Restructuring Costs (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Restructuring Charges [Abstract]

Restructuring and related costs

Restructuring costs for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31
	2022		2021
Employee separations 1	$	5	$	45
Long-lived asset impairments 1	—		11
Other 2	8		8
Total restructuring costs	$	13	$	64
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, project management, equipment relocation and inventory write-downs, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

Summary of separation activity

The following table summarizes the 2022 and 2021 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended March 31
	2022		2021
Liability balance, beginning of period	$	61	$	164
Increase in liability (separation charges)	5		45
Reduction in liability (payments)	(19)		(55)
Liability balance, end of period	$	47	$	154