fuels.

The transportation of motor fuels by third-party transporters, as well as the associated storage of such fuels at locations including convenience stores, are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to ownership and operation of underground storage tanks, the release or discharge of regulated materials into the air, water and soil, the generation, storage, handling, use, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, the exposure of persons to regulated materials, and the health and safety of employees dedicated to such transportation and storage activities. These laws and regulations may impose numerous obligations and restrictions that are applicable to motor fuels transportation and storage and other related activities, including acquisition of, or applications for, permits, licenses, or other approvals before conducting regulated activities; restrictions on the quality and labeling of the motor fuels that may be sold; restrictions on the types, quantities and concentration of materials that may be released into the environment;

required capital expenditures to comply with pollution control requirements; and imposition of substantial liabilities for pollution or non-compliance resulting from these activities. Numerous governmental authorities, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”), and analogous state agencies, have the power to monitor and enforce compliance with these laws and regulations and the permits, licenses and approvals issued under them, including fines, which can result in increased pollution control equipment costs or other actions. Failure to comply with these existing laws and regulations, or any newly adopted laws or regulations, may trigger administrative, civil or criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties or other sanctions, the imposition of investigative, remedial or corrective action obligations, the imposition of additional compliance requirements on certain operations or the issuance of orders enjoining certain operations. Moreover, the trend in environmental regulation is for more restrictions and limitations on activities that may adversely affect the environment, the occurrence of which may result in increased costs of compliance.

Where releases of motor fuels or other substances or wastes have occurred, federal and state laws and regulations require that contamination caused by such releases be assessed and remediated to meet applicable clean-up standards. Certain environmental laws impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean-up and restore sites where motor fuels or other waste products have been disposed or otherwise released. The costs associated with the investigation and remediation of contamination, as well as any associated third-party claims for damages or to impose corrective action obligations, could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on GPM or its customers who transport motor fuels or own or operate convenience stores or other facilities where motor fuels are stored. While GPM has no plans to transport or store the motor fuels it distributes, if GPM were ever to conduct activities that resulted in it being legally characterized as a transporter of motor fuels, or if it were ever held under applicable law to have negligently entrusted these transportation or any storage duties to a third party, then GPM, too, could be subject to some or all of these costs and liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For more information on potential risks arising from environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations, please see “Business—Government Regulation.”

Business disruption and related risks resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In December 2019, Chinese officials reported a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak. COVID-19 has since spread throughout the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare on March 11, 2020, that COVID-19 reached the magnitude of a global pandemic. The rapid spread of COVID-19 throughout the U.S. led federal, state and local governments to take significant steps in an attempt to reduce exposure to COVID-19 and control its negative effects on public health and the U.S. economy. Such governmental measures remain ongoing. The ultimate duration and severity of COVID-19 remain uncertain, however, a substantial and continuous deterioration in the business environment in the United States could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including:

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Significant reductions or volatility in demand for products sold at our convenience stores and gas stations due to substantially lower customer traffic resulting from travel restrictions and/or social distancing measures;

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Significant disruptions, or even a complete shutdown, of some or all of our operations as a result of government-imposed restrictions on customers and/or employees;

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Temporary or long-term disruptions to our supply chain in connection with the pandemic’s impact on our network of suppliers and distributors, significantly impacting the quality, variety and pricing of merchandise sold at GPM sites;

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Limitation on employee availability and restrictions on the sale and pricing of certain products;

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Cost to comply with constantly evolving laws and regulations related to COVID-19, including additional cleaning and protective equipment for employees;

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Store closures and reduction of store capacity because of local outbreaks of COVID-19 resulting in reduced sales of merchandise and fuel;

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Significant delays in the import of certain products, including essential products expected to sell at an increased volume in connection with COVID-19;

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Changes to our competitors’ service offerings, including delivery and drive-through options, which GPM offers on a limited basis; and

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Reduced value of newly acquired stores as they experience reduced sales compared to the time of acquisition.

Advancements in technologies that significantly reduce fuel consumption could adversely affect our business.

Fuel competes with other sources of energy, some of which are less costly on an equivalent energy basis. There have been significant governmental incentives and consumer pressures to increase the use of alternative fuels in the United States. A number of automotive, industrial and power generation manufacturers are developing more fuel-efficient engines, hybrid engines and alternative clean power systems. In 2019, hybrid and electric vehicles accounted for approximately 1.9% of all automotive sales in the United States. The more successful and widespread these alternatives become, as a result of governmental incentives or regulations, technological advances, consumer demand, improved pricing or otherwise, the greater the potential negative impact on the demand, pricing and profitability of our fuel-based products and services.

Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in liabilities, penalties or costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

GPM’s operations are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, including regulations related to the sale of alcohol, tobacco, nicotine products, lottery/lotto products and other age-restricted products, various food safety and product quality requirements, environmental laws and regulations, and various employment and tax laws. We expect that there will be frequent changes and variation in local and state regulations in response to COVID-19, including the regulation of in-house dining and capacity restrictions, which vary by jurisdiction and locality. GPM will be required to devote substantial resources in order to comply with this changing regulatory environment and will be required to implement compliance protocols that will vary based on local requirements and regulations.

GPM’s violation of, or inability to comply with, state laws and regulations concerning the sale of alcohol, tobacco, nicotine products, lottery/lotto products and other age-restricted products could expose GPM to regulatory sanctions ranging from monetary fines to the revocation or suspension of GPM’s permits and licenses for the sale of such products. Such regulatory action could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

GPM’s failure to comply with applicable labor and employment laws pertaining to, among others, minimum wage, mandated healthcare benefits or paid time-off benefits could result in increased regulatory scrutiny, monetary fines and substantial costs and expenses related to legal proceedings.

GPM’s business, particularly the operation of gas stations, and the storage and transportation of fuel products, is directly affected by numerous environmental laws and regulations in the United States pertaining, in particular, to the quality of fuel products, the handling and disposal of hazardous wastes and the prevention and remediation of environmental contaminations. Such laws and regulations are constantly evolving and have generally become more stringent over time. GPM’s compliance with such evolving regulation requires significant and continuously increasing capital expenditures. GPM’s business may also be (indirectly) affected by the adoption of environmental laws and regulations intended to address global climate change by limiting carbon emissions and introducing more stringent requirements for the exploration, drilling and transportation of crude

oil and petroleum products. Increasingly wide-spread implementation of such laws and regulations may lead to a significant increase in the cost of petroleum-based fuels and, in turn, lower demand for road transportation fuel. GPM’s failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations, or a significant contamination at one of its sites requiring remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater on a large scale, could expose GPM to substantial fines and penalties, as well as administrative, civil and criminal charges, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

GPM is subject to extensive tax liabilities imposed by multiple jurisdictions, including income taxes, fuel excise taxes, sales and use taxes, payroll taxes, franchise taxes, property taxes and tobacco taxes. Many of these tax liabilities are subject to periodic audits by the respective taxing authorities. Substantial changes or reforms in the current tax regime could result in increased tax expenses and potentially have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A ban of electronic gaming machines in Virginia could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business.

GPM operates approximately 60 electronic gaming machines in its retail stores in Virginia. Under current Virginia legislation, GPM will be required to stop operating the machines as of June 30, 2021, unless new legislation is enacted. The ban on electronic gaming machines could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Substantial management turnover could adversely affect our business.

We are currently managed by a group of experienced senior executives with substantial knowledge and understanding of the industry in which it operates. Our inability to retain our senior management, adequately replace any member of our management team in case of departure or identify and recruit highly qualified individuals for future management positions, could adversely affect our business, reputation and results of operations. Uncertainty about the effect of the Business Combination on GPM’s business, employees, customers, third parties with whom GPM has relationships, and other third parties, including regulators, may have an adverse effect on us. These uncertainties may impair our ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel for a period of time after the Business Combination. If key employees depart because of uncertainty related to the Business Combination or a desire not to remain with us, our business could be harmed.

The failure to recruit or retain qualified personnel could adversely affect our business.

GPM is dependent on its ability to recruit and retain qualified individuals to work in and manage its convenience stores, and its operations are subject to federal and state laws governing such matters as minimum wages, overtime, working conditions and employment eligibility requirements. Economic factors, such as a decrease in unemployment and an increase in mandatory minimum wages and social benefits, could have a material impact on our results of operations if GPM is required to significantly increase its wages and benefits expenditures in order to attract and retain qualified personnel. At the state and local levels, there are proposals currently under consideration to increase minimum wage rates. In 2019, efforts were put forth by the U.S. federal government to increase the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, instead of the current rate of $7.25 per hour. Such an increase could have a material impact on our results of operations. However, no such legislation has been enacted at this time. Additionally, the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic could impact GPM’s ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel.

Unfavorable weather conditions could adversely affect our business.

Weather conditions have a significant effect on GPM’s sales, as retail customer transactions in higher profit margin products generally increase when weather conditions are favorable. Consequently, GPM’s results are seasonal, and GPM typically earns more during the warmer second and third quarters of the year. Severe weather

phenomena, such as hurricanes, during those quarters may adversely affect GPM’s results of operations. In addition, severe weather conditions could result in significant damage to GPM gas stations, convenience stores and infrastructure, potentially resulting in substantial costs and expenses.

GPM may be held liable for fraudulent credit card transactions on its fuel dispensers.

Europay, MasterCard and Visa, or EMV, is a global standard for credit cards that uses computer chips to authenticate and secure chip-card transactions. The liability for fraudulent credit card transactions shifted from the credit card processor to GPM in October 2015 for transactions processed inside the convenience stores (although due to the unavailability of the correct software from branded fuel suppliers, certain of such suppliers have retained certain associated liabilities) and will shift to GPM in April 2021 for transactions at the fuel dispensers. In connection with incentive funds provided by fuel suppliers, GPM is actively upgrading its point-of-sale machines and fuel dispensers to be EMV-compliant at the fuel dispenser. GPM has upgraded all of its inside point-of-sale machines to be EMV-compliant and is in the process of upgrading its fuel dispensers to be EMV-compliant (approximately 30% of retail locations were upgraded by the end of 2020). Due to the unavailability of the correct software from branded fuel suppliers and the cost to upgrade each site, GPM does not expect to upgrade all of its sites prior to April 2021 and accordingly, may be subject to liability for fraudulent credit card transactions processed at fuel dispensers.

Significant disruptions of GPM’s information technology systems or breaches of its data security could adversely affect our business.

GPM relies on multiple information technology systems and a number of third-party vendor platforms (collectively, “IT Systems”) in order to run and manage its daily operations. Such IT Systems allow GPM to manage various aspects of its business and to provide reliable analytical information to its management. IT Systems are vulnerable to, among other things, damage and interruption from power loss or natural disasters, computer system and network failures, loss of telecommunications services, physical and electronic loss of access to data and information, security breaches or other security incidents, and computer viruses or attacks. A serious, long-lasting disruption of GPM’s IT Systems could lead to the breakdown of critical operations and financial reporting systems, and have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operation.

As a fuel and merchandise retailer, GPM collects and stores large amounts of data on its network, including personal data from customers, as well as other sensitive information concerning its employees, business partners and vendors. A breakdown or breach of GPM’s IT Systems could result in the unauthorized release of such personal and sensitive information. Although GPM has invested in measures to reduce these risks, it cannot guarantee that such measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of its IT Systems and related data. An unauthorized release of personal data and other sensitive information resulting from a breakdown or breach of GPM’s IT Systems could expose it to significant costs and expenses, regulatory investigations and penalties, and potential lawsuits, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

GPM depends on third-party transportation providers for the transportation of all of its motor fuel. Thus, a change of providers or a significant change in GPM’s relationship with these providers could have a material adverse effect on our business.

All of the motor fuel GPM distributes is transported from terminals to gas stations by third-party transportation providers. Such providers may suspend, reduce or terminate their obligations to GPM if certain events (such as force majeure) occur. A change of key transportation providers, a disruption or cessation in services provided by such providers or a significant change in GPM’s relationship with such providers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

GPM’s operations present risks which may not be fully covered by insurance.

GPM carries comprehensive insurance against the hazards and risks underlying its operations. GPM believes its insurance policies are customary in the industry; however, some losses and liabilities associated with its operations may not be covered by its insurance policies. In addition, there can be no assurance that GPM will be able to obtain similar insurance coverage on favorable terms (or at all) in the future. Significant uninsured losses and liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, GPM’s insurance is subject to high deductibles. As a result, certain large claims, even if covered by insurance, may require a substantial cash outlay by GPM, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

GPM’s variable rate debt could adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

Certain of GPM’s outstanding term loans and revolving credit facility bear interest at variable rates, subjecting GPM to fluctuations in the short-term interest rate. As of September 30, 2020, approximately 88% of GPM’s debt bore interest at variable rates, and approximately 96% of GPM’s debt bore interest at variable rates after consummation of the Empire Acquisition. Consequently, significant increases in market interest rates would create substantially higher debt service requirements for GPM, which could have a material adverse effect on its overall financial condition, including its ability to service its indebtedness.

GPM’s credit facilities have substantial restrictions and financial covenants that may restrict GPM’s business and financing activities.

GPM depends on the earnings and cash flow generated by its operations in order to meet its debt service obligations. The operating and financial restrictions and covenants in GPM’s credit facilities, and any future financing agreements, may restrict GPM’s ability to finance future operations or expand GPM’s business activities. For example, GPM’s credit facilities restrict its ability to, among other things:

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incur additional debt or issue guarantees;

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incur or permit liens to exist on certain property;

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make certain investments, acquisitions or other restricted payments;

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modify or terminate certain material contracts; and

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merge or dispose of all or substantially all of its assets.

In addition, the credit agreements governing GPM’s credit facilities contain covenants requiring GPM to maintain certain financial ratios. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information about GPM’s credit facilities.

GPM’s ability to comply with these restrictions and covenants is uncertain and will be affected by the levels of cash flow from operations and other events or circumstances beyond GPM’s control. If market or other economic conditions deteriorate, GPM’s ability to comply with these covenants may be impaired. If GPM violates any provisions of its credit facilities that are not cured or waived within the appropriate time periods provided in such credit facilities, a significant portion of GPM’s indebtedness may become immediately due and payable, and GPM’s lenders’ commitment to make further loans to GPM may terminate. GPM might not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient funds to make these accelerated payments.

If GPM were unable to repay the accelerated amounts, its lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such debt. If the payment of GPM’s debt is accelerated, its assets may be insufficient to repay such debt in full, which could result in GPM’s insolvency.

The enactment and implementation of derivatives legislation, and the promulgation of regulations pursuant thereto, could have an adverse effect on GPM’s ability to use derivative instruments to reduce the effect of commodity-price, interest-rate, and other risks associated with GPM’s business and increase the working capital requirement to conduct these hedging activities.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), enacted on July 21, 2010, established federal oversight and regulation of the over-the-counter derivatives market and entities that participate in that market. The Dodd-Frank Act requires the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) and the SEC to promulgate rules and regulations implementing the Dodd-Frank Act. Although the CFTC has finalized certain regulations, others remain to be finalized or implemented, and it is not possible at this time to predict when this will occur.

The CFTC has designated certain interest-rate swaps and credit-default swaps for mandatory clearing, and the associated rules require GPM, in connection with derivative activities, to comply with clearing and trade-execution requirements or take steps to qualify for an exemption from such requirements. Although GPM would qualify for the end-user exception from the mandatory clearing requirements for swaps entered to hedge certain commercial risks, the application of the mandatory clearing and trade-execution requirements to other market participants, such as swap dealers, may change the cost and availability of the swaps that GPM may use for hedging. In addition, for uncleared swaps, the CFTC or federal banking regulators may require end-users to enter into credit support documentation and/or post initial and variation margin in the future, although current rules do not require GPM’s swap dealer counterparties to collect margin from GPM for hedging transactions that it may engage in. Posting of collateral could impact liquidity and reduce cash available to GPM for capital expenditures, therefore reducing GPM’s ability to enter into derivatives to reduce risk and protect cash flows.

Finally, the Dodd-Frank Act was intended, in part, to reduce the volatility of oil and gas prices, which some legislators attributed to speculative trading in derivatives and commodity instruments related to oil and gas. GPM’s revenues could be adversely affected if a consequence of the Dodd-Frank Act, and related regulations, is lower commodity prices.

The full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulatory requirements upon GPM’s business will not be known until all regulations are implemented and the market for derivative contracts has adjusted. From GPM’s perspective, the Dodd-Frank Act, and related current and future regulations, could significantly increase the cost of derivative contracts, materially alter the terms of derivative contracts, reduce the availability of derivatives to protect against business risks and reduce the ability to monetize or restructure existing derivative contracts. To date, GPM has engaged in very limited hedging transactions. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the Dodd-Frank Act, and related regulations, may prevent GPM from using derivatives.

In addition to derivatives legislation in the U.S., the European Union and other non-U.S. jurisdictions are implementing regulations with respect to the derivatives market. To the extent GPM transacts with counterparties in foreign jurisdictions, GPM may become subject to such regulations. At this time, the impact of such regulations is not clear.

The proposed phase out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. In 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board proposed guidance that would help facilitate the market transition from existing reference rates to alternative rates; however, there is currently no definitive information regarding the future use of LIBOR or a replacement rate. As of June 30, 2020, approximately 89% of GPM’s debt bore interest at variable rates, and approximately 96% of GPM’s debt bore interest at variable rates after consummation of the Empire Acquisition. Most of GPM’s credit

agreements were entered into in 2019 and the beginning of 2020. Such credit agreements include a mechanism, pursuant to which the underlying interest rate shall be determined according to the alternative index replacing LIBOR, as customary in the market at the time. Since there is still great uncertainty in the market with respect to the elimination of LIBOR and the potential transition to a replacement rate, the impact of such changes on GPM’s future debt repayment obligations, results of operations and financial condition remains uncertain.

Terrorist attacks and threatened or actual war may adversely affect our business.

Our business is affected by general economic conditions and fluctuations in consumer confidence and spending, which can decline as a result of numerous factors outside of our control. Terrorist attacks or threats, whether within the U.S. or abroad, rumors or threats of war, actual conflicts involving the U.S. or its allies, or military or trade disruptions impacting GPM suppliers or customers may adversely impact GPM’s operations. Specifically, strategic targets such as energy related assets (which could include refineries that produce the motor fuel GPM purchases or ports in which crude oil is delivered) may be at greater risk of future terrorist attacks than other targets in the U.S. or abroad. Such occurrences could have a substantial impact on energy prices, including prices for motor fuels, and a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to the Business Combination and Integration of Businesses

Management’s focus and resources may be diverted from operational matters and other strategic opportunities as a result of the Business Combination.

The Business Combination may place a significant burden on management and other internal resources. The diversion of management’s attention and any difficulties encountered in the transition process could affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including with respect to any future growth-oriented acquisitions undertaken by us. A significant component of our organic growth strategy consists of remodeling our convenience stores in order to improve customers’ shopping experience by offering high-quality, convenient and efficient facilities. Diversion of management’s attention and any difficulties encountered in the transition process could lead to substantial delays in the timing of the remodeling and have an adverse effect on us.

We will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that GPM did not previously incur.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the PCAOB and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. Compliance with public company requirements will increase costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements will require us to carry out activities we had not done previously. For example, we created new board committees and adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, additional expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements will be incurred. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if our auditors identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it. It was also more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. Risks associated with our status as a public company may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the Board or as executive officers. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related

legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs will require us to divert a significant amount of money that could otherwise be used to expand our business and achieve certain strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

We may not be able to timely and effectively implement controls and procedures required by Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

We were not previously subject to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. However, following the consummation of the Business Combination and the transactions related thereto, we became subject to compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires us, among other things, to evaluate annually the effectiveness of its internal controls over financial reporting. The standards required for a public company under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are significantly more stringent than those required of us prior to the Business Combination. Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404(a)”) requires that, beginning with the second annual report following the Business Combination, management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) requires the independent registered public accounting firm to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. We expect that our first Section 404(a) and 404(b) assessment will take place for our annual report for the year ending December 31, 2021. Management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that became applicable after the Business Combination. If we are not able to implement the additional requirements of Section 404(a) in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to assess whether our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of our shares of common stock.

Arko Holdings is required to repay principal and interest outstanding under its corporate bonds in New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”) rather than U.S. dollars, which could expose us to unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations.

Arko Holdings has NIS 243,234,809 par value (approximately $71.6 million as of September 30, 2020) Series C corporate bonds outstanding (“Bonds (Series C)”), all of which are denominated in NIS. Arko Holding’s obligation to repay the outstanding principal and interest under the Bonds (Series C) exposes us to unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations between the NIS and the U.S. dollar, such that a substantial value increase in the NIS against the U.S. dollar could impact liquidity. We may enter into currency hedging transactions in order to decrease the risks associated with unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations; however, there is no assurance that such hedging transactions will provide adequate protection and cover all of the potential exposure in connection with exchange rate fluctuations.

Our ability to successfully operate the business following the Business Combination is largely dependent upon the efforts of certain key personnel. The loss of such key personnel could negatively impact our operations and financial results.

Our ability to successfully operate the business following the Business Combination is dependent upon the efforts of certain key personnel. Although we expect key personnel to remain with us, there can be no assurance that they will do so. It is possible that we will lose some key personnel, and that loss could negatively impact our operations and profitability. Furthermore, certain of our key personnel may be unfamiliar with the requirements of operating a company regulated by the SEC, which could cause us to have to expend time and resources helping them become familiar with such requirements.

Some of GPM’s relationships with its customers, vendors and suppliers may experience disruptions in connection with the Business Combination, which may limit our business.

Parties with which GPM currently does business or may do business in the future, including customers, vendors and suppliers, may experience uncertainty associated with the Business Combination, including with

respect to future business relationships with us. As a result, the business relationships of GPM may be subject to disruptions if customers, vendors, suppliers or others attempt to renegotiate changes in existing business relationships or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than GPM. For example, certain customers and partners of GPM may exercise contractual termination rights as they arise or elect to not renew contracts with GPM. These disruptions could harm relationships with existing customers, vendors, suppliers or others and preclude GPM from attracting new customers, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of GPM and/or us.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Our principal stockholders and management control us and their interests may conflict with yours in the future.

Our executive officers and directors and significant stockholders beneficially owned approximately 68% of our outstanding voting stock as of January 21, 2021. Each share of common stock initially entitles its holders to one vote on all matters presented to stockholders generally. Accordingly, those owners, if voting in the same manner, will be able to control the election and removal of our directors and thereby determine corporate and management policies, including potential mergers or acquisitions, payment of dividends, asset sales, amendment of the certificate of incorporation and bylaws and other significant corporate transactions for so long as they retain significant ownership. This concentration of ownership may delay or deter possible changes in control, which may reduce the value of an investment in the common stock. So long as they continue to own a significant amount of the combined voting power, even if such amount is less than 50%, they will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions.

Our corporate structure includes Israeli subsidiaries that may have adverse tax consequences and expose us to additional tax liabilities.

Our corporate structure includes Israeli subsidiaries that file tax returns in Israel. Israeli tax authorities may challenge positions taken by such subsidiaries with respect to its tax returns. To the extent such a challenge is sustained, this could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely impact our financial position and results of operations. In addition, tax law or regulations in Israel may be amended and Israeli tax authorities may change their interpretations of existing tax law and regulations such that we may be subject to increased tax liabilities, including upon termination or liquidation of its Israeli subsidiaries. If an Israeli subsidiary generates cash that we wish to transfer to the U.S. or if cash generated by our operations is not sufficient to fund our U.S. operations, we may face additional tax liabilities in transferring cash from our Israeli subsidiaries by means of dividends or otherwise to support us, primarily due to withholding tax requirements imposed pursuant to the provisions of the Israeli tax law (which may be reduced under the provisions of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Israel with respect to Taxes on Income), which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are required to comply with rules and regulations to satisfy our reporting obligations in connection with Arko Holdings’ Bonds (Series C) that trade on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”), and failure to comply with such rules may lead investors to lose confidence in Arko Holdings’ financial data, which could negatively impact us.

Arko Holdings is subject to the reporting requirements of the ISL so long as Arko Holdings’ Bonds (Series C) trade on the TASE. A significant change in the reporting requirements to which Arko Holdings is subject in Israel could result in substantial legal, accounting and other costs, and be burdensome on our personnel, systems and internal resources. We devote significant resources to address reporting and compliance requirements under Israeli law; however, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy such requirements in the future. Our failure to comply with such requirements may lead investors to lose confidence in Arko Holdings’ financial data, which could negatively impact us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation designates specific courts as the exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us.

Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claim for (1) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (2) any action asserting a claim of or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of ours to us or our stockholders; (3) any action asserting a claim pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; or (4) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine (the “Delaware Forum Provision”). The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court in Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (the “Federal Forum Provision”). In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

Risks Related to Our Securities

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which is likely to negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in our implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing conducted by us, or any testing conducted by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which is likely to negatively affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

We are required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires management to certify the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(a) requires that, beginning with our second annual report following the Business Combination, management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) requires the independent registered public accounting firm to issue a report annually that addresses the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our first Section 404(a) and 404(b) assessment is expected to take place for the annual report for the year ending December 31, 2021.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly.

The stock markets, including Nasdaq and the TASE, on which we list our common stock have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if an active, liquid and orderly trading market develops and is sustained for our common stock, the market price of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the market price of our common stock as of the date of this prospectus. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

•

the realization of any of the risk factors presented in this prospectus;

•

actual or anticipated differences in our estimates, or in the estimates of analysts, for our revenues, results of operations, level of indebtedness, liquidity or financial condition;

•

additions and departures of key personnel;

•

failure to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq or the TASE;

•

failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other laws or regulations;

•

future issuances, sales or resales, or anticipated issuances, sales or resales, of our common stock;

•

publication of research reports about us, our sites or the convenience store industry generally;

•

the performance and market valuations of other similar companies;

•

broad disruptions in the financial markets, including sudden disruptions in the credit markets;

•

speculation in the press or investment community;

•

actual, potential or perceived control, accounting or reporting problems; and

•

changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines.

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research or cease publishing research about us or the convenience store industry, our share price and trading volume could decline significantly.

The market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business or our industry. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the market price and liquidity for our common stock could be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade their opinions about our common stock,

publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, or cease publishing about us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our share price and trading volume to decline significantly. Additionally, if securities or industry analysts publish negative information regarding the industry generally or certain competitors of ours, this may affect the market price of all stocks in our sector, even if unrelated to our performance.

Future issuances of debt securities and/or equity securities may adversely affect us, including the market price of our common stock, and may be dilutive to existing stockholders.

In the future, we may incur debt and/or issue equity ranking senior to our common stock. Those securities will generally have priority upon liquidation. Such securities also may be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock. Because our decision to issue debt and/or equity in the future will depend, in part, on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of our future capital raising efforts. As a result, future capital raising efforts may reduce the market price of our common stock and be dilutive to existing stockholders.

Certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation may limit stockholders’ ability to affect a change in management or control.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation includes certain provisions which may have the effect of delaying or preventing a future takeover or change in control that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for a classified board of directors serving staggered terms of three years. Our equity plans and our officers’ employment agreements provide certain rights to plan participants and those officers, respectively, in the event of a change in control. For more information, see “Description of Securities.”

In the foreseeable future, we plan to reinvest all of our earnings and do not plan to pay dividends on our common stock.

In the foreseeable future, we plan to reinvest all of our earnings in order to pursue our business plan, cover operating costs and otherwise remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our common stock in the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to our stockholders as a dividend. Therefore, investors should not expect to receive cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, any potential future dividends paid by GPM will partially flow through an Israeli company to us. As a result, the potential future dividends flowing through an Israeli company may be subject to Israeli tax liabilities, including withholding tax liabilities, thus reducing the earnings available to pay cash dividends.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

Our common stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively. If Nasdaq delists our shares and/or warrants from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

•

a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

•

a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for shares of our common stock;

•

a limited amount of analyst coverage; and

•

a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

While our common stock is listed on the TASE, there is no guarantee as to how long such listing will be maintained.

While our common stock is listed on the TASE pursuant to Chapter E’3 of the ISL, we shall have the exclusive right to delist our securities from the TASE, provided we furnish notice thereof three months in advance of such delisting. If our common stock is delisted as aforesaid, some holders of the common stock that is traded on the TASE may be required or will choose to sell their stock, which could result in a decline in the market price of the common stock and could have a material adverse effect on us.

USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the common stock and Private Warrants offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

We will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $57 million from the exercise of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants for cash. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants for general corporate purposes. We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercise of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants. There is no assurance that the holders of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of such Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants. To the extent that the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the Private Warrants and New Ares Warrants will decrease.

DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

The offering price of the shares of common stock underlying the Warrants offered hereby is determined by reference to the exercise price of the Warrants of $11.50 per share. The Public Warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARKOW.”

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which shares of our common stock or the Private Warrants may be sold by the Selling Securityholders under this prospectus.

MARKET INFORMATION FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Market Information

Our common stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively. Our common stock is currently also listed on the TASE under the symbol “ARKO.” Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, our common stock and our Public Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “HYAC” and “HYACW,’ respectively. As of January 12, 2021, there were 18 holders of record of our common stock and 4 holders of record of our Warrants. We currently do not intend to list the Private Warrants offered hereby on any stock exchange or stock market.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on the common stock to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, in order to pursue our business plan, cover operating costs and otherwise remain competitive, and have no current plans to pay cash dividends on the common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of the common stock in the foreseeable future.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table contains information as of December 31, 2020 with respect to compensation plans under which any of our equity securities are authorized for issuance. This table includes information as of December 31, 2020 with respect to our equity securities under the ARKO Corp. 2020 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2020 Plan”), which was approved by our stockholders in connection with the Business Combination and is our only equity compensation plan.


	Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights			Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
		(a)			(b)		(c)
Equity compensation plans approved by securityholders		435,899	(1)	$	—		12,413,166
Equity compensation plans not approved by securityholders		—			—		—

Total		435,899		$	—		12,413,166

(1)	Represents shares of common stock held by a trustee in order to receive favorable tax treatment under Israel laws in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Israeli Appendix attached to the 2020 Plan.

SELECTED HISTORICAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Prior to the closing of the Business Combination, Arko Holdings held a majority of the outstanding equity of GPM, which is the entity responsible for operating the business of the Company described in this prospectus. Following the closing of the Business Combination, both Arko Holdings and GPM became our indirect wholly owned subsidiaries.

The following table contains selected historical consolidated financial data for Arko Holdings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015. The financial data as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Arko Holdings included elsewhere in this prospectus. The financial data as of September 30, 2020 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 have been derived from the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Arko Holdings included elsewhere in this prospectus. The financial data as of December 31, 2017 have been derived from the audited financial statements not included in this prospectus. The financial data as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 have been derived from the consolidated financial statements of Arko Holdings that are unaudited for purposes of US GAAP as presented below, not included in this prospectus. Results from interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year and historical results are not indicative of the results to be expected in the future. The information below is only a summary and should be read in conjunction with the information contained under the headings “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and in Arko Holdings’ audited consolidated financial statements and unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

As explained elsewhere in this prospectus, the financial information contained in this section relates to Arko Holdings, prior to and without giving pro forma effect to the impact of the Business Combination and, as a result, the results reflected in this section may not be indicative of the results of the post-combination company going forward. See the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information” included elsewhere in this prospectus.


	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,					Year ended December 31,
	2020		2019			2020		2019			2019			2018		2017			2016		2015
	(in thousands, except per share data)
*Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:*
Total revenues	$	960,078	$	1,104,295		$	2,674,233	$	3,116,695		$	4,128,690		$	4,064,883	$	3,041,134		$	2,220,647	$	1,967,628
Operating income (loss)		32,114		11,564			71,840		8,659			1,324			35,913		20,933			21,464		18,408
Net income (loss)		17,157		(5,014	)		36,809		(27,192	)		(47,162	)		23,464		739			7,837		3,879
Net earnings (loss) per share—basic and diluted	$	0.01	$	(0.01	)	$	0.03	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.06	)	$	0.01	$	(0.01	)	$	0.00	$	0.00


			As of December 31,
	As of September 30, 2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	165,785	$	32,117	$	29,891	$	35,215	$	41,036	$	11,212
Total current assets		419,815		290,111		271,859		248,276		208,911		143,412
Total assets		1,918,972		1,847,365		1,028,011		814,922		730,928		417,583
Long-term debt, net		318,667		218,680		180,605		134,873		154,352		102,165

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Capitalized terms used in this section of the prospectus and not defined in this section of the prospectus have the respective meanings given to those terms as defined and included elsewhere in this prospectus. Terms specifically defined in this section have such meanings for purposes of this section of this prospectus. In particular, in this section of the prospectus, the term “Arko” refers to Arko Holdings Ltd. The term “New Parent Common Stock” refers to the common stock of ARKO Corp. (i.e. New Parent).

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are based on the historical consolidated financial statements of Haymaker, Arko and Empire as adjusted to give effect to:

•

the reverse recapitalization by Arko of New Parent and Haymaker (the “Business Combination”);

•

Arko’s acquisition of the Empire business (the “Acquisition”); and

•

Related financing transactions.

The transactions above are collectively referred to as the “Transactions.” The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 assumes that the Transactions were completed on September 30, 2020. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019 give pro forma effect to the Transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2019.

The assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited adjustments to the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are described in the accompanying notes, which should be read in conjunction with the following included elsewhere in this prospectus:

•

Haymaker’s unaudited condensed financial statements and related notes as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

•

Arko’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

•

Empire’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

•

Haymaker’s audited financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019.

•

Arko’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019.

•

Empire’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2019.

•

“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Certain direct and incremental costs related to the Business Combination were recorded as a reduction against additional-paid-in-capital, consistent with the accounting for reverse recapitalizations. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements do not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies or cost savings that may be associated with the Transactions.

The unaudited condensed combined pro forma adjustments reflecting the consummation of the Transactions are based on certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are based on information available as of the dates of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and may be revised as additional information becomes available. Therefore, it is likely that the actual adjustments will differ from the pro forma adjustments and it is possible the difference may be material.

Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II

Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (“Haymaker”) was a blank check company that was incorporated on February 13, 2019 and formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, amalgamation, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. Until the closing of the Business Combination on December 22, 2020 (the Closing Date”), Haymaker was an “emerging growth company” as defined in section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Based on its business activities, until the Closing Date Haymaker was a “shell company” as defined under the Exchange Act because it had no operations and nominal assets consisting almost entirely of cash.

Arko Holdings Ltd.

Arko Holdings Ltd. (“Arko”) is a company incorporated in Israel whose main activity as of September 30, 2020 was, and currently is, holding, through fully owned and controlled subsidiaries, controlling rights in GPM Investments, LLC. Until the Closing Date, Arko was a public company, whose securities were listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Ltd. Following the Closing Date, Arko is a private company which is a “Reporting Company” because its bonds are listed for trading on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. Arie Kotler, director and Chief Executive Officer of Arko, had until the Closing Date an approximately 33% ownership stake in Arko, with the remaining shares owned until the Closing Date by Morris Willner (approximately 31%) and other public Arko shareholders (approximately 36%). Following the Closing Date, all of Arko shares are owned by a fully owned subsidiary of New Parent.

GPM Investments, LLC

GPM Investments, LLC (“GPM”) is a Delaware limited liability company formed on June 12, 2002 and is engaged directly and through fully owned and controlled subsidiaries (directly or indirectly) in retail activity which includes the operations of a chain of convenience stores, most of which include adjacent gas stations, and in wholesale activity which includes the supply of fuel to gas stations operated by third parties. As of September 30, 2020, GPM’s activity included the self-operation of approximately 1,250 sites and the supply of fuel to 139 gas stations operated by external operators (dealers), all in 23 states in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, Northeastern, Southeastern and Southwestern United States. GPM is the seventh largest convenience store chain in the United States. Arko owns approximately 68% of GPM and the remaining approximately 32% was held until the Closing Date by Davidson Kempner Capital Management LP, Harvest Partners SCF, L.P and Ares Capital Corporation and certain funds managed or controlled by Ares Capital Management (together “GPM Minority Investors”). Following the Closing Date, the GPM Minority Investors’ stake in GPM is held indirectly by New Parent.

Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC

Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC and its subsidiaries (“Empire”) was formed on June 15, 2011 as a Delaware limited liability company and commenced operations on July 7, 2011 when it acquired substantially all of the assets and liabilities of Empire Petroleum Holdings, LLC. Empire was one of the largest and most geographically diversified independent wholesale distributors of motor fuel in the United States. Empire’s motor fuel distribution network served retail fuel outlets primarily in its four core markets of the Southwest, East, North and Central regions of the United States.

Description of the Business Combination

Haymaker, New Parent, Merger Sub I, Merger Sub II, and Arko entered into the Business Combination Agreement, pursuant to which, on the Closing Date, Arko and Haymaker became wholly owned subsidiaries of New Parent. The consideration payable under the Business Combination Agreement to the shareholders of Arko

consisted of $717,273,400 in a combination of cash and shares of New Parent (as further explained below) and the stockholders and warrantholders of Haymaker received shares and warrants of New Parent. On the Closing Date, (i) Merger Sub I merged with and into Haymaker, with Haymaker surviving the First Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of New Parent (ii) Merger Sub II merged with and into Arko, with Arko surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of New Parent.

In connection with the Business Combination Agreement, New Parent, Haymaker, and the GPM Minority Investors entered into the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement. The GPM Equity Purchase Agreement resulted in New Parent purchasing from the GPM Minority Investors, directly or indirectly, all of their (a) membership interests in GPM, (b) warrants, options or other rights to purchase or otherwise acquire securities of GPM, equity appreciation rights or profits interests relating to GPM, and (c) obligations, evidences of indebtedness or other securities or interests, but only to the extent convertible or exchange into securities described in clauses (a) or (b) including its membership interests (the “Equity Securities”). In exchange for such Equity Securities, the GPM Minority Investors received shares of New Parent Common Stock and the warrants of GPM held by Ares were exchanged for new warrants of New Parent (“New Ares Warrants”).

In connection with the Business Combination, New Parent entered into a subscription agreement with certain investors (collectively, the “PIPE Investors”) on November 18, 2020 (the “Subscription Agreement”) pursuant to which, among other things, the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and New Parent agreed to issue and sell to such investors, up to 1,000,000 shares of New Parent’s Series A convertible preferred stock, par value 0.0001 per share (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock” and the “PIPE Investment”). The shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock sold in connection with the PIPE Investment was issued at a price per share of $100.00. The closing of the PIPE Investment occurred on the Closing Date.

The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under the scope of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, Haymaker, New Parent and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are collectively treated as the “acquired” company and Arko is considered the accounting acquiror for accounting purposes. The Business Combination is treated as the equivalent of Arko issuing stock for the net assets of Haymaker, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Arko and Haymaker are stated at historical cost. No goodwill or intangible assets are expected to be recorded in connection with the Business Combination.

Arko has been determined to be the accounting acquirer based on an evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

•

New Parent’s senior management is comprised of the senior management of Arko and GPM with Arko’s and GPM’s CEO being the Chairman and CEO of New Parent;

•

The shareholders of Arko and the Minority Investors combined collectively have the greatest voting interest in New Parent;

•

New Parent’s board of directors consist of six directors, four of which were designated by Arko, two designated by Haymaker, and one which will be mutually agreed upon by Arko and Haymaker;

•

Arko and its consolidated subsidiaries comprise the ongoing operations of New Parent;

•

Arko is larger in relative size than Haymaker; and

•

New Parent’s headquarters are that of GPM, a controlled subsidiary of Arko consisting of a majority of Arko’s operations.

As consideration for the Business Combination, the Arko shareholders received up to $717.3 million in a combination of New Parent Common Stock and cash (and were given an option of three separate payout methods as detailed below) (the “Gross Consideration Value”) and the GPM Minority Investors received $337.7 million in New Parent Common Stock, for a total purchase consideration of $1.055 billion.

1. Option A (Stock Consideration): The number of shares validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable shares of New Parent Common Stock equal to the quotient of (i) such holder’s portion of the Gross Consideration Value divided by (ii) $10.00.

2. Option B (Mixed Consideration): (A) a cash amount equal to 10% of such holder’s portion of the gross Consideration Value (the “Cash Option B Amount”) plus (B) the number of validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable shares of New Parent Common Stock equal to (i) such holder’s portion of the Gross Consideration Value divided by $10.00, minus (ii) such holder’s Cash Option B Amount divided by $8.50.

3. Option C (Mixed Consideration): (A) a cash amount equal to 20.913% of such holder’s portion of the Gross Consideration Value (the “Cash Option C Amount”) plus (B) the number of validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable shares of New Parent Common Stock equal to (i) such holder’s portion of the Gross Consideration Value divided by $10.00, minus (ii) such holders Cash Option C Amount divided by $8.50.

The equity holders of Arko received an aggregate of 65,208,698 shares of New Parent Common Stock and approximately $55.4 million in cash. In addition, each holder of Arko Ordinary Shares received a pro rata cash payment, in the form of additional merger consideration in an amount of $0.0706 per share (a total of approximately $58.7 million).

The consideration reflected below reflects the results of actual options elected by the Arko shareholders.

Arko and the Sponsor entered into an amendment to the Business Combination Agreement, pursuant to which Sponsor agreed, among other things, that, at the closing of the Business Combination, Sponsor’s 10.0 million shares of Haymaker’s Class B common stock were converted into 5.8 million shares of New Parent Common Stock (1.0 million of such shares were forfeited) and 4.2 million deferred shares of New Parent Common Stock, of which 4 million shall be issuable contingent upon New Parent’s share price exceeding certain thresholds, as described below, and 200 thousand will be issued subject to the number of incremental shares issued (“Bonus Shares”) to the holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock not being higher than an amount determined (collectively “Sponsor Promote Shares”). Sponsor also agreed to forfeit 2.0 million New Parent Warrants.

Holders will be entitled to Bonus Shares upon any optional conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock by the holder for which notice of conversion is provided after June 1, 2027, but prior to August 31, 2027. Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be convertible into the specified number of Bonus Shares set forth in the table below if the New Parent Common Stock’s volume weighted average price (the “VWAP”) for the 30-trading days prior to June 1, 2027, is equal to the corresponding amount set forth in the table below.


30-Day VWAP	Bonus Shares
$18.00 or greater		Zero shares
$17.00 to $17.99		0.7 shares
$16.00 to $16.99		0.95 shares
$13.00 to $15.99		1.2 shares
$12.00 to $12.99		1.0 shares
Less than $12.00		Zero shares

If holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are issued Bonus Shares (i) in an aggregate amount in excess of 1,000,000 shares in respect of a 30-Day VWAP of $13.00 to $15.99, (ii) in an aggregate amount in excess of 750,000 shares in respect of a 30-Day VWAP of $16.00 to $16.99, or (iii) in an aggregate amount in excess of 500,000 shares in respect of a 30-Day VWAP of $17.00 to $17.99 (such excess shares, the “Excess Bonus Shares”) then the number of deferred shares to be released to the Sponsor will be reduced by the number of Excess Bonus Shares issued. Upon the occurrence of any event that precludes all or a portion of the Excess

Bonus Shares from being issued (a “Bonus Share Release Event”), New Parent will issue to the Sponsor an aggregate number of deferred shares equal to the number of Excess Bonus Shares that are no longer issuable as a result of such Bonus Share Release Event.

As part of the GPM Minority Investor acquisition, Ares has a right to require New Parent to purchase the shares of New Parent Common Stock received by Ares pursuant to the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement (the “Ares Shares”) at a price (the “Put Price”) of $12.935 per share (as adjusted pursuant to the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement). New Parent will have the option to either purchase the Ares Shares for cash, or in lieu of such purchase, New Parent may issue additional shares of New Parent Common Stock (the “Additional Shares”) to Ares in an amount sufficient so that the value of the Ares Shares and the Additional Shares, and any dividends, distributions, or other payments received in respect of the Ares Shares or Ares’ membership interest in GPM collectively equal $27,294,053. This price protection is a form of contingent consideration and will be accounted for under the scope of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification 815 (“ASC 815”), Derivatives and Hedging, in accordance with US GAAP.

On December 17, 2020, GPM entered into the Class A Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Class A Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement”), with AIM Investment Funds (Invesco Investment Funds) (“AIM”), on behalf of its series Invesco SteelPath MLP Select 40 Fund (“Select 40 Fund”) and AIM Investment Funds (Invesco Investment Funds), on behalf of its series Invesco SteelPath MLP Income Fund (“Income Fund”). Pursuant to the terms of the Class A Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement, GPM purchased from the third-party limited partners the following partnership units in GPM Petroleum LP (“GPMP”): (i) 2,000,000 Class A preferred units (“Class A Units”) from Select 40 Fund (the “Select 40 Fund Units”) and (ii) 1,500,000 Class A Units from Income Fund (the “Income Fund Units” and, together with the Select 40 Fund Units, the “Class A Purchased Units”). The Class A Purchased Units represent approximately 14.52% of GPMP’s interests. The Class A Purchased Units were acquired for $20.00 per Class A Unit plus consideration for the amount of outstanding distributions not yet distributed in the aggregate amount of approximately $70 million. The consideration amount was approximately equal to the amount in which, commencing from January 2021, GPM was entitled to acquire the Class A Purchased Units, in accordance with the provisions which have been included in GPMP’s limited partnership agreement since the date of the third-party limited partners investment in GPMP.

On December 18, 2020, GPM entered into the Class AQ Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Class AQ Unit Purchase Agreement”) with Fuel USA, LLC (“Fuel USA”). Pursuant to the terms of the Class AQ Unit Purchase Agreement, GPM purchased 843,750 Class AQ units (“Class AQ Units”) of GPMP from Fuel USA (the “Fuel Purchased Interest”). The Class AQ Units were acquired for $20.00 per Class AQ Unit plus consideration for the amount of outstanding distributions not yet distributed in the aggregate amount of approximately $17 million in cash (the “Fuel Purchase Price”). Pursuant to the terms of the Class AQ Unit Purchase Agreement, immediately following receipt of the Fuel Purchase Price, Fuel USA used the proceeds to purchase shares of Haymaker Class A Common Stock in privately-negotiated transactions (such shares, the “Fuel Shares”) at a purchase price of $10.13 per share. Upon consummation of the Business Combination, each Fuel Share automatically converted into one share of New Parent Common Stock.

On December 18, 2020, GPM entered into the Class X Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Class X Unit Purchase Agreement”) with Riiser Fuels, LLC (“Riiser”). Pursuant to the terms of the Class X Unit Purchase Agreement, GPM purchased 243,800 Class X units (“Class X Units”) of GPMP from Riiser (the “Riiser Purchased Interest”). The Class X Units were acquired for $43.36 per Class X Unit plus consideration for the amount of outstanding distributions not yet distributed in the aggregate amount of approximately $10.7 million (the “Riiser Purchase Price”). Pursuant to the terms of the Class X Unit Purchase Agreement, immediately following receipt of the Riiser Purchase Price, Riiser used the proceeds to purchase shares of Haymaker Class A Common Stock in privately-negotiated transactions (such shares, the “Riiser Shares”) at a purchase price of $10.13 per share. Upon consummation of the Business Combination, each Riiser Share automatically converted into one share of New Parent Common Stock. Following the acquisition, Riiser will continue to hold 69,188 in Class X Units, representing 0.29% of the partnership interest in GPMP, which are pledged to GPM to secure certain indemnification obligations granted to GPM by Riiser.

The consideration tables below reflect the actual consideration paid based on Arko Shareholder option elections, excluding the contingent consideration applicable to the Ares GPM Minority Investor (in thousands):


Cash Paid to Arko shareholders per elections	$	55,377
Equity Issuance to Arko shareholders, $10/share		652,087
Equity issuance to GPM Minority Investors		337,727

Total Consideration	$	1,045,191

In addition, in accordance to the Business Combination, Arko’s shareholders received, as additional Merger Consideration, a cash amount of $58,729.

The consummation of the business combination was conditioned upon, among other things, availability of at least $275.0 million of cash in the Haymaker trust account, after giving effect to redemptions, other Haymaker cash held outside of the trust and the PIPE Investment. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared based on the actual redemptions.

The following summarizes the pro forma common shares outstanding as of the Closing Date based on the actual share option selected by the Arko shareholders and actual redemptions (in thousands):


	Shares		%
Haymaker Initial Shareholders		4,800		4	%
Haymaker Public Shareholders		20,350		16	%

Total Haymaker		25,150		20	%
Arko shareholders		65,209		53	%
GPM Minority Investors		33,773		27	%

Total Shares at Closing		124,132		100	%

The number of shares and percentage interests set forth above do not take into account (i) potential future exercises of New Parent Warrants or Ares warrants or (ii) 4,200,000 deferred shares of New Parent Common Stock, in the aggregate, that are issuable to the Sponsor upon the occurrence of certain events under the Business Combination Agreement and (iii) potential future conversion of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

Description of the Acquisition

Following a purchase agreement entered into on December 17, 2019 (the “Purchase Agreement”) between a fully owned subsidiary of GPM, GPMP and unrelated third parties (the “Sellers”), on October 6, 2020 (the “Empire Closing Date”), the Acquisition closed for the purchase of (i) the Sellers’ wholesale business of supplying fuel which included 1,453 gas stations operated by others (dealers) and (ii) 84 self-operated convenience stores and gas stations.

As part of the Acquisition, on the Empire Closing Date, the Sellers: (i) sold to GPMP the rights according to agreements with fuel suppliers and all of the rights to supply fuel to 1,537 sites; (ii) sold to a subsidiary of GPM the fee simple ownership rights in 64 sites; (iii) assigned to various of GPM’s subsidiaries leases of 132 sites (including two vacant parcels and one non-operating site); (iv) leased to certain of GPM’s subsidiaries 34 sites (including one vacant parcel) that are valued at approximately $60 million that are owned by the Sellers; and (v) sold and assigned to various of GPM’s subsidiaries and GPMP the equipment, inventory, agreements, intangible assets and other rights with regard to the wholesale and retail businesses acquired (collectively, the “Acquired Operations”).

The consideration to the Sellers for the Acquired Operations, based on the Purchase Agreement and an amendment dated October 5, 2020 (the “Amendment”), was as follows:

•

The consideration paid to the Sellers on the Empire Closing Date, after adjustments according to the Amendment, totaled approximately $353 million, and in addition, approximately $11.5 million was

paid for the cash and inventory in the stores, net of deposit amounts and other collateral provided by the dealers, as of the Empire Closing Date (collectively, the “Empire Closing Consideration”). The Empire Closing Consideration is subject to post-closing adjustments.

•

On each of the first five anniversaries of the Empire Closing Date, the Sellers will be paid an amount of $4.0 million (total of $20.0 million, instead of $4.5 million and a total of $22.5 million prior to the Amendment) (the “Empire Additional Consideration”). If the Sellers will be entitled to amounts on account of the Empire Contingent Consideration (as defined below), these amounts will initially be applied to accelerate payments on account of the Empire Additional Consideration.

•

An amount of up to $45.0 million (instead of up to a total of $42.5 million prior to the Amendment) (the “Empire Contingent Consideration”) will be paid to the Sellers according to mechanisms set forth in the Purchase Agreement, with regard to the occurrence of the following events during the five years from the Closing Date (the “Earnout Period”): (i) sale and lease to third parties or transfer to self-operation by GPM of sites which leases to third parties expired or are scheduled to expire during the Earnout Period, (ii) renewal of agreements with dealers at sites not leased or owned by GPM which agreements expired or are scheduled to expire during the Earnout Period, (iii) improvement in the terms of the agreements with fuel suppliers (with regard to the Acquired Operations and/or GPM’s sites as of the Empire Closing Date), (iv) improvement in the terms of the agreements with transportation companies (with regard to the Acquired Operations and/or GPM’s sites as of the Empire Closing Date), and (v) the closing of additional wholesale transactions that the Sellers has engaged in prior to the Empire Closing Date. The measurement and payment of the Contingent Consideration will be made once a year.

$350 million of the Empire Closing Consideration was paid by use of the Capital One Line of Credit as defined in Arko’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (“Arko’s interim financial statements”). In addition, on the Empire Closing Date, in accordance with the Ares Credit Agreement as described in Arko’s interim financial statements, the Delayed Term Loan A in an amount of $63 million was provided to GPM, and was used for the payment of the balance of the Empire Closing Consideration and is to be used by GPM to finance working capital, other payments related to the Acquisition, including payments on account of the Empire Additional Consideration and the Empire Contingent Consideration, at GPM’s discretion.

The Acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. As the acquirer for accounting purposes, GPM has estimated the fair value of Empire’s assets acquired and liabilities assumed and conformed the accounting policies of Empire to its own accounting policies.

ARKO CORP.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

As of September 30, 2020

(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share data)


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)		ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)		Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)		Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	227	$	165,785	$	15,010	$	404,787	2a	$	29,997	3a	$	269,252
								(10,000	) 2e
								(14,281	) 2e, 2m
								(58,729	) 2k
								(55,377	) 2f
								(209,252	) 2l
								100,000	2m
								(98,915	) 2n
Restricted cash with respect to the Arko’s bonds		—		648		—		—			—			648
Restricted cash		—		13,950		—		—			—			13,950
Trade receivables, net		—		21,376		36,492		—			(36,492	) 3c		21,376
Inventory		—		146,164		15,067		—			(2,001	) 3b		159,230
Prepaid income taxes		84		—		—		—			—			84
Other current assets		114		71,892		10,664		—			(4,173	) 3b, 3c		78,497

Total current assets		425		419,815		77,233		58,233			(12,669	)		543,037
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net		—		364,463		146,592		—			(14,135	) 3d		496,920
Right-of-use assets under operating leases		—		760,346		—		—			224,422	3e		984,768
Right-of-use assets under financing leases, net		—		170,024		—		—			—			170,024
Goodwill		—		133,952		47,487		—			(14,210	) 3f		167,229
Intangible assets, net		—		18,770		71,584		—			143,257	3g		233,611
Restricted investments		—		31,825		—		—			—			31,825
Non-current restricted cash with respect to the Arko’s bonds		—		1,498		—		—			—			1,498
Non-current restricted cash		—		—		915		—			(915	) 3c		—
Equity investment		—		3,345		—		—			—			3,345
Deferred tax assets		20		—		—		—			—			20
Investments and cash held in Trust Account		405,030		—		—		(404,787	) 2a		—			—
								(243	) 2a


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)		ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)		Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)		Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
Other non-current assets		—		14,934		20,866		(4,029	) 2e		(20,866	) 3c		9,810
											1,098	3b
											(2,193	) 3h
Deferred financing costs, net		—		—		1,786		—			(1,786	) 3h		—
Notes receivable, noncurrent		—		—		364		—			(364	) 3c		—

Total assets	$	405,475	$	1,918,972	$	366,827	$	(350,826	)	$	301,639		$	2,642,087

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Long-term debt, current portion		—		17,655		—		—			608	3h		18,263
Accounts payable		—		126,449		37,690		—			(37,690	) 3c		126,449
Fuel taxes payable		—		—		8,648		—			(8,648	) 3c		—
Contingent and future consideration		—		—		—		—			9,363	3k		9,363
Other current liabilities		3,320		85,131		13,560		(3,320	) 2e		(13,560	) 3c		89,689
								3,000	2e		2,558	3b		—
								(1,000	) 2e
Operating leases, current portion		—		36,164		—		—			9,923	3e		46,087
Financing leases, current portion		—		7,254		—		—			—			7,254

Total current liabilities		3,320		272,653		59,898		(1,320	)		(37,446	)		297,105
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt, net		—		318,667		226,246		—			181,658	3h		726,571
Asset retirement obligation		—		37,683		—		—			16,013	3i		53,696
Operating leases		—		788,569		—		—			205,746	3e		994,315
Financing leases		—		197,964		—		—			—			197,964
Deferred tax liability		—		3,936		—		—			—			3,936
Other non-current liabilities		—		43,157		25,058		8,564	2j		(25,058	) 3c		54,654
											2,933	3b
Contingent and future consideration		—		—		—		—			14,933	3k		14,933
Deferred underwriter compensation		15,000		—		—		(15,000	) 2e		—			—

Total liabilities		18,320		1,662,629		311,202		(7,756	)		358,779			2,343,174


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)		ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)			Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)		Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
Commitments
Common stock subject to possible redemption 37,736,854 shares at redemption value as of September 30, 2020		382,155		—			—		(382,155	) 2b		—			—
Series A Convertible Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized		—		—			—		96,881	2m, 2e		—			96,881

Stockholder’s equity:
Stockholder’s equity		—		2,930			—		(2,930	) 2h		—			—
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value		—		—			—		13	2b, 2d, 2f, 2g, 2l		—			13
Class B convertible common stock, $0.0001 par value		1		—			—		(1	) 2d		—			—
Members equity		—		—			55,625		—			(55,625	) 3j		—
Additional paid-in capital		4,307		112,831			—		382,151	2b		—			217,560
									692	2c
									10,383	2e
									(22,574	) 2e
									(10	) 2g
									2,930	2h
									83,693	2i
									(58,729	) 2k
									(8,564	) 2j
									(55,377	) 2f
									(209,250	) 2l
									(24,923	) 2n
Accumulated other comprehensive income		—		4,918			—		—			—			4,918
Non-controlling interest		—		157,900			—		(83,693	) 2i		—			215
									(73,992	) 2n
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)		692		(22,236	)		—		(692	) 2c		(1,515	) 3a		(21,005	)
									(243	) 2a
									3,320	2e

Total equity		5,000		256,343			55,625		(57,796	)		(57,140	)		202,032

Total liabilities and equity	$	405,475	$	1,918,972		$	366,827	$	(350,826	)	$	301,639		$	2,642,087

ARKO CORP.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020

(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share data)


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)			ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)			Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)			Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	—		$	1,510,491		$	1,105,626		$	—		$	(1,979	) 5b	$	2,614,138
Merchandise revenue		—			1,119,041			73,459			—			(1,236	) 5b		1,191,264
Other revenues, net		—			44,701			9,361			—			1,216	5b		55,278

Total revenues		—			2,674,233			1,188,446			—			(1,999	)		3,860,680
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		—			1,279,067			1,017,230			—			(2,172	) 5b		2,294,125
Merchandise costs		—			814,524			53,339			—			(658	) 5b		867,205
Store operating expenses		—			386,633			7,047			—			47,696	5b		445,663
								—						4,287	5a
General and administrative		—			64,823			—			(387	) 4b		18,399	5b		81,933
								—						115	5c
								—						(1,017	) 5d
Selling, general and administrative expenses		—			—			66,396			—			(66,396	) 5b		—
Depreciation and amortization		—			50,056			24,905			—			735	5e		75,696
Operating costs and formation costs		4,157			—			—			(3,325	) 4f		—			832

Total operating expenses		4,157			2,595,103			1,168,917			(3,712	)		989			3,765,454

Other expenses (income), net		—			7,290			(3,716	)		—			(65	) 5b		3,509

Operating (loss) income		(4,157	)		71,840			23,245			3,712			(2,923	)		91,717

Interest and other financial income		2,176			980			—			(2,176	) 4a		—			980
Interest and other financial expenses		—			(30,405	)		(11,898	)		—			(1,915	) 5f		(44,572	)
								—						(354	) 5g
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities held in Trust Account		(43	)		—			—			43 4a			—			—


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)			ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)			Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)			Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
(Loss) income before income taxes		(2,024	)		42,415			11,347			1,579			(5,192	)		48,125
Income tax (expense) benefit		(282	)		(5,171	)		(115	)		(4,396	) 4d		1,439 5c			(8,525	)
Loss from equity investment		—			(435	)		—			—			—			(435	)

Net (loss) income	$	(2,306	)	$	36,809		$	11,232		$	(2,817	)	$	(3,753	)	$	39,165

Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		—			15,682			—			(8,626	) 4c		—			20
											(7,036	) 4e

Net (loss) income attributable to ARKO Corp.	$	(2,306	)	$	21,127		$	11,232		$	12,845	4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e	$	(3,753	)	$	39,145

Weighted average shares outstanding, basic		11,901,065			803,027,000												124,131,655
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted		11,901,065			803,027,000												124,745,655
Basic net (loss) income per common share	$	(0.32	)	$	0.03											$	0.27
Diluted net (loss) income per common share	$	(0.32	)	$	0.03											$	0.27

ARKO CORP.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

For the year ended December 31, 2019

(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share data)


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)			ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)			Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)			Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	—		$	2,703,440		$	2,213,385		$	—		$	(2,783	) 5b	$	4,914,042
Merchandise revenue		—			1,375,438			97,725			—			(1,563	) 5b		1,471,600
Other revenues, net		—			49,812			12,907			—			1,682	5b		64,401

Total revenues		—			4,128,690			2,324,017			—			(2,664	)		6,450,043
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		—			2,482,472			2,107,366			—			(3,039	) 5b		4,586,799
Merchandise costs		—			1,002,922			70,389			—			(353	) 5b		1,072,958
Store operating expenses		—			506,524			8,222			—			66,568	5b		586,976
								—						5,662	5a
General and administrative		—			69,311			—			(516	) 4b		27,029	5b		93,699
								—						178	5c
								—						(2,303	) 5d
Selling, general and administrative expenses		—			—			93,799			—			(93,799	) 5b		—
Depreciation and amortization		—			62,404			30,980			—			3,206 5e			96,590
Operating costs and formation costs		568			—			—			—			—			568

Total operating expenses		568			4,123,633			2,310,756			(516	)		3,149			6,437,590

Other expenses (income), net		—			3,733			(811	)		—			1,515	5h		4,230
														(207	) 5b

Operating (loss) income		(568	)		1,324			14,072			516			(7,121	)		8,223

Interest and other financial income		4,312			1,451			—			(4,312	) 4a		—			1,451
Interest and other financial expenses		—			(43,263	)		(19,049	)		—			(5,425	) 5f		(68,182	)
														(445	) 5g
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities held in Trust Account		51			—			—			(51	) 4a		—			—


	Haymaker Acquisition Corp. II (Historical)			ARKO Holdings Ltd. (Historical)			Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC (Historical)			Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments			Acquisition Transaction Adjustments			Combined Pro Forma
Income (loss) before income taxes		3,795			(40,488	)		(4,977	)		(3,847	)		(12,991	)		(58,508	)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(797	)		(6,167	)		(178	)		1,911	4d		3,491	5c		(1,740	)
Loss from equity investment		—			(507	)		—			—			—			(507	)

Net income (loss)	$	2,998		$	(47,162	)	$	(5,155	)	$	(1,936	)	$	(9,500	)	$	(60,755	)

Less: Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests		—			(3,623	)		—			12,206	4c		—			25
											(8,558	) 4e

Net income (loss) attributable to ARKO Corp.	$	2,998		$	(43,539	)	$	(5,155	)	$	(5,584	) 4a, 4b,4c, 4d, 4e	$	(9,500	)	$	(60,780	)

Weighted average shares outstanding, basic		9,551,583			773,796,000												124,131,655
Weighted average shares outstanding, diluted		9,551,583			773,796,000												124,131,655
Basic net (loss) income per common share	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.06	)										$	(0.54	)
Diluted net (loss) income per common share	$	(0.03	)	$	(0.06	)										$	(0.54	)

Note 1. Basis of Pro Forma Presentation

The historical consolidated financial statements have been adjusted in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information to give effect to the Transactions accounting adjustments, which consist of those necessary to account for the Acquisition.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements have been prepared for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations and financial position would have been had the Transactions taken place on the dates indicated, nor do they purport to project the future consolidated results of operations or financial position of New Parent. They should be read in conjunction with the historical consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Haymaker, Arko and Empire.

There were no significant intercompany balances or transactions between Haymaker, Arko and Empire as of the date and for the period of these unaudited pro forma combined financial statements.

New Parent executed a new employment agreement with the Arie Kotler, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer effective as of the Closing Date. The executed employment agreement does not result in a pro forma adjustment as the salary remains the same and the other incentives are contingent upon future performance and other contingencies and are therefore, not factually supportable.

The pro forma combined provision for income taxes does not necessarily reflect the amounts that would have resulted had Haymaker, Arko and Empire filed consolidated income tax returns during the periods presented.

The pro forma basic and diluted earnings per share amounts presented in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations are based upon the number of New Parent’s shares outstanding as of the Closing Date, assuming the Transactions occurred on January 1, 2019.

Note 2. Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments

The pro forma Transactions adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 are as follows:

(a) Reflects the reclassification of $404.8 million of cash and cash equivalents held in Haymaker’s trust account as of the Closing Date used for transaction consideration, transaction expenses, redemption of public shares and the operating activities following the Business Combination. The adjustments include a net $0.2 million reduction of trust cash due to payment of certain operating expenses partially offset by interest earned subsequent to September 30, 2020 through the Closing Date.

(b) Represents the reclassification of $382.2 million of common stock previously subject to redemption to permanent equity.

(d) Reflects the conversion of Haymaker Class B common stock to the par account for Class A common stock.

(e) Reflects the total transaction costs of the transaction amounting to $41.7 million. The settlement of transaction costs is through a payment of $24.3 million in cash, a share issuance of $10.4 million, and an additional accrual of $3.0 million at close and $4.0 million that was previously paid or accrued. Of that amount, $10.0 million relates to the cash settlement of deferred underwriting compensation incurred as part of Haymaker’s IPO and paid upon the consummation of the Business Combination. The shares issued as payment have been reflected within additional paid in capital. Included within transaction costs are $3.1 million related to

PIPE issuance which have been directly offset against the proceeds received (see Note 2(m)). The remaining transaction costs include direct and incremental costs, such as legal, accounting, third party advisory, investment banking, and other miscellaneous fees. Additionally, the following have been reflected:

•

Reduction of $4.0 million of capitalized transaction costs of Arko offset to additional paid in capital as directly attributable to the transaction.

•

Reduction of $3.3 million of accrued liabilities of Haymaker related to accrued transaction costs paid at closing and offset to retained earnings.

•

Reduction of $1.0 million of accrued liabilities of Arko related to accrued transaction costs paid at closing and offset to additional paid in capital.

(f) Reflects the payment of $55.4 million of cash consideration paid to Arko shareholders in connection with the Business Combination.

(g) Reflects the issuance of 99.0 million shares as consideration to Arko shareholders and GPM Minority Investors at $0.0001 par value as consideration for the Business Combination.

(h) Reflects the recapitalization of Arko, including the reclassification of members’ equity to additional paid in capital.

(i) Reflects the reclassification of certain non-controlling interests to additional paid in capital resulting from the GPM Minority Investors acquisition. The non-controlling interest was initially accounted for under ASC 805-40-45 with the carrying amount of all non-controlling interests equaling the pre-combination carrying amounts. The acquisition of non-controlling interests associated with the GPM Minority Investors was accounted for in accordance with ASC 810-10-45 as a change in parent’s ownership interest without a change in control. As such, the amount of non-controlling interest reclassified to controlling interest is equal to the carrying amount of such interests.

(j) Reflects the bifurcation of an embedded derivative recorded for the Ares Put Option resulting from the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement. The embedded derivative has been evaluated under ASC 815 and has been determined to not be clearly and closely related to the host instrument as the embedded derivative (a put option) is determined to be debt like and the host instrument (Class A equity shares of New Parent is an equity instrument). Under ASC 815, the bifurcated derivative has been recorded at its fair value of $8.6 million based on a Monte Carlo pricing model assuming the transaction closed on September 30, 2020 and leveraged the closing share price as of that date.

The Monte Carlo pricing model used the following material assumptions based on observable and unobservable inputs:


Expected term (in years)		2.41
Volatility		34.1	%
Risk-free interest rate		0.14	%
Strike price	$	12.935

(k) Reflects a cash payment of $58.7 million to Arko shareholders as additional merger consideration. The amount of the payment is equal to the Company Cash Surplus of Arko as defined in the Business Combination Agreement.

(l) Reflects $209.3 million withdrawal of funds from the trust account to fund the redemption of 20.7 million shares of Haymaker common stock at approximately $10.12 per share as well as the corresponding decrease to common shares and additional paid in capital.

(m) Reflects the issuance of 1,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Convertible Stock at $0.0001 par for $100 million. The Series A Preferred Convertible Stock, among other things, are redeemable at the option of the holder in the future and as such, are classified as temporary equity in accordance with ASC 480. Total proceeds are partially offset by $3.1 million of issuance costs.

(n) Reflects the purchase of GPMP Class A, AQ and X Units by GPM from AIM, Fuel USA and Riiser respectively for a cash purchase price of $98.9 million. The Class A, AQ and X Units were historically reflected as noncontrolling interest on the Arko consolidated financial statements. Riiser will retain a 0.29% minority interest in GPMP through its Class X Units. The difference between cash paid and the carrying value will be adjusted through a decrease to additional paid in capital.

Note 3. Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet Acquisition Transaction Adjustments

Preliminary purchase price allocation

GPM has performed a preliminary valuation analysis of the fair market value of the assets and liabilities of the Acquired Operations. The following table summarizes the allocation of the preliminary purchase price as of the acquisition date (in thousands):


Cash	$	174
Inventory		13,066
Other current assets		6,491
Right-of-use assets under operating leases		224,422
Property and equipment		132,457
Identifiable intangible assets		214,841
Goodwill		33,277
Other non-current assets		1,098
Other current liabilities		(2,558	)
Other non-current liabilities		(2,933	)
Asset retirement obligation		(16,013	)
Operating leases—current portion		(9,923	)
Operating leases—non-current portion		(205,746	)

Total consideration allocated	$	388,653

The initial accounting treatment of the Empire Acquisition reflected in these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements is provisional. GPM has not yet finalized the initial accounting treatment of the business combination, and in this regard, has not completed the valuation of the consideration and some of the assets and liabilities acquired whose final valuation, if changed, may impact the goodwill recorded as a result from the acquisition, mainly due to the short period of time between the closing date of the Acquisition and filing date of the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements. Therefore, some of the fair value information is still provisional and changes may occur that will affect the information as included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements.

Transaction Adjustments

The pro forma transaction adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 are as follows:

(a)

Represents the following adjustments to cash (in thousands):


Payment of transaction costs incurred after September 30, 2020	$	(1,515	)
Cash received from Ares Delayed Term Loan A		63,000
Cash received from Capital One Line of Credit		350,000
Payment of deferred financing costs		(2,295	)
Empire closing cash consideration		(364,357	)
Empire’s cash not retained		(14,836	)

Pro forma transaction adjustment to cash and cash equivalents	$	29,997

(b)

Reflects the working capital and other adjustments based on the purchase price allocation as of the acquisition date as shown above.

(c)

Represents adjustments for assets and liabilities not acquired as part of the Acquisition such as accounts receivable, accounts payable, notes receivable, and other prepaid assets. Certain assets and liabilities were acquired as part of the Acquisition and recorded at fair value.

(d)

Reflects the adjustment to the basis in the acquired property and equipment to estimated fair value of $132.5 million. The fair value and useful life calculations are preliminary and subject to change after GPM finalizes its review of the specific types, nature, age, condition and location of Acquisition’s property and equipment.

(e)

Reflects the transition adjustment of the Acquisition to account for ASC 842 – Lease Accounting. In addition, simultaneously with the purchase, certain of GPM’s subsidiaries entered into lease agreements with the Sellers which are also reflected in this adjustment.

(f)

Reflects the adjustments to goodwill as follows (in thousands):


Remove Acquired Operations historical goodwill	$	(47,487	)
Record goodwill for Acquired Operations		33,277

Pro forma transaction adjustment to goodwill	$	(14,210	)

(g)

Removes Empire’s intangible assets reported on the historical balance sheet and establishes the new intangible assets to be recorded at fair value. As part of the preliminary valuation analysis, GPM identified favorable lease purchase options and fuel supply contracts intangible assets. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets was mainly determined using the “income approach,” which requires a forecast of all of the expected future cash flows and the sales comparison approach. The fair value and useful life calculations are preliminary and subject to change after GPM finalizes its review of the Acquisition and all relevant contracts and options.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the Acquisition’s identifiable intangible assets and their estimated useful lives (in thousands):


Intangible Asset	Estimated Fair Value			Estimated Useful Life in Years
Fuel supply contracts	$	191,000			12
Favorable lease purchase options		23,841			5

Fair value of intangible assets acquired	$	214,841
Remove historical intangible assets		(71,584	)

Pro forma transaction adjustment to intangible assets	$	143,257

(h)

$350 million of the Empire Closing Consideration was paid by use of the Capital One Line of Credit provided to GPMP and the Delayed Term Loan A in an amount of $63 million was provided to GPM, and was used for the payment of the balance of the Empire Closing Consideration. The Capital One Line of Credit and Ares Delayed Term Loan A bear variable interest of Libor and a spread of 3.25% and 4.75%, respectively. Debt issuance costs of $5.2 million were incurred. GPM did not legally assume Empire’s outstanding debt. The net increase to debt is reflected as follows (in thousands):


Borrowing under Capital One Line of Credit	$	350,000
Debt issuance costs (Line of Credit)		(2,193	)
Issuance of new Ares Delayed Term Loan A*		63,000
Debt issuance costs (Ares Delayed Term Loan A)		(2,295	)
Decrease for existing Acquisition long-term debt not assumed by GPM		(226,246	)

Pro forma adjustment to long-term debt, net (including current portion)	$	182,266

*	Includes $0.6 million of current portion of Delayed Term Loan A.

Also reflects the elimination of deferred financing costs of $1.8 million classified within non-current assets on the Empire historical balance sheet and the reclassification of the $2.2 million of debt issuance costs above out of non-current assets on the Arko historical balance sheet as these costs were incurred and capitalized as of September 30, 2020.

(i)

Reflects the asset retirement obligation as of the closing date at fair value of $16.0 million.

(j)

Represents the elimination of the historical equity of the Acquisition.

(k)

Reflects the fair value of the Empire Contingent Consideration and the Empire Additional Consideration as described above. Refer to the description of the Acquisition for additional information on the mechanics of the calculation.

Note 4. Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Operations Reverse Recapitalization Transaction Adjustments

The pro forma adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

(a) Represents the elimination of $2.2 million of interest income on Haymaker’s trust account for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 as well as other miscellaneous gains and losses on securities held within the trust.

(b) Reflects the elimination of compensation expense related to Arko’s restricted share units.

(c) Reflects the acquisition of the GPM Minority Investors’ interest in GPM whereby income attributable to those non-controlling interests will be reflected in controlling interests as well as the other statement of operations adjustments within Note 4 which are attributable to controlling interests.

(d) The adjustments for the income tax benefit of $1.9 million and the income tax expense of $(4.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively, are based on the blended statutory tax rate of 25.5% applied to a total of $(7.5) million and $17.2 million pro forma adjustments which are comprised of (i) $(3.9) million and $1.5 million of pro forma adjustments within (loss) income before income taxes and (ii) the $(3.6) million and $15.7 million of pro forma adjustments associated with the (loss) income previously recorded within noncontrolling interest (related to GPM, that is taxed as a partnership for US federal and certain state jurisdictions for income tax purposes) that will be included in the controlling (loss) income and subject to income tax subsequent to the Closing Date for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. The blended statutory rate is calculated based on the applicable federal and the weighted average state and local tax rates in jurisdictions in which Arko operates.

(e) Represents the adjustment to the noncontrolling interest associated with the purchase of minority interests from GPMP as discussed in Note 2(n).

(f) Represents the capitalization of transaction costs that were offset to additional paid in capital upon the completion of the transaction.

Note 5. Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statements of Operations Acquisition Transaction Adjustments

(a)

Reflects the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 – Lease Accounting with an increase to rental expense. In addition, simultaneously with the purchase, certain of the GPM’s subsidiaries entered into lease agreements with the Sellers which are also reflected in these adjustments.

(b)

Reflects adjustments to reclassify certain Empire expenses to the corresponding Arko classification and reflects the reclass of Empire selling, general and administrative expenses into general and administrative expenses and store operating expenses, respectively.

(c)

Reflects the reclass of Empire franchise tax expenses into general and administrative expenses as well as the tax impact of each of the adjustments within Note 5a through 5h at a blended statutory rate of 25.5%.

(d)

Reflects the reduction of compensation expense related to Empire executives not being retained.

(e)

The following table summarizes the changes in the estimated depreciation and amortization expense (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31, 2019			Nine months ended September 30, 2020
Estimated amortization	$	20,685		$	15,514
Estimated depreciation		13,501			10,126
Historical depreciation and amortization		(30,980	)		(24,905	)

Pro forma adjustment to depreciation and amortization	$	3,206		$	735

(f)

Reflects the elimination of historical interest expense and recording the interest expense associated with the new debt as discussed in Note 3(h). Interest expense adjustment is reflected as follows (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31, 2019			Nine months ended September 30, 2020
Estimated interest expense	$	24,474		$	13,813
Less Historical interest expense		(19,049	)		(11,898	)

Pro forma adjustment to interest expense	$	5,425		$	1,915

(g)

Reflects the increase in interest expense associated with the asset retirement obligation as discussed in Note 3(i).

(h)

Reflects the incremental amount of transaction costs incurred that were not included in the historical financial statements of Arko or Empire. The transaction costs have been recorded in the pro forma income statement for the year ended December 31, 2019 as the costs would have been incurred shortly after the transaction and are one time in nature.

Note 6. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Pro Forma Weighted Average Shares (Basic and Diluted)

The following pro forma weighted average shares calculations have been performed for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019. The unaudited condensed combined pro forma income (loss) per share (“EPS”), basic and diluted, are computed by dividing income or loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period and taking into consideration the potentially dilutive effect of options, warrants, and other financial instruments.

Prior to the Closing Date, Haymaker had two classes of shares: Class A shares and Class B shares. The 10.0 million shares of Class B shares were held by the Founders. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, 1.0 million shares were forfeited, 4.2 million shares were deferred and the remaining 4.8 million shares converted on a one-for-one basis, into shares of Haymaker Class A common stock. Immediately thereafter, each currently issued and outstanding share of Class A common stock automatically converted one-for-one basis, into shares of New Parent.

Haymaker had 13.3 million outstanding public warrants issued in connection with the redeemable public Class A common stock during the initial public offering and 6.0 million warrants issued in a private placement (“Private Placement Warrants”) to purchase a total of 19.3 million shares of common stock. In connection with the Business Combination, 2.0 million warrants were forfeited for a total of 17.3 million New Parent Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of 13.3 million New Parent warrants or 4.0 New Parent Private Placement Warrants. The warrants are exercisable at $11.50 per share amounts which exceeds the current market price of New Parent’s Class A common stock. These warrants are considered antidilutive and excluded from the earnings per share calculation when the exercise price exceeds the average market value of the common stock price during the applicable period.

Upon the Closing Date, existing warrants provided to Ares were exchanged for new Ares warrants issued by New Parent to purchase 1.1 million shares of New Parent Common Stock for an exercise price of $10 per share, with an exercise period of 5 years from the closing of the Business Combination. These shares are considered “in the money” and have been included in our consideration of diluted EPS as reflected below.

Following the Closing Date, 4.2 million shares of New Parent’s deferred common stock are issuable to the Sponsor, of which 4 million contingent upon the closing sale price of New Parent’s common stock exceeding

certain thresholds within the first five to seven years following the Closing Date and 200 thousand will be issued subject to the number of Bonus Shares issued to the holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock not being higher than an amount determined.

Holders will be entitled to Bonus Shares upon any optional conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock by the holder for which notice of conversion is provided after June 1, 2027, but prior to August 31, 2027. Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be convertible into the specified number of Bonus Shares set forth in the table below if the New Parent Common VWAP for the 30-trading days prior to June 1, 2027, is equal to the corresponding amount set forth in the table below.


30-Day VWAP		Bonus Shares
$18.00 or greater		Zero shares
$17.00 to $17.99		0.7 shares
$16.00 to $16.99		0.95 shares
$13.00 to $15.99		1.2 shares
$12.00 to $12.99		1.0 shares
Less than $12.00		Zero shares

If holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are issued Bonus Shares (i) in an aggregate amount in excess of 1,000,000 shares in respect of a 30-Day VWAP (as defined above) of $13.00 to $15.99, (ii) in an aggregate amount in excess of 750,000 shares in respect of a 30-Day VWAP of $16.00 to $16.99, or (iii) in an aggregate amount in excess of 500,000 shares in respect of a 30-Day VWAP of $17.00 to $17.99 then the number of deferred shares to be released to the Sponsor will be reduced by the number of Excess Bonus Shares issued. Upon the occurrence of a Bonus Share Release Event, New Parent will issue to the Sponsor an aggregate number of deferred shares equal to the number of Excess Bonus Shares that are no longer issuable as a result of such Bonus Share Release Event. Because these shares are contingently issuable based upon the share price of New Parent reaching specified thresholds that are not currently met, these contingent shares have been excluded from basic and diluted pro forma EPS.

As discussed in Note 2(j), the Ares Put Option resulting from the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement allows for the potential issuance of conditional shares. The contingent shares will expire if the share price of New Parent’s common stock reaches $12.935 per share (as adjusted pursuant to the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement) on any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period, subject to the other conditions set forth in the GPM Equity Purchase Agreement. The current stock price has not yet been met, and therefore, the contingently issuable shares exist as of the pro forma balance sheet date. These contingently issuable shares have been considered in the calculation of diluted EPS as shown below.

As discussed in the description of the Business Combination section, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible to Series A common stock at a conversion ratio of total shares issued divided by $12 per share. This results in 8.3 million shares of Class A shares of common stock per conversion. The Series A Convertible Preferred Shares may be convertible into between 0.7 million and up to 1.2 million additional shares of common stock contingent upon specified Series A common stock trading prices if notice of conversion is provided after June 1, 2027, but prior to August 31, 2027. As these bonus shares are contingent upon future events and trading prices, those shares have not been included in the calculation of EPS below. The schedule below reflects the 1.0 million shares issued for $100.0 million and assumes that the dividend at an annual rate of 5.7% reduced the net income available to common shareholders by $5.7 million. Based on this conversion, the preferred stock has an earnings per share of $0.68 under the if-converted method which is determined to be anti-dilutive for pro

forma EPS purposes as the preferred earnings per share is greater than the earnings per share available to common shareholders.


	For the nine months ended September 30, 2020			For the year ended December 31, 2019
*In thousands, except per share data*
Pro forma net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders—basic	$	39,145		$	(60,780	)
Less: Assumed dividends on Series A preferred convertible stock		(5,700	)		(5,700	)

Pro forma income (loss) attributable to common shareholders—basic	$	33,445		$	(66,480	)
Basic weighted average shares outstanding		124,132			124,132
Pro Forma Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share	$	0.27		$	(0.54	)
Pro forma net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders—diluted	$	39,145		$	(60,780	)
Less: Assumed dividends on Series A preferred convertible stock		(5,700	)		(5,700	)

Pro forma income (loss) attributable to common shareholders—diluted	$	33,445		$	(66,480	)
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding		124,746			124,132
Pro Forma Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share	$	0.27		$	(0.54	)
Pro Forma Basic and Diluted Weighted Average Shares
Haymaker Initial Stockholders		4,800			4,800
Haymaker Public Stockholders		20,350			20,350

Total Haymaker		25,150			25,150
Arko shareholder shares		65,209			65,209
GPM Minority Investors shares		33,773			33,773

Total Pro Forma Basic Weighted Average Shares		124,132			124,132
Ares Warrants		—			—
Ares Put Option		614			—

Total Pro Forma Diluted Weighted Average Shares		124,746			124,132

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our results of operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The discussion and analysis should also be read together with our unaudited pro forma financial information for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the nine months ended September 30, 2020. See the section entitled “Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information.” This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations, estimates and projections that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to, among other considerations, the matters discussed under “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Unless the context otherwise requires, for purposes of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to the business and operations of Arko Holdings Ltd. and its subsidiaries and its affiliates prior to the Business Combination and to ARKO Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the consummation of the Business Combination.

Overview

Arko Holdings Ltd. is a company incorporated in Israel that, until December 22, 2020, the date of the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing Date”), was a public company whose securities were listed for trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Ltd. Following the Closing Date, Arko Holdings Ltd. is a private company which is a “Reporting Company” whose bonds are listed for trading on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange and is a wholly owned subsidiary of ARKO Corp., a Delaware corporation, whose common stock and Public Warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbols “ARKO” and “ARKOW,” respectively. Arko Holdings Ltd.’s primary activity is holding the controlling rights in GPM Investments, LLC (“GPM” including companies fully owned and fully controlled by GPM). GPM is a Delaware limited liability company engaged directly and through fully owned and controlled (directly or indirectly) subsidiaries in retail activity which includes the operations of a chain of convenience stores, most of which offer for sale retail motor fuel, and in wholesale activity which includes the supply of fuel to gas stations operated by third parties (dealers).

As of September 30, 2020, GPM, the seventh largest convenience store chain in the United States ranked by store count, operated 1,250 retail convenience stores. As of September 30, 2020, GPM operated the stores under 16 regional store brands including 1-Stop, Admiral, Apple Market^®, BreadBox, E-Z Mart^®, fas mart^®, Jiffi Stop^®, Li’l Cricket, Next Door Store^®, Roadrunner Markets, Rstore, Scotchman^®, shore stop^®, Town Star, Village Pantry^® and Young’s. GPM also supplied fuel to 139 dealer-operated gas stations. GPM is well diversified and as of September 30, 2020, operated across 23 states in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, Northeastern, Southeastern and Southwestern United States. In addition, in October 2020, GPM consummated its acquisition of the business of Empire Petroleum Partners, LLC, or Empire, which at the consummation of the acquisition included direct operation of 84 convenience stores and supply of fuel to 1,453 independently operated fueling stations in 30 states and the District of Columbia. As a result of the closing of the transaction with Empire, GPM now operates stores or supply fuel in 33 states and the District of Columbia.

wholesale distribution of fuel. The retail stores offer a wide array of cold and hot foodservice, beverages, cigarettes and other tobacco products, grocery, beer and general merchandise. We have foodservice offerings at 309 company-operated stores. The foodservice category includes hot and fresh foods, deli, bakery, pizza, roller grill and other prepared foods. In addition, we have 73 branded quick service restaurants consisting of major national brands. Additionally, we provide a number of traditional convenience store services that generate additional income including lottery, prepaid products, money orders, ATMs, gaming, and other ancillary product and service offerings. GPM also generates car wash revenue at approximately 80 of its locations.

As of September 30, 2020, approximately 89% of our retail locations sold branded fuel. Our branded fuel is primarily sold under the Valero^®, Marathon^®, BP^® and Shell^® brand names. Through GPM we are the largest distributor of Valero branded motor fuel on the East Coast and the third largest distributor of Valero branded motor fuel in the United States. In addition to driving customer traffic, our management believes GPM’s branded fuel strategy enables it to maintain a secure fuel supply. A limited number of stores do not sell fuel.

Trends Impacting Our Business

GPM has achieved strong store growth over the last several years, primarily by implementing a highly successful acquisition strategy. From 2013 through September 30, 2020, GPM completed 17 acquisitions. As a result, GPM’s store count grew from 320 sites in 2011 to 1,389 sites as of September 30, 2020. These strategic acquisitions, have had, and we expect will continue to have, a significant impact on the reported results and can make period to period comparisons of results difficult. GPM completed three acquisitions in 2019 for a total of 87 sites, including 64 sites acquired in December 2019 (collectively, the “2019 acquisitions”), three acquisitions in 2018 for a total of 289 sites, including 273 sites from the acquisition of the E-Z Mart chain in April 2018 (collectively, the “2018 acquisitions”), and two acquisitions in 2017 for a total of 106 sites, including 99 sites from the acquisition of Roadrunner in April 2017 (collectively, the “2017 acquisitions”) . Following the closing of the Empire acquisition, GPM’s store count grew to 2,926 sites of which 1,334 were operated as retail convenience stores and 1,592 supplied fuel to independently operated fueling stations. With our achievement of significant size and scale, we have refocused our strategy on organic growth, including implementing company-wide marketing and merchandising initiatives, which we believe will result in significant value to all the assets we have acquired. We believe that this complementary strategy will help further our growth through both acquisitions and organically and improve our results of operations.

There is an ongoing trend in the convenience store industry of companies concentrating on increasing and improving in-store foodservice offerings, including fresh foods, quick service restaurants or proprietary food offerings. We believe consumers may become more likely to patronize convenience stores that include such food offerings, which may also lead to increased inside merchandise sales or fuel sales for such stores. Although foodservice has been negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe this trend will reverse when the pandemic subsides. Our current foodservice offering primarily consists of hot and fresh foods, deli, bakery, pizza, roller grill and other prepared foods. GPM has historically relied upon franchised quick service restaurants and in-store delis to drive customer traffic rather than a proprietary foodservice offering. As a result, our management believes that its under-penetration of proprietary foodservice presents an opportunity to expand foodservice offerings and margin in response to changing consumer behavior. In addition, our management believes that continued investment in new technology platforms and applications to adapt to evolving consumer eating preferences including contactless checkout, order ahead service, and delivery will further drive growth in profitability.

Our operations are significantly impacted by the retail fuel margins we receive on gallons sold. While we expect our total fuel sales volumes to remain stable over time and the fuel margins we realize on those sales to remain stable, these fuel margins can change rapidly as they are influenced by many factors including: the price of refined products, interruptions in supply caused by severe weather, severe refinery mechanical failures for an extended period of time, and competition in the local markets in which we operate.

The cost of our main sales products, gasoline and diesel, is greatly impacted by the wholesale cost of fuel in the United States. We attempt to pass along wholesale fuel cost changes to our customers through retail price changes; however, we are not always able to do so. The timing of any related increase or decrease in retail prices is affected by competitive conditions. As a result, we tend to experience lower fuel margins when the cost of fuel is increasing gradually over a longer period and higher fuel margins when the cost of fuel is declining or more volatile over a shorter period of time. Also, rising prices tend to cause our customers to reduce discretionary fuel consumption, which tends to reduce our fuel sales volumes.

We also operate in a highly competitive retail convenience market which includes businesses with operations and services that are similar to those that are provided by GPM, primarily the sale of convenience items and motor fuels. We face significant competition from other large chain operators. In particular, large convenience store chains have expanded their number of locations and remodeled their existing locations in recent years, enhancing their competitive position. Our management also believes that convenience stores managed by individual operators who offer branded or non-branded fuel are also significant competitors in the market. The convenience store industry is also experiencing competition from other retail sectors including grocery stores, large warehouse retail stores, dollar stores and pharmacies.

Our management believes that the following competitive strengths differentiate us from our competitors and will contribute to its continued success:

•

Leading Market Position in Highly Attractive, Diversified and Contiguous Markets.

•

Entrenched Local Brands with Scale of Large Store Portfolio.

•

Dual Retail and Wholesale Business Model Generating Stable and Diversified Cash Flow.

•

Experienced Management.

•

Strong Balance Sheet with Capacity to Execute Growth Strategy.

•

Flexibility to Address Consumers Changing Needs.

•

Real-time Fuel Pricing Analysis.

•

Robust Embedded EBITDA Opportunities, Including a Platform-Wide Store Refresh Program.

In addition to these competitive strengths, as discussed elsewhere in this document, our management believes that the Company has a significant opportunity to increase its sales and profitability by continuing to execute its operating strategy, growing its store base in existing and contiguous markets through acquisition, and enhancing the performance of current stores.

Seasonality

We earn a disproportionate amount of our annual operating income in the second and third quarters as a result of the climate and seasonal buying patterns of its customers. Inclement weather, especially in the Midwest and Northeast regions of the US during the winter months, can negatively impact our financial results.

Impact of COVID-19

An outbreak of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) began in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread throughout the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Since the second half of March 2020, the pandemic has caused the issuance of orders in the U.S. by the federal government, as well as governments of states and localities within the U.S., in an attempt to contain the spread of the coronavirus (such as restrictions on gathering and the closure of certain businesses).

During this period, GPM’s convenience stores and independent outside operations continued to operate and remain open to the public as convenience store operations and gas stations are deemed an essential business by numerous federal and state authorities, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and therefore are exempt from many of the closure orders that were, or are currently, imposed on U.S. businesses. Commencing in May 2020, various states and localities began to gradually ease their stay-at-home orders and the orders requiring certain types of businesses to be closed. In addition, during this period, the supply of products and gas to GPM’s convenience stores and gas stations has continued without any significant interruption. GPM’s convenience stores and independent outside operations are however subject to many of COVID-19 operational requirements that were, or are currently, imposed on the activity of US businesses such as those dealing with frequent sanitation, enforcing face covering orders, and the like. During this period, there were positive impacts on the Company’s results of operations as measured regularly on the basis of the segment operating income of the convenience stores and gas stations.

This increase in segment operating income was principally due to the significant increase in the fuel margin, which partially resulted from the material drop in fuel costs commencing at the beginning of March 2020 and continuing through the end of April 2020, despite the significant reduction in the amount of gallons sold in the gas stations as a result of COVID-19 beginning in the second half of March 2020. Although fuel prices began to gradually increase in May 2020, fuel margin remained at higher levels than those achieved historically. Further, beginning in May 2020, stay-at-home orders began to be eased which resulted in an increase in the amount of gallons sold compared to prior weeks.

In light of the reduction in the amount of gallons sold, GPM’s principal fuel suppliers have temporarily revoked (for periods that vary among the different suppliers) the requirements under their agreements to purchase minimum quantities of gallons, including such requirements under the incentive agreements from such suppliers. As of September 30, 2020, the reduction in gallons sold does not affect GPM’s compliance with its commitments under the agreements with its principal suppliers.

During the second half of March 2020, there was a reduction in the merchandise revenue from GPM’s convenience stores and in the gross margin rate from such revenues. However, from the beginning of April 2020 and continuing through the third quarter of 2020, GPM experienced growth in merchandise revenue and gross margin rate from such revenues as a result of shifting consumer demand from other retail channels to convenience stores and the continued increase in revenues for products in high demand, such as face masks and hand sanitizers. As a result, the Company estimates that no material impact is expected from the pandemic on the Company’s results of operations from merchandise revenues.

The Company estimates that the impact of the pandemic on the Company’s operations as described above is not expected to have a material adverse effect on its medium or long-term results of operations. However, since the pandemic is an event that is characterized by great uncertainty, as well as rapid and frequent changes, among other things, in connection with the pace of limiting the spread of the pandemic and the future measures that will be taken in order to prevent it from spreading, the Company cannot evaluate nor estimate the entire impact of the pandemic on its business operations as well as its results of operations.

See “Risk Factors” for further discussion of the possible impact of COVID-19 on our business.

The Business Combination

Haymaker, Arko Holdings Ltd., ARKO Corp., Merger Sub I and Merger Sub II entered into that certain Business Combination Agreement on September 8, 2020 (as amended by the Consent and Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement, dated November 18, 2020 (collectively, the “Business Combination Agreement”)). Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, on the Closing Date, each of the following transactions occurred in the following order: (i) Merger Sub I merged with and into Haymaker, with Haymaker surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of New Parent (the “First Merger”), and (ii) Merger Sub II

merged with and into Arko, with Arko surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of New Parent (the “Second Merger” and together with the First Merger and other related transactions set forth in the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”).

The Business Combination is being accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under the scope of the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”), in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, Haymaker, ARKO Corp. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries are collectively treated as the “acquired” company and Arko Holdings Ltd. is considered the accounting acquiror for accounting purposes. The Business Combination is treated as the equivalent of Arko Holdings Ltd. issuing stock for the net assets of Haymaker, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Arko Holdings Ltd. and Haymaker are stated at historical cost. No goodwill or intangible assets are expected to be recorded in connection with the Business Combination.

As a result of the Business Combination, ARKO Corp. is the successor to an SEC-registered and Nasdaq-listed company, which requires ARKO Corp. to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. ARKO Corp. expects to incur additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, internal audit function, and additional internal and external accounting, legal, and administrative resources, including increased personnel costs, audit and other professional service fees. While we expect to incur significant general and administrative expenses, we will closely monitor its expenditures and take actions designed to improve our processes and manage our business effectively.

Description of Segments

Our reportable segments are described below.

Retail Segment

The retail segment includes the operation of a chain of retail stores which include convenience stores selling fuel products and other merchandise to retail customers. At our convenience stores, we own the merchandise and fuel inventory and employ personnel to manage the store.

Wholesale Segment

The wholesale segment supplies fuel to independent dealers, on either a cost plus or consignment basis. For consignment arrangements, we retain ownership of the fuel inventory at the site, and are responsible for the pricing of the fuel to the end consumer and share a portion of the gross profit with the consignment operators.

GPMP Segment

The GPMP segment includes GPM Petroleum LP (“GPMP”) and primarily includes the sale and supply of fuel to GPM and its subsidiaries selling fuel (both in the Retail and Wholesale segments) at GPMP’s cost of fuel including taxes and transportation plus a fixed margin.

Results of Operations

Results of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

The period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations have been prepared using the historical periods included in our interim unaudited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the interim unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Consolidated Results

The table below shows the results of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 along with certain key metrics.


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	539,938		$	721,645		$	1,510,491		$	2,041,167
Merchandise revenue		403,665			370,267			1,119,041			1,038,305
Other revenues, net		16,475			12,383			44,701			37,223

Total revenues		960,078			1,104,295			2,674,233			3,116,695
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		462,373			658,244			1,279,067			1,872,749
Merchandise costs		290,856			269,985			814,524			755,540
Store operating expenses		131,780			129,599			386,633			377,618
General and administrative		25,403			16,967			64,823			51,079
Depreciation and amortization		16,171			15,582			50,056			46,284

Total operating expenses		926,583			1,090,377			2,595,103			3,103,270
Other expenses, net		1,381			2,354			7,290			4,766

Operating income		32,114			11,564			71,840			8,659
Interest and other financial expenses, net		(10,261	)		(10,959	)		(29,425	)		(32,615	)

Income (loss) before income taxes		21,853			605			42,415			(23,956	)
Income tax expense		(4,672	)		(5,527	)		(5,171	)		(2,838	)
Loss from equity investment		(24	)		(92	)		(435	)		(398	)

Net income (loss)	$	17,157		$	(5,014	)	$	36,809		$	(27,192	)

Less: Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		7,469			1,726			15,682			(1,233	)

Net income (loss) attributable to Arko Holdings Ltd.	$	9,688		$	(6,740	)	$	21,127		$	(25,959	)

Fuel gallons sold		260,173			291,224			730,682			832,353
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		29.8			21.8			31.7			20.2
Merchandise contribution(2)		112,809			100,282			304,517			282,765
Merchandise margin(3)		27.9	%		27.1	%		27.2	%		27.2	%
Adjusted EBITDA(4)	$	51,541		$	31,873		$	137,024		$	66,521

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

2	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

3	Calculated as merchandise margin divided by merchandise revenue.

4	Refer to Use of Non-GAAP Measures below for discussion of this measure and related reconciliation.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $181.7 million, or 25.2%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to the decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019, as the retail price for fuel was lower in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019 and fewer gallons were sold primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was partially offset by incremental gallons sold from the 2019 acquisitions.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, merchandise revenue increased by $33.4 million, or 9.0%, compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily due to the 2019 acquisitions and an increase in same store merchandise revenue.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, other revenue increased by $4.1 million, or 33.0%, compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily related to the 2019 acquisitions and increased income from lottery commissions and gaming.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, total operating expenses decreased by $163.8 million, or 15.0%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. Fuel costs decreased $195.9 million, or 29.8%, compared to the third quarter of 2019 due to fuel sold at a lower average cost and lower volumes. Merchandise costs increased $20.9 million, or 7.7%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, store operating expenses increased $2.2 million compared to the third quarter of 2019 due to incremental expenses coming from 2019 acquisitions which were partially offset by a decrease in expenses at same stores. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, general and administrative expenses increased $8.4 million, or 49.7%, compared to the third quarter of 2019, primarily due to increased incentive accruals and annual wage increases. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.6 million, or 3.8%, compared to the third quarter of 2019 due to assets acquired during the previous 12 months including recent acquisitions.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, other expenses, net decreased by $1.0 million compared to the third quarter of 2019.

Operating income was $32.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $11.6 million for the third quarter of 2019. The increase was primarily due to strong fuel and merchandise results along with incremental income from the 2019 acquisitions, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, interest and other financing expenses, net decreased by $0.7 million from the third quarter of 2019. The decrease was primarily related to a net period-over-period decrease in foreign currency losses recorded of $2.1 million primarily as all New Israeli Shekel (“NIS”) denominated loans were paid off in February 2020 which was partially offset by higher interest expense from greater debt outstanding in 2020.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, income tax expense was $4.7 million compared to $5.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2019.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, Adjusted EBITDA was $51.5 million compared to $31.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. Although the impact of COVID-19 reduced gallons sold in the third quarter of 2020, a primary driver of the EBITDA increase in 2020 was higher fuel margins compared to the same period in 2019, partly due to less competitive pricing pressure on fuel. Increased merchandise contribution at same stores combined with a reduction in expenses also positively impacted 2020. The 2019 acquisitions contributed approximately $2.6 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA in 2020. These increases were partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses to support the recent acquisitions and increased incentive accruals.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $530.7 million, or 26.0%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to the decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019 and fewer gallons sold primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which was partially offset by incremental gallons sold from the 2019 acquisitions.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, merchandise revenue increased by $80.7 million, or 7.8%, compared to the first nine months of 2019 primarily due to the 2019 acquisitions and an increase in same store merchandise revenue.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, other revenues, net increased by $7.5 million, or 20.1%, compared to the first nine months of 2019 primarily related to the 2019 acquisitions and increased income from lottery commissions and gaming.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, total operating expenses decreased by $508.2 million, or 16.4%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. Fuel costs decreased $593.7 million, or 31.7%, compared to the first nine months of 2019 due to fuel sold at a lower average cost and lower volumes. Merchandise costs increased $59.0 million, or 7.8%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, store operating expenses increased $9.0 million compared to the first nine months of 2019 primarily due to incremental expenses coming from 2019 acquisitions which were partially offset by a decrease in expenses at same stores. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, general and administrative expenses increased $13.7 million, or 26.9%, compared to the first nine months of 2019, primarily due to increased incentive accruals and annual wage increases. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $3.8 million, or 8.1%, compared to the first nine months of 2019 due to assets acquired during the previous 12 months.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, other expenses, net increased by $2.5 million compared to the first nine months of 2019 primarily due to an additional $3.1 million in losses on disposals of assets and impairment charges in 2020.

Operating income was $71.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in 2020 was primarily due to strong fuel and merchandise results which also benefited from the 2019 acquisitions, partially offset by an increase in general and administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses in 2020.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, interest and other financing expenses, net decreased by $3.2 million compared to the first nine months of 2019 primarily related to a net period-over-period decrease in foreign currency losses recorded of $8.7 million primarily as all NIS denominated loans were paid off in February 2020, partially offset by higher interest expense from greater debt outstanding in 2020 and $0.5 million in deferred financing costs written off.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, income tax expense was $5.2 million compared to $2.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, Adjusted EBITDA was $137.0 million compared to $66.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Although the impact of COVID-19 reduced gallons sold in the first nine months of 2020, the significant increase in fuel margin compared to the same period in 2019 contributed to increased Adjusted EBITDA in 2020. Increased merchandise contribution at same stores combined with a reduction in expenses also positively impacted 2020. The 2019 acquisitions contributed approximately $7.6 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA in 2020. These increases were partially offset by an increase in general and administrative expenses to support the recent acquisitions and increased incentive accruals.

Segment Results

Retail Segment

The table below shows the results of the Retail segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 along with certain key metrics for the segment.


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	506,418		$	676,897		$	1,424,823		$	1,914,179
Merchandise revenue		403,665			370,267			1,119,041			1,038,305
Other revenues, net		13,860			10,895			39,175			32,806

Total revenues		923,943			1,058,059			2,583,039			2,985,290
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		441,869			627,542			1,229,751			1,785,452
Merchandise costs		290,856			269,985			814,524			755,540
Store operating expenses		128,997			126,417			378,365			368,370

Total operating expenses		861,722			1,023,944			2,422,640			2,909,362

Operating income	$	62,221		$	34,115		$	160,399		$	75,928

Fuel gallons sold		243,578			273,107			687,254			780,519
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		31.0			22.6			32.9			21.0
Same stores merchandise sales increase (%)(2)		5.0	%		1.4	%		3.5	%		1.3	%
Merchandise contribution(3)	$	112,809		$	100,282		$	304,517		$	282,765
Merchandise margin(4)		27.9	%		27.1	%		27.2	%		27.2	%

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

2	Same store sales is a common metric used in the convenience store industry. A store is generally considered a “same store” in the first quarter in which the store has a full quarter of activity in the prior year.

3	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

4	Calculated as merchandise margin divided by merchandise revenue.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

Retail Revenues

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $170.5 million, or 25.2%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. The 2019 acquisitions contributed an additional 14.8 million gallons sold. However, gallons sold at same stores were down approximately 15.1%, or 40.5 million, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, retail stores closed to optimize profitability negatively impacted gallons sold. The decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.40 per gallon decrease in the average retail price of fuel in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the comparable period in 2019.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, merchandise revenue increased by $33.4 million, or 9.0%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. The 2019 acquisitions contributed an additional $20.3 million of merchandise revenue. Same store merchandise revenue increased $18.1 million, or 5.0%, for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. Same store merchandise revenue increased primarily due to higher grocery, other tobacco products, cigarettes, packaged beverages and beer & wine revenue from benefits of planogram initiatives and fact-based data to react to changing consumer needs along with the introduction of high

demand essential products such as face masks and hand sanitizer. In addition, there was an overall increase in the consumer market basket as consumer demand shifted from other retail channels to convenience stores. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, other revenues, net increased by $3.0 million, or 27.2%, compared to the third quarter of 2019 primarily related to the 2019 acquisitions along with increases in lottery commissions and gaming income.

Retail Operating Income

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, fuel margin increased compared to the same period in 2019 primarily related to an increase in same store fuel margin of $9.4 million combined with incremental fuel margin from the 2019 acquisitions. In comparison to the third quarter of 2019, fuel margin per gallon at same stores was significantly higher at 30.9 cents per gallon compared to 22.7 cents per gallon, primarily due to less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reduction in fuel volume which allowed for margin expansion.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, merchandise contribution increased $12.5 million, or 12.5%, compared to the same period in 2019 and merchandise margin was 27.9% in the third quarter of 2020 compared to 27.1% in the third quarter of 2019. The increase was primarily due to incremental contribution from the 2019 acquisitions and an increase in merchandise contribution at same stores of $8.7 million. Merchandise margin at same stores increased primarily due to merchandising and marketing initiatives implemented, with greater benefits realized in the third quarter of 2020.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, store operating expenses increased $2.6 million, or 2.0%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 due to incremental expenses coming from 2019 acquisitions which were partially offset by a decrease in expenses at same stores primarily due to lower credit card fees.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Retail Revenues

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $489.4 million, or 25.6%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. The 2019 acquisitions contributed an additional 43.8 million gallons sold. However, gallons sold at same stores were down approximately 16.7%, or 128.5 million, primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, retail stores closed during the year negatively impacted gallons sold. The decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.38 per gallon decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to the comparable period in 2019.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, merchandise revenue increased by $80.7 million, or 7.8%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. The 2019 acquisitions contributed an additional $58.6 million in revenue. Same store merchandise revenue increased $36.3 million, or 3.5%, for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the first nine months of 2019. Same store merchandise revenue increased primarily due to higher grocery, other tobacco products, cigarettes and beer & wine revenue from benefits of planogram initiatives and fact-based data to react to changing consumer needs along with the introduction of high demand essential products such as face masks and hand sanitizer. In addition, there was an overall increase in the consumer market basket as stay at home orders related to COVID-19 began to be eased in May 2020 and consumer demand shifted from other retail channels to convenience stores. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, other revenues, net increased by $6.4 million, or 19.4%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2019 primarily related to the 2019 acquisitions and higher lottery commissions and gaming income.

Retail Operating Income

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, fuel margin increased over the first nine months of 2019 related to an increase in same store fuel profit of $48.8 million combined with incremental fuel profit from the 2019 acquisitions. In comparison to the first nine months of 2019, fuel margin per gallon at same stores was significantly higher at 32.9 cents per gallon compared to 21.0 cents per gallon, partly due to the impact of lower fuel costs, which dropped significantly at the beginning of March 2020 and continued through the end of April 2020, along with less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume which allowed for margin expansion.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, merchandise margin increased $21.8 million, or 7.7%, compared to the first nine months of 2019 and merchandise margin was 27.2% in both periods. The increase was due to incremental merchandise margin from the 2019 acquisitions and an increase in merchandise margin at same stores of $9.8 million. Merchandise margin at same stores increased over the course of the second and third quarters of 2020 due to merchandising and marketing initiatives implemented. These increases in merchandise margin were partially offset by lower merchandise sales and a change in sales mix in March 2020 through mid-May 2020 as consumers pantry loaded lower margin items due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, store operating expenses increased $10.0 million, or 2.7%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 due to incremental expenses coming from 2019 acquisitions which were partially offset by a decrease in expenses at same stores.

Wholesale Segment

The table below shows the results of the Wholesale segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 along with certain key metrics for the segment.


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	32,468	$	42,997	$	82,687	$	122,072
Other revenues, net		2,409		1,302		4,999		3,951

Total revenues		34,877		44,299		87,686		126,023
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		31,093		42,119		79,052		119,773
Store operating expenses		2,110		2,067		5,902		6,085

Total operating expenses		33,203		44,186		84,954		125,858

Operating income	$	1,674	$	113	$	2,732	$	165

Fuel gallons sold		15,815		17,184		41,231		49,216
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		13.2		9.6		13.3		9.2

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

Wholesale Revenues

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $10.5 million, or 24.5%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. Wholesale gallons sold were down 1.4 million due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to the comparable period in 2019.

Wholesale Operating Income

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, fuel margin increased from the comparable period in 2019 due to less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume which allowed for margin expansion which was partially offset by a decrease in gallons sold.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, store operating expenses were consistent with those in the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Wholesale Revenues

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $39.4 million, or 32.3%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. Wholesale gallons sold were down 8.0 million primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to the comparable period in 2019

Wholesale Operating Income

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, fuel margin increased over the comparable period in 2019 primarily due to the impact of fuel costs which dropped significantly at the beginning of March 2020 and continued through the end of April 2020 and less competitive pressure on fuel retail prices due to reductions in fuel volume which allowed for margin expansion which was partially offset by a decrease in gallons sold.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, store operating expenses decreased $0.2 million, or 3.0%, compared to the first nine months of 2019 primarily due to lower credit card fees and other expenses.

GPMP Segment

The table below shows the results of the GPMP segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 along with certain key metrics for the segment.


	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019			2020		2019
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue—inter-segment	$	352,363	$	540,115		$	961,666	$	1,543,138
Fuel revenue—external customers		1,052		1,751			2,981		4,916
Other revenues, net		245		217			639		549

Total revenues		353,660		542,083			965,286		1,548,603
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		341,774		528,698			931,930		1,510,662
General and administrative		683		613			2,396		2,131
Depreciation and amortization		1,843		1,031			5,530		3,026

Total operating expenses		344,300		530,342			939,856		1,515,819

Other income, net		—		(40	)		—		(279	)

Operating income	$	9,360	$	11,781		$	25,430	$	33,063

Fuel gallons sold—inter-segment		258,166		288,797			725,384		826,273
Fuel gallons sold—external customers		780		933			2,197		2,618
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		4.5		4.5			4.5		4.5

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

GPMP Revenues

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $188.5 million, or 34.8%, compared to the third quarter of 2019. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019 and a decrease in gallons sold.

For both the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, other revenues, net were $0.2 million, and primarily related to rental income from certain sites leased to independent dealers.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin decreased by $1.5 million in the third quarter of 2020 compared to the comparable period in 2019 due to fewer gallons sold to GPM at a fixed margin.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.9 million compared to the third quarter of 2019, primarily due to depreciation and amortization expenses for assets acquired in the previous 12 months.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 versus Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

GPMP Revenues

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, fuel revenue decreased by $583.4 million, or 37.7%, compared to the first nine months of 2019. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2020 as compared to 2019 and a decrease in gallons sold.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, other revenues, net were $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin decreased by $4.7 million in the first nine months of 2020 compared to the first nine months of 2019 due to fewer gallons sold to GPM at a fixed margin.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $2.8 million compared to the first nine months of 2019, primarily due to depreciation and amortization expenses for assets acquired in the previous 12 months.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

The period to period comparisons of our results of operations have been prepared using the historical periods included in our consolidated annual financial statements. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Consolidated Results

The table below shows the results of the Company for the three years ended December 31, 2019 along with certain key metrics.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	2,703,440		$	2,734,538		$	1,966,905
Merchandise revenue		1,375,438			1,281,611			1,031,798
Other revenues, net		49,812			48,734			42,431

Total revenues		4,128,690			4,064,883			3,041,134
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		2,482,472			2,517,302			1,796,026
Merchandise costs		1,002,922			935,936			752,752
Store operating expenses		506,524			470,444			377,455
General and administrative		69,311			62,017			50,622
Depreciation and amortization		62,404			53,814			38,187

Total operating expenses		4,123,633			4,039,513			3,015,042

Other expenses (income), net		3,733			(10,543	)		5,159

Operating income		1,324			35,913			20,933
Interest and other financial expenses, net		(41,812	)		(19,931	)		(29,465	)

(Loss) income before income taxes		(40,488	)		15,982			(8,532	)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(6,167	)		7,933			9,734
Loss from equity investment		(507	)		(451	)		(452	)
Net loss attributable to discontinued operations		—			—			(11	)

Net (loss) income	$	(47,162	)	$	23,464		$	739

Less: Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests		(3,623	)		12,498			6,568

Net (loss) income attributable to Arko Holdings Ltd.	$	(43,539	)	$	10,966		$	(5,829	)

Fuel gallons sold		1,108,155			1,053,419			871,637
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		19.9			20.6			19.6
Merchandise contribution(2)		372,516			345,675			279,046
Merchandise margin(3)		27.1	%		27.0	%		27.0	%
Adjusted EBITDA(4)	$	78,159		$	81,842		$	66,246

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

2	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

3	Calculated as merchandise contribution divided by merchandise revenue.

4	Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Measures” below for a discussion of this measure and related reconciliation.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue decreased by $31.1 million, or 1.1%, compared to 2018. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to the decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019 as

compared to 2018, which was partially offset by greater gallons sold primarily due to the 2019 acquisitions and 2018 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, merchandise revenue increased by $93.8 million, or 7.3%, compared to 2018, primarily due to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions and an increase in same store merchandise revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, other revenue increased by $1.1 million over 2018 primarily related to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, total operating expenses increased by $84.1 million, or 2.1%, compared to 2018. Fuel costs decreased $34.8 million, or 1.4%, compared to 2018, primarily due to fuel sold at a lower average price which was partially offset by higher volumes. Merchandise costs increased $67.0 million, or 7.2%, compared to 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, store operating expenses increased $36.1 million, or 7.7%, compared to 2018 primarily due to incremental expenses coming from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions. General and administrative expenses in 2019 increased $7.3 million, or 11.8%, compared to 2018, primarily due to incremental headcount and related benefits to support organizational growth arising from the E-Z Mart acquisition (as described in Note 3.H. to the 2019 audited consolidated financial statements of Arko Holdings Ltd.), other personnel investments and annual wage increases. For the year ended December 31, 2019, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $8.6 million, or 16.0%, over 2018, primarily due to assets acquired during 2018 and 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, other expenses (income), net increased by $14.3 million over 2018 primarily due to a $24.0 million gain on bargain purchase recognized in 2018 as a result of the E-Z Mart acquisition and an increase in losses on disposal of assets and impairment charges of $3.2 million, offset by a decrease in acquisition costs of $1.8 million and a gain on sale-leaseback of $6.0 million recognized in 2019.

Operating income was $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to $35.9 million in 2018, primarily due to increased general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses and the reduction in other income associated with the $24.0 million gain on bargain purchase in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, interest and other financing expenses, net increased by $21.9 million compared to 2018. The increase was primarily related to $10.2 million in foreign currency losses recorded in 2019 compared to $9.2 million in foreign currency gains recorded in 2018 and greater debt outstanding in 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, income tax expense was approximately $6.2 million compared to an income tax benefit of approximately $7.9 million in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, Adjusted EBITDA was $78.2 million compared to $81.8 million for 2018. The 2019 and 2018 acquisitions contributed approximately $7 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA in 2019, not including incremental general and administrative expenses associated with these acquisitions. These increases were offset by an approximately $9.0 million decrease in fuel margin at same stores in 2019 primarily due to market variables in the fourth quarter of 2019. Investments in personnel to support marketing and merchandising initiatives and organizational growth arising from acquisitions also reduced Adjusted EBITDA in 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017

For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel revenue increased by $767.6 million, or 39.0%, compared to 2017. The increase in fuel revenue was attributable to the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions and an increase in the average retail price of fuel in 2018 as compared to 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, merchandise revenue increased by $249.8 million, or 24.2%, compared to 2017, primarily due to the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions and an increase in same store merchandise revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, other revenue increased by $6.3 million over 2017 primarily related to the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, total operating expenses increased by $1,024.5 million, or 34.0%, compared to 2017 as a result of the 2018 acquisitions. Fuel costs increased $721.3 million, or 40.2%, compared to 2017 due to fuel sold at a higher average cost which combined with higher volumes. Merchandise costs increased $183.2 million, or 24.3%, compared to 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, store operating expenses increased $93.0 million, or 24.6%, compared to 2017 primarily due to incremental expenses coming from the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions and an increase in expenses at same stores. General and administrative expenses increased $11.4 million, or 22.5% over 2017, primarily due to incremental headcount and related benefits to support organizational growth arising from the acquisitions, primarily the Roadrunner and E-Z Mart acquisitions, and additional administrative personnel for new positions for marketing and operational initiatives. For the year ended December 31, 2018, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $15.6 million, or 40.9% over 2017, primarily due to assets acquired during 2018 and 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, other expenses (income), net decreased by $15.7 million primarily due to the $24.0 million gain on bargain purchase as a result of the E-Z Mart acquisition, which was offset by an increase in acquisition expenses of $2.5 million, approximately $1.0 million of losses on disposal of assets and impairment charges, and the net amount of approximately $2.0 million related to the pension fund claim.

Operating income was $35.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $20.9 million in 2017, primarily due to the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions, particularly the Roadrunner and E-Z Mart acquisitions (as described in Note 3.H. to the 2019 audited consolidated financial statements of Arko Holdings Ltd.), along with the $24.0 million gain on bargain purchase in 2018 which was offset by increased general and administrative expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, interest and other financing expenses, net decreased by $9.5 million compared to 2017 primarily related to $9.2 million in foreign currency gains recorded in 2018 compared to $7.9 million in foreign currency losses recorded in 2017, which was offset by additional interest expense due to greater debt outstanding in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized an income tax benefit of approximately $7.9 million compared to $9.7 million in 2017. The income tax benefit recorded in 2018 included a tax benefit due to the tax treatment of the cancellation of the Midwest Seller Note (as described in Note 12 to the 2019 audited consolidated financial statements of Arko Holdings Ltd.). Without this tax benefit there was a decrease in the income tax benefit between 2018 and 2017, which was primarily a result of the reduction in the federal income tax rate due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted EBITDA was $81.8 million compared to $66.2 million for 2017. The 2018 and 2017 acquisitions contributed approximately $37 million of incremental Adjusted EBITDA in 2018, not including incremental general and administrative expenses arising from these acquisitions. Increased fuel margins at same stores, particularly in the fourth quarter of 2018, also increased Adjusted EBITDA in 2019. These increases were partially offset by higher expenses at same stores as well as our strategy to offer cigarettes at more competitive prices to enhance customer traffic, which pressured merchandise margin at same stores.

Segment Results

Retail Segment

The table below shows the results of the Retail segment for the three years ended December 31, 2019 along with certain key metrics for the segment.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	2,537,455		$	2,558,018		$	1,821,620
Merchandise revenue		1,375,438			1,281,611			1,031,798
Other revenues, net		43,882			42,044			36,883

Total revenues		3,956,775			3,881,673			2,890,301
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		2,369,137			2,390,367			1,692,611
Merchandise costs		1,002,922			935,936			752,752
Store operating expenses		494,262			464,329			370,771

Total operating expenses		3,866,321			3,790,632			2,816,134

Operating income	$	90,454		$	91,041		$	74,167

Fuel gallons sold		1,039,993			984,686			798,143
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		20.7			21.5			20.6
Same stores merchandise sales increase (decrease) (%)(2)		1.0	%		1.3	%		(2.3	)%
Merchandise contribution(3)	$	372,516		$	345,675		$	279,046
Merchandise margin(4)		27.1	%		27.0	%		27.0	%

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

2	Same store merchandise sales is a common metric used in the convenience store industry. A store is generally considered a “same store” in the first quarter in which the store has a full quarter of activity in the prior year.

3	Calculated as merchandise revenue less merchandise costs.

4	Calculated as merchandise contribution divided by merchandise revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

Retail Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue in the retail segment decreased by $20.6 million, 0.8%, compared to 2018. The 2019 and 2018 acquisitions contributed an additional 85.5 million gallons sold. However, gallons sold at same stores were down approximately 1.8%, or 17.0 million gallons, primarily due to market conditions (particularly in the fourth quarter of 2019) and GPM’s strategy to maximize fuel gross profit at the expense of gallons. Additionally, retail stores closed to optimize profitability negatively impacted gallons sold. The decrease in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.16 per gallon decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019 as compared to 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, merchandise revenue increased by $93.8 million, or 7.3%, compared to 2018. The 2019 and 2018 acquisitions contributed an additional $106 million. Same store merchandise revenue increased $12.1 million, or 1.0%, primarily due to higher other tobacco products revenue given an increase in demand, as well as higher packaged beverages, beer and wine revenue following benefits from the loyalty program, planogram initiatives and the strategy to lower cigarette prices to enhance customer

traffic. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, other revenue increased by $1.8 million over 2018 primarily related to the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions.

Retail Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel margin increased compared to 2018 primarily related to incremental fuel gross margin of $14.8 million from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions. In comparison to 2018, same store fuel margin decreased $9.0 million. Fuel margin per gallon at same stores was lower than 2018 at 21.2 cents per gallon compared to 21.8 cents per gallon, primarily due to market variables in the fourth quarter of 2019.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, merchandise contribution increased $26.8 million, or 7.8%, compared to 2018 and overall merchandise margin was 27.1% compared to 27.0% in 2018. The increase was primarily due to incremental contribution of $29 million from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions. Merchandise margin at same stores was 26.7% in 2019 compared to 26.8% in 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, store operating expenses increased $29.9 million, or 6.4%, compared to 2018 primarily due to incremental expenses coming from the 2019 and 2018 acquisitions. Store operating expenses were also reduced from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017

Retail Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel revenue increased by $736.4 million, or 40.4%, compared to 2017. The 2018 and 2017 acquisitions contributed an additional 212 million gallons sold. However, gallons sold at same stores were down approximately 2.3%, or 17.8 million gallons, primarily due to higher fuel prices as compared to 2017 and the Company’s strategy to maximize fuel gross profit at the expense of gallons. Additionally, retail stores closed to optimize profitability negatively impacted gallons sold. The increase in fuel revenue was also attributable to a $0.32 per gallon increase in the average retail price of fuel in 2018 as compared to 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, merchandise revenue increased by $249.8 million, or 24.2%, compared to 2017. The 2018 and 2017 acquisitions contributed an additional $265 million. Same store merchandise revenue increased $13.0 million, or 1.3%, primarily due to the strategy to lower cigarette prices to enhance customer traffic. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in merchandise revenue from underperforming stores closed or converted to dealer-owned sites.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, other revenue increased by $5.2 million over 2017 primarily related to the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions.

Retail Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel margin increased compared to 2017 as the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions contributed $40 million of incremental profit. Fuel margin per gallon at same stores was higher in 2018 at 22.3 cents per gallon compared to 20.7 cents per gallon in 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, merchandise contribution increased $66.6 million, or 23.9%, compared to 2017 and merchandise margin was 27.0% in both years. The increase was primarily due to

incremental contribution of $79.6 million from the 2018 and 2017 acquisitions. Merchandise margin at same stores decreased to 25.9% in 2018 compared to 27.1% in 2017, primarily due to lower cigarette pricing to enhance customer traffic.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, store operating expenses increased $93.6 million, or 25.2%, over 2017 primarily due to incremental expenses coming from 2018 and 2017 acquisitions and an increase in expenses at same stores attributable to higher credit card fees as a result of the higher average retail price of fuel.

Wholesale Segment

The table below shows the results of the Wholesale segment for the three years ended December 31, 2019 along with certain key metrics for the segment.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2019		2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue	$	159,597	$	169,518		$	135,640
Other revenues, net		5,264		5,013			4,241

Total revenues		164,861		174,531			139,881
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		156,663		167,184			132,686
Store operating expenses		8,146		7,774			7,279

Total operating expenses		164,809		174,958			139,965

Operating income (loss)	$	52	$	(427	)	$	(84	)

Fuel gallons sold		64,757		65,246			67,695
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		9.0		8.1			8.9

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold; excludes the estimated fixed margin paid to GPMP for the cost of fuel.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

Wholesale Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue decreased by $9.9 million, or 5.9%, compared to 2018, as a result of a decrease in gallons sold of 0.5 million in 2019 compared to 2018 combined with a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019.

Wholesale Operating Income (Loss)

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel margin increased compared to 2018 related to an increase in margin rate which was slightly offset by fewer gallons sold.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, store operating expenses increased $0.4 million, or 4.8%, compared to 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017

Wholesale Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel revenue increased by $33.9 million, or 25.0%, compared to 2017 resulting from an increase in the average retail price of fuel in 2018 compared to 2017 which was offset by a decrease of 2.4 million gallons sold.

Wholesale Operating Income (Loss)

For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel margin decreased compared to 2017 related to a decrease in margin rate combined with fewer gallons sold.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, store operating expenses increased $0.5 million, or 6.8%, compared to 2017.

GPMP Segment

The table below shows the results of the GPMP segment for the three years ended December 31, 2019 along with certain key metrics for the segment.


	For the year ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Fuel revenue—inter-segment	$	2,042,714	$	2,098,906	$	1,463,374
Fuel revenue—external customers		6,388		7,002		9,645
Other revenues, net		784		724		719

Total revenues		2,049,886		2,106,632		1,473,738
Operating expenses:
Fuel costs		1,999,386		2,058,657		1,434,103
General and administrative		2,568		2,746		2,554
Depreciation and amortization		4,373		3,746		3,161

Total operating expenses		2,006,327		2,065,149		1,439,818

Other expenses, net		59		1,477		—

Operating income	$	43,500	$	40,006	$	33,920

Fuel gallons sold—inter-segment		1,102,863		1,048,997		863,498
Fuel gallons sold—external customers		3,405		3,487		5,799
Fuel margin, cents per gallon(1)		4.5		4.5		4.5

1	Calculated as fuel revenue less fuel costs divided by fuel gallons sold.

For the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018

GPMP Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2019, fuel revenue decreased by $56.8 million, or 2.7%, compared to 2018. The decrease in fuel revenue was attributable to a decrease in the average retail price of fuel in 2019 as compared to 2018, which was partially offset by an increase in gallons sold.

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, other revenue was $0.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and primarily related to rental income from certain sites leased to independent dealers.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin increased by $2.5 million in 2019 due to greater gallons sold to GPM at a fixed margin.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.4 million compared to 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017

GPMP Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2018, fuel revenue increased by $632.9 million, or 43.0%, compared to 2017. The increase in fuel revenue was attributable to an increase in the average retail price of fuel in 2018 as compared to 2017 and greater gallons sold.

For both of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, other revenue was $0.7 million and primarily related to rental income from certain sites leased to independent dealers.

GPMP Operating Income

Fuel margin increased by $8.3 million in 2018 due to greater gallons sold to GPM at a fixed margin.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, total general, administrative, depreciation and amortization expenses increased $0.8 million compared to 2017.

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

We define EBITDA as net income before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA further adjusts EBITDA by excluding the gain or loss on disposal of assets, impairment charges, acquisition costs, other non-cash items, and other unusual or non-recurring charges. Neither EBITDA nor Adjusted EBITDA are presented in accordance with GAAP.

We use EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for operational and financial decision-making and believe these measures are useful in eliminating certain items to focus on what we deem to be indicators of operating performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are also used by many of our investors, securities analysts, and other interested parties in evaluating operational and financial performance as well as debt service capabilities. We believe that the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors by allowing an understanding of key measures that we use internally for operational decision-making, budgeting, evaluating acquisition targets, and assessing store performance.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not recognized terms under GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for net income, cash flows from operating activities, or other income or cash flow statement data. These measures have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. We strongly encourage investors to review our financial statements and publicly filed reports in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure.

Because non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, as defined by us, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. It therefore may not be possible to compare our use of these non-GAAP financial measures with those used by other companies.

The following table contains a reconciliation of net income (loss) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019
Net income (loss)	$	17,157		$	(5,014	)	$	36,809		$	(27,192	)
Interest and other financing expenses, net		10,261			10,959			29,425			32,615
Income tax expense		4,672			5,527			5,171			2,838
Depreciation and amortization		16,171			15,582			50,056			46,284

EBITDA		48,261			27,054			121,461			54,545
Non-cash rent expense(a)		1,627			1,895			5,175			5,693
Acquisition costs(b)		958			1,023			3,340			3,347
Gain on bargain purchase(c)		—			—			—			(406	)
Loss on disposal of assets and impairment charges(d)		1,183			1,752			5,565			2,430
Share-based compensation expense(e)		132			123			387			354
Loss from equity investee(f)		24			92			435			398
Settlement of pension fund claim(g)		—			—			—			226
Fuel taxes paid in arrears(h)		(231	)		—			819			—
Other(i)		(413	)		(66	)		(158	)		(66	)

Adjusted EBITDA	$	51,541		$	31,873		$	137,024		$	66,521

(a)

Eliminates the non-cash portion of rent, which reflects the extent to which our GAAP rent expense recognized exceeds (or is less than) our cash rent payments. The GAAP rent expense adjustment can vary depending on the terms of our lease portfolio, which has been impacted by our recent acquisitions. For newer leases, our rent expense recognized typically exceeds our cash rent payments, while for more mature leases, rent expense recognized is typically less than our cash rent payments.

(b)	Eliminates costs incurred that are directly attributable to historical business acquisitions and salaries of employees whose primary job function is to execute the Company’s acquisition strategy and facilitate integration of acquired operations.

(c)	Eliminates the gain on bargain purchase recognized as a result of the Town Star acquisition in 2019.

(d)	Eliminates the non-cash loss from the sale of property and equipment, the gain recognized upon the sale of related leased assets, and impairment charges on property and equipment and right-of-use assets related to closed and non-performing stores.

(e)	Eliminates non-cash share-based compensation expense related to the ongoing equity incentive program in place to incentivize, retain, and motivate our employees and officers.

(f)	Eliminates the Company’s share of loss attributable to its unconsolidated equity investment as discussed in Note 2 of the annual Consolidated Financial Statements incorporated by reference.

(g)	Eliminates the impact of mainly timing differences related to amounts paid in settlement of the pension fund claim filed against GPM, as discussed in Note 12 of the annual Consolidated Financial Statements incorporated by reference.

(h)	Eliminates the payment of historical fuel tax liabilities owed for multiple prior periods.

(i)	Eliminates other unusual or non-recurring items that management does not consider to be meaningful in assessing operating performance.

The following table contains a reconciliation of net income (loss) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Net income (loss)	$	(47,162	)	$	23,464		$	739
Interest and other financing expenses, net		41,812			19,931			29,465
Income tax expense (benefit)		6,167			(7,933	)		(9,734	)
Depreciation and amortization		62,404			53,814			38,187

EBITDA		63,221			89,276			58,657
Non-cash rent expense(a)		7,582			4,695			3,937
Amortization of favorable and unfavorable leases(b)		—			(3,258	)		(2,590	)
Acquisition costs(c)		6,395			8,485			4,594
Gain on bargain purchase(d)		(406	)		(24,026	)		—
(Gain) loss on disposal of assets and impairment charges(e)		(1,291	)		1,517			538
Share-based compensation(f)		516			490			345
Loss from equity investee(g)		507			451			452
Non-beneficial cost related to potential initial public offering of master limited partnership(h)		121			1,950			—
Settlement of pension fund claim(i)		226			2,262			—
Merchandising optimization costs(j)		1,000			—			—
Other(k)		288			—			313

Adjusted EBITDA	$	78,159		$	81,842		$	66,246

(a)

(b)	Eliminates amortization of favorable and unfavorable lease assets and liabilities.

(c)	Eliminates costs incurred that are directly attributable to historical business acquisitions and salaries of employees whose primary job function is to execute the Company’s acquisition strategy and facilitate integration of acquired operations.

(d)	Eliminates the gains on bargain purchase recognized as a result of the Town Star acquisition in 2019 and E-Z Mart acquisition in 2018.

(e)

Eliminates the non-cash (gain) loss from the sale of property and equipment, the gain recognized upon the sale of related leased assets, including $6.0 million related to the sale of eight stores in 2019, and amortization of deferred gains on sale-leaseback transactions in 2018 and 2017 and impairment charges on property and equipment and right-of-use assets related to closed and non-performing stores.

(f)	Eliminates non-cash share-based compensation expense related to the ongoing equity incentive program in place to incentivize, retain, and motivate our employees and officers.

(g)	Eliminates the Company’s share of loss attributable to its unconsolidated equity investment as discussed in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(h)	Eliminates non-beneficial cost related to potential initial public offering of master limited partnership.

(i)	Eliminates the impact of mainly timing differences related to amounts paid in settlement of the pension fund claim filed against the Company, as discussed in Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(j)	Eliminates the one-time expense associated with our global merchandising optimization efforts.

(k)	Eliminates other unusual or non-recurring items that management does not consider to be meaningful in assessing operating performance.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal liquidity requirements are to finance current operations, fund capital expenditures, including acquisitions, and to service debt. GPM finances its inventory purchases primarily from normal trade credit aided by relatively rapid inventory turnover as well as cash generated from operations. This turnover allows us to conduct operations without large amounts of cash and working capital. We largely rely on internally generated cash flows, borrowings and equity contributions to satisfy our capital expenditure requirements.

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations and other capital requirements, including capital expenditures, as well as to make acquisitions, will depend on our future operating performance which, in turn, will be subject to general economic, financial, business, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other conditions, many of which are beyond our control. As a normal part of our business, depending on market conditions, we will from time to time consider opportunities to repay, redeem, repurchase or refinance our indebtedness. Changes in our operating plans, lower than anticipated sales, increased expenses, acquisitions or other events may cause us to seek additional debt or equity financing in future periods. There can be no guarantee that financing will be available on acceptable terms or at all. Debt financing, if available, could impose additional cash payment obligations and additional covenants and operating restrictions.

In February 2020, we entered into a financing agreement with Ares Capital Management (“Ares”) which allowed us to repay the outstanding long-term debt with PNC Bank and allowed us to obtain additional financing to be used to finance future acquisitions. Additionally, the Ares Credit Agreement (as defined below) has an 1% annual amortization which provides us additional liquidity for our capital needs.

In October 2020, in order to fund the Empire Acquisition, in accordance with the Ares Credit Agreement, the Delayed Term Loan A (as defined below) in an amount of $63 million was provided to GPM and was used for the payment of a portion of the acquisition consideration and is to be used by GPM to finance working capital and other payments related to the Empire Acquisition.

As of September 30, 2020, we were in a strong liquidity position, including the ability to adequately fund the repayments of the Bonds (Series C), as we had approximately $168 million of cash and no borrowings under our line of credit with PNC Bank.

To date, we have funded capital expenditures primarily through funds generated from operations, funds received from vendors, sale-leaseback transactions, issuance of debt and existing cash. Future capital required to finance operations, acquisitions, and raze and remodel stores is expected to come from cash generated by operations, availability under lines of credit, and additional long-term debt as circumstances may dictate. In the future, our capital spending program will be primarily focused on expanding our store base through acquisitions, razing and remodeling stores, and maintaining our owned properties and equipment, including upgrading all fuel dispensers to be EMV-compliant. The estimated gross cost of these upgrades is approximately $30 million, of which a portion will be offset by fuel supplier incentive programs and the remainder is expected to be financed with leasing companies. We do not expect such capital needs to adversely affect liquidity.

Cash Flows for the Three and Nine Month Periods Ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the periods presented were as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2020			2019			2020			2019
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	24,590		$	30,231		$	126,498		$	50,313
Investing activities		(8,190	)		(11,368	)		(28,854	)		(29,169	)
Financing activities		(3,322	)		(19,600	)		31,192			(20,078	)
Effect of exchange rates		297			196			282			1,197

Total		13,375			(541	)		129,118			2,263

Operating Activities

Cash flows provided by operations are our main source of liquidity. We have historically relied primarily on cash provided by operating activities, supplemented as necessary from time to time by borrowings on our credit facilities and other debt or equity transactions to finance our operations and to fund our capital expenditures. Cash flow provided by operating activities is primarily impacted by our net income and changes in working capital.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, cash flows provided by operating activities was $24.6 million compared to $30.2 million for the third quarter of 2019. The 2020 decrease was primarily the result of the expiration of a temporary change to extend payment terms with key merchandise suppliers which reduced current quarter operating cash flow by approximately $16.0 million and $1.6 million of higher net interest payments which were offset by the operating cash flow generated from an increase in segment operating income of approximately $26.0 million, including from the sites acquired in 2019.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, cash flows provided by operating activities was $126.5 million compared to $50.3 million for the first nine months of 2019. The 2020 increase was primarily the result of the operating cash flow generated from an increase in segment operating income of approximately $77.3 million, including from the sites acquired in 2019. These benefits were partially offset by $5.2 million of higher net interest payments, $0.6 million of lower tax refunds, net of taxes paid and a reduction in operating cash flow due to the day of the week on which the quarter ended.

Investing Activities

Cash flows used in investing activities primarily reflect capital expenditures for acquisitions and replacing and maintaining existing facilities and equipment used in the business.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, cash used for investing activities decreased by $3.2 million compared to the third quarter of 2019. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, $8.3 million was used for capital expenditures. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, $11.4 million was used for capital expenditures.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, cash used for investing activities decreased by $0.3 million from the comparable period in 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, $28.8 million was used for capital expenditures including a new Dunkin’ location. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, $29.2 million was used for capital expenditures including purchasing certain fee properties and building a Dunkin’ site and $2.8 million was used for an acquisition, which was partially offset by proceeds from sale of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Cash flows from financing activities primarily consist of increases and decreases in our line of credit and debt and distributions to non-controlling interests.

For the three months ended September 30, 2020, financing activities consisted primarily of net proceeds of $1.1 million for long-term debt and lines of credit, repayments of $1.9 million for financing leases and $2.4 million in distributions to non-controlling interests. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, financing activities consisted primarily of net proceeds of $2.4 million for long-term debt and lines of credit, repayments of $2.3 million for financing leases, payment of $17.5 million for the pension provision and $2.2 million in distributions to non-controlling interests.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, financing activities consisted primarily of net proceeds of $15.8 million for long-term debt and lines of credit, repayments of $6.1 million for financing leases, net proceeds from the issuance of rights of $11.3 million, investment of non-controlling interest in subsidiary of $19.3 million, buyback of long-term debt of $2.0 million and $7.1 million in distributions to non-controlling interests. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, financing activities consisted primarily of net proceeds of $10.5 million from long-term debt and lines of credit, repayments of $6.6 million for financing leases, payment of $17.5 million for the pension provision and $6.5 million in distributions to non-controlling interests.

Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the periods presented were as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	43,297		$	58,502		$	27,508
Investing activities		(73,040	)		(104,654	)		(54,368	)
Financing activities		31,693			45,837			22,438
Effect of exchange rates		1,263			(1,397	)		1,965

Total	$	3,213		$	(1,712	)	$	(2,457	)

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash flows provided by operating activities was $43.3 million compared to $58.5 million for 2018. The 2019 decrease was primarily due to higher net interest payments of $2.5 million and $0.9 million of lower tax refunds, net of taxes paid, an increase in fuel inventory in 2019 due to greater volumes at a higher average cost which reduced operating cash flow by approximately $6.7 million and approximately $1.6 million less funds received from fuel vendors for branding, renovation and upgrade projects in 2019 as compared to 2018 due to the timing of these projects.

These decreases were partially offset by the operating cash flow generated from an increase of $3.5 million in segment operating income, including from the sites acquired in 2019 and 2018.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, cash flows provided by operating activities was $58.5 million compared to $27.5 million for 2017. The 2018 increase was primarily the result of the operating cash flow generated from an increase of $24.5 million in segment operating income, including from the sites acquired in 2018 and 2017, and additional tax refunds of $5.3 million, net of tax payments, which were offset by higher net interest payments of $8.3 million and approximately $5.1 million less funds received from fuel vendors for branding, renovation and upgrade projects in 2018 as compared to 2017 due to the timing of these projects.

Investing Activities

Cash flows used in investing activities primarily reflect capital expenditures for acquisitions and replacing and maintaining existing facilities and equipment used in the business.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, cash flows used in investing activities decreased by $31.6 million, to $73.0 million from $104.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we spent $58.3 million for capital expenditures, including purchasing certain fee properties and building a Dunkin’ site, and $33.6 million for 2019 acquisitions, which was offset by $19.0 million in proceeds primarily from a sale-leaseback transaction. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we spent $51.6 million for capital expenditures and $71.4 million for 2018 acquisitions. These outflows were offset by a $16.6 million decrease in designated cash generated from a sale-leaseback transaction which was used for the 2018 E-Z Mart acquisition.

Financing Activities

Cash flows from financing activities primarily consist of increases and decreases in our line of credit and debt and distributions to non-controlling interests.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, financing activities consiste