10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C.  20549

 

 FORM 10-Q 

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                    to

Commission File Number:  1-768

CATERPILLAR INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware				37-0602744
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)				(IRS Employer I.D. No.)
510 Lake Cook Road,	Suite 100,	Deerfield,	Illinois	60015
(Address of principal executive offices)				(Zip Code)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (224) 551-4000 

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol (s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)	CAT	New York Stock Exchange
9 3/8% Debentures due March 15, 2021	CAT21	New York Stock Exchange
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023	CAT23	New York Stock Exchange
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035	CAT35	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ☒

At June 30, 2019, 562,589,191 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.

Table of Contents

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	66
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	94
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	94
Part II. Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	95
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	*
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	95
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	*
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	*
Item 5.	Other Information	*
Item 6.	Exhibits	96

* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

2

Part I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	13,671		$	13,279
Revenues of Financial Products	761			732
Total sales and revenues	14,432			14,011
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	9,941			9,422
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,309			1,440
Research and development expenses	441			462
Interest expense of Financial Products	192			182
Other operating (income) expenses	336			338
Total operating costs	12,219			11,844
Operating profit	2,213			2,167
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	103			102
Other income (expense)	68			121
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,178			2,186
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	565			490
Profit of consolidated companies	1,613			1,696
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	6			9
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,619			1,705
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1		)	(2		)
Profit 1	$	1,620		$	1,707
Profit per common share	$	2.85		$	2.86
Profit per common share – diluted 2	$	2.83		$	2.82
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	567.8			596.2
– Diluted 2	573.1			604.2

¹    Profit attributable to common shareholders.

²   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	1,619		$	1,705
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $6; 2018 - $(30)	99			(411		)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $3; 2018 - $1	(7		)	(7		)
Derivative financial instruments:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $4; 2018 - $(13)	(16		)	36
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $1; 2018 - $30	(1		)	(96		)
Available-for-sale securities:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $(2); 2018 - $1	15			(2		)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $0; 2018 - $0	(1		)	—
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	89			(480		)
Comprehensive income	1,708			1,225
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(1		)	(2		)
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$	1,709		$	1,227

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	26,395	$	25,429
Revenues of Financial Products	1,503		1,441
Total sales and revenues	27,898		26,870
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	18,944		17,988
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,628		2,716
Research and development expenses	876		905
Interest expense of Financial Products	382		348
Other operating (income) expenses	648		638
Total operating costs	23,478		22,595
Operating profit	4,420		4,275
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	206		203
Other income (expense)	228		248
Consolidated profit before taxes	4,442		4,320
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	952		962
Profit of consolidated companies	3,490		3,358
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	13		14
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	3,503		3,372
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		—
Profit 1	$	3,501	$	3,372
Profit per common share	$	6.14	$	5.65
Profit per common share – diluted 2	$	6.08	$	5.56
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	569.9		597.0
– Diluted 2	575.8		606.1

¹    Profit attributable to common shareholders.

²   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	3,503		$	3,372
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $2; 2018 - $(15)	77			(227		)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Current year prior service credit (cost), net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $0; 2018 - $1	—			(2		)
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $6; 2018 - $3	(14		)	(14		)
Derivative financial instruments:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $1; 2018 - $(14)	(6		)	41
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $3; 2018 - $24	(10		)	(78		)
Available-for-sale securities:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $(8); 2018 - $3	30			(13		)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	77			(293		)
Comprehensive income	3,580			3,079
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	2			—
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$	3,578		$	3,079

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	7,429		$	7,857
Receivables – trade and other	8,996			8,802
Receivables – finance	9,539			8,650
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,818			1,765
Inventories	12,007			11,529
Total current assets	39,789			38,603
Property, plant and equipment – net	13,172			13,574
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,154			1,161
Long-term receivables – finance	12,461			13,286
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,473			1,439
Intangible assets	1,733			1,897
Goodwill	6,211			6,217
Other assets	3,194			2,332
Total assets	$	79,187		$	78,509
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	—		$	—
Financial Products	5,266			5,723
Accounts payable	7,022			7,051
Accrued expenses	3,789			3,573
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,411			2,384
Customer advances	1,263			1,243
Dividends payable	579			495
Other current liabilities	2,157			1,919
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13			10
Financial Products	6,235			5,820
Total current liabilities	27,735			28,218
Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	7,657			8,005
Financial Products	17,107			16,995
Liability for postemployment benefits	7,448			7,455
Other liabilities	4,362			3,756
Total liabilities	64,309			64,429
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (6/30/19 and 12/31/18 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount	5,822			5,827
Treasury stock (6/30/19 – 252,305,433 shares; 12/31/18 – 239,351,886 shares) at cost	(22,467		)	(20,531		)
Profit employed in the business	32,981			30,427
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,499		)	(1,684		)
Noncontrolling interests	41			41
Total shareholders’ equity	14,878			14,080
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	79,187		$	78,509

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

	Common stock			Treasury stock			Profit employed in the business			Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Noncontrolling interests			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	5,640		$	(17,347	)	$	27,929		$	(1,016	)	$	66		$	15,272
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—			—			1,707			—			(2		)	1,705
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—			—			—			(411		)	—			(411		)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—			—			—			(7		)	—			(7		)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—			—			—			(60		)	—			(60		)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—			(2		)	—			(2		)
Dividends declared 1	—			—			(979		)	—			—			(979		)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,302,281	38			69			—			—			—			107
Stock-based compensation expense	62			—			—			—			—			62
Common shares repurchased: 4,881,793 2	—			(750		)	—			—			—			(750		)
Other	6			—			—			—			—			6
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	5,746		$	(18,028	)	$	28,657		$	(1,496	)	$	63		$	14,942
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	5,804		$	(21,214	)	$	32,435		$	(1,588	)	$	41		$	15,478
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—			—			1,620			—			(1		)	1,619
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—			—			—			99			—			99
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—			—			—			(7		)	—			(7		)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—			—			—			(17		)	—			(17		)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—			14			—			14
Dividends declared 1	—			—			(1,074		)	—			—			(1,074		)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 644,039	11			33			—			—			—			44
Stock-based compensation expense	68			—			—			—			—			68
Common shares repurchased: 9,757,126 2	—			(1,286		)	—			—			—			(1,286		)
Other	(61		)	—			—			—			2			(59		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	5,822		$	(22,467	)	$	32,981		$	(1,499	)	$	41		$	14,878

¹ Dividends per share of common stock of $1.89 and $1.64 were declared in the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

² See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

	Common stock			Treasury stock			Profit employed in the business			Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Noncontrolling interests			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	5,593		$	(17,005	)	$	26,301		$	(1,192	)	$	69		$	13,766
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance
Revenue recognition	—			—			(12		)	—			—			(12		)
Tax accounting for intra-entity asset transfers	—			—			(35		)	—			—			(35		)
Recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities	—			—			11			(11		)	—			—
Balance at January 1, 2018	5,593			(17,005		)	26,265			(1,203		)	69			13,719
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—			—			3,372			—			—			3,372
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—			—			—			(227		)	—			(227		)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—			—			—			(16		)	—			(16		)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—			—			—			(37		)	—			(37		)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—			(13		)	—			(13		)
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests	2			—			—			—			(5		)	(3		)
Dividends declared 1	—			—			(980		)	—			—			(980		)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 4,729,038	29			227			—			—			—			256
Stock-based compensation expense	112			—			—			—			—			112
Common shares repurchased: 8,029,422 2	—			(1,250		)	—			—			—			(1,250		)
Other	10			—			—			—			—			10
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	5,746		$	(18,028	)	$	28,657		$	(1,496	)	$	63		$	14,942
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	5,827		$	(20,531	)	$	30,427		$	(1,684	)	$	41		$	14,080
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance3
Lease accounting	—			—			235			—			—			235
Reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income	—			—			(108		)	108			—			—
Balance at January 1, 2019	5,827			(20,531		)	30,554			(1,576		)	41			14,315
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—			—			3,501			—			2			3,503
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—			—			—			77			—			77
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—			—			—			(14		)	—			(14		)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—			—			—			(16		)	—			(16		)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—			30			—			30
Dividends declared 1	—			—			(1,074		)	—			—			(1,074		)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—			—			—			—			(2		)	(2		)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 2,503,104	(62		)	101			—			—			—			39
Stock-based compensation expense	113			—			—			—			—			113
Common shares repurchased: 15,456,651 2	—			(2,037		)	—			—			—			(2,037		)
Other	(56		)	—			—			—			—			(56		)
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	5,822		$	(22,467	)	$	32,981		$	(1,499	)	$	41		$	14,878

¹ Dividends per share of common stock of $1.89 and $1.64 were declared in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

² See Note 12 for additional information.

³ See Note 2 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

9

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	3,503		$	3,372
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,288			1,367
Other	440			446
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	(166		)	(703		)
Inventories	(487		)	(1,208		)
Accounts payable	134			545
Accrued expenses	151			(31		)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(979		)	(768		)
Customer advances	14			(54		)
Other assets – net	(221		)	174
Other liabilities – net	32			(57		)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,709			3,083
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(479		)	(645		)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(746		)	(883		)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	422			539
Additions to finance receivables	(6,181		)	(6,143		)
Collections of finance receivables	5,902			5,405
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	119			124
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(3		)	(348		)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	—			12
Proceeds from sale of securities	170			168
Investments in securities	(243		)	(318		)
Other – net	(40		)	21
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,079		)	(2,068		)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(986		)	(933		)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	39			256
Common shares repurchased	(2,105		)	(1,250		)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			—
Financial Products	5,340			4,307
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(4		)	(3		)
Financial Products	(4,897		)	(4,433		)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	(436		)	1,487
Other – net	(2		)	(4		)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(3,051		)	(573		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(10		)	(68		)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	(431		)	374
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	7,890			8,320
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$	7,459		$	8,694

 All short-term investments, which consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, are considered to be cash equivalents.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. A.  Nature of operations

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and the All Other operating segment and related corporate items and eliminations.

Financial Products – Primarily includes the company’s Financial Products Segment.  This category includes Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial), Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services) and their respective subsidiaries.

B.  Basis of presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, (c) the consolidated financial position at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 Form 10-K).

The December 31, 2018 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2018 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)

We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity. Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was $148 million and $131 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

In addition, Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

11

2.                                   New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Lease accounting (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02) – In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued accounting guidance that revises the accounting for leases. Under the new guidance, lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for substantially all leases. The new guidance will continue to classify leases as either financing or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition. The accounting applied by a lessor under the new guidance will be substantially equivalent to current lease accounting guidance. The new guidance was effective January 1, 2019 and was applied using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. The prior period comparative information has not been recasted and continues to be reported under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods.

The new guidance provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We elected the "package of practical expedients," which allows us not to reassess under the new guidance our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. We did not elect the use-of-hindsight practical expedient. In addition, the new guidance provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing lessee accounting. For certain property and information technology equipment leases, we have elected to separate payments for lease components from non-lease components. For all other leases, we have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components. We have elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify, which means we will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for these leases with a term of twelve months or less.

The most significant effects of adoption relate to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for operating leases and providing new disclosures about our leasing activities. In addition, we derecognized existing assets and debt obligations for a sale-leaseback transaction that qualified for sale accounting under the new guidance. The gain associated with this change in accounting was recognized through opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations.

In March 2019, the FASB issued Leases - Codification improvements (ASU 2019-01) which amended the new leasing guidance. Under these amendments, lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers will use their cost, less any discounts that may apply, as the fair value of the underlying asset, and lessors within the scope of Financial Services-Depository and Lending guidance will present all principal payments received under leases within investment activities on the statement of cash flows.  We adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material impact to our financial statements.

See Note 10 for additional information.

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The cumulative effect of initially applying the new lease guidance to our consolidated financial statements on January 1, 2019 was as follows:

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Balance as of December 31, 2018		Cumulative Impact from Adopting New Lease Guidance			Balance as of January 1, 2019
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	1,765	$	(17	)	$	1,748
Property, plant and equipment - net	$	13,574	$	(26	)	$	13,548
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	$	1,439	$	(77	)	$	1,362
Other assets	$	2,332	$	713		$	3,045
Liabilities
Accrued expenses	$	3,573	$	(27	)	$	3,546
Other current liabilities	$	1,919	$	209		$	2,128
Long-term debt due after one year
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	8,005	$	(362	)	$	7,643
Other liabilities	$	3,756	$	538		$	4,294
Shareholders' equity
Profit employed in the business	$	30,427	$	235		$	30,662

The following ASUs were effective January 1, 2019 and did not have a material impact on our financial statements:

ASU	Description
2017-08	Premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities
2017-12	Derivatives and hedging - Targeted improvements
2018-02	Reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

Credit losses (ASU 2016-13) – In June 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to introduce a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected credit losses. The new guidance will apply to loans, accounts receivable, trade receivables, other financial assets measured at amortized cost, loan commitments and other off-balance sheet credit exposures. The new guidance will also apply to debt securities and other financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2019. An implementation team continues to evaluate data requirements and methodologies and has started designing new processes and controls. The team is also modeling results to assess the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements. We plan to adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2020.

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed above were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

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3. Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products. In addition, Cat Financial provides wholesale inventory financing for a dealer's purchase of inventory. Wholesale inventory receivables are included in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Trade receivables from dealers and end users were $7,870 million and $7,743 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and are recognized in Receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $663 million and $674 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and are recognized in Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term customer advances recognized in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $434 million and $437 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recognized $368 million and $875 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2019.

As of June 30, 2019, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $6.0 billion, of which $2.4 billion is expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following June 30, 2019. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

4.                                     Stock-based compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation primarily consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

Upon separation from service, if a participant is 55 years of age or older with more than five years of service, the participant meets the criteria for a "Long Service Separation." For PRSU awards granted prior to 2019, only a prorated number of shares may vest at the end of the performance period based upon achievement of the performance target, with the proration based upon the number of months of continuous employment during the three-year performance period. Award terms for the 2019 PRSU grant allow for continued vesting upon achievement of the performance target specified in the award document for employees who meet the criteria for a "Long Service Separation" and fulfill a requisite service period of six months. Compensation expense for the 2019 PRSU grant with respect to employees who have met the criteria for a "Long Service Separation" is recognized over the period from the grant date to the end of the six-month requisite service period. For employees who become eligible for a "Long Service Separation" subsequent to the end date of the six-month requisite service period and prior to the completion of the vesting period, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date eligibility is achieved.

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $68 million and $113 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $62 million and $112 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:

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	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019					Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,499,524	$	40.98	$	138.35	1,566,788	$	46.18	$	151.12
RSUs	657,389	$	138.35	$	138.35	683,339	$	151.16	$	151.16
PRSUs	342,097	$	138.35	$	138.35	339,559	$	151.12	$	151.12

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:

	Grant Year
	2019	2018
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.56%	2.70%
Weighted-average volatility	29.1%	30.2%
Range of volatilities	25.1-38.7%	21.5-33.0%
Range of risk-free interest rates	2.48-2.68%	2.02-2.87%
Weighted-average expected lives	7 years	8 years

As of June 30, 2019, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $261 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.

5.                                     Derivative financial instruments and risk management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors at least annually.

All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until they are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  Cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

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We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years. As of June 30, 2019, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

As of June 30, 2019, $6 million of deferred net gains, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions.  The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

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Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.  The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are as follows:

 

(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	26		$	16
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(17		)	(26		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	(4		)	(9		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	47			53
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	15			35
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(17		)	(9		)
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—			1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	6			3
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(71		)	(40		)
		$	(15	)	$	24
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	5		$	2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	—			(21		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	11			15
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	5			5
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(20		)	(14		)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	4			1
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(8		)	(31		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	(1		)	—
		$	(4	)	$	(43	)

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The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	2,110	$	1,834
Financial Products	$	8,736	$	10,210

The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amounts exchanged by the parties are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
				Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized  in AOCI			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations containing hedging gains (losses)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	4
				Cost of goods sold	$	(1	)	$	9,941
Financial Products	10
				Interest expense of Financial Products	7			$	192
				Other income (expense)	(4		)	$	68
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	(34		)	Interest expense of Financial Products	—			$	192
	$	(20	)		$	2

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
				Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(79	)	Other income (expense)	$	4		$	—
Financial Products	123			Other income (expense)	119			—
				Interest expense of Financial Products	5			—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	5			Interest expense of Financial Products	—			—
	$	49			$	126		$	—

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Cash Flow Hedges
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
				Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized  in AOCI			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations containing hedging gains (losses)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	21
				Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	1		$	26,395
				Cost of goods sold	(4		)	$	18,944
Financial Products	32
				Interest expense of Financial Products	14			$	382
				Other income (expense)	2			$	228
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1		)	$	206
Financial Products	(60		)	Interest expense of Financial Products	1			$	382
	$	(7	)		$	13

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
				Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(40	)	Other income (expense)	$	5		$	—
Financial Products	90			Other income (expense)	90			—
				Interest expense of Financial Products	8			—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	5			Interest expense of Financial Products	1			—
	$	55			$	102		$	—

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The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019			Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	7		$	(54	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(10		)	23
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	(7		)	9
		$	(10	)	$	(22	)
	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019			Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	13		$	(38	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(39		)	16
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	16			—
		$	(10	)	$	(22	)

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

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The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows:

June 30, 2019							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	35	$	—	$	35	$	(20	)	$	—	$	15
Financial Products	84		—		84		(19		)	—		65
Total	$	119	$	—	$	119	$	(39	)	$	—	$	80

June 30, 2019									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(30	)	$	—	$	(30	)	$	20	$	—	$	(10	)
Financial Products	(108		)	—		(108		)	19		—		(89		)
Total	$	(138	)	$	—	$	(138	)	$	39	$	—	$	(99	)

December 31, 2018							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	19	$	—	$	19	$	(19	)	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	112		—		112		(34		)	—		78
Total	$	131	$	—	$	131	$	(53	)	$	—	$	78

December 31, 2018									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(87	)	$	—	$	(87	)	$	19	$	—	$	(68	)
Financial Products	(63		)	—		(63		)	34		—		(29		)
Total	$	(150	)	$	—	$	(150	)	$	53	$	—	$	(97	)

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6.                                     Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) are comprised of the following:

 

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Raw materials	$	3,593	$	3,382
Work-in-process	2,574		2,674
Finished goods	5,604		5,241
Supplies	236		232
Total inventories	$	12,007	$	11,529

7.                                     Intangible assets and goodwill

A.  Intangible assets

Intangible assets are comprised of the following:

		June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,460	$	(1,330	)	$	1,130
Intellectual property	12	1,516		(992		)	524
Other	12	199		(120		)	79
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,175	$	(2,442	)	$	1,733

		December 31, 2018
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,463	$	(1,249	)	$	1,214
Intellectual property	11	1,557		(965		)	592
Other	13	199		(108		)	91
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,219	$	(2,322	)	$	1,897

Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $81 million and $163 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $83 million and $166 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter
$162	$311	$293	$274	$216	$477

B.  Goodwill

No goodwill was impaired during the six months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2018			Other Adjustments 1			June 30, 2019
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	304		$	4		$	308
Impairments	(22		)	—			(22		)
Net goodwill	282			4			286
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,172			(7		)	4,165
Impairments	(1,175		)	—			(1,175		)
Net goodwill	2,997			(7		)	2,990
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,882			(4		)	2,878
All Other 2
Goodwill	56			1			57
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,414			(6		)	7,408
Impairments	(1,197		)	—			(1,197		)
Net goodwill	$	6,217		$	(6	)	$	6,211

¹ Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

² Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

8.                                     Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, which are recorded at fair value and are primarily included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Debt securities have been classified as available-for-sale, and the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of these debt securities are included, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). The unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are generally determined using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

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The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Cost  Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains  (Losses)		Fair  Value		Cost  Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains  (Losses)			Fair  Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	9	$	—		$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	47		—		47		42		—			42
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	805		14		819		735		(15		)	720
Asset-backed securities	56		—		56		63		—			63
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	302		3		305		301		(4		)	297
Residential	7		—		7		7		—			7
Commercial	36		1		37		14		(1		)	13
Total debt securities	$	1,262	$	18	$	1,280	$	1,171	$	(20	)	$	1,151

Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired:
	June 30, 2019
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	33	$	—	$	134	$	1	$	167	$	1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	9		—		57		1		66		1
Total	$	42	$	—	$	191	$	2	$	233	$	2

	December 31, 2018
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	280	$	3	$	391	$	11	$	671	$	14
Asset-backed securities	6		—		38		1		44		1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	52		—		223		5		275		5
Commercial	—		—		14		1		14		1
Total	$	338	$	3	$	666	$	18	$	1,004	$	21
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Corporate Bonds. The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2019.

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Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2019.

The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2019, by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.    

        

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	100	$	99
Due after one year through five years	664		674
Due after five years through ten years	134		138
Due after ten years	19		20
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	302		305
Residential mortgage-backed securities	7		7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	36		37
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,262	$	1,280

Sales of available-for-sale securities:
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	97	$	67	$	144	$	140
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2019 were $14 million and $53 million, respectively. For each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2018 were $4 million.

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9.                                     Postretirement benefits

A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    

	U.S. Pension  Benefits						Non-U.S. Pension  Benefits						Other Postretirement  Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	June 30						June 30						June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	28		$	31		$	20		$	23		$	21		$	21
Interest cost	150			134			24			24			34			31
Expected return on plan assets	(179		)	(203		)	(38		)	(56		)	(5		)	(8		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—			—			—			—			(10		)	(8		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(1	)	$	(38	)	$	6		$	(9	)	$	40		$	36
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	57		$	63		$	41		$	45		$	41		$	42
Interest cost	300			267			47			49			68			62
Expected return on plan assets	(360		)	(405		)	(75		)	(112		)	(10		)	(16		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—			—			—			—			(20		)	(17		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(3	)	$	(75	)	$	13		$	(18	)	$	79		$	71

¹  The service cost component of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits cost (benefit) is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits cost (benefit) are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $79 million and $198 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2019 contributions of approximately $330 million.

B.  Defined contribution benefit costs

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S. Plans	$	93	$	77	$	230	$	150
Non-U.S. Plans	21		21		42		43
	$	114	$	98	$	272	$	193

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10.       Leases

A. Lessee arrangements

We lease certain property, information technology equipment, warehouse equipment, vehicles and other equipment through operating leases. We recognize a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset based on the present value of lease payments. To determine the present value of lease payments for most of our leases, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on information available on the lease commencement date. For certain property and information technology equipment leases, we have elected to separate payments for lease components from non-lease components. For all other leases, we have elected not to separate payments for lease and non-lease components. Our lease agreements may include options to extend or terminate the lease. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option, we have included the option in the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less.

Our finance leases are not significant and therefore are not included in the following disclosures.

The components of lease costs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Operating lease cost	$	54	$	118
Short-term lease cost	$	20	$	32

Operating lease right-of-use assets are recognized in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The operating lease liabilities are recognized in Other current liabilities and Other liabilities.

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	June 30, 2019			January 1, 2019
Operating Leases
Other assets	$	656		$	713
Other current liabilities	$	187		$	209
Other liabilities	$	480		$	511
Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases	7 years			7 years
Weighted average discount rates
Operating leases	2		%	2		%

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Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2019 and minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Amounts Due In
Remaining six months of 2019	$	102
2020	164
2021	122
2022	76
2023	58
Thereafter	196
Total lease payments	718
Less: Imputed interest	(51		)
Total	$	667
	December 31, 2018
Amounts Due In
2019	$	205
2020	154
2021	111
2022	67
2023	50
Thereafter	185
Total	$	772

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	114
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	68

B. Lessor arrangements

We lease Caterpillar machinery, engines and other equipment to customers and dealers around the world, primarily through Cat Financial. Cat Financial leases to customers primarily through sales-type (non-tax) leases, where the lessee for tax purposes is considered to be the owner of the equipment during the term of the lease. Cat Financial also offers tax leases that are classified as either operating or direct finance leases for financial accounting purposes, depending on the characteristics of the lease. For tax purposes, Cat Financial is considered the owner of the equipment. Our lease agreements may include options for the lessee to purchase the underlying asset at the end of the lease term for either a stated fixed price or fair market value.

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The residual values for Cat Financial’s leased assets, which are an estimate of the market value of leased equipment at the end of the lease term, are based on an analysis of historical wholesale market sales prices, projected forward on a level trend line without consideration for inflation or possible future pricing action. At the inception of the lease, residual values are estimated with consideration of the following critical factors: market size and demand, any known significant market/product trends, total expected hours of usage, machine configuration, application, location, model changes, quantities, past remarketing experience, third-party residual guarantees and contractual customer purchase options. Many of these factors are gathered in an application survey that is completed prior to quotation. The lease agreement also clearly defines applicable return conditions and remedies for non-compliance, to ensure that the leased equipment will be in good operating condition upon return. Model changes and updates, as well as market strength and product acceptance, are monitored and adjustments are made to residual values in accordance with the significance of any such changes. Cat Financial's sales staff work closely with customers and dealers to manage the sale of lease returns and the recovery of residual exposure.

During the term of our operating leases, we evaluate the carrying value of our equipment on a regular basis taking into consideration expected residual values at lease termination. Adjustments to depreciation expense reflecting revised estimates of expected residual values at the end of the lease terms are recorded prospectively on a straight-line basis. For finance leases, residual value adjustments are recognized through a reduction of finance revenue.

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Contractual maturities of finance lease receivables (sales-type and direct finance leases) were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Amounts Due In	Retail   Leases 1			Wholesale Leases 2			Total
Remaining six months of 2019	$	1,806		$	41		$	1,847
2020	2,562			63			2,625
2021	1,510			46			1,556
2022	691			30			721
2023	285			19			304
Thereafter	116			30			146
Total	6,970			229			7,199
Guaranteed residual value	387			57			444
Unguaranteed residual value	803			34			837
Less: Unearned income	(677		)	(40		)	(717		)
Total	$	7,483		$	280		$	7,763
	December 31, 2018
Amounts Due In	Retail   Leases 1			Wholesale Leases 2			Total
2019	$	2,981		$	70		$	3,051
2020	2,026			48			2,074
2021	1,073			30			1,103
2022	453			16			469
2023	166			6			172
Thereafter	56			3			59
Total	6,755			173			6,928
Guaranteed residual value	392			66			458
Unguaranteed residual value	822			35			857
Less: Unearned income	(628		)	(16		)	(644		)
Total	$	7,341		$	258		$	7,599
1 Included in Receivables - finance and Long-term receivables - finance on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
2 Included in Receivables - trade and other and Long-term receivables - trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Wholesale lease receivables are receivables of Cat Financial that arise when Cat Financial provides financing for a dealer's lease of inventory.

Our finance lease receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections.

The carrying amount of equipment leased to others, included in Property, plant and equipment - net in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, under operating leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Equipment leased to others - at original cost	$	6,520		$	6,015
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(2,054		)	(1,744		)
Equipment leased to others - net	$	4,466		$	4,271

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Payments due for operating leases at June 30, 2019 and scheduled minimum rental payments for operating leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
June 30, 2019
Remaining Six Months of 2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
$580	$696	$406	$208	$98	$100	$	2,088
December 31, 2018
2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
$896	$574	$314	$158	$71	$69	$	2,082

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Finance lease revenue	$	135	$	254
Operating lease revenue	308		624
Total	$	443	$	878

Revenues are presented net of sales and other related taxes.

11.                              Guarantees and product warranty

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  We also provided guarantees to third parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap.

Customer loan guarantees

We provide loan guarantees to third-party lenders for financing associated with machinery purchased by customers. These guarantees have varying terms and are secured by the machinery. In addition, Cat Financial participates in standby letters of credit issued to third parties on behalf of their customers. These standby letters of credit have varying terms and beneficiaries and are secured by customer assets.

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Supplier consortium performance guarantees

We have provided guarantees to a customer in Brazil and a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by supplier consortiums to which our Caterpillar subsidiaries are members. The guarantees cover potential damages incurred by the customers resulting from the supplier consortiums' non-performance. The damages are capped except for failure of the consortiums to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee for the customer in Europe will expire when the supplier consortium performs all of its contractual obligations, which are expected to be completed in 2022. The agreement with the customer in Brazil was terminated during the second quarter of 2019. No payments were made under the guarantee.

Third-party logistics business lease guarantees

We have provided guarantees to third-party lessors for certain properties leased by a third-party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LLC, in which we sold our equity interest in 2015. The guarantees are for the possibility that the third-party logistics business would default on real estate lease payments. The guarantees were granted at lease inception and generally will expire at the end of the lease terms.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the related liability was $6 million and $8 million, respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	1,252	$	1,244
Customer loan guarantees	25		31
Supplier consortium performance guarantees	245		527
Third party logistics business lease guarantees	56		60
Other guarantees	125		116
Total guarantees	$	1,703	$	1,978

Cat Financial provides guarantees to repurchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program.  Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity.  Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee, which provides a source of liquidity for the SPC.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the SPC’s assets of $1,368 million and $1,149 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1,368 million and $1,148 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial's creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

Our product warranty liability is determined by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, historical claim rates are based on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  Specific rates are developed for each product shipment month and are updated monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

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(Millions of dollars)	2019
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,391
Reduction in liability (payments)	(425		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	490
Warranty liability, June 30	$	1,456

(Millions of dollars)	2018
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,419
Reduction in liability (payments)	(783		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	755
Warranty liability, December 31	$	1,391

12.                               Profit per share

 

Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	1,620	$	1,707	$	3,501	$	3,372
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	567.8		596.2		569.9		597.0
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	5.3		8.0		5.9		9.1
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	573.1		604.2		575.8		606.1
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	2.85	$	2.86	$	6.14	$	5.65
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	2.83	$	2.82	$	6.08	$	5.56
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)					562.6		594.3
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

Stock options to purchase 2,970,234 and 1,478,726 common shares were outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These stock options were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration (the 2018 Authorization). As of June 30, 2019, approximately $8.0 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.

During the first and second quarters of 2019, we repurchased 5.7 million and 9.8 million shares, respectively, of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $751 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. These purchases were made through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.

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13.                         Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

Comprehensive income and its components are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, consisted of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	(1,525	)	$	24		$	(88	)	$	1		$	(1,588	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	99			—			(16		)	15			98
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(7		)	(1		)	(1		)	(9		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	99			(7		)	(17		)	14			89
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	(1,426	)	$	17		$	(105	)	$	15		$	(1,499	)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	(1,021	)	$	37		$	(18	)	$	(14	)	$	(1,016	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(411		)	—			36			(2		)	(377		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(7		)	(96		)	—			(103		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(411		)	(7		)	(60		)	(2		)	(480		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(1,432	)	$	30		$	(78	)	$	(16	)	$	(1,496	)

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(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(1,601	)	$	12		$	(80	)	$	(15	)	$	(1,684	)
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income 1	98			19			(9		)	—			108
Balance at January 1, 2019	(1,503		)	31			(89		)	(15		)	(1,576		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	77			—			(6		)	30			101
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(14		)	(10		)	—			(24		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	77			(14		)	(16		)	30			77
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	(1,426	)	$	17		$	(105	)	$	15		$	(1,499	)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	(1,205	)	$	46		$	(41	)	$	8		$	(1,192	)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance	—			—			—			(11		)	(11		)
Balance at January 1, 2018	(1,205		)	46			(41		)	(3		)	(1,203		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(228		)	(2		)	41			(13		)	(202		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	$	1		$	(14	)	$	(78	)	$	—		$	(91	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(227	)	$	(16	)	$	(37	)	$	(13	)	$	(293	)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(1,432	)	$	30		$	(78	)	$	(16	)	$	(1,496	)
1 See Note 2 for additional information.

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The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:

		Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2019			2018
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Other income (expense)	$	10		$	8
Tax (provision) benefit		(3		)	(1		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	7		$	7
Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Cost of goods sold	(1		)	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	7			5
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	(4		)	123
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	—			(2		)
Reclassifications before tax		2			126
Tax (provision) benefit		(1		)	(30		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	1		$	96
Available-for-sale securities:
Realized gain (loss)	Other income (expense)	$	1		$	—
Reclassifications net of tax		$	1		$	—
Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	9		$	103

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		Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2019			2018
Foreign currency translation
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation	Other income (expense)	$	—		$	(1	)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	—		$	(1	)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Other income (expense)	$	20		$	17
Tax (provision) benefit		(6		)	(3		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	14		$	14
Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	1		$	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Cost of goods sold	(4		)	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	14			8
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	2			95
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1		)	(2		)
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	1			1
Reclassifications before tax		13			102
Tax (provision) benefit		(3		)	(24		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	10		$	78
Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	24		$	91

14.                              Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs are accrued against our earnings. Costs are accrued based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

37

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On March 20, 2014, Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) published a Technical Opinion which named 18 companies and over 100 individuals as defendants, including two subsidiaries of Caterpillar Inc., MGE - Equipamentos e Serviços Ferroviários Ltda. (MGE) and Caterpillar Brasil Ltda (CBL). The publication of the Technical Opinion opened CADE's official administrative investigation into allegations that the defendants participated in anticompetitive bid activity for the construction and maintenance of metro and train networks in Brazil. While companies cannot be held criminally liable for anticompetitive conduct in Brazil, criminal charges have been brought against one current employee of MGE and two former employees of MGE involving the same conduct alleged by CADE. On July 8, 2019, CADE found MGE, one of its current employees and two of its former employees liable for anticompetitive conduct. CBL was dismissed from the proceeding without any finding of liability. MGE intends to appeal CADE's findings. We currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

15.                              Income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the first six months of 2019 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 24 percent for the first six months of 2018, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The increase was largely driven by the application of U.S. tax reform provisions to the earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, which do not have a calendar fiscal year-end. These provisions did not apply to these subsidiaries in 2018.

As a result of final regulations received in 2019 providing additional guidance related to the calculation of the mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings due to U.S. tax reform, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $178 million in the first six months of 2019 to adjust unrecognized tax benefits. In addition, a discrete tax benefit of $26 million was recorded in the first six months of 2019, compared with $49 million for the first six months of 2018, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. The provision for income taxes for the first six months of 2018 also included a $25 million benefit for the release of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of a non-U.S. subsidiary.

38

On January 31, 2018, we received a Revenue Agent's Report from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2010 to 2012. In the audits of 2007 to 2012 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by CSARL based on the IRS examination team's application of the "substance-over-form" or "assignment-of-income" judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2.3 billion. We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant change to our unrecognized tax benefits for this position within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

16.                              Segment information

A. Basis for segment information

Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a General Counsel & Corporate Secretary and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The General Counsel & Corporate Secretary leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation, are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services.  Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B. Description of segments

We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments.  Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry excavators; feller bunchers; harvesters; knuckleboom loaders; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skidders; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry and aggregates, waste and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, rotary drills, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, hard rock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components, electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

39

Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support of turbine machinery and integrated systems and solutions and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Caterpillar engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of our equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments.

All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy, product management and development, manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions, distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.

C. Segment measurement and reconciliations

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

• Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. Beginning in 2019, operating lease right-of-use assets are included in segment assets. In 2018, the present value of future lease payments for certain Machinery, Energy and Transportation operating leases was included in segment assets while the estimated financing component of the lease payments was excluded.  Liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances are generally managed at the corporate level and are not included in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

• Segment inventories and cost of sales are valued using a current cost methodology.

• Goodwill allocated to segments is amortized using a fixed amount based on a 20 year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets; no goodwill amortization expense is included in segment profit. In addition, only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later has been allocated to segments.

• Currency exposures for Machinery, Energy & Transportation are generally managed at the corporate level and the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year are not included in segment profit.  The net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting is reported as a methodology difference.

• Stock-based compensation expense is not included in segment profit.

40

• Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

• Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and excludes interest expense and most other income/expense items.  Financial Products Segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 44 to 52 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

• Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

• Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. Beginning in 2019, only certain restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit. A table, Reconciliation of Restructuring costs on page 49, has been included to illustrate how segment profit would have been impacted by the restructuring costs. See Note 20 for more information.

• Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

• Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, certain costs are reported on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

41

Reportable Segments
Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)
	2019
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation and  amortization		Segment  profit		Segment assets at June 30		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	6,446		$	21	$	6,467	$	81	$	1,247	$	5,004	$	41
Resource Industries	2,711			89		2,800		104		481		6,456		37
Energy & Transportation	4,524			962		5,486		155		886		8,716		118
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13,681			1,072		14,753		340		2,614		20,176		196
Financial Products Segment	873		1	—		873		207		193		36,584		459
Total	$	14,554		$	1,072	$	15,626	$	547	$	2,807	$	56,760	$	655
	2018
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation  and amortization		Segment  profit		Segment  assets at December 31		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	6,137		$	35	$	6,172	$	90	$	1,154	$	4,902	$	62
Resource Industries	2,431			95		2,526		115		411		6,442		39
Energy & Transportation	4,714			1,010		5,724		157		1,012		8,386		140
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13,282			1,140		14,422		362		2,577		19,730		241
Financial Products Segment	829		1	—		829		212		134		36,002		533
Total	$	14,111		$	1,140	$	15,251	$	574	$	2,711	$	55,732	$	774

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

42

Reportable Segments
Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)
	2019
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation and  amortization		Segment  profit		Segment assets at June 30		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	12,298		$	42	$	12,340	$	161	$	2,332	$	5,004	$	69
Resource Industries	5,358			169		5,527		209		1,057		6,456		60
Energy & Transportation	8,757			1,939		10,696		307		1,724		8,716		216
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	26,413			2,150		28,563		677		5,113		20,176		345
Financial Products Segment	1,723		1	—		1,723		413		404		36,584		705
Total	$	28,136		$	2,150	$	30,286	$	1,090	$	5,517	$	56,760	$	1,050
	2018
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation  and amortization		Segment  profit		Segment  assets at December 31		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	11,796		$	53	$	11,849	$	179	$	2,271	$	4,902	$	104
Resource Industries	4,639			196		4,835		231		789		6,442		62
Energy & Transportation	8,990			1,953		10,943		315		1,886		8,386		302
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	25,425			2,202		27,627		725		4,946		19,730		468
Financial Products Segment	1,622		1	—		1,622		415		275		36,002		894
Total	$	27,047		$	2,202	$	29,249	$	1,140	$	5,221	$	55,732	$	1,362

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the first half of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

43

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North  America			Latin  America			EAME			Asia/  Pacific			External Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	3,513		$	392		$	1,108		$	1,433		$	6,446
Resource Industries	1,058			448			446			759			2,711
Energy & Transportation	2,297			325			1,160			742			4,524
All Other operating segment	14			1			4			15			34
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(39		)	(2		)	(5		)	2			(44		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,843			1,164			2,713			2,951			13,671
Financial Products Segment	563			76			102			132			873			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(72		)	(11		)	(9		)	(20		)	(112		)
Financial Products Revenues	491			65			93			112			761
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	7,334		$	1,229		$	2,806		$	3,063		$	14,432
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,739		$	392		$	1,171		$	1,835		$	6,137
Resource Industries	804			394			569			664			2,431
Energy & Transportation	2,582			287			1,153			692			4,714
All Other operating segment	17			1			4			19			41
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(40		)	(3		)	—			(1		)	(44		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,102			1,071			2,897			3,209			13,279
Financial Products Segment	537			71			101			120			829			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(57		)	(11		)	(7		)	(22		)	(97		)
Financial Products Revenues	480			60			94			98			732
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	6,582		$	1,131		$	2,991		$	3,307		$	14,011

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

44

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North  America			Latin  America			EAME			Asia/  Pacific			External Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	6,478		$	711		$	2,114		$	2,995		$	12,298
Resource Industries	2,009			871			914			1,564			5,358
Energy & Transportation	4,448			657			2,192			1,460			8,757
All Other operating segment	22			1			15			33			71
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(80		)	(1		)	(8		)	—			(89		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	12,877			2,239			5,227			6,052			26,395
Financial Products Segment	1,121			146			204			252			1,723			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(141		)	(22		)	(18		)	(39		)	(220		)
Financial Products Revenues	980			124			186			213			1,503
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	13,857		$	2,363		$	5,413		$	6,265		$	27,898
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	5,359		$	736		$	2,238		$	3,463		$	11,796
Resource Industries	1,602			754			1,089			1,194			4,639
Energy & Transportation	4,807			567			2,245			1,371			8,990
All Other operating segment	32			1			8			37			78
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(68		)	(2		)	(3		)	(1		)	(74		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,732			2,056			5,577			6,064			25,429
Financial Products Segment	1,049			145			202			226			1,622			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(106		)	(24		)	(12		)	(39		)	(181		)
Financial Products Revenues	943			121			190			187			1,441
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,675		$	2,177		$	5,767		$	6,251		$	26,870

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the first half of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

45

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018
Oil and gas	$	1,305	$	1,467
Power generation	1,021		992
Industrial	957		969
Transportation	1,241		1,286
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,524	$	4,714
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Oil and gas	$	2,436	$	2,682
Power generation	2,057		1,961
Industrial	1,861		1,875
Transportation	2,403		2,472
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	8,757	$	8,990

46

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total profit from reportable segments	$	2,614		$	193		$	2,807
All Other operating segment	11			—			11
Cost centers	17			—			17
Corporate costs	(148		)	(1		)	(149		)
Timing	(58		)	—			(58		)
Restructuring costs	(72		)	(31		)	(103		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(8		)	—			(8		)
Postretirement benefit expense	2			—			2
Stock-based compensation expense	(66		)	(2		)	(68		)
Financing costs	(51		)	—			(51		)
Currency	(92		)	—			(92		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(121		)	—			(121		)
Other methodology differences	(12		)	3			(9		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,016		$	162		$	2,178
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total profit from reportable segments	$	2,577		$	134		$	2,711
All Other operating segment	23			—			23
Cost centers	(1		)	—			(1		)
Corporate costs	(178		)	—			(178		)
Timing	(66		)	—			(66		)
Restructuring costs	(113		)	(1		)	(114		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	31			—			31
Postretirement benefit expense	82			—			82
Stock-based compensation expense	(60		)	(2		)	(62		)
Financing costs	(69		)	—			(69		)
Currency	(52		)	—			(52		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(95		)	—			(95		)
Other methodology differences	(29		)	5			(24		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,050		$	136		$	2,186

47

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated  Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total profit from reportable segments	$	5,113		$	404		$	5,517
All Other operating segment	36			—			36
Cost centers	41			—			41
Corporate costs	(319		)	(6		)	(325		)
Timing	(124		)	—			(124		)
Restructuring costs	(111		)	(31		)	(142		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(1		)	—			(1		)
Postretirement benefit expense	(15		)	—			(15		)
Stock-based compensation expense	(109		)	(4		)	(113		)
Financing costs	(115		)	—			(115		)
Currency	(48		)	—			(48		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(250		)	—			(250		)
Other methodology differences	(24		)	5			(19		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	4,074		$	368		$	4,442
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total profit from reportable segments	$	4,946		$	275		$	5,221
All Other operating segment	80			—			80
Cost centers	26			—			26
Corporate costs	(346		)	—			(346		)
Timing	(150		)	—			(150		)
Restructuring costs	(182		)	(1		)	(183		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	23			—			23
Postretirement benefit expense	169			—			169
Stock-based compensation expense	(108		)	(4		)	(112		)
Financing costs	(147		)	—			(147		)
Currency	(49		)	—			(49		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(173		)	—			(173		)
Other methodology differences	(42		)	3			(39		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	4,047		$	273		$	4,320

48

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:

As noted above, certain restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below:

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit		Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	1,247	$	(45	)	$	1,202
Resource Industries	481		(15		)	466
Energy & Transportation	886		(41		)	845
Financial Products Segment	193		—			193
All Other operating segment	11		(1		)	10
Total	$	2,818	$	(102	)	$	2,716
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	1,154	$	(29	)	$	1,125
Resource Industries	411		(52		)	359
Energy & Transportation	1,012		(24		)	988
Financial Products Segment	134		(1		)	133
All Other operating segment	23		(5		)	18
Total	$	2,734	$	(111	)	$	2,623

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit		Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	2,332	$	(54	)	$	2,278
Resource Industries	1,057		(29		)	1,028
Energy & Transportation	1,724		(52		)	1,672
Financial Products Segment	404		—			404
All Other operating segment	36		(6		)	30
Total	$	5,553	$	(141	)	$	5,412
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,271	$	(43	)	$	2,228
Resource Industries	789		(96		)	693
Energy & Transportation	1,886		(29		)	1,857
Financial Products Segment	275		(1		)	274
All Other operating segment	80		(9		)	71
Total	$	5,301	$	(178	)	$	5,123

49

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
June 30, 2019
Total assets from reportable segments	$	20,176		$	36,584	$	—		$	56,760
All Other operating segment	1,266			—		—			1,266
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	6,528			—		—			6,528
Intercompany receivables	1,437			—		(1,437		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,953			—		(3,953		)	—
Deferred income taxes	2,008			—		(647		)	1,361
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,457			—		—			4,457
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	2,329			—		—			2,329
Inventory methodology differences	(2,406		)	—		—			(2,406		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,445			—		—			9,445
Other	(495		)	52		(110		)	(553		)
Total assets	$	48,698		$	36,636	$	(6,147	)	$	79,187
December 31, 2018
Total assets from reportable segments	$	19,730		$	36,002	$	—		$	55,732
All Other operating segment	1,279			—		—			1,279
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	6,968			—		—			6,968
Intercompany receivables	1,633			—		(1,633		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,672			—		(3,672		)	—
Deferred income taxes	2,015			—		(692		)	1,323
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,279			—		—			4,279
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	1,802			—		—			1,802
Inventory methodology differences	(2,503		)	—		—			(2,503		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,766			—		—			9,766
Other	(166		)	66		(37		)	(137		)
Total assets	$	48,475		$	36,068	$	(6,034	)	$	78,509

50

Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	340	$	207	$	547
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	53		—		53
Cost centers	33		—		33
Other	5		9		14
Total depreciation and amortization	$	431	$	216	$	647
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	362	$	212	$	574
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	58		—		58
Cost centers	32		—		32
Other	13		9		22
Total depreciation and amortization	$	465	$	221	$	686

Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidated Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	677	$	413	$	1,090
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:	0		0
All Other operating segment	105		—		105
Cost centers	65		—		65
Other	8		20		28
Total depreciation and amortization	$	855	$	433	$	1,288
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	725	$	415	$	1,140
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	115		—		115
Cost centers	63		—		63
Other	30		19		49
Total depreciation and amortization	$	933	$	434	$	1,367

51

Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	196		$	459	$	—		$	655
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	22			—		—			22
Cost centers	29			—		—			29
Timing	(5		)	—		—			(5		)
Other	(47		)	26		(2		)	(23		)
Total capital expenditures	$	195		$	485	$	(2	)	$	678
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	241		$	533	$	—		$	774
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	27			—		—			27
Cost centers	26			—		—			26
Timing	(18		)	—		—			(18		)
Other	(45		)	43		(36		)	(38		)
Total capital expenditures	$	231		$	576	$	(36	)	$	771

Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	345		$	705	$	—		$	1,050
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	35			—		—			35
Cost centers	49			—		—			49
Timing	129			—		—			129
Other	(66		)	31		(3		)	(38		)
Total capital expenditures	$	492		$	736	$	(3	)	$	1,225
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	468		$	894	$	—		$	1,362
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	38			—		—			38
Cost centers	40			—		—			40
Timing	157			—		—			157
Other	(149		)	120		(40		)	(69		)
Total capital expenditures	$	554		$	1,014	$	(40	)	$	1,528

52

17.                             Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the losses inherent in Cat Financial’s finance receivable portfolio and includes consideration of accounts that have been individually identified as impaired, as well as pools of finance receivables where it is probable that certain receivables in the pool are impaired but the individual accounts cannot yet be identified. In identifying and measuring impairment, management takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions.  

Accounts are identified for individual review based on past-due status and information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which Cat Financial’s customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated and determined to be impaired is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial also considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts not yet individually identified as impaired is estimated based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default, our estimate of the loss emergence period and the estimated loss given default.  In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in the loss forecast models including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.  These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Cat Financial’s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments:

•Customer - Finance receivables with retail customers.

•Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers.

A portfolio segment is the level at which the company develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses.

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk.  Typically, Cat Financial’s finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk.  Cat Financial’s classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

• North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States or Canada.

• EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

• Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan and Southeast Asia.

• Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide and project financing in various countries.

• Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico, and Central and South American countries.

• Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

53

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	486		$	21	$	507
Receivables written off	(125		)	—		(125		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	21			—		21
Provision for credit losses	99			24		123
Other	(8		)	—		(8		)
Balance at end of period	$	473		$	45	$	518
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	266		$	39	$	305
Collectively evaluated for impairment	207			6		213
Ending Balance	$	473		$	45	$	518
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	789		$	78	$	867
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,095			3,539		21,634
Ending Balance	$	18,884		$	3,617	$	22,501

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2018
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	353		$	9	$	362
Receivables written off	(235		)	—		(235		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	46			—		46
Provision for credit losses	337			12		349
Other	(15		)	—		(15		)
Balance at end of year	$	486		$	21	$	507
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	288		$	14	$	302
Collectively evaluated for impairment	198			7		205
Ending Balance	$	486		$	21	$	507
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	858		$	78	$	936
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,152			3,338		21,490
Ending Balance	$	19,010		$	3,416	$	22,426

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss.

In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire recorded investment in finance receivables past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment in finance receivables by aging category.

54

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	90	$	17	$	44	$	151	$	7,805	$	7,956	$	12
EAME	29		13		167		209		2,885		3,094		7
Asia Pacific	37		15		25		77		2,511		2,588		12
Mining	3		13		19		35		1,814		1,849		—
Latin America	44		17		85		146		1,352		1,498		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	7		13		296		316		1,583		1,899		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		2,108		2,108		—
EAME	—		—		—		—		330		330		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		461		461		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	1		1		79		81		632		713		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		1		1		—
Total	$	211	$	89	$	715	$	1,015	$	21,486	$	22,501	$	32

	December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	65	$	18	$	84	$	167	$	7,825	$	7,992	$	14
EAME	19		9		153		181		2,850		3,031		5
Asia Pacific	24		9		8		41		2,409		2,450		5
Mining	28		1		9		38		1,642		1,680		—
Latin America	38		29		71		138		1,421		1,559		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	10		1		384		395		1,903		2,298		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		1,895		1,895		—
EAME	—		—		—		—		333		333		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		466		466		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	—		—		78		78		638		716		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		2		2		—
Total	$	184	$	67	$	787	$	1,038	$	21,388	$	22,426	$	24

Impaired finance receivables

For all classes, a finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Cat Financial will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms.  Impaired finance receivables include finance receivables that have been restructured and are considered to be troubled debt restructurings.

55

There were $78 million of impaired finance receivables with a related allowance of $39 million and $14 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, for the Dealer portfolio segment, all of which was in Latin America.  Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: 

	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	11	$	11	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—
EAME	1		1		—		1		1		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		—		—
Mining	26		26		—		33		33		—
Latin America	21		21		—		29		29		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	52		52		—		69		83		—
Total	$	111	$	111	$	—	$	142	$	156	$	—
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	28	$	28	$	10	$	40	$	41	$	14
EAME	101		101		56		92		92		57
Asia Pacific	10		10		3		4		4		2
Mining	63		62		20		56		55		26
Latin America	70		69		26		75		75		25
Caterpillar Power Finance	406		420		151		449		455		164
Total	$	678	$	690	$	266	$	716	$	722	$	288
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	39	$	39	$	10	$	50	$	51	$	14
EAME	102		102		56		93		93		57
Asia Pacific	10		10		3		4		4		2
Mining	89		88		20		89		88		26
Latin America	91		90		26		104		104		25
Caterpillar Power Finance	458		472		151		518		538		164
Total	$	789	$	801	$	266	$	858	$	878	$	288

56

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019				Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	1
EAME	1		—		7		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		28		—
Mining	29		1		45		1
Latin America	20		1		43		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	41		—		189		1
Total	$	101	$	2	$	330	$	3
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	35	$	—	$	56	$	—
EAME	94		—		48		1
Asia Pacific	9		—		5		—
Mining	39		—		64		1
Latin America	74		2		65		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	443		4		356		3
Total	$	694	$	6	$	594	$	6
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	45	$	—	$	74	$	1
EAME	95		—		55		1
Asia Pacific	9		—		33		—
Mining	68		1		109		2
Latin America	94		3		108		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	484		4		545		4
Total	$	795	$	8	$	924	$	9

57

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019				Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
Customer
North America	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	1
EAME	1		—		23		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		30		1
Mining	30		1		78		2
Latin America	23		1		44		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	51		1		178		3
Total	$	115	$	3	$	371	$	8
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
Customer
North America	$	37	$	1	$	53	$	1
EAME	94		1		32		1
Asia Pacific	8		—		5		—
Mining	42		1		36		1
Latin America	75		3		76		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	446		7		355		4
Total	$	702	$	13	$	557	$	9
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
Customer
North America	$	47	$	1	$	71	$	2
EAME	95		1		55		1
Asia Pacific	8		—		35		1
Mining	72		2		114		3
Latin America	98		4		120		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	497		8		533		7
Total	$	817	$	16	$	928	$	17

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due).  Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the finance receivable becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were $78 million of finance receivables on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment, all of which was in Latin America. The recorded investment in customer finance receivables on non-accrual status was as follows:

58

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
North America	$	37	$	77
EAME	165		154
Asia Pacific	13		4
Mining	20		50
Latin America	98		106
Caterpillar Power Finance	447		416
Total	$	780	$	807

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties.  Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, extended skip payment periods and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no additional funds committed to lend to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR.

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial's investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019					Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment
North America	8	$	5	$	4	17	$	7	$	7
EAME	2	10		10		—	—		—
Mining	1	6		6		—	—		—
Latin America	4	2		2		—	—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	7	47		47		2	50		17
Total	22	$	70	$	69	19	$	57	$	24
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019					Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment
North America	8	$	5	$	4	30	$	13	$	13
EAME	21	21		17		—	—		—
Mining	1	6		6		1	29		29
Latin America	4	2		2		1	3		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	15	98		97		5	53		20
Total	49	$	132	$	126	37	$	98	$	65

59

18.                              Fair value disclosures

A. Fair value measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

• Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

• Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.

Fair value measurements are classified according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on models that utilize the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on a valuation model that discounts cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

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Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized below:

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		47		—		—		47
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		819		—		—		819
Asset-backed securities	—		56		—		—		56
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		305		—		—		305
Residential	—		7		—		—		7
Commercial	—		37		—		—		37
Total debt securities	9		1,271		—		—		1,280
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	307		—		—		—		307
Smaller company growth	56		—		—		—		56
REIT	—		—		—		122		122
Total equity securities	363		—		—		122		485
Total assets	$	372	$	1,271	$	—	$	122	$	1,765
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		19		—		—		19
Total liabilities	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

 

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	December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		42		—		—		42
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		720		—		—		720
Asset-backed securities	—		63		—		—		63
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		297		—		—		297
Residential	—		7		—		—		7
Commercial	—		13		—		—		13
Total debt securities	9		1,142		—		—		1,151
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	260		—		—		—		260
Smaller company growth	46		—		—		—		46
REIT	—		—		—		119		119
Total equity securities	306		—		—		119		425
Total assets	$	315	$	1,142	$	—	$	119	$	1,576
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19
Total liabilities	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

In addition to the amounts above, Cat Financial impaired loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is considered impaired when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had impaired loans with a fair value of $417 million and $469 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.  

B. Fair values of financial instruments

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we used the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximated fair value.  Restricted cash and short-term investments are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Finance receivables

Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

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Wholesale inventory receivables

Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Long-term debt

Fair value for fixed and floating rate debt was estimated based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions.

Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments.

	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	7,429	$	7,429	$	7,857	$	7,857	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	$	30	$	30	$	33	$	33	1
Investments in debt and equity securities	$	1,765	$	1,765	$	1,576	$	1,576	1 & 2	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	$	14,526	$	14,750	$	14,714	$	14,798	3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	$	1,172	$	1,151	$	1,050	$	1,025	3
Foreign currency contracts – net	$	51	$	51	$	47	$	47	2	Note 5
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	5,266	$	5,266	$	5,723	$	5,723	1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	7,670	$	9,469	$	8,015	$	9,046	2
Financial Products	$	23,342	$	23,596	$	22,815	$	22,684	2
Interest rate contracts – net	$	65	$	65	$	36	$	36	2	Note 5
Commodity contracts – net	$	5	$	5	$	30	$	30	2	Note 5
Guarantees	$	6	$	6	$	8	$	8	3	Note 11

¹  Represents finance leases and failed sales leasebacks of $7,758 million at June 30, 2019 and finance leases of $7,463 million at December 31, 2018, respectively.

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19.                         Other income (expense)

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Investment and interest income	$	54		$	45		$	106		$	81
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	(47		)	(60		)	(29		)	(79		)
License fee income	31			36			56			67
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	24			86			50			172
Gains (losses) on securities	14			7			53			4
Miscellaneous income (loss)	(8		)	7			(8		)	3
Total	$	68		$	121		$	228		$	248

¹ Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

20.                              Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, eligible separation costs are recognized at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, eligible costs are recognized when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	10	$	45
Long-lived asset impairments 1	29		30
Other 2	71		39
Total restructuring costs	$	110	$	114
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	25	$	78
Long-lived asset impairments 1	36		30
Other 2	97		75
Total restructuring costs	$	158	$	183
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, project management costs, accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation and building demolition, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the restructuring costs were primarily related to restructuring actions in Construction Industries and Energy & Transportation. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the restructuring costs were primarily related to ongoing facility closures across the company.

Certain restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. See Note 16 for more information.

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The following table summarizes the 2018 and 2019 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)
Liability balance at December 31, 2017	$	249
Increase in liability (separation charges)	112
Reduction in liability (payments)	(276		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2018	85
Increase in liability (separation charges)	25
Reduction in liability (payments)	(60		)
Liability balance at June 30, 2019	$	50

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2019 is expected to be paid in 2019 and 2020.

In September 2015, we announced a large scale restructuring plan (the Plan) including a voluntary retirement enhancement program for qualifying U.S. employees, several voluntary separation programs outside of the U.S., additional involuntary programs throughout the company and manufacturing facility consolidations and closures that occurred through 2018. The largest action among those included in the Plan was related to our European manufacturing footprint, which led to the Gosselies, Belgium, facility closure. In the first six months of 2019, we incurred $19 million of restructuring costs related to the Plan. Total restructuring costs incurred since the inception of the Plan were $1,807 million. The remaining costs of approximately $20 million related to the Plan are expected to be recognized in 2019.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Second-quarter 2019 sales and revenues were $14.432 billion, a 3 percent increase from second-quarter 2018 sales and revenues of $14.011 billion. The improvement was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume driven by improved demand for equipment, including a favorable impact from changes in dealer inventories. The increase was partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts. Sales increased in Construction Industries and Resource Industries, while Energy & Transportation sales decreased. Sales increased in North America and Latin America, partially offset by decreases in Asia/Pacific and EAME. Financial Products' revenues also increased. Second-quarter 2019 profit per share was $2.83, compared with $2.82 profit per share in the second quarter of 2018. Profit was $1.620 billion in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $87 million from the second quarter of 2018. Profit decreased due to higher manufacturing costs, unfavorable sales volume due to product mix and higher tax expense, partially offset by favorable price realization and lower selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses.

Sales and revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2019, were $27.898 billion, up $1.028 billion, or 4 percent, from $26.870 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Profit per share for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was $6.08, up $0.52, or 9 percent, from $5.56 for the same period last year. Profit was $3.501 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, up $129 million, or 4 percent, from $3.372 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Highlights for the second quarter of 2019 include:

• Second-quarter sales and revenues were $14.432 billion, compared with $14.011 billion in the second quarter of 2018. Sales increased in Construction Industries and Resource Industries, while Energy & Transportation sales decreased. Financial Products' revenues also increased.

• Operating profit as a percent of sales and revenues was 15.3 percent in the second quarter of 2019, compared with 15.5 percent in the second quarter of 2018.

• Profit per share was $2.83 in the second quarter of 2019, compared with $2.82 in the second quarter of 2018.

• During the second quarter of 2019, Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) operating cash flow was $2.0 billion. In the quarter, the company deployed significant capital through the repurchase of $1.4 billion of Caterpillar common stock and a dividend payment of $492 million. The enterprise cash balance at the end of the second quarter of 2019 was $7.4 billion.

Highlights for the six months ended June 30, 2019, include:

• Sales and revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2019, were $27.898 billion, compared with $26.870 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Sales increased in Resource Industries and Construction Industries, while Energy & Transportation decreased. Financial Products' revenues also increased.

• Operating profit as a percent of sales and revenues was 15.8 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with 15.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

• Profit per share was $6.08 for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $5.56 for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

• ME&T operating cash flow was $2.8 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to $3.0 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Notes:

• Glossary of terms is included on pages 78-79; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.

• Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 84.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the second quarter of 2018 (at left) and the second quarter of 2019 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company's Board of Directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues were $14.432 billion in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $421 million, or 3 percent , compared with $14.011 billion in the second quarter of 2018. The improvement was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume driven by improved demand for equipment, including a favorable impact from changes in dealer inventories. The increase was partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts. Sales increased in Construction Industries and Resource Industries, while Energy & Transportation sales decreased. Financial Products' revenues also increased.

The largest sales increase was in North America, which improved 12 percent as favorable economic conditions in key end markets drove higher demand, including favorable changes in dealer inventories, and favorable price realization. Dealer inventories increased in the second quarter of 2019, compared with a decrease in the second quarter of 2018.

Sales increased 9 percent in Latin America due to improved demand from low levels in a few countries.

EAME sales decreased 6 percent primarily due to economic uncertainty in several countries in the region and a weaker euro, partially offset by favorable price realization.

Asia/Pacific sales decreased 8 percent primarily due to an unfavorable change in dealer inventories and the unfavorable impact of a weaker Australian dollar and Chinese yuan. The decrease in sales was partially offset by favorable price realization. Dealers increased inventories more significantly in the second quarter of 2018, compared with the second quarter of 2019. Lower demand in China due to continued competitive pricing pressures was partially offset by higher demand in other countries in the region.

Dealer machine and engine inventories increased about $500 million during the second quarter of 2019, compared with an increase of about $100 million during the second quarter of 2018.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Second Quarter 2018			Sales Volume			Price Realization		Currency			Inter-Segment / Other			Second Quarter 2019			$ Change			% Change
Construction Industries	$	6,172		$	199		$	253	$	(143	)	$	(14	)	$	6,467		$	295		5	%
Resource Industries	2,526			188			129		(37		)	(6		)	2,800			274			11	%
Energy & Transportation	5,724			(143		)	44		(91		)	(48		)	5,486			(238		)	(4	%)
All Other Segment	124			(6		)	—		(1		)	8			125			1			1	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(1,267		)	(1		)	1		—			60			(1,207		)	60
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	13,279			237			427		(272		)	—			13,671			392			3	%
Financial Products Segment	829			—			—		—			44			873			44			5	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(97		)	—			—		—			(15		)	(112		)	(15		)
Financial Products Revenues	732			—			—		—			29			761			29			4	%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	14,011		$	237		$	427	$	(272	)	$	29		$	14,432		$	421		3	%

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region

	North America					Latin America					EAME					Asia/Pacific					External Sales and Revenues						Inter-Segment					Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)	$			% Chg		$			% Chg		$			% Chg		$			% Chg		$				% Chg		$			% Chg		$			% Chg
Second Quarter 2019
Construction Industries	$	3,513		28	%	$	392		—	%	$	1,108		(5	%)	$	1,433		(22	%)	$	6,446			5	%	$	21		(40	%)	$	6,467		5	%
Resource Industries	1,058			32	%	448			14	%	446			(22	%)	759			14	%	2,711				12	%	89			(6	%)	2,800			11	%
Energy & Transportation	2,297			(11	%)	325			13	%	1,160			1	%	742			7	%	4,524				(4	%)	962			(5	%)	5,486			(4	%)
All Other Segment	14			(18	%)	1			—	%	4			—	%	15			(21	%)	34				(17	%)	91			10	%	125			1	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(39		)			(2		)			(5		)			2					(44		)				(1,163		)			(1,207		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,843			12	%	1,164			9	%	2,713			(6	%)	2,951			(8	%)	13,671				3	%	—			—		13,671			3	%
Financial Products Segment	563			5	%	76			7	%	102			1	%	132			10	%	873			1	5	%	—			—		873			5	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(72		)			(11		)			(9		)			(20		)			(112		)				—					(112		)
Financial Products Revenues	491			2	%	65			8	%	93			(1	%)	112			14	%	761				4	%	—			—		761			4	%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	7,334		11	%	$	1,229		9	%	$	2,806		(6	%)	$	3,063		(7	%)	$	14,432			3	%	$	—		—		$	14,432		3	%
Second Quarter 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,739				$	392				$	1,171				$	1,835				$	6,137					$	35				$	6,172
Resource Industries	804					394					569					664					2,431						95					2,526
Energy & Transportation	2,582					287					1,153					692					4,714						1,010					5,724
All Other Segment	17					1					4					19					41						83					124
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(40		)			(3		)			—					(1		)			(44		)				(1,223		)			(1,267		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,102					1,071					2,897					3,209					13,279						—					13,279
Financial Products Segment	537					71					101					120					829			1			—					829
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(57		)			(11		)			(7		)			(22		)			(97		)				—					(97		)
Financial Products Revenues	480					60					94					98					732						—					732
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	6,582				$	1,131				$	2,991				$	3,307				$	14,011					$	—				$	14,011

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the second quarter of 2018 (at left) and the second quarter of 2019 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company's Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the second quarter of 2019 was $2.213 billion, up 2 percent compared with $2.167 billion in the second quarter of 2018. The increase of $46 million was due to favorable price realization and lower selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses, offset by higher manufacturing costs and unfavorable sales volume due to product mix.

The increase in manufacturing costs was primarily due to higher material costs, including tariffs, variable labor and burden and warranty expense. Favorable SG&A/R&D expenses were mostly due to lower short-term incentive compensation expense.

The change in sales volume was the result of an unfavorable mix of products primarily within Energy & Transportation and Construction Industries.

Short-term incentive compensation expense was about $210 million in the second quarter of 2019, compared to about $360 million in the second quarter of 2018.

Operating profit margin was 15.3 percent for the second quarter of 2019, compared with 15.5 percent for the second quarter of 2018.

Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪ Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the second quarter of 2019 was $103 million, compared with $102 million in the second quarter of 2018.

▪ Other income/expense in the second quarter of 2019 was income of $68 million, compared with income of $121 million in the second quarter of 2018. The unfavorable change was primarily a result of the impact from pension and other postretirement benefit plans.

▪ The provision for income taxes for the second quarter of 2019 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 24 percent for the second quarter of 2018, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The increase was largely driven by the application of U.S. tax reform provisions to the earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, which do not have a calendar fiscal year-end. These provisions did not apply to these subsidiaries in 2018. 

A discrete tax benefit of $3 million was recorded in the second quarter of 2019, compared with $9 million in the second quarter of 2018, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. The provision for income taxes in the second quarter of 2018 also included a $25 million benefit for the release of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of a non-U.S. subsidiary. 

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Profit by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Second Quarter 2019			Second Quarter 2018			$ Change			%  Change
Construction Industries	$	1,247		$	1,154		$	93		8	%
Resource Industries	481			411			70			17	%
Energy & Transportation	886			1,012			(126		)	(12	%)
All Other Segment	11			23			(12		)	(52	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(441		)	(466		)	25
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	2,184			2,134			50			2	%
Financial Products Segment	193			134			59			44	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(50		)	(5		)	(45		)
Financial Products	143			129			14			11	%
Consolidating Adjustments	(114		)	(96		)	(18		)
Consolidated Operating Profit	$	2,213		$	2,167		$	46		2	%

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $6.467 billion in the second quarter of 2019, a 5 percent increase compared with $6.172 billion in the second quarter of 2018. Sales increased primarily due to the favorable impact of dealers increasing inventories in the second quarter of 2019, compared with decreasing inventories in the second quarter of 2018. Favorable price realization was partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts.

▪ In North America, sales increased primarily due to higher demand, including the favorable impact of dealer inventories, and favorable price realization.

▪ Construction activities remained at low levels in Latin America, leading to flat sales.

▪ In EAME, the sales decrease was primarily due to a currency impact related to the euro.

▪ Sales in Asia/Pacific declined due to lower demand mainly in China driven by continued competitive pricing pressures and timing of the selling season as well as unfavorable currency impacts.

Construction Industries’ profit was $1.247 billion in the second quarter of 2019, an 8 percent increase compared with $1.154 billion in the second quarter of 2018. The increase in profit was due to favorable price realization, which was mostly offset by higher manufacturing costs. The increase in sales volume was more than offset by an unfavorable mix of products. Higher material costs and variable labor and burden, including the absence of Brazil incentives, were the primary drivers of increased manufacturing costs.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 19.3 percent in the second quarter of 2019, compared with 18.7 percent in the second quarter of 2018.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $2.800 billion in the second quarter of 2019, an 11 percent increase compared with $2.526 billion in the second quarter of 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher equipment demand and favorable price realization. Mining customers increased capital spending to support ongoing mine site operations, which drove higher sales. In addition, sales increased for non-residential construction and quarry and aggregate customers.

Resource Industries’ profit was $481 million in the second quarter of 2019, a 17 percent increase compared with $411 million in the second quarter of 2018. The improvement was mostly due to favorable price realization and increased sales volume, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs. Manufacturing costs increased due to unfavorable cost absorption, as well as higher material costs, variable labor and burden and warranty expense. Cost absorption was unfavorable as inventory increased in the second quarter of 2018, compared with a decrease in the second quarter of 2019.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 17.2 percent in the second quarter of 2019, compared with 16.3 percent in the second quarter of 2018.

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Energy & Transportation

Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)	Second Quarter 2019		Second Quarter 2018		$ Change			%  Change
Oil and Gas	$	1,305	$	1,467	$	(162	)	(11	%)
Power Generation	1,021		992		29			3	%
Industrial	957		969		(12		)	(1	%)
Transportation	1,241		1,286		(45		)	(3	%)
External Sales	4,524		4,714		(190		)	(4	%)
Inter-segment	962		1,010		(48		)	(5	%)
Total Sales	$	5,486	$	5,724	$	(238	)	(4	%)

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $5.486 billion in the second quarter of 2019, a 4 percent decrease compared with $5.724 billion in the second quarter of 2018. Sales decreased primarily due to lower sales volume and unfavorable currency impacts. The decrease was partially offset by favorable price realization.

▪ Oil and Gas – Sales decreased in North America primarily due to the timing of turbine project deliveries that occurred in the second quarter of 2018 and from lower demand for new equipment in the Permian Basin. This was partially offset by increased sales in EAME primarily due to higher turbine sales for production applications.

▪ Power Generation – Sales slightly increased mostly due to higher deliveries in North America for both large diesel reciprocating engines and turbines. Increases in North America were partially offset by lower sales in EAME for gas power generation applications.

▪ Industrial – Sales were slightly down, with a decrease in EAME primarily due to unfavorable currency impacts partially offset by higher volume in Asia Pacific and Latin America.

▪ Transportation – Sales were slightly lower primarily due to the timing of locomotive deliveries in the second quarter of 2018 and reduced marine activity in North America, partially offset by higher sales for rail services.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $886 million in the second quarter of 2019, compared with $1.012 billion in the second quarter of 2018. The decrease of 12 percent was mostly due to an unfavorable mix of applications and lower volume. Price realization was slightly favorable, offset by slightly higher manufacturing costs.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 16.2 percent in the second quarter of 2019, compared with 17.7 percent in the second quarter of 2018.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $873 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $44 million, or 5 percent, from the second quarter of 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates in North America and Asia/Pacific and higher average earning assets in North America.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $193 million in the second quarter of 2019, up 44 percent compared with $134 million in the second quarter of 2018. The increase was primarily due to a decrease in the provision for credit losses at Cat Financial and an increase in net yield on average earning assets.

At the end of the second quarter of 2019, past dues at Cat Financial were 3.38 percent, compared with 3.16 percent at the end of the second quarter of 2018. The increase in past dues was primarily driven by EAME. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $74 million for the second quarter of 2019, compared with $80 million for the second quarter of 2018. As of June 30, 2019, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $523 million, or 1.81 percent of our recorded investment in finance receivables, compared with $534 million, or 1.89 percent of our recorded investment in finance receivables at March 31, 2019. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2018 was $511 million, or 1.80 percent of our recorded investment in finance receivables.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $491 million in the second quarter of 2019, compared with $471 million in the second quarter of 2018.

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SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 COMPARED WITH SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the six months ended June 30, 2018 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2019 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company's Board of Directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues were $27.898 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $1.028 billion, or 4 percent, compared with $26.870 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher sales volume driven by improved demand for equipment and favorable price realization. Sales increased in Resource Industries and Construction Industries, while Energy & Transportation decreased. The sales increase was partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, primarily from a stronger euro, Australian dollar and Chinese yuan. Financial Products’ revenues also increased.

The largest sales increase was in North America, which improved 10 percent driven by higher demand, including a favorable impact from changes in dealer inventories, and favorable price realization. Dealers increased inventories more significantly for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Sales increased 9 percent in Latin America due to improved demand from low levels in a few countries.

EAME sales decreased 6 percent primarily due to economic uncertainty in several countries in the region and a weaker euro, partially offset by favorable price realization.

Asia/Pacific sales were about flat as an unfavorable currency impact of a weaker Australian dollar and Chinese yuan was offset by higher demand and favorable price realization. Lower demand in China due to continued competitive pricing pressures was more than offset by higher demand in other countries in the region.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, dealer machine and engine inventories increased about $1.8 billion, compared to an increase of about $1.3 billion during the six months ended June 30, 2018. Dealers are independent, and there could be many reasons for changes in their inventory levels, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rental rates and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. Based on current dealer inventory levels, we now expect dealer inventories will increase for the full year by about $900 million compared to prior year end, driven by Construction Industries and Resource Industries.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018			Sales Volume			Price Realization		Currency			Inter-Segment / Other			Six Months Ended June 30, 2019			$ Change			% Change
Construction Industries	$	11,849		$	363		$	409	$	(270	)	$	(11	)	$	12,340		$	491		4	%
Resource Industries	4,835			559			239		(79		)	(27		)	5,527			692			14	%
Energy & Transportation	10,943			(122		)	71		(182		)	(14		)	10,696			(247		)	(2	%)
All Other Segment	240			(5		)	—		(2		)	13			246			6			3	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(2,438		)	(15		)	—		—			39			(2,414		)	24
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	25,429			780			719		(533		)	—			26,395			966			4	%
Financial Products Segment	1,622			—			—		—			101			1,723			101			6	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(181		)	—			—		—			(39		)	(220		)	(39		)
Financial Products Revenues	1,441			—			—		—			62			1,503			62			4	%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	26,870		$	780		$	719	$	(533	)	$	62		$	27,898		$	1,028		4	%

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region

	North America					Latin America					EAME					Asia/Pacific					External Sales and Revenues						Inter-Segment					Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)	$			% Chg		$			% Chg		$			% Chg		$			% Chg		$				% Chg		$			% Chg		$			% Chg
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	6,478		21	%	$	711		(3	%)	$	2,114		(6	%)	$	2,995		(14	%)	$	12,298			4	%	$	42		(21	%)	$	12,340		4	%
Resource Industries	2,009			25	%	871			16	%	914			(16	%)	1,564			31	%	5,358				15	%	169			(14	%)	5,527			14	%
Energy & Transportation	4,448			(7	%)	657			16	%	2,192			(2	%)	1,460			6	%	8,757				(3	%)	1,939			(1	%)	10,696			(2	%)
All Other Segment	22			(31	%)	1			—	%	15			88	%	33			(11	%)	71				(9	%)	175			8	%	246			3	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(80		)			(1		)			(8		)			—					(89		)				(2,325		)			(2,414		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	12,877			10	%	2,239			9	%	5,227			(6	%)	6,052			—	%	26,395				4	%	—			—	%	26,395			4	%
Financial Products Segment	1,121			7	%	146			1	%	204			1	%	252			12	%	1,723			1	6	%	—			—	%	1,723			6	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(141		)			(22		)			(18		)			(39		)			(220		)				—					(220		)
Financial Products Revenues	980			4	%	124			2	%	186			(2	%)	213			14	%	1,503				4	%	—			—	%	1,503			4	%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	13,857		9	%	$	2,363		9	%	$	5,413		(6	%)	$	6,265		—	%	$	27,898			4	%	$	—		—	%	$	27,898		4	%
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	5,359				$	736				$	2,238				$	3,463				$	11,796					$	53				$	11,849
Resource Industries	1,602					754					1,089					1,194					4,639						196					4,835
Energy & Transportation	4,807					567					2,245					1,371					8,990						1,953					10,943
All Other Segment	32					1					8					37					78						162					240
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(68		)			(2		)			(3		)			(1		)			(74		)				(2,364		)			(2,438		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,732					2,056					5,577					6,064					25,429						—					25,429
Financial Products Segment	1,049					145					202					226					1,622			1			—					1,622
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(106		)			(24		)			(12		)			(39		)			(181		)				—					(181		)
Financial Products Revenues	943					121					190					187					1,441						—					1,441
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,675				$	2,177				$	5,767				$	6,251				$	26,870					$	—				$	26,870

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the six months ended June 30, 2018 (at left) and the six months ended June 30, 2019 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company's Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was $4.420 billion, compared with $4.275 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase of $145 million was primarily due to favorable price realization, higher sales volume and lower SG&A/R&D expenses, mostly offset by higher manufacturing costs. Financial Products operating profit increased.

The operating profit impact from the change in sales volume was the result of higher demand for equipment, mostly offset by an unfavorable mix of products primarily within Construction Industries and Energy & Transportation.

The increase in manufacturing costs was primarily due to higher variable labor and burden; material costs, including tariffs; and unfavorable cost absorption. Cost absorption was unfavorable as inventory increased more significantly in the first half of 2018 than the first half of 2019. SG&A/R&D expenses were lower primarily due to lower short-term incentive compensation expense, partially offset by increased targeted investments and timing of corporate-level expenses.

Short-term incentive compensation expense is directly related to financial and operational performance, measured against targets set annually. Expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was about $430 million, compared with about $720 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. For 2019, short-term incentive compensation expense is expected to be about $800 million, compared with $1.4 billion in 2018.

Other Profit/Loss Items

▪ Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was $206 million, compared with $203 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

▪ Other income/expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was income of $228 million, compared with income of $248 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The unfavorable change was primarily a result of the impact from pension and other postemployment benefits (OPEB) plans, mostly offset by lower currency translation and hedging net losses and favorable impact from equity securities.

▪ The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2019, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 24 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2018, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The increase was largely driven by the application of U.S. tax reform provisions to the earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, which do not have a calendar fiscal year-end.  These provisions did not apply to these subsidiaries in 2018. 

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As a result of final regulations received in 2019 providing additional guidance related to the calculation of the mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings due to U.S. tax reform, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $178 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, to adjust unrecognized tax benefits.  In addition, a discrete tax benefit of $26 million was recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $49 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. The provision for income taxes for the first six months of 2018 also included a $25 million benefit for the release of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of a non-U.S. subsidiary. 

Profit by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019			Six Months Ended June 30, 2018			$ Change			%  Change
Construction Industries	$	2,332		$	2,271		$	61		3	%
Resource Industries	1,057			789			268			34	%
Energy & Transportation	1,724			1,886			(162		)	(9	)%
All Other Segment	36			80			(44		)	(55	)%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(816		)	(837		)	21
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	4,333			4,189			144			3	%
Financial Products Segment	404			275			129			47	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(96		)	(7		)	(89		)
Financial Products	308			268			40			15	%
Consolidating Adjustments	(221		)	(182		)	(39		)
Consolidated Operating Profit	$	4,420		$	4,275		$	145		3	%

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $12.340 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $11.849 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was mostly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume for construction equipment. The sales increase was partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, primarily from a weaker euro and Chinese yuan.

▪ Sales volume increased primarily due to higher demand for construction equipment and the impact of favorable changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventories increased significantly more in the six months ended June 30, 2019, than in the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Sales increased in North America and decreased in all other regions.

• In North America, the sales increase was primarily due to higher demand for construction equipment, including favorable changes in dealer inventories, and favorable price realization. Dealer inventories increased significantly more in the six months ended June 30, 2019, than in the six months ended June 30, 2018.

• Latin America sales were slightly lower as construction activities remained at low levels.

• Sales decreased in EAME primarily due to unfavorable currency impacts, mostly from a weaker euro.

• Sales in Asia/Pacific declined due to lower demand mainly in China driven by continued competitive pricing pressures and unfavorable currency impacts, mostly from a weaker Chinese yuan.

Construction Industries’ profit was $2.332 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $2.271 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in profit was a result of favorable price realization, mostly offset by higher manufacturing costs. Manufacturing costs increased primarily due to unfavorable variable labor and burden, including the absence of Brazil incentives and increased freight costs, and higher material costs.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 18.9 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with 19.2 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $5.527 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $692 million from the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher equipment demand and favorable price realization. Higher sales were driven by increased capital investment by mining customers to support ongoing mine site operations. In addition, sales increased for our non-residential construction and quarry and aggregate customers.

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Resource Industries’ profit was $1.057 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $789 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The improvement was mostly due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs. Manufacturing costs increased due to higher variable labor and burden, material costs, unfavorable cost absorption and warranty expense. Cost absorption was unfavorable as inventory increased more significantly in the first half of 2018 than the first half of 2019.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 19.1 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with 16.3 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Energy & Transportation

Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019		Six Months Ended June 30, 2018		$ Change			%  Change
Oil and Gas	$	2,436	$	2,682	$	(246	)	(9	%)
Power Generation	2,057		1,961		96			5	%
Industrial	1,861		1,875		(14		)	(1	%)
Transportation	2,403		2,472		(69		)	(3	%)
External Sales	8,757		8,990		(233		)	(3	%)
Inter-Segment	1,939		1,953		(14		)	(1	%)
Total Sales	$	10,696	$	10,943	$	(247	)	(2	%)

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $10.696 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $10.943 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was primarily due to unfavorable currency impacts and lower sales volume, partially offset by favorable price realization.

• Oil and Gas – Sales decreased in North America primarily due to the timing of turbine project deliveries that occurred in the six months ended June 30, 2018, and lower new equipment demand for well servicing. Lower sales in North America were partially offset by increases in all other regions.

• Power Generation – Sales increased mostly due to higher deliveries for both large diesel reciprocating engines and turbines in North America and Asia/Pacific. Increases were partially offset by lower sales in EAME driven by gas power generation applications and unfavorable currency impacts.

• Industrial – Sales were about flat, with a decrease in EAME primarily due to unfavorable currency impacts partially offset by higher volume in all other regions.

• Transportation – Sales were slightly lower primarily due to the timing of locomotive deliveries and unfavorable currency impacts, partially offset by higher sales for rail services.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $1.724 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $1.886 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease was mostly due to higher manufacturing costs and an unfavorable mix of applications, partially offset by favorable price realization. Manufacturing costs increased due to higher variable labor and burden, warranty expense and material costs.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 16.1 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with 17.2 percent for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $1.723 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase of $101 million, or 6 percent, from the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates in North America and Asia/Pacific and higher average earning assets in North America.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $404 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, up 47 percent compared with $275 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase was primarily due to a favorable impact from mark-to-market on equity securities in Insurance Services, a decrease in the provision for credit losses at Cat Financial and an increase in net yield on average earning assets. These favorable impacts were partially offset by an increase in SG&A expenses.

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Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $912 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with $844 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, primarily due to an unfavorable change in mark-to-market deferred compensation expense.

RESTRUCTURING COSTS

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	10	$	45
Long-lived asset impairments 1	29		30
Other 2	71		39
Total restructuring costs	$	110	$	114
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	25	$	78
Long-lived asset impairments 1	36		30
Other 2	97		75
Total restructuring costs	$	158	$	183
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, project management costs, accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation and building demolition, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the restructuring costs were primarily related to restructuring actions in Construction Industries and Energy & Transportation. For the six month ended June 30, 2018, the restructuring costs were primarily related to ongoing facility closures across the company.

Certain restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes.

The following table summarizes the 2018 and 2019 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)
Liability balance at December 31, 2017	$	249
Increase in liability (separation charges)	112
Reduction in liability (payments)	(276		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2018	85
Increase in liability (separation charges)	25
Reduction in liability (payments)	(60		)
Liability balance at June 30, 2019	$	50

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2019 is expected to be paid in 2019 and 2020.

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In September 2015, we announced a large scale restructuring plan (the Plan) including a voluntary retirement enhancement program for qualifying U.S. employees, several voluntary separation programs outside of the U.S., additional involuntary programs throughout the company and manufacturing facility consolidations and closures that occurred through 2018. The largest action among those included in the Plan was related to our European manufacturing footprint, which led to the Gosselies, Belgium, facility closure. In the first six months of 2019, we incurred $19 million of restructuring costs related to the Plan. Total restructuring costs incurred since the inception of the Plan were $1,807 million. The remaining costs of approximately $20 million related to the Plan are expected to be recognized in 2019.

We expect that restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $300 million in 2019 compared with 2018.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1. All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy, product management and development, manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions, distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.

2. Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

3. Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry excavators; feller bunchers; harvesters; knuckleboom loaders; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skidders; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools.

4. Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses; timing differences, as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis; methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting; restructuring costs; and inter-segment eliminations.

5. Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation lines of business; currency impacts on Financial Products’ revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products’ portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).

6. EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

7. Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.

8. Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support of turbine machinery and integrated systems and solutions and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Caterpillar engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.

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9. Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of our equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

10. Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.

11. Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation, All Other Segment and related corporate items and eliminations.

12. Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses – Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements and accruals.

13. Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.

14. Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.

15. Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry and aggregates, waste and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, rotary drills, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, hard rock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components, electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development.

16. Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

17. Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.

18. Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products’ revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude Financial Products’ revenues.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources of funds

We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products' operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. During the first half of 2019, we experienced favorable global liquidity conditions in both our ME&T and Financial Products' operations. On a consolidated basis, we ended the first half of 2019 with $7.43 billion of cash, a decrease of $428 million from year-end 2018. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.

Our cash balances are held in numerous locations throughout the world. As a result of U.S. tax reform legislation enacted in 2017, we expect to be able to use cash held by non-U.S. subsidiaries in the United States in the future with minimal tax consequences.

Consolidated operating cash flow for the first half of 2019 was $3.71 billion, up from $3.08 billion for the same period last year. The increase was primarily due to favorable working capital, which was partially offset by higher cash payments for income taxes and lower profit excluding lower accruals for short-term incentive compensation expense in 2019. Within working capital, changes to inventories, accounts receivable, accrued expenses and customer advances favorably impacted cash flow, but were partially offset by changes in accounts payable. See further discussion of operating cash flow under ME&T and Financial Products.

Total debt as of June 30, 2019 was $36.28 billion, a decrease of $275 million from year-end 2018. Debt related to Financial Products increased $70 million. Debt related to ME&T decreased $345 million in the first half of 2019, primarily due to the impact of new accounting guidance on a previously failed sale-leaseback transaction in Japan. In the first half of 2019, we repurchased $2.11 billion of Caterpillar common stock.

We have three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management's allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of June 30, 2019 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:

• The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $0.82 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2019.

• The three-year facility, as amended in September 2018, of $2.73 billion (of which $0.72 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2021.

• The five-year facility, as amended in September 2018, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2023.

At June 30, 2019, Caterpillar's consolidated net worth was $14.86 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined as the consolidated shareholders' equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At June 30, 2019, Cat Financial's covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.60 to 1. This is above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at June 30, 2019, Cat Financial's six-month covenant leverage ratio was 8.23 to 1. This is below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial's other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable, may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At June 30, 2019, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

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Our total credit commitments and available credit as of June 30, 2019 were:

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$	10,500		$	2,750	$	7,750
Other external	4,841			—		4,841
Total credit lines available	15,341			2,750		12,591
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(4,434		)	—		(4,434		)
Less: Utilized credit	(1,104		)	—		(1,104		)
Available credit	$	9,803		$	2,750	$	7,053

The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of June 30, 2019 totaled $4.84 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.

We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Moody’s currently rates our debt as “low-A”, while Fitch and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. To date, this split rating has not had a material impact on our borrowing costs or our overall financial health. However, a downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies would result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T's operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our Credit Facility. Our Financial Products' operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our Credit Facility and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation

Net cash provided by operating activities was $2.82 billion in the first half of 2019, compared with $3.03 billion for the same period in 2018. The decrease was primarily due to higher cash payments for income taxes and lower profit excluding lower accruals for short-term incentive compensation expense in 2019, which was partially offset by favorable working capital.

Net cash used for investing activities in the first half of 2019 was $193 million, compared with net cash used of $664 million in the first half of 2018. The change was primarily due to the acquisitions of ECM S.p.A. and Downer Freight Rail in the first half of 2018, decreased ME&T lending activity with Financial Products and lower capital expenditures.

Net cash used for financing activities during the first half of 2019 was $3.06 billion, compared with net cash used of $1.90 billion in the same period of 2018. In the first half of 2019, we repurchased $2.11 billion of Caterpillar common stock, an increase of $855 million compared to the first half of 2018. Additionally, proceeds from common stock issued from stock options exercised decreased $214 million in the first half of 2019 compared to the prior period.

While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:

Strong financial position – Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.

Operational excellence and commitments – Capital expenditures were $492 million during the first half of 2019, compared to $554 million for the same period in 2018. We expect ME&T's capital expenditures in 2019 to be about $1.3 billion. We made $198 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first half of 2019. We currently anticipate full-year 2019 contributions of approximately $330 million. In comparison, we made $227 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first half of 2018.

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Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholders – We intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings and services, including acquisitions.

As part of our new capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we will use going forward to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions less capital expenditures. A goal of our new capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining our mid-A rating.

Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company and the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company's liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In July 2018, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $10 billion of Caterpillar common stock (the 2018 Authorization) effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In the first half of 2019, we repurchased $2.11 billion of Caterpillar common stock, with $7.89 billion remaining under the 2018 Authorization as of June 30, 2019. Caterpillar's basic shares outstanding as of June 30, 2019 were approximately 563 million.

Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company's dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company's liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. Dividends totaled $986 million in the first half of 2019, representing 86 cents per share paid in each of the first and second quarters. Beginning with the dividend to be paid to shareholders in the third quarter of 2019, the Board approved a 20 percent increase in the quarterly dividend rate to $1.03 per share.

Financial Products

Financial Products operating cash flow was $1.04 billion in the first half of 2019, compared with $619 million for the same period a year ago. The increase was primarily due to an overpayment received on a foreign currency exchange settlement. The overpayment received on the last day of June was returned the first week of July. The cash was reflected as accounts payable as of June 30, 2019. Net cash used for investing activities was $818 million for the first half of 2019, compared with cash used of $1.86 billion for the same period in 2018. The change was primarily due to the impact of net intercompany purchased receivables and higher collections of finance receivables. Net cash used for financing activities was $206 million for the first half of 2019, compared with cash provided by financing activities of $1.22 billion for the same period in 2018. The change was primarily due to lower portfolio funding requirements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - "New accounting guidance."

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

For a discussion of the company's critical accounting policies, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies since our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS

Environmental and Legal Matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

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We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs are accrued against our earnings. Costs are accrued based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On March 20, 2014, Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) published a Technical Opinion which named 18 companies and over 100 individuals as defendants, including two subsidiaries of Caterpillar Inc., MGE - Equipamentos e Serviços Ferroviários Ltda. (MGE) and Caterpillar Brasil Ltda. The publication of the Technical Opinion opened CADE's official administrative investigation into allegations that the defendants participated in anticompetitive bid activity for the construction and maintenance of metro and train networks in Brazil. While companies cannot be held criminally liable for anticompetitive conduct in Brazil, criminal charges have been brought against one current employee of MGE and two former employees of MGE involving the same conduct alleged by CADE. On July 8, 2019, CADE found MGE, one of its current employees and two of its former employees liable for anticompetitive conduct. CBL was dismissed from the proceeding without any finding of liability. MGE intends to appeal CADE's findings. We currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

Order Backlog

At the end of the second quarter of 2019, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $15.0 billion, about $1.9 billion lower than the first quarter of 2019. The order backlog decreased across the three primary segments, with the largest declines in Construction Industries and Resource Industries. In Construction Industries, the backlog decline was the result of slowing orders due to growth in dealer inventory. It is not uncommon for the construction order backlog to decline during the second quarter selling season. In Resource Industries, we improved throughput in factories and improved lead times.  In addition, orders can vary due to timing of large projects. Compared with the second quarter of 2018, the order backlog decreased about $2.7 billion with decreases across the three primary segments. Of the total backlog at June 30, 2019, approximately $3.6 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The following definitions are provided for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report.  These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies.  Management does not intend for these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.

We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of several significant items in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. These items consist of a discrete tax benefit related to U.S. tax reform in the first quarter of 2019 and 2018 restructuring costs, which were incurred to generate longer-term benefits. We do not consider these items indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measures will provide investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted operating profit margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, operating profit as a percent of sales and revenues are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Operating profit as a percent of total sales and revenues	15.3	%	15.5	%	15.8	%	15.9	%
Restructuring costs 1	—		0.8	%	—		0.7	%
Adjusted operating profit margin	15.3	%	16.3	%	15.8	%	16.6	%
1 2019 restructuring costs are not material.

Reconciliations of adjusted profit per share to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, profit per share - diluted are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019			2018
Profit per share - diluted	$	2.83	$	2.82	$	6.08		$	5.56
Per share U.S. tax reform impact	$	—	$	—	$	(0.31	)	$	—
Per share restructuring costs1	$	—	$	0.15	$	—		$	0.23
Adjusted profit per share	$	2.83	$	2.97	$	5.77		$	5.79
1 At estimated annual tax rate of 24 percent. 2019 restructuring costs are not material.

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:

Millions of dollars	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1	$	2,820		$	3,032
ME&T capital expenditures	$	(492	)	$	(554	)
ME&T free cash flow	$	2,328		$	2,478
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 92-93.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data

We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis.  The data has been grouped as follows:

Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation – Caterpillar defines Machinery, Energy & Transportation as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis. Machinery, Energy & Transportation information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products. Financial Products' information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment. The nature of these businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We also believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Financial Products – Our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Cat Financial and Insurance Services.

Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

Pages 86 to 93 reconcile Machinery, Energy & Transportation with Financial Products on the equity basis to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information.

85

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	13,671		$	13,671		$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	761			—			894		(133		)	2
Total sales and revenues	14,432			13,671			894		(133		)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	9,941			9,943			—		(2		)	3
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,309			1,102			209		(2		)	3
Research and development expenses	441			441			—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	192			—			201		(9		)	4
Other operating (income) expenses	336			1			341		(6		)	3
Total operating costs	12,219			11,487			751		(19		)
Operating profit	2,213			2,184			143		(114		)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	103			105			—		(2		)	4
Other income (expense)	68			(63		)	19		112			5
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,178			2,016			162		—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	565			502			63		—
Profit of consolidated companies	1,613			1,514			99		—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	6			6			—		—
Equity in profit of Financial Products’ subsidiaries	—			94			—		(94		)	6
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,619			1,614			99		(94		)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1		)	(6		)	5		—
Profit 7	$	1,620		$	1,620		$	94	$	(94	)

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

³  Elimination of net expenses recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation paid to Financial Products.

⁴  Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

⁵  Elimination of discount recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁶  Elimination of Financial Products’ profit due to equity method of accounting.

⁷  Profit attributable to common shareholders.

86

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	26,395	$	26,395		$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	1,503		—			1,764		(261		)	2
Total sales and revenues	27,898		26,395			1,764		(261		)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	18,944		18,946			—		(2		)	3
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,628		2,229			401		(2		)	3
Research and development expenses	876		876			—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	382		—			401		(19		)	4
Other operating (income) expenses	648		11			654		(17		)	3
Total operating costs	23,478		22,062			1,456		(40		)
Operating profit	4,420		4,333			308		(221		)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	206		215			—		(9		)	4
Other income (expense)	228		(44		)	60		212			5
Consolidated profit before taxes	4,442		4,074			368		—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	952		837			115		—
Profit of consolidated companies	3,490		3,237			253		—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	13		13			—		—
Equity in profit of Financial Products’ subsidiaries	—		242			—		(242		)	6
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	3,503		3,492			253		(242		)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		(9		)	11		—
Profit 7	$	3,501	$	3,501		$	242	$	(242	)

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

³  Elimination of net expenses recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation paid to Financial Products.

⁴  Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

⁵  Elimination of discount recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁶  Elimination of Financial Products’ profit due to equity method of accounting.

⁷  Profit attributable to common shareholders.

87

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	13,279		$	13,279		$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	732			—			849		(117		)	2
Total sales and revenues	14,011			13,279			849		(117		)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	9,422			9,422			—		—
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,440			1,223			223		(6		)	3
Research and development expenses	462			462			—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	182			—			191		(9		)	4
Other operating (income) expenses	338			38			306		(6		)	3
Total operating costs	11,844			11,145			720		(21		)
Operating profit	2,167			2,134			129		(96		)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	102			111			—		(9		)	4
Other income (expense)	121			27			7		87			5
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,186			2,050			136		—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	490			457			33		—
Profit of consolidated companies	1,696			1,593			103		—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	9			9			—		—
Equity in profit of Financial Products’ subsidiaries	—			98			—		(98		)	6
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,705			1,700			103		(98		)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(2		)	(7		)	5		—
Profit 7	$	1,707		$	1,707		$	98	$	(98	)

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

³  Elimination of net expenses recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation paid to Financial Products.

⁴  Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

⁵  Elimination of discount recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁶  Elimination of Financial Products’ profit due to equity method of accounting.

⁷  Profit attributable to common shareholders.

88

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	25,429	$	25,429		$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	1,441		—			1,660		(219		)	2
Total sales and revenues	26,870		25,429			1,660		(219		)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	17,988		17,988			—		—
Selling, general and administrative expenses	2,716		2,310			412		(6		)	3
Research and development expenses	905		905			—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	348		—			364		(16		)	4
Other operating (income) expenses	638		37			616		(15		)	3
Total operating costs	22,595		21,240			1,392		(37		)
Operating profit	4,275		4,189			268		(182		)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products	203		223			—		(20		)	4
Other income (expense)	248		81			5		162			5
Consolidated profit before taxes	4,320		4,047			273		—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	962		898			64		—
Profit of consolidated companies	3,358		3,149			209		—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	14		14			—		—
Equity in profit of Financial Products’ subsidiaries	—		200			—		(200		)	6
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	3,372		3,363			209		(200		)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		(9		)	9		—
Profit 7	$	3,372	$	3,372		$	200	$	(200	)

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

³  Elimination of net expenses recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation paid to Financial Products.

⁴  Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

⁵  Elimination of discount recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁶  Elimination of Financial Products’ profit due to equity method of accounting.

⁷  Profit attributable to common shareholders.

89

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At June 30, 2019

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	7,429		$	6,528		$	901		$	—
Receivables – trade and other	8,996			4,312			488			4,196			2,3
Receivables – finance	9,539			—			15,184			(5,645		)	3
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,818			1,376			482			(40		)	4
Inventories	12,007			12,007			—			—
Total current assets	39,789			24,223			17,055			(1,489		)
Property, plant and equipment – net	13,172			8,671			4,501			—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,154			313			181			660			2,3
Long-term receivables – finance	12,461			—			13,129			(668		)	3
Investments in Financial Products subsidiaries	—			3,953			—			(3,953		)	5
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,473			2,008			112			(647		)	6
Intangible assets	1,733			1,733			—			—
Goodwill	6,211			6,211			—			—
Other assets	3,194			1,586			1,658			(50		)	7
Total assets	$	79,187		$	48,698		$	36,636		$	(6,147	)
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	5,266		$	—		$	5,266		$	—
Short-term borrowings with consolidated companies	—			—			1,287			(1,287		)	8
Accounts payable	7,022			6,690			494			(162		)	9
Accrued expenses	3,789			3,388			401			—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,411			1,378			33			—
Customer advances	1,263			1,263			—			—
Dividends payable	579			579			—			—
Other current liabilities	2,157			1,716			493			(52		)	6,10
Long-term debt due within one year	6,248			13			6,235			—
Total current liabilities	27,735			15,027			14,209			(1,501		)
Long-term debt due after one year	24,764			7,665			17,107			(8		)	8
Liability for postemployment benefits	7,448			7,448			—			—
Other liabilities	4,362			3,680			1,367			(685		)	6
Total liabilities	64,309			33,820			32,683			(2,194		)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	5,822			5,822			919			(919		)	5
Treasury stock	(22,467		)	(22,467		)	—			—
Profit employed in the business	32,981			32,981			3,689			(3,689		)	5
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,499		)	(1,499		)	(819		)	819			5
Noncontrolling interests	41			41			164			(164		)	5
Total shareholders’ equity	14,878			14,878			3,953			(3,953		)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	79,187		$	48,698		$	36,636		$	(6,147	)

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of receivables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

³  Reclassification of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

⁴  Elimination of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

⁵  Elimination of Financial Products’ equity which is accounted for by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on the equity basis.

⁶  Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets / liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

⁷  Elimination of other intercompany assets between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁸  Elimination of debt between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁹  Elimination of payables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

¹⁰ Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

90

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At December 31, 2018

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	7,857		$	6,968		$	889		$	—
Receivables – trade and other	8,802			4,677			401			3,724			2,3
Receivables – finance	8,650			—			13,989			(5,339		)	3
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,765			1,227			583			(45		)	4
Inventories	11,529			11,529			—			—
Total current assets	38,603			24,401			15,862			(1,660		)
Property, plant and equipment – net	13,574			9,085			4,489			—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,161			302			204			655			2,3
Long-term receivables – finance	13,286			—			13,951			(665		)	3
Investments in Financial Products subsidiaries	—			3,672			—			(3,672		)	5
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,439			2,015			116			(692		)	6
Intangible assets	1,897			1,897			—			—
Goodwill	6,217			6,217			—			—
Other assets	2,332			886			1,446			—
Total assets	$	78,509		$	48,475		$	36,068		$	(6,034	)
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	5,723		$	—		$	5,723		$	—
Short-term borrowings with consolidated companies	—			—			1,500			(1,500		)	7
Accounts payable	7,051			6,972			194			(115		)	8
Accrued expenses	3,573			3,212			361			—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	2,384			2,350			34			—
Customer advances	1,243			1,243			—			—
Dividends payable	495			495			—			—
Other current liabilities	1,919			1,532			433			(46		)	6,9
Long-term debt due within one year	5,830			10			5,820			—
Total current liabilities	28,218			15,814			14,065			(1,661		)
Long-term debt due after one year	25,000			8,015			16,995			(10		)	7
Liability for postemployment benefits	7,455			7,455			—			—
Other liabilities	3,756			3,111			1,336			(691		)	6
Total liabilities	64,429			34,395			32,396			(2,362		)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	5,827			5,827			919			(919		)	5
Treasury stock	(20,531		)	(20,531		)	—			—
Profit employed in the business	30,427			30,427			3,543			(3,543		)	5
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,684		)	(1,684		)	(943		)	943			5
Noncontrolling interests	41			41			153			(153		)	5
Total shareholders’ equity	14,080			14,080			3,672			(3,672		)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	78,509		$	48,475		$	36,068		$	(6,034	)

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of receivables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

³  Reclassification of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

⁴  Elimination of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

⁵  Elimination of Financial Products’ equity which is accounted for by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on the equity basis.

⁶  Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets / liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

⁷  Elimination of debt between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁸  Elimination of payables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁹  Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

91

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	3,503		$	3,492		$	253		$	(242	)	2
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,288			855			433			—
Undistributed profit of Financial Products	—			(242		)	—			242			3
Other	440			264			(51		)	227			4
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	(166		)	161			(5		)	(322		)	4, 5
Inventories	(487		)	(489		)	—			2			4
Accounts payable	134			(94		)	279			(51		)	4
Accrued expenses	151			158			(5		)	(2		)	4
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(979		)	(978		)	(1		)	—
Customer advances	14			18			—			(4		)	4
Other assets – net	(221		)	(228		)	57			(50		)	4
Other liabilities – net	32			(97		)	75			54			4
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,709			2,820			1,035			(146		)
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(479		)	(468		)	(11		)	—
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(746		)	(24		)	(725		)	3			4
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	422			97			367			(42		)	4
Additions to finance receivables	(6,181		)	—			(7,027		)	846			5
Collections of finance receivables	5,902			—			6,548			(646		)	5
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—			—			15			(15		)	5
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	119			—			119			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			213			1			(214		)	6
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(3		)	(3		)	—			—
Proceeds from sale of securities	170			13			157			—
Investments in securities	(243		)	(12		)	(231		)	—
Other – net	(40		)	(9		)	(31		)	—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,079		)	(193		)	(818		)	(68		)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(986		)	(986		)	—			—
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	39			39			—			—
Common shares repurchased	(2,105		)	(2,105		)	—			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			(1		)	(213		)	214			6
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	5,340			—			5,340			—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(4,901		)	(4		)	(4,897		)	—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	(436		)	—			(436		)	—
Other – net	(2		)	(2		)	—			—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(3,051		)	(3,059		)	(206		)	214
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(10		)	(8		)	(2		)	—
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	(431		)	(440		)	9			—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	7,890			6,994			896			—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$	7,459		$	6,554		$	905		$	—

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of Financial Products’ profit after tax due to equity method of accounting.

³  Elimination of non-cash adjustment for the undistributed earnings from Financial Products.

⁴  Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

⁵  Reclassification of Financial Products' cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

⁶  Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

92

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation 1			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	3,372		$	3,363		$	209		$	(200	)	2
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,367			933			434			—
Undistributed profit of Financial Products	—			(200		)	—			200			3
Other	446			197			61			188			4
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	(703		)	136			(74		)	(765		)	4, 5
Inventories	(1,208		)	(1,186		)	—			(22		)	4
Accounts payable	545			570			(56		)	31			4
Accrued expenses	(31		)	(40		)	9			—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(768		)	(745		)	(23		)	—
Customer advances	(54		)	(54		)	—			—
Other assets – net	174			176			(10		)	8			4
Other liabilities – net	(57		)	(118		)	69			(8		)	4
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,083			3,032			619			(568		)
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(645		)	(550		)	(95		)	—
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(883		)	(4		)	(919		)	40			4
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	539			93			461			(15		)	4
Additions to finance receivables	(6,143		)	—			(6,823		)	680			5, 7
Collections of finance receivables	5,405			—			6,144			(739		)	5
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—			—			(608		)	608			5
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	124			—			124			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			112			—			(112		)	6
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(348		)	(348		)	—			—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	12			18			—			(6		)	7
Proceeds from sale of securities	168			10			158			—
Investments in securities	(318		)	(19		)	(299		)	—
Other – net	21			24			(4		)	1			8
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(2,068		)	(664		)	(1,861		)	457
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(933		)	(933		)	—			—
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	256			256			1			(1		)	8
Common shares repurchased	(1,250		)	(1,250		)	—			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			—			(112		)	112			6
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	4,307			—			4,307			—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(4,436		)	(3		)	(4,433		)	—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	1,487			34			1,453			—
Other – net	(4		)	(4		)	—			—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(573		)	(1,900		)	1,216			111
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(68		)	(61		)	(7		)	—
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	374			407			(33		)	—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	8,320			7,416			904			—
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$	8,694		$	7,823		$	871		$	—

¹  Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.

²  Elimination of Financial Products' profit after tax due to equity method of accounting.

³  Elimination of non-cash adjustment for the undistributed earnings from Financial Products.

⁴  Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

⁵  Reclassification of Financial Products' cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

⁶  Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

⁷  Elimination of proceeds received from Financial Products related to Machinery, Energy & Transportation's sale of businesses and investments.

⁸  Elimination of change in investment and common stock related to Financial Products.

93

Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events including natural disasters; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; and (xxvi) other factors described in more detail in Caterpillar’s Forms 10-Q, 10-K and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

During the second quarter of 2019, there has been no change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

94

PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.  Legal Proceedings

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – "Environmental and legal matters" included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.    

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased2,3	Average Price  Paid per Share2,3		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Program (in billions)1
April 1-30, 2019	—	$	—	—	$	9.249
May 1-31, 2019	7,374,648	$	133.05	7,374,648	$	8.268
June 1-30, 2019	2,382,478	$	127.78	2,382,478	$	7.963
Total	9,757,126	$	131.76	9,757,126
1 In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration (the 2018 Authorization). As of June 30, 2019, approximately $8.0 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.
2 During the second quarter of 2019, we entered into an accelerated stock repurchase (ASR) with a third-party financial institution to purchase $750 million of our common stock. In May 2019, upon payment of the $750 million to the financial institution, we received 5.0 million shares. In July 2019, upon final settlement of the ASR, we received an additional 0.8 million shares. In total, we repurchased 5.8 million shares under this ASR at an average price per share of $128.29.
3 In May and June of 2019, we repurchased 2.4 million and 2.4 million shares, respectively, for an aggregate of $604 million in open market transactions at an average price per share of $126.47 and $127.78, respectively.

Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans

As of June 30, 2019, we had 26 employee stock purchase plans (the "EIP Plans") that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 12,000 active participants in the aggregate.  During the second quarter of 2019, approximately 105,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.

95

Item 6. Exhibits

31.1	Certification of D. James Umpleby III, Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Andrew R.J. Bonfield, Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32	Certification of D. James Umpleby III, Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc. and Andrew R.J. Bonfield, Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

96

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	CATERPILLAR INC.
August 1, 2019	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III
August 1, 2019	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield
August 1, 2019	/s/ Suzette M. Long	General Counsel & Corporate Secretary
	Suzette M. Long
August 1, 2019	/s/ G. Michael Marvel	Chief Accounting Officer
	G. Michael Marvel

97

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, D. James Umpleby III, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Caterpillar Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

August 1, 2019	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION

I, Andrew R.J. Bonfield, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Caterpillar Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

August 1, 2019	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield

EX-32

EXHIBIT 32

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the quarterly report of Caterpillar Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending June 30, 2019 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of our knowledge:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

August 1, 2019	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III
August 1, 2019	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to Caterpillar Inc. and will be retained by Caterpillar Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

XML

Document and Entity Information Document	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 shares
Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2019
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	1-768
Entity Registrant Name	CATERPILLAR INC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	37-0602744
Entity Address, Address Line One	510 Lake Cook Road,
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 100,
Entity Address, City or Town	Deerfield,
Entity Address, State or Province	IL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	60015
City Area Code	224
Local Phone Number	551-4000
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	562,589,191
Entity Central Index Key	0000018230
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Common Stock
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock ($1.00 par value)
Trading Symbol	CAT
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
9 3/8% Debentures due March 15, 2021
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	9 3/8% Debentures due March 15, 2021
Trading Symbol	CAT21
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	8% Debentures due February 15, 2023
Trading Symbol	CAT23
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035
Entity Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035
Trading Symbol	CAT35
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
		Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Sales and revenues:
Sales and revenues		$ 14,432	$ 14,011	$ 27,898	$ 26,870
Operating costs:
Cost of Revenue		9,941	9,422	18,944	17,988
Selling, general and administrative expenses		1,309	1,440	2,628	2,716
Research and development expenses		441	462	876	905
Interest expense of Financial Products		192	182	382	348
Other operating (income) expenses		336	338	648	638
Total operating costs		12,219	11,844	23,478	22,595
Operating profit		2,213	2,167	4,420	4,275
Interest expense excluding Financial Products		(103)	(102)	(206)	(203)
Other income (expense)		68	121	228	248
Consolidated profit before taxes		2,178	2,186	4,442	4,320
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		565	490	952	962
Profit of consolidated companies		1,613	1,696	3,490	3,358
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies		6	9	13	14
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		1,619	1,705	3,503	3,372
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests		(1)	(2)	2	0
Profit	[1]	$ 1,620	$ 1,707	$ 3,501	$ 3,372
Profit per common share (in dollars per share)		$ 2.85	$ 2.86	$ 6.14	$ 5.65
Profit per common share - diluted (in dollars per share)	[2]	$ 2.83	$ 2.82	$ 6.08	$ 5.56
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
Basic (in shares)		567.8	596.2	569.9	597.0
Diluted (in shares)	[2]	573.1	604.2	575.8	606.1
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues:
Sales and revenues		$ 13,671	$ 13,279	$ 26,395	$ 25,429
Financial Products
Sales and revenues:
Sales and revenues		$ 761	$ 732	$ 1,503	$ 1,441

[1] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

[2] Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

XML

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income QTD - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ 1,619	$ 1,705
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax:
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $6; 2018 - $(30)	99	(411)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $3; 2018 - $1	(7)	(7)
Derivative financial instruments:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $4; 2018 - $(13)	(16)	36
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $1; 2018 - $30	1	96
Available-for-sale securities:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $(2); 2018 - $1	15	(2)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $0; 2018 - $0	(1)	0
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	89	(480)
Comprehensive income	1,708	1,225
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(1)	(2)
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$ 1,709	$ 1,227

XML

Consolidated statement of Comprehensive income YTD Statement - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Statement of Comprehensive Income YTD [Abstract]
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ 3,503	$ 3,372
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $2; 2018 - $(15)	77	(227)
Current year prior service credit (cost), net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $0; 2018 - $1	0	2
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $6; 2018 - $3	(14)	(14)
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $1; 2018 - $(14)	(6)	41
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $3; 2018 - $24	10	78
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2019 - $(8); 2018 - $3	30	(13)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	77	(293)
Comprehensive income	3,580	3,079
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	2	0
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$ 3,578	$ 3,079

XML

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Parentheticals) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Foreign currency translation, tax (provision)/benefit	$ 6	$ (30)	$ 2	$ (15)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Current year actuarial gain (loss), tax (provision)/benefit	0	0	0	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Amortization of actuarial (gain) loss, tax (provision)/benefit	0	0	0	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Current year prior service credit (cost), tax (provision)/benefit	0	0	0	1
Pension and other postretirement benefits, Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, tax (provision)/benefit	3	1	6	3
Amortization of transition (asset) obligation, (provision)/benefit	0	0	0	0
Available-for-sale securities, Gains (losses) deferred, tax (provision)/benefit	(2)	1	(8)	3
Available-for-sale securities, (Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, tax (provision)/benefit	0	0	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Gain (Loss), before Reclassification, Tax	(4)	13	(1)	14
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cash Flow Hedge, Gain (Loss), Reclassification, Tax	$ 1	$ 30	$ 3	$ 24

XML

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$ 7,429	$ 7,857
Receivables - trade and other	8,996	8,802
Receivables - finance	9,539	8,650
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,818	1,765
Inventories	12,007	11,529
Total current assets	39,789	38,603
Property, plant and equipment - net	13,172	13,574
Long-term receivables - trade and other	1,154	1,161
Long-term receivables - finance	12,461	13,286
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,473	1,439
Intangible assets	1,733	1,897
Goodwill	6,211	6,217
Other assets	3,194	2,332
Total assets	79,187	78,509
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	0	0
Financial Products	5,266	5,723
Accounts payable	7,022	7,051
Accrued expenses	3,789	3,573
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,411	2,384
Customer advances	1,263	1,243
Dividends payable	579	495
Other current liabilities	2,157	1,919
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13	10
Financial Products	6,235	5,820
Total current liabilities	27,735	28,218
Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	7,657	8,005
Financial Products	17,107	16,995
Liability for postemployment benefits	7,448	7,455
Other liabilities	4,362	3,756
Total liabilities	64,309	64,429
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 10 and 13)
Shareholders' equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value: Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (6/30/2019 and 12/31/18 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount	5,822	5,827
Treasury stock (6/30/19 – 252,305,433 shares; 12/31/18 – 239,351,886 shares) at cost	(22,467)	(20,531)
Profit employed in the business	32,981	30,427
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,499)	(1,684)
Noncontrolling interests	41	41
Total shareholders' equity	14,878	14,080
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 79,187	$ 78,509

XML

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 1.00	$ 1.00
Common stock, Authorized shares	2,000,000,000	2,000,000,000
Common stock, Issued shares	814,894,624	814,894,624
Treasury stock, shares	252,305,433	239,351,886

XML

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions		Total	Common stock	Treasury stock	Profit employed in the business	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Noncontrolling interests
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017		$ 13,766	$ 5,593	$ (17,005)	$ 26,301	$ (1,192)	$ 69
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Revenue recognition		(12)	0	0	(12)	0	0
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Tax accounting for intra-entity asset transfers		(35)	0	0	(35)	0	0
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities		0	0	0	11	(11)	0
Balance at Jan. 01, 2018		13,719	5,593	(17,005)	26,265	(1,203)	69
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017		13,766	5,593	(17,005)	26,301	(1,192)	69
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		3,372	0	0	3,372	0	0
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		(227)	0	0	0	(227)	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		(16)	0	0	0	(16)	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(37)	0	0	0	(37)	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		(13)	0	0	0	(13)	0
Change in Ownership for Noncontrolling Interests		3	(2)	0	0	0	5
Dividends declared	[1]	(980)	0	0	(980)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(1)	0	0	0	0	(1)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: three months: 1,302,208 in 2018 and 644,039 in 2019; six months: 4,729,038 in 2018 and 2,503,104 in 2019		256	29	227	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		112	112	0	0	0	0
Common shares repurchased: three months: 4,881,793 in 2018 and 9,757,126 in 2019; six months: 8,029,422 in 2018 and15,456,651 in 2019	[2]	(1,250)	0	(1,250)	0	0	0
Other		10	10	0	0	0	0
Balance at Jun. 30, 2018		$ 14,942	5,746	(18,028)	28,657	(1,496)	63
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Dividends declared		$ 1.64
Balance at Mar. 31, 2018		$ 15,272	5,640	(17,347)	27,929	(1,016)	66
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		1,705	0	0	1,707	0	(2)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		(411)	0	0	0	(411)	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		(7)	0	0	0	(7)	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(60)	0	0	0	(60)	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		(2)	0	0	0	(2)	0
Dividends declared	[3]	(979)	0	0	(979)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(1)	0	0	0	0	(1)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: three months: 1,302,208 in 2018 and 644,039 in 2019; six months: 4,729,038 in 2018 and 2,503,104 in 2019		107	38	69	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		62	62	0	0	0	0
Common shares repurchased: three months: 4,881,793 in 2018 and 9,757,126 in 2019; six months: 8,029,422 in 2018 and15,456,651 in 2019	[2]	(750)	0	(750)	0	0	0
Other		6	6	0	0	0	0
Balance at Jun. 30, 2018		$ 14,942	5,746	(18,028)	28,657	(1,496)	63
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Dividends declared		$ 1.64
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 14,080	5,827	(20,531)	30,427	(1,684)	41
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Accounting Standards Update 2016-02	[4]	235	0	0	235	0	0
Adjustments to adopt new accounting guidance | Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member]	[4]	0	0	0	(108)	108	0
Balance at Jan. 01, 2019		14,315	5,827	(20,531)	30,554	(1,576)	41
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018		14,080	5,827	(20,531)	30,427	(1,684)	41
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		3,503	0	0	3,501	0	2
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		77	0	0	0	77	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		(14)	0	0	0	(14)	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(16)	0	0	0	(16)	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		30	0	0	0	30	0
Dividends declared	[1]	(1,074)	0	0	(1,074)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(2)	0	0	0	0	(2)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: three months: 1,302,208 in 2018 and 644,039 in 2019; six months: 4,729,038 in 2018 and 2,503,104 in 2019		39	(62)	101	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		113	113	0	0	0	0
Common shares repurchased: three months: 4,881,793 in 2018 and 9,757,126 in 2019; six months: 8,029,422 in 2018 and15,456,651 in 2019	[2]	(2,037)	0	(2,037)	0	0	0
Other		(56)	(56)	0	0	0	0
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019		$ 14,878	5,822	(22,467)	32,981	(1,499)	41
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Dividends declared		$ 1.89
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019		$ 15,478	5,804	(21,214)	32,435	(1,588)	41
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies		1,619	0	0	1,620	0	(1)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax		99	0	0	0	99	0
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax		(7)	0	0	0	(7)	0
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax		(17)	0	0	0	(17)	0
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax		14	0	0	0	14	0
Dividends declared	[3]	(1,074)	0	0	(1,074)	0	0
Distribution to noncontrolling interests		(1)	0	0	0	0	(1)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: three months: 1,302,208 in 2018 and 644,039 in 2019; six months: 4,729,038 in 2018 and 2,503,104 in 2019		44	11	33	0	0	0
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)		68	68	0	0	0	0
Common shares repurchased: three months: 4,881,793 in 2018 and 9,757,126 in 2019; six months: 8,029,422 in 2018 and15,456,651 in 2019	[2]	(1,286)	0	(1,286)	0	0	0
Other		(59)	(61)	0	0	0	2
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019		$ 14,878	$ 5,822	$ (22,467)	$ 32,981	$ (1,499)	$ 41
Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity
Dividends declared		$ 1.89

[1] Dividends per share of common stock of $1.89 and $1.64 were declared in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

[2] See Note 12 for additional information.

[3] Dividends per share of common stock of $1.89 and $1.64 were declared in the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

[4] See Note 2 for additional information.

XML

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity (Parentheticals) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation (in shares)	644,039	1,302,281	2,503,104	4,729,038
Common shares repurchased (in shares)	9,757,126	4,881,793	15,456,651	8,029,422

XML

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$ 3,503	$ 3,372
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,288	1,367
Other	440	446
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables - trade and other	(166)	(703)
Inventories	(487)	(1,208)
Accounts payable	134	545
Accrued expenses	151	(31)
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(979)	(768)
Customer advances	14	(54)
Other assets - net	(221)	174
Other liabilities - net	32	(57)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,709	3,083
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures - excluding equipment leased to others	(479)	(645)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(746)	(883)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	422	539
Additions to finance receivables	(6,181)	(6,143)
Collections of finance receivables	5,902	5,405
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	119	124
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(3)	(348)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	0	12
Proceeds from sale of securities	170	168
Investments in securities	(243)	(318)
Other - net	(40)	21
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,079)	(2,068)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(986)	(933)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	39	256
Common shares repurchased	(2,105)	(1,250)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	0	0
Financial Products	5,340	4,307
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(4)	(3)
Financial Products	(4,897)	(4,433)
Short-term borrowings - net (original maturities three months or less)	(436)	1,487
Other - net	(2)	(4)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(3,051)	(573)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(10)	(68)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments and restricted cash	(431)	374
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at beginning of period	7,890	8,320
Cash and short-term investments and restricted cash at end of period	$ 7,459	$ 8,694

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Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Change in Accounting Principle

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

A.  Nature of operations

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and the All Other operating segment and related corporate items and eliminations.

Financial Products – Primarily includes the company’s Financial Products Segment.  This category includes Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial), Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services) and their respective subsidiaries.

B.  Basis of presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, (c) the consolidated financial position at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (2018 Form 10-K).

The December 31, 2018 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2018 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)

We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity. Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was $148 million and $131 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

In addition, Cat Financial has end-user customers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support to these entities and therefore have a variable interest, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. These risks are evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses.

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New Accounting Guidance

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract]

New Accounting Guidance

New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Lease accounting (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02) – In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued accounting guidance that revises the accounting for leases. Under the new guidance, lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for substantially all leases. The new guidance will continue to classify leases as either financing or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition. The accounting applied by a lessor under the new guidance will be substantially equivalent to current lease accounting guidance. The new guidance was effective January 1, 2019 and was applied using a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. The prior period comparative information has not been recasted and continues to be reported under the accounting guidance in effect for those periods.

The new guidance provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We elected the "package of practical expedients," which allows us not to reassess under the new guidance our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs. We did not elect the use-of-hindsight practical expedient. In addition, the new guidance provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing lessee accounting. For certain property and information technology equipment leases, we have elected to separate payments for lease components from non-lease components. For all other leases, we have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components. We have elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify, which means we will not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for these leases with a term of twelve months or less.

The most significant effects of adoption relate to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for operating leases and providing new disclosures about our leasing activities. In addition, we derecognized existing assets and debt obligations for a sale-leaseback transaction that qualified for sale accounting under the new guidance. The gain associated with this change in accounting was recognized through opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on our results of operations.

In March 2019, the FASB issued Leases - Codification improvements (ASU 2019-01) which amended the new leasing guidance. Under these amendments, lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers will use their cost, less any discounts that may apply, as the fair value of the underlying asset, and lessors within the scope of Financial Services-Depository and Lending guidance will present all principal payments received under leases within investment activities on the statement of cash flows.  We adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2019, and the adoption did not have a material impact to our financial statements.

See Note 10 for additional information.

The cumulative effect of initially applying the new lease guidance to our consolidated financial statements on January 1, 2019 was as follows:

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Balance as of December 31, 2018		Cumulative Impact from Adopting New Lease Guidance			Balance as of January 1, 2019
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	1,765	$	(17	)	$	1,748
Property, plant and equipment - net	$	13,574	$	(26	)	$	13,548
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	$	1,439	$	(77	)	$	1,362
Other assets	$	2,332	$	713		$	3,045
Liabilities
Accrued expenses	$	3,573	$	(27	)	$	3,546
Other current liabilities	$	1,919	$	209		$	2,128
Long-term debt due after one year
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	8,005	$	(362	)	$	7,643
Other liabilities	$	3,756	$	538		$	4,294
Shareholders' equity
Profit employed in the business	$	30,427	$	235		$	30,662

The following ASUs were effective January 1, 2019 and did not have a material impact on our financial statements:

ASU	Description
2017-08	Premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities
2017-12	Derivatives and hedging - Targeted improvements
2018-02	Reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

Credit losses (ASU 2016-13) – In June 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to introduce a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected credit losses. The new guidance will apply to loans, accounts receivable, trade receivables, other financial assets measured at amortized cost, loan commitments and other off-balance sheet credit exposures. The new guidance will also apply to debt securities and other financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2019. An implementation team continues to evaluate data requirements and methodologies and has started designing new processes and controls. The team is also modeling results to assess the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements. We plan to adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2020.

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed above were assessed and either determined to be not applicable or not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

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Sales and revenue contract information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue from contracts with customers

Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products. In addition, Cat Financial provides wholesale inventory financing for a dealer's purchase of inventory. Wholesale inventory receivables are included in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Trade receivables from dealers and end users were $7,870 million and $7,743 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and are recognized in Receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $663 million and $674 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and are recognized in Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Long-term customer advances recognized in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $434 million and $437 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recognized $368 million and $875 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2019.

As of June 30, 2019, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $6.0 billion, of which $2.4 billion is expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following June 30, 2019. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

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Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation primarily consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

Upon separation from service, if a participant is 55 years of age or older with more than five years of service, the participant meets the criteria for a "Long Service Separation." For PRSU awards granted prior to 2019, only a prorated number of shares may vest at the end of the performance period based upon achievement of the performance target, with the proration based upon the number of months of continuous employment during the three-year performance period. Award terms for the 2019 PRSU grant allow for continued vesting upon achievement of the performance target specified in the award document for employees who meet the criteria for a "Long Service Separation" and fulfill a requisite service period of six months. Compensation expense for the 2019 PRSU grant with respect to employees who have met the criteria for a "Long Service Separation" is recognized over the period from the grant date to the end of the six-month requisite service period. For employees who become eligible for a "Long Service Separation" subsequent to the end date of the six-month requisite service period and prior to the completion of the vesting period, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date eligibility is achieved.

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $68 million and $113 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $62 million and $112 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019					Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,499,524	$	40.98	$	138.35	1,566,788	$	46.18	$	151.12
RSUs	657,389	$	138.35	$	138.35	683,339	$	151.16	$	151.16
PRSUs	342,097	$	138.35	$	138.35	339,559	$	151.12	$	151.12

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:

	Grant Year
	2019	2018
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.56%	2.70%
Weighted-average volatility	29.1%	30.2%
Range of volatilities	25.1-38.7%	21.5-33.0%
Range of risk-free interest rates	2.48-2.68%	2.02-2.87%
Weighted-average expected lives	7 years	8 years

As of June 30, 2019, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $261 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management

Derivative financial instruments and risk management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors at least annually.

All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until they are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  Cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years. As of June 30, 2019, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

As of June 30, 2019, $6 million of deferred net gains, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions.  The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.  The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are as follows:

 

(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	26		$	16
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(17		)	(26		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	(4		)	(9		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	47			53
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	15			35
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(17		)	(9		)
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—			1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	6			3
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(71		)	(40		)
		$	(15	)	$	24
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	5		$	2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	—			(21		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	11			15
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	5			5
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(20		)	(14		)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	4			1
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(8		)	(31		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	(1		)	—
		$	(4	)	$	(43	)

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	2,110	$	1,834
Financial Products	$	8,736	$	10,210

The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amounts exchanged by the parties are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
				Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized  in AOCI			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations containing hedging gains (losses)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	4
				Cost of goods sold	$	(1	)	$	9,941
Financial Products	10
				Interest expense of Financial Products	7			$	192
				Other income (expense)	(4		)	$	68
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	(34		)	Interest expense of Financial Products	—			$	192
	$	(20	)		$	2

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
				Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(79	)	Other income (expense)	$	4		$	—
Financial Products	123			Other income (expense)	119			—
				Interest expense of Financial Products	5			—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	5			Interest expense of Financial Products	—			—
	$	49			$	126		$	—

Cash Flow Hedges
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
				Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized  in AOCI			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations containing hedging gains (losses)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	21
				Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	1		$	26,395
				Cost of goods sold	(4		)	$	18,944
Financial Products	32
				Interest expense of Financial Products	14			$	382
				Other income (expense)	2			$	228
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1		)	$	206
Financial Products	(60		)	Interest expense of Financial Products	1			$	382
	$	(7	)		$	13

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
				Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(40	)	Other income (expense)	$	5		$	—
Financial Products	90			Other income (expense)	90			—
				Interest expense of Financial Products	8			—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	5			Interest expense of Financial Products	1			—
	$	55			$	102		$	—

The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019			Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	7		$	(54	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(10		)	23
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	(7		)	9
		$	(10	)	$	(22	)
	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019			Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	13		$	(38	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(39		)	16
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	16			—
		$	(10	)	$	(22	)

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows:

June 30, 2019							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	35	$	—	$	35	$	(20	)	$	—	$	15
Financial Products	84		—		84		(19		)	—		65
Total	$	119	$	—	$	119	$	(39	)	$	—	$	80

June 30, 2019									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(30	)	$	—	$	(30	)	$	20	$	—	$	(10	)
Financial Products	(108		)	—		(108		)	19		—		(89		)
Total	$	(138	)	$	—	$	(138	)	$	39	$	—	$	(99	)

December 31, 2018							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	19	$	—	$	19	$	(19	)	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	112		—		112		(34		)	—		78
Total	$	131	$	—	$	131	$	(53	)	$	—	$	78

December 31, 2018									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(87	)	$	—	$	(87	)	$	19	$	—	$	(68	)
Financial Products	(63		)	—		(63		)	34		—		(29		)
Total	$	(150	)	$	—	$	(150	)	$	53	$	—	$	(97	)

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Inventories

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

   Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) are comprised of the following:

 

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Raw materials	$	3,593	$	3,382
Work-in-process	2,574		2,674
Finished goods	5,604		5,241
Supplies	236		232
Total inventories	$	12,007	$	11,529

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible Assets and Goodwill

   Intangible assets and goodwill

A.  Intangible assets

Intangible assets are comprised of the following:

		June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,460	$	(1,330	)	$	1,130
Intellectual property	12	1,516		(992		)	524
Other	12	199		(120		)	79
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,175	$	(2,442	)	$	1,733

		December 31, 2018
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,463	$	(1,249	)	$	1,214
Intellectual property	11	1,557		(965		)	592
Other	13	199		(108		)	91
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,219	$	(2,322	)	$	1,897

Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $81 million and $163 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $83 million and $166 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter
$162	$311	$293	$274	$216	$477

B.  Goodwill

No goodwill was impaired during the six months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018.

The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2018			Other Adjustments 1			June 30, 2019
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	304		$	4		$	308
Impairments	(22		)	—			(22		)
Net goodwill	282			4			286
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,172			(7		)	4,165
Impairments	(1,175		)	—			(1,175		)
Net goodwill	2,997			(7		)	2,990
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,882			(4		)	2,878
All Other 2
Goodwill	56			1			57
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,414			(6		)	7,408
Impairments	(1,197		)	—			(1,197		)
Net goodwill	$	6,217		$	(6	)	$	6,211

¹ Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

² Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

    Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, which are recorded at fair value and are primarily included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Debt securities have been classified as available-for-sale, and the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of these debt securities are included, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). The unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are generally determined using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Cost  Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains  (Losses)		Fair  Value		Cost  Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains  (Losses)			Fair  Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	9	$	—		$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	47		—		47		42		—			42
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	805		14		819		735		(15		)	720
Asset-backed securities	56		—		56		63		—			63
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	302		3		305		301		(4		)	297
Residential	7		—		7		7		—			7
Commercial	36		1		37		14		(1		)	13
Total debt securities	$	1,262	$	18	$	1,280	$	1,171	$	(20	)	$	1,151

Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired:
	June 30, 2019
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	33	$	—	$	134	$	1	$	167	$	1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	9		—		57		1		66		1
Total	$	42	$	—	$	191	$	2	$	233	$	2

	December 31, 2018
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	280	$	3	$	391	$	11	$	671	$	14
Asset-backed securities	6		—		38		1		44		1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	52		—		223		5		275		5
Commercial	—		—		14		1		14		1
Total	$	338	$	3	$	666	$	18	$	1,004	$	21
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Corporate Bonds. The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2019.

Mortgage-Backed Debt Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2019.

The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2019, by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.    

        

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	100	$	99
Due after one year through five years	664		674
Due after five years through ten years	134		138
Due after ten years	19		20
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	302		305
Residential mortgage-backed securities	7		7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	36		37
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,262	$	1,280

Sales of available-for-sale securities:
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	97	$	67	$	144	$	140
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2019 were $14 million and $53 million, respectively. For each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at June 30, 2018 were $4 million.

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Postretirement Benefits

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Postretirement Benefits

   Postretirement benefits

A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    

	U.S. Pension  Benefits						Non-U.S. Pension  Benefits						Other Postretirement  Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	June 30						June 30						June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	28		$	31		$	20		$	23		$	21		$	21
Interest cost	150			134			24			24			34			31
Expected return on plan assets	(179		)	(203		)	(38		)	(56		)	(5		)	(8		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—			—			—			—			(10		)	(8		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(1	)	$	(38	)	$	6		$	(9	)	$	40		$	36
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	57		$	63		$	41		$	45		$	41		$	42
Interest cost	300			267			47			49			68			62
Expected return on plan assets	(360		)	(405		)	(75		)	(112		)	(10		)	(16		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—			—			—			—			(20		)	(17		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(3	)	$	(75	)	$	13		$	(18	)	$	79		$	71

¹  The service cost component of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits cost (benefit) is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits cost (benefit) are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $79 million and $198 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2019 contributions of approximately $330 million.

B.  Defined contribution benefit costs

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S. Plans	$	93	$	77	$	230	$	150
Non-U.S. Plans	21		21		42		43
	$	114	$	98	$	272	$	193

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Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Leases [Abstract]

Leases of Lessee Disclosure

Leases

A. Lessee arrangements

We lease certain property, information technology equipment, warehouse equipment, vehicles and other equipment through operating leases. We recognize a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset based on the present value of lease payments. To determine the present value of lease payments for most of our leases, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on information available on the lease commencement date. For certain property and information technology equipment leases, we have elected to separate payments for lease components from non-lease components. For all other leases, we have elected not to separate payments for lease and non-lease components. Our lease agreements may include options to extend or terminate the lease. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option, we have included the option in the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less.

Our finance leases are not significant and therefore are not included in the following disclosures.

The components of lease costs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Operating lease cost	$	54	$	118
Short-term lease cost	$	20	$	32

Operating lease right-of-use assets are recognized in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The operating lease liabilities are recognized in Other current liabilities and Other liabilities.

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	June 30, 2019			January 1, 2019
Operating Leases
Other assets	$	656		$	713
Other current liabilities	$	187		$	209
Other liabilities	$	480		$	511
Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases	7 years			7 years
Weighted average discount rates
Operating leases	2		%	2		%

Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2019 and minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Amounts Due In
Remaining six months of 2019	$	102
2020	164
2021	122
2022	76
2023	58
Thereafter	196
Total lease payments	718
Less: Imputed interest	(51		)
Total	$	667
	December 31, 2018
Amounts Due In
2019	$	205
2020	154
2021	111
2022	67
2023	50
Thereafter	185
Total	$	772

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	114
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	68

Leases of Lessor Disclosure

B. Lessor arrangements

We lease Caterpillar machinery, engines and other equipment to customers and dealers around the world, primarily through Cat Financial. Cat Financial leases to customers primarily through sales-type (non-tax) leases, where the lessee for tax purposes is considered to be the owner of the equipment during the term of the lease. Cat Financial also offers tax leases that are classified as either operating or direct finance leases for financial accounting purposes, depending on the characteristics of the lease. For tax purposes, Cat Financial is considered the owner of the equipment. Our lease agreements may include options for the lessee to purchase the underlying asset at the end of the lease term for either a stated fixed price or fair market value.

The residual values for Cat Financial’s leased assets, which are an estimate of the market value of leased equipment at the end of the lease term, are based on an analysis of historical wholesale market sales prices, projected forward on a level trend line without consideration for inflation or possible future pricing action. At the inception of the lease, residual values are estimated with consideration of the following critical factors: market size and demand, any known significant market/product trends, total expected hours of usage, machine configuration, application, location, model changes, quantities, past remarketing experience, third-party residual guarantees and contractual customer purchase options. Many of these factors are gathered in an application survey that is completed prior to quotation. The lease agreement also clearly defines applicable return conditions and remedies for non-compliance, to ensure that the leased equipment will be in good operating condition upon return. Model changes and updates, as well as market strength and product acceptance, are monitored and adjustments are made to residual values in accordance with the significance of any such changes. Cat Financial's sales staff work closely with customers and dealers to manage the sale of lease returns and the recovery of residual exposure.

During the term of our operating leases, we evaluate the carrying value of our equipment on a regular basis taking into consideration expected residual values at lease termination. Adjustments to depreciation expense reflecting revised estimates of expected residual values at the end of the lease terms are recorded prospectively on a straight-line basis. For finance leases, residual value adjustments are recognized through a reduction of finance revenue.

Contractual maturities of finance lease receivables (sales-type and direct finance leases) were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Amounts Due In	Retail   Leases 1			Wholesale Leases 2			Total
Remaining six months of 2019	$	1,806		$	41		$	1,847
2020	2,562			63			2,625
2021	1,510			46			1,556
2022	691			30			721
2023	285			19			304
Thereafter	116			30			146
Total	6,970			229			7,199
Guaranteed residual value	387			57			444
Unguaranteed residual value	803			34			837
Less: Unearned income	(677		)	(40		)	(717		)
Total	$	7,483		$	280		$	7,763
	December 31, 2018
Amounts Due In	Retail   Leases 1			Wholesale Leases 2			Total
2019	$	2,981		$	70		$	3,051
2020	2,026			48			2,074
2021	1,073			30			1,103
2022	453			16			469
2023	166			6			172
Thereafter	56			3			59
Total	6,755			173			6,928
Guaranteed residual value	392			66			458
Unguaranteed residual value	822			35			857
Less: Unearned income	(628		)	(16		)	(644		)
Total	$	7,341		$	258		$	7,599
1 Included in Receivables - finance and Long-term receivables - finance on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
2 Included in Receivables - trade and other and Long-term receivables - trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Wholesale lease receivables are receivables of Cat Financial that arise when Cat Financial provides financing for a dealer's lease of inventory.

Our finance lease receivables generally may be repaid or refinanced without penalty prior to contractual maturity. Accordingly, this presentation should not be regarded as a forecast of future cash collections.

The carrying amount of equipment leased to others, included in Property, plant and equipment - net in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, under operating leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Equipment leased to others - at original cost	$	6,520		$	6,015
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(2,054		)	(1,744		)
Equipment leased to others - net	$	4,466		$	4,271

Payments due for operating leases at June 30, 2019 and scheduled minimum rental payments for operating leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
June 30, 2019
Remaining Six Months of 2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
$580	$696	$406	$208	$98	$100	$	2,088
December 31, 2018
2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
$896	$574	$314	$158	$71	$69	$	2,082

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Finance lease revenue	$	135	$	254
Operating lease revenue	308		624
Total	$	443	$	878

Revenues are presented net of sales and other related taxes.

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Guarantees and Product Warranty

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Guarantees and Product Warranty

  Guarantees and product warranty

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers.  We also provided guarantees to third parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which expires in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap.

Customer loan guarantees

We provide loan guarantees to third-party lenders for financing associated with machinery purchased by customers. These guarantees have varying terms and are secured by the machinery. In addition, Cat Financial participates in standby letters of credit issued to third parties on behalf of their customers. These standby letters of credit have varying terms and beneficiaries and are secured by customer assets.

Supplier consortium performance guarantees

We have provided guarantees to a customer in Brazil and a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by supplier consortiums to which our Caterpillar subsidiaries are members. The guarantees cover potential damages incurred by the customers resulting from the supplier consortiums' non-performance. The damages are capped except for failure of the consortiums to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee for the customer in Europe will expire when the supplier consortium performs all of its contractual obligations, which are expected to be completed in 2022. The agreement with the customer in Brazil was terminated during the second quarter of 2019. No payments were made under the guarantee.

Third-party logistics business lease guarantees

We have provided guarantees to third-party lessors for certain properties leased by a third-party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LLC, in which we sold our equity interest in 2015. The guarantees are for the possibility that the third-party logistics business would default on real estate lease payments. The guarantees were granted at lease inception and generally will expire at the end of the lease terms.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the related liability was $6 million and $8 million, respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	1,252	$	1,244
Customer loan guarantees	25		31
Supplier consortium performance guarantees	245		527
Third party logistics business lease guarantees	56		60
Other guarantees	125		116
Total guarantees	$	1,703	$	1,978

Cat Financial provides guarantees to repurchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program.  Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity.  Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee, which provides a source of liquidity for the SPC.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the SPC’s assets of $1,368 million and $1,149 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1,368 million and $1,148 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial's creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

Our product warranty liability is determined by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, historical claim rates are based on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  Specific rates are developed for each product shipment month and are updated monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

(Millions of dollars)	2019
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,391
Reduction in liability (payments)	(425		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	490
Warranty liability, June 30	$	1,456

(Millions of dollars)	2018
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,419
Reduction in liability (payments)	(783		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	755
Warranty liability, December 31	$	1,391

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Profit Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Profit Per Share

Profit per share

 

Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	1,620	$	1,707	$	3,501	$	3,372
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	567.8		596.2		569.9		597.0
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	5.3		8.0		5.9		9.1
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	573.1		604.2		575.8		606.1
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	2.85	$	2.86	$	6.14	$	5.65
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	2.83	$	2.82	$	6.08	$	5.56
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)					562.6		594.3
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

Stock options to purchase 2,970,234 and 1,478,726 common shares were outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These stock options were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration (the 2018 Authorization). As of June 30, 2019, approximately $8.0 billion remained available under the 2018 Authorization.

During the first and second quarters of 2019, we repurchased 5.7 million and 9.8 million shares, respectively, of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $751 million and $1.3 billion, respectively. These purchases were made through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

Comprehensive income and its components are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, consisted of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	(1,525	)	$	24		$	(88	)	$	1		$	(1,588	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	99			—			(16		)	15			98
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(7		)	(1		)	(1		)	(9		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	99			(7		)	(17		)	14			89
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	(1,426	)	$	17		$	(105	)	$	15		$	(1,499	)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	(1,021	)	$	37		$	(18	)	$	(14	)	$	(1,016	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(411		)	—			36			(2		)	(377		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(7		)	(96		)	—			(103		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(411		)	(7		)	(60		)	(2		)	(480		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(1,432	)	$	30		$	(78	)	$	(16	)	$	(1,496	)

(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(1,601	)	$	12		$	(80	)	$	(15	)	$	(1,684	)
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income 1	98			19			(9		)	—			108
Balance at January 1, 2019	(1,503		)	31			(89		)	(15		)	(1,576		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	77			—			(6		)	30			101
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(14		)	(10		)	—			(24		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	77			(14		)	(16		)	30			77
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	(1,426	)	$	17		$	(105	)	$	15		$	(1,499	)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	(1,205	)	$	46		$	(41	)	$	8		$	(1,192	)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance	—			—			—			(11		)	(11		)
Balance at January 1, 2018	(1,205		)	46			(41		)	(3		)	(1,203		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(228		)	(2		)	41			(13		)	(202		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	$	1		$	(14	)	$	(78	)	$	—		$	(91	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(227	)	$	(16	)	$	(37	)	$	(13	)	$	(293	)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(1,432	)	$	30		$	(78	)	$	(16	)	$	(1,496	)
1 See Note 2 for additional information.

The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:

		Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2019			2018
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Other income (expense)	$	10		$	8
Tax (provision) benefit		(3		)	(1		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	7		$	7
Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Cost of goods sold	(1		)	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	7			5
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	(4		)	123
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	—			(2		)
Reclassifications before tax		2			126
Tax (provision) benefit		(1		)	(30		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	1		$	96
Available-for-sale securities:
Realized gain (loss)	Other income (expense)	$	1		$	—
Reclassifications net of tax		$	1		$	—
Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	9		$	103

		Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2019			2018
Foreign currency translation
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation	Other income (expense)	$	—		$	(1	)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	—		$	(1	)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Other income (expense)	$	20		$	17
Tax (provision) benefit		(6		)	(3		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	14		$	14
Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	1		$	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Cost of goods sold	(4		)	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	14			8
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	2			95
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1		)	(2		)
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	1			1
Reclassifications before tax		13			102
Tax (provision) benefit		(3		)	(24		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	10		$	78
Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	24		$	91

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Environmental and legal matters

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Environmental and legal matters

  Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs are accrued against our earnings. Costs are accrued based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On March 20, 2014, Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) published a Technical Opinion which named 18 companies and over 100 individuals as defendants, including two subsidiaries of Caterpillar Inc., MGE - Equipamentos e Serviços Ferroviários Ltda. (MGE) and Caterpillar Brasil Ltda (CBL). The publication of the Technical Opinion opened CADE's official administrative investigation into allegations that the defendants participated in anticompetitive bid activity for the construction and maintenance of metro and train networks in Brazil. While companies cannot be held criminally liable for anticompetitive conduct in Brazil, criminal charges have been brought against one current employee of MGE and two former employees of MGE involving the same conduct alleged by CADE. On July 8, 2019, CADE found MGE, one of its current employees and two of its former employees liable for anticompetitive conduct. CBL was dismissed from the proceeding without any finding of liability. MGE intends to appeal CADE's findings. We currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

 Income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the first six months of 2019 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 26 percent, compared with 24 percent for the first six months of 2018, excluding the discrete items discussed in the following paragraph. The increase was largely driven by the application of U.S. tax reform provisions to the earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, which do not have a calendar fiscal year-end. These provisions did not apply to these subsidiaries in 2018.

As a result of final regulations received in 2019 providing additional guidance related to the calculation of the mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings due to U.S. tax reform, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $178 million in the first six months of 2019 to adjust unrecognized tax benefits. In addition, a discrete tax benefit of $26 million was recorded in the first six months of 2019, compared with $49 million for the first six months of 2018, for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. The provision for income taxes for the first six months of 2018 also included a $25 million benefit for the release of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets of a non-U.S. subsidiary.

On January 31, 2018, we received a Revenue Agent's Report from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. income tax returns for 2010 to 2012. In the audits of 2007 to 2012 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by CSARL based on the IRS examination team's application of the "substance-over-form" or "assignment-of-income" judicial doctrines. We are vigorously contesting the proposed increases to tax and penalties for these years of approximately $2.3 billion. We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. income tax returns on this same basis for years after 2012. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant change to our unrecognized tax benefits for this position within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

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Segment Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information

Segment information

A. Basis for segment information

Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a General Counsel & Corporate Secretary and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The General Counsel & Corporate Secretary leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation, are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services.  Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B. Description of segments

We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments.  Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry excavators; feller bunchers; harvesters; knuckleboom loaders; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skidders; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; utility vehicles; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry and aggregates, waste and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, rotary drills, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, hard rock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components, electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics and autonomous machine capabilities. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support of turbine machinery and integrated systems and solutions and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Caterpillar engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of our equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments.

All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy, product management and development, manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions, distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.

C. Segment measurement and reconciliations

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

• Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. Beginning in 2019, operating lease right-of-use assets are included in segment assets. In 2018, the present value of future lease payments for certain Machinery, Energy and Transportation operating leases was included in segment assets while the estimated financing component of the lease payments was excluded.  Liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances are generally managed at the corporate level and are not included in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

• Segment inventories and cost of sales are valued using a current cost methodology.

• Goodwill allocated to segments is amortized using a fixed amount based on a 20 year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets; no goodwill amortization expense is included in segment profit. In addition, only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later has been allocated to segments.

• Currency exposures for Machinery, Energy & Transportation are generally managed at the corporate level and the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year are not included in segment profit.  The net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting is reported as a methodology difference.

• Stock-based compensation expense is not included in segment profit.

• Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

• Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and excludes interest expense and most other income/expense items.  Financial Products Segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 44 to 52 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

• Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

• Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. Beginning in 2019, only certain restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit. A table, Reconciliation of Restructuring costs on page 49, has been included to illustrate how segment profit would have been impacted by the restructuring costs. See Note 20 for more information.

• Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

• Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, certain costs are reported on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

Reportable Segments
Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)
	2019
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation and  amortization		Segment  profit		Segment assets at June 30		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	6,446		$	21	$	6,467	$	81	$	1,247	$	5,004	$	41
Resource Industries	2,711			89		2,800		104		481		6,456		37
Energy & Transportation	4,524			962		5,486		155		886		8,716		118
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13,681			1,072		14,753		340		2,614		20,176		196
Financial Products Segment	873		1	—		873		207		193		36,584		459
Total	$	14,554		$	1,072	$	15,626	$	547	$	2,807	$	56,760	$	655
	2018
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation  and amortization		Segment  profit		Segment  assets at December 31		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	6,137		$	35	$	6,172	$	90	$	1,154	$	4,902	$	62
Resource Industries	2,431			95		2,526		115		411		6,442		39
Energy & Transportation	4,714			1,010		5,724		157		1,012		8,386		140
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13,282			1,140		14,422		362		2,577		19,730		241
Financial Products Segment	829		1	—		829		212		134		36,002		533
Total	$	14,111		$	1,140	$	15,251	$	574	$	2,711	$	55,732	$	774

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Reportable Segments
Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)
	2019
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation and  amortization		Segment  profit		Segment assets at June 30		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	12,298		$	42	$	12,340	$	161	$	2,332	$	5,004	$	69
Resource Industries	5,358			169		5,527		209		1,057		6,456		60
Energy & Transportation	8,757			1,939		10,696		307		1,724		8,716		216
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	26,413			2,150		28,563		677		5,113		20,176		345
Financial Products Segment	1,723		1	—		1,723		413		404		36,584		705
Total	$	28,136		$	2,150	$	30,286	$	1,090	$	5,517	$	56,760	$	1,050
	2018
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation  and amortization		Segment  profit		Segment  assets at December 31		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	11,796		$	53	$	11,849	$	179	$	2,271	$	4,902	$	104
Resource Industries	4,639			196		4,835		231		789		6,442		62
Energy & Transportation	8,990			1,953		10,943		315		1,886		8,386		302
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	25,425			2,202		27,627		725		4,946		19,730		468
Financial Products Segment	1,622		1	—		1,622		415		275		36,002		894
Total	$	27,047		$	2,202	$	29,249	$	1,140	$	5,221	$	55,732	$	1,362

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the first half of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North  America			Latin  America			EAME			Asia/  Pacific			External Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	3,513		$	392		$	1,108		$	1,433		$	6,446
Resource Industries	1,058			448			446			759			2,711
Energy & Transportation	2,297			325			1,160			742			4,524
All Other operating segment	14			1			4			15			34
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(39		)	(2		)	(5		)	2			(44		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,843			1,164			2,713			2,951			13,671
Financial Products Segment	563			76			102			132			873			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(72		)	(11		)	(9		)	(20		)	(112		)
Financial Products Revenues	491			65			93			112			761
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	7,334		$	1,229		$	2,806		$	3,063		$	14,432
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,739		$	392		$	1,171		$	1,835		$	6,137
Resource Industries	804			394			569			664			2,431
Energy & Transportation	2,582			287			1,153			692			4,714
All Other operating segment	17			1			4			19			41
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(40		)	(3		)	—			(1		)	(44		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,102			1,071			2,897			3,209			13,279
Financial Products Segment	537			71			101			120			829			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(57		)	(11		)	(7		)	(22		)	(97		)
Financial Products Revenues	480			60			94			98			732
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	6,582		$	1,131		$	2,991		$	3,307		$	14,011

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North  America			Latin  America			EAME			Asia/  Pacific			External Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	6,478		$	711		$	2,114		$	2,995		$	12,298
Resource Industries	2,009			871			914			1,564			5,358
Energy & Transportation	4,448			657			2,192			1,460			8,757
All Other operating segment	22			1			15			33			71
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(80		)	(1		)	(8		)	—			(89		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	12,877			2,239			5,227			6,052			26,395
Financial Products Segment	1,121			146			204			252			1,723			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(141		)	(22		)	(18		)	(39		)	(220		)
Financial Products Revenues	980			124			186			213			1,503
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	13,857		$	2,363		$	5,413		$	6,265		$	27,898
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	5,359		$	736		$	2,238		$	3,463		$	11,796
Resource Industries	1,602			754			1,089			1,194			4,639
Energy & Transportation	4,807			567			2,245			1,371			8,990
All Other operating segment	32			1			8			37			78
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(68		)	(2		)	(3		)	(1		)	(74		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,732			2,056			5,577			6,064			25,429
Financial Products Segment	1,049			145			202			226			1,622			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(106		)	(24		)	(12		)	(39		)	(181		)
Financial Products Revenues	943			121			190			187			1,441
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,675		$	2,177		$	5,767		$	6,251		$	26,870

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the first half of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018
Oil and gas	$	1,305	$	1,467
Power generation	1,021		992
Industrial	957		969
Transportation	1,241		1,286
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,524	$	4,714
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Oil and gas	$	2,436	$	2,682
Power generation	2,057		1,961
Industrial	1,861		1,875
Transportation	2,403		2,472
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	8,757	$	8,990

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total profit from reportable segments	$	2,614		$	193		$	2,807
All Other operating segment	11			—			11
Cost centers	17			—			17
Corporate costs	(148		)	(1		)	(149		)
Timing	(58		)	—			(58		)
Restructuring costs	(72		)	(31		)	(103		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(8		)	—			(8		)
Postretirement benefit expense	2			—			2
Stock-based compensation expense	(66		)	(2		)	(68		)
Financing costs	(51		)	—			(51		)
Currency	(92		)	—			(92		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(121		)	—			(121		)
Other methodology differences	(12		)	3			(9		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,016		$	162		$	2,178
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total profit from reportable segments	$	2,577		$	134		$	2,711
All Other operating segment	23			—			23
Cost centers	(1		)	—			(1		)
Corporate costs	(178		)	—			(178		)
Timing	(66		)	—			(66		)
Restructuring costs	(113		)	(1		)	(114		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	31			—			31
Postretirement benefit expense	82			—			82
Stock-based compensation expense	(60		)	(2		)	(62		)
Financing costs	(69		)	—			(69		)
Currency	(52		)	—			(52		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(95		)	—			(95		)
Other methodology differences	(29		)	5			(24		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,050		$	136		$	2,186

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated  Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total profit from reportable segments	$	5,113		$	404		$	5,517
All Other operating segment	36			—			36
Cost centers	41			—			41
Corporate costs	(319		)	(6		)	(325		)
Timing	(124		)	—			(124		)
Restructuring costs	(111		)	(31		)	(142		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(1		)	—			(1		)
Postretirement benefit expense	(15		)	—			(15		)
Stock-based compensation expense	(109		)	(4		)	(113		)
Financing costs	(115		)	—			(115		)
Currency	(48		)	—			(48		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(250		)	—			(250		)
Other methodology differences	(24		)	5			(19		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	4,074		$	368		$	4,442
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total profit from reportable segments	$	4,946		$	275		$	5,221
All Other operating segment	80			—			80
Cost centers	26			—			26
Corporate costs	(346		)	—			(346		)
Timing	(150		)	—			(150		)
Restructuring costs	(182		)	(1		)	(183		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	23			—			23
Postretirement benefit expense	169			—			169
Stock-based compensation expense	(108		)	(4		)	(112		)
Financing costs	(147		)	—			(147		)
Currency	(49		)	—			(49		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(173		)	—			(173		)
Other methodology differences	(42		)	3			(39		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	4,047		$	273		$	4,320

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:

As noted above, certain restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below:

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit		Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	1,247	$	(45	)	$	1,202
Resource Industries	481		(15		)	466
Energy & Transportation	886		(41		)	845
Financial Products Segment	193		—			193
All Other operating segment	11		(1		)	10
Total	$	2,818	$	(102	)	$	2,716
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	1,154	$	(29	)	$	1,125
Resource Industries	411		(52		)	359
Energy & Transportation	1,012		(24		)	988
Financial Products Segment	134		(1		)	133
All Other operating segment	23		(5		)	18
Total	$	2,734	$	(111	)	$	2,623

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit		Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	2,332	$	(54	)	$	2,278
Resource Industries	1,057		(29		)	1,028
Energy & Transportation	1,724		(52		)	1,672
Financial Products Segment	404		—			404
All Other operating segment	36		(6		)	30
Total	$	5,553	$	(141	)	$	5,412
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,271	$	(43	)	$	2,228
Resource Industries	789		(96		)	693
Energy & Transportation	1,886		(29		)	1,857
Financial Products Segment	275		(1		)	274
All Other operating segment	80		(9		)	71
Total	$	5,301	$	(178	)	$	5,123

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
June 30, 2019
Total assets from reportable segments	$	20,176		$	36,584	$	—		$	56,760
All Other operating segment	1,266			—		—			1,266
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	6,528			—		—			6,528
Intercompany receivables	1,437			—		(1,437		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,953			—		(3,953		)	—
Deferred income taxes	2,008			—		(647		)	1,361
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,457			—		—			4,457
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	2,329			—		—			2,329
Inventory methodology differences	(2,406		)	—		—			(2,406		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,445			—		—			9,445
Other	(495		)	52		(110		)	(553		)
Total assets	$	48,698		$	36,636	$	(6,147	)	$	79,187
December 31, 2018
Total assets from reportable segments	$	19,730		$	36,002	$	—		$	55,732
All Other operating segment	1,279			—		—			1,279
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	6,968			—		—			6,968
Intercompany receivables	1,633			—		(1,633		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,672			—		(3,672		)	—
Deferred income taxes	2,015			—		(692		)	1,323
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,279			—		—			4,279
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	1,802			—		—			1,802
Inventory methodology differences	(2,503		)	—		—			(2,503		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,766			—		—			9,766
Other	(166		)	66		(37		)	(137		)
Total assets	$	48,475		$	36,068	$	(6,034	)	$	78,509

Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	340	$	207	$	547
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	53		—		53
Cost centers	33		—		33
Other	5		9		14
Total depreciation and amortization	$	431	$	216	$	647
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	362	$	212	$	574
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	58		—		58
Cost centers	32		—		32
Other	13		9		22
Total depreciation and amortization	$	465	$	221	$	686

Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidated Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	677	$	413	$	1,090
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:	0		0
All Other operating segment	105		—		105
Cost centers	65		—		65
Other	8		20		28
Total depreciation and amortization	$	855	$	433	$	1,288
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	725	$	415	$	1,140
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	115		—		115
Cost centers	63		—		63
Other	30		19		49
Total depreciation and amortization	$	933	$	434	$	1,367

Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	196		$	459	$	—		$	655
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	22			—		—			22
Cost centers	29			—		—			29
Timing	(5		)	—		—			(5		)
Other	(47		)	26		(2		)	(23		)
Total capital expenditures	$	195		$	485	$	(2	)	$	678
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	241		$	533	$	—		$	774
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	27			—		—			27
Cost centers	26			—		—			26
Timing	(18		)	—		—			(18		)
Other	(45		)	43		(36		)	(38		)
Total capital expenditures	$	231		$	576	$	(36	)	$	771

Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	345		$	705	$	—		$	1,050
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	35			—		—			35
Cost centers	49			—		—			49
Timing	129			—		—			129
Other	(66		)	31		(3		)	(38		)
Total capital expenditures	$	492		$	736	$	(3	)	$	1,225
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	468		$	894	$	—		$	1,362
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	38			—		—			38
Cost centers	40			—		—			40
Timing	157			—		—			157
Other	(149		)	120		(40		)	(69		)
Total capital expenditures	$	554		$	1,014	$	(40	)	$	1,528

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Receivables [Abstract]

Cat Financial Financing Activities

Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the losses inherent in Cat Financial’s finance receivable portfolio and includes consideration of accounts that have been individually identified as impaired, as well as pools of finance receivables where it is probable that certain receivables in the pool are impaired but the individual accounts cannot yet be identified. In identifying and measuring impairment, management takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions.  

Accounts are identified for individual review based on past-due status and information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which Cat Financial’s customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated and determined to be impaired is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial also considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts not yet individually identified as impaired is estimated based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default, our estimate of the loss emergence period and the estimated loss given default.  In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in the loss forecast models including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.  These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Cat Financial’s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments:

•Customer - Finance receivables with retail customers.

•Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers.

A portfolio segment is the level at which the company develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses.

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk.  Typically, Cat Financial’s finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk.  Cat Financial’s classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

• North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States or Canada.

• EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

• Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan and Southeast Asia.

• Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide and project financing in various countries.

• Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico, and Central and South American countries.

• Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	486		$	21	$	507
Receivables written off	(125		)	—		(125		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	21			—		21
Provision for credit losses	99			24		123
Other	(8		)	—		(8		)
Balance at end of period	$	473		$	45	$	518
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	266		$	39	$	305
Collectively evaluated for impairment	207			6		213
Ending Balance	$	473		$	45	$	518
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	789		$	78	$	867
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,095			3,539		21,634
Ending Balance	$	18,884		$	3,617	$	22,501

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2018
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	353		$	9	$	362
Receivables written off	(235		)	—		(235		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	46			—		46
Provision for credit losses	337			12		349
Other	(15		)	—		(15		)
Balance at end of year	$	486		$	21	$	507
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	288		$	14	$	302
Collectively evaluated for impairment	198			7		205
Ending Balance	$	486		$	21	$	507
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	858		$	78	$	936
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,152			3,338		21,490
Ending Balance	$	19,010		$	3,416	$	22,426

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss.

In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire recorded investment in finance receivables past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment in finance receivables by aging category.

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	90	$	17	$	44	$	151	$	7,805	$	7,956	$	12
EAME	29		13		167		209		2,885		3,094		7
Asia Pacific	37		15		25		77		2,511		2,588		12
Mining	3		13		19		35		1,814		1,849		—
Latin America	44		17		85		146		1,352		1,498		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	7		13		296		316		1,583		1,899		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		2,108		2,108		—
EAME	—		—		—		—		330		330		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		461		461		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	1		1		79		81		632		713		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		1		1		—
Total	$	211	$	89	$	715	$	1,015	$	21,486	$	22,501	$	32

	December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	65	$	18	$	84	$	167	$	7,825	$	7,992	$	14
EAME	19		9		153		181		2,850		3,031		5
Asia Pacific	24		9		8		41		2,409		2,450		5
Mining	28		1		9		38		1,642		1,680		—
Latin America	38		29		71		138		1,421		1,559		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	10		1		384		395		1,903		2,298		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		1,895		1,895		—
EAME	—		—		—		—		333		333		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		466		466		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	—		—		78		78		638		716		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		2		2		—
Total	$	184	$	67	$	787	$	1,038	$	21,388	$	22,426	$	24

Impaired finance receivables

For all classes, a finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Cat Financial will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms.  Impaired finance receivables include finance receivables that have been restructured and are considered to be troubled debt restructurings.

There were $78 million of impaired finance receivables with a related allowance of $39 million and $14 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, for the Dealer portfolio segment, all of which was in Latin America.  Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: 

	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	11	$	11	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—
EAME	1		1		—		1		1		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		—		—
Mining	26		26		—		33		33		—
Latin America	21		21		—		29		29		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	52		52		—		69		83		—
Total	$	111	$	111	$	—	$	142	$	156	$	—
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	28	$	28	$	10	$	40	$	41	$	14
EAME	101		101		56		92		92		57
Asia Pacific	10		10		3		4		4		2
Mining	63		62		20		56		55		26
Latin America	70		69		26		75		75		25
Caterpillar Power Finance	406		420		151		449		455		164
Total	$	678	$	690	$	266	$	716	$	722	$	288
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	39	$	39	$	10	$	50	$	51	$	14
EAME	102		102		56		93		93		57
Asia Pacific	10		10		3		4		4		2
Mining	89		88		20		89		88		26
Latin America	91		90		26		104		104		25
Caterpillar Power Finance	458		472		151		518		538		164
Total	$	789	$	801	$	266	$	858	$	878	$	288

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019				Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	1
EAME	1		—		7		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		28		—
Mining	29		1		45		1
Latin America	20		1		43		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	41		—		189		1
Total	$	101	$	2	$	330	$	3
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	35	$	—	$	56	$	—
EAME	94		—		48		1
Asia Pacific	9		—		5		—
Mining	39		—		64		1
Latin America	74		2		65		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	443		4		356		3
Total	$	694	$	6	$	594	$	6
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	45	$	—	$	74	$	1
EAME	95		—		55		1
Asia Pacific	9		—		33		—
Mining	68		1		109		2
Latin America	94		3		108		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	484		4		545		4
Total	$	795	$	8	$	924	$	9

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019				Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
Customer
North America	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	1
EAME	1		—		23		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		30		1
Mining	30		1		78		2
Latin America	23		1		44		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	51		1		178		3
Total	$	115	$	3	$	371	$	8
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
Customer
North America	$	37	$	1	$	53	$	1
EAME	94		1		32		1
Asia Pacific	8		—		5		—
Mining	42		1		36		1
Latin America	75		3		76		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	446		7		355		4
Total	$	702	$	13	$	557	$	9
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
Customer
North America	$	47	$	1	$	71	$	2
EAME	95		1		55		1
Asia Pacific	8		—		35		1
Mining	72		2		114		3
Latin America	98		4		120		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	497		8		533		7
Total	$	817	$	16	$	928	$	17

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due).  Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the finance receivable becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were $78 million of finance receivables on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment, all of which was in Latin America. The recorded investment in customer finance receivables on non-accrual status was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
North America	$	37	$	77
EAME	165		154
Asia Pacific	13		4
Mining	20		50
Latin America	98		106
Caterpillar Power Finance	447		416
Total	$	780	$	807

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties.  Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, extended skip payment periods and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no additional funds committed to lend to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR.

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial's investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019					Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment
North America	8	$	5	$	4	17	$	7	$	7
EAME	2	10		10		—	—		—
Mining	1	6		6		—	—		—
Latin America	4	2		2		—	—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	7	47		47		2	50		17
Total	22	$	70	$	69	19	$	57	$	24
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019					Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment
North America	8	$	5	$	4	30	$	13	$	13
EAME	21	21		17		—	—		—
Mining	1	6		6		1	29		29
Latin America	4	2		2		1	3		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	15	98		97		5	53		20
Total	49	$	132	$	126	37	$	98	$	65

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Fair Value Disclosures

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

  Fair value disclosures

A. Fair value measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

• Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

• Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

• Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.

Fair value measurements are classified according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on models that utilize the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on a valuation model that discounts cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized below:

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		47		—		—		47
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		819		—		—		819
Asset-backed securities	—		56		—		—		56
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		305		—		—		305
Residential	—		7		—		—		7
Commercial	—		37		—		—		37
Total debt securities	9		1,271		—		—		1,280
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	307		—		—		—		307
Smaller company growth	56		—		—		—		56
REIT	—		—		—		122		122
Total equity securities	363		—		—		122		485
Total assets	$	372	$	1,271	$	—	$	122	$	1,765
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		19		—		—		19
Total liabilities	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

 

	December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		42		—		—		42
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		720		—		—		720
Asset-backed securities	—		63		—		—		63
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		297		—		—		297
Residential	—		7		—		—		7
Commercial	—		13		—		—		13
Total debt securities	9		1,142		—		—		1,151
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	260		—		—		—		260
Smaller company growth	46		—		—		—		46
REIT	—		—		—		119		119
Total equity securities	306		—		—		119		425
Total assets	$	315	$	1,142	$	—	$	119	$	1,576
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19
Total liabilities	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

In addition to the amounts above, Cat Financial impaired loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is considered impaired when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had impaired loans with a fair value of $417 million and $469 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.  

B. Fair values of financial instruments

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we used the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximated fair value.  Restricted cash and short-term investments are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Finance receivables

Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Wholesale inventory receivables

Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Long-term debt

Fair value for fixed and floating rate debt was estimated based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions.

Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments.

	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	7,429	$	7,429	$	7,857	$	7,857	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	$	30	$	30	$	33	$	33	1
Investments in debt and equity securities	$	1,765	$	1,765	$	1,576	$	1,576	1 & 2	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	$	14,526	$	14,750	$	14,714	$	14,798	3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	$	1,172	$	1,151	$	1,050	$	1,025	3
Foreign currency contracts – net	$	51	$	51	$	47	$	47	2	Note 5
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	5,266	$	5,266	$	5,723	$	5,723	1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	7,670	$	9,469	$	8,015	$	9,046	2
Financial Products	$	23,342	$	23,596	$	22,815	$	22,684	2
Interest rate contracts – net	$	65	$	65	$	36	$	36	2	Note 5
Commodity contracts – net	$	5	$	5	$	30	$	30	2	Note 5
Guarantees	$	6	$	6	$	8	$	8	3	Note 11

¹  Represents finance leases and failed sales leasebacks of $7,758 million at June 30, 2019 and finance leases of $7,463 million at December 31, 2018, respectively.

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Other Income (expense)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Other Income (expense) [Abstract]

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense)

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Investment and interest income	$	54		$	45		$	106		$	81
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	(47		)	(60		)	(29		)	(79		)
License fee income	31			36			56			67
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	24			86			50			172
Gains (losses) on securities	14			7			53			4
Miscellaneous income (loss)	(8		)	7			(8		)	3
Total	$	68		$	121		$	228		$	248

¹ Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

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Restructuring Costs

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Restructuring Charges [Abstract]

Restructuring Costs

      Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, eligible separation costs are recognized at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, eligible costs are recognized when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	10	$	45
Long-lived asset impairments 1	29		30
Other 2	71		39
Total restructuring costs	$	110	$	114
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	25	$	78
Long-lived asset impairments 1	36		30
Other 2	97		75
Total restructuring costs	$	158	$	183
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, project management costs, accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation and building demolition, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the restructuring costs were primarily related to restructuring actions in Construction Industries and Energy & Transportation. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the restructuring costs were primarily related to ongoing facility closures across the company.

Certain restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. See Note 16 for more information.

The following table summarizes the 2018 and 2019 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)
Liability balance at December 31, 2017	$	249
Increase in liability (separation charges)	112
Reduction in liability (payments)	(276		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2018	85
Increase in liability (separation charges)	25
Reduction in liability (payments)	(60		)
Liability balance at June 30, 2019	$	50

Most of the liability balance at June 30, 2019 is expected to be paid in 2019 and 2020.

In September 2015, we announced a large scale restructuring plan (the Plan) including a voluntary retirement enhancement program for qualifying U.S. employees, several voluntary separation programs outside of the U.S., additional involuntary programs throughout the company and manufacturing facility consolidations and closures that occurred through 2018. The largest action among those included in the Plan was related to our European manufacturing footprint, which led to the Gosselies, Belgium, facility closure. In the first six months of 2019, we incurred $19 million of restructuring costs related to the Plan. Total restructuring costs incurred since the inception of the Plan were $1,807 million. The remaining costs of approximately $20 million related to the Plan are expected to be recognized in 2019.

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Risk Management Policy

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years. As of June 30, 2019, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 51 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Singapore dollar or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

As of June 30, 2019, $6 million of deferred net gains, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions.  The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.  The gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

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New Accounting Guidance (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract]

Schedule of New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Table Text Block]

The cumulative effect of initially applying the new lease guidance to our consolidated financial statements on January 1, 2019 was as follows:

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Balance as of December 31, 2018		Cumulative Impact from Adopting New Lease Guidance			Balance as of January 1, 2019
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	1,765	$	(17	)	$	1,748
Property, plant and equipment - net	$	13,574	$	(26	)	$	13,548
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	$	1,439	$	(77	)	$	1,362
Other assets	$	2,332	$	713		$	3,045
Liabilities
Accrued expenses	$	3,573	$	(27	)	$	3,546
Other current liabilities	$	1,919	$	209		$	2,128
Long-term debt due after one year
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	8,005	$	(362	)	$	7,643
Other liabilities	$	3,756	$	538		$	4,294
Shareholders' equity
Profit employed in the business	$	30,427	$	235		$	30,662

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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Schedule of type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the period

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019					Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,499,524	$	40.98	$	138.35	1,566,788	$	46.18	$	151.12
RSUs	657,389	$	138.35	$	138.35	683,339	$	151.16	$	151.16
PRSUs	342,097	$	138.35	$	138.35	339,559	$	151.12	$	151.12

Schedule providing assumptions used in determining the fair value of stock-based awards

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively:

	Grant Year
	2019	2018
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.56%	2.70%
Weighted-average volatility	29.1%	30.2%
Range of volatilities	25.1-38.7%	21.5-33.0%
Range of risk-free interest rates	2.48-2.68%	2.02-2.87%
Weighted-average expected lives	7 years	8 years

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Derivative

Location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are as follows:

 

(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	26		$	16
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(17		)	(26		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	(4		)	(9		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	47			53
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	15			35
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(17		)	(9		)
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	—			1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	6			3
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(71		)	(40		)
		$	(15	)	$	24
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	5		$	2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	—			(21		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	11			15
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	5			5
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(20		)	(14		)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	4			1
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(8		)	(31		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other liabilities	(1		)	—
		$	(4	)	$	(43	)

Total notional amounts of derivative instruments

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	2,110	$	1,834
Financial Products	$	8,736	$	10,210

Effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:

Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
				Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized  in AOCI			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Amount of the line items in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations containing hedging gains (losses)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	4
				Cost of goods sold	$	(1	)	$	9,941
Financial Products	10
				Interest expense of Financial Products	7			$	192
				Other income (expense)	(4		)	$	68
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	(34		)	Interest expense of Financial Products	—			$	192
	$	(20	)		$	2

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
				Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(79	)	Other income (expense)	$	4		$	—
Financial Products	123			Other income (expense)	119			—
				Interest expense of Financial Products	5			—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	5			Interest expense of Financial Products	—			—
	$	49			$	126		$	—

Effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019			Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	7		$	(54	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(10		)	23
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	(7		)	9
		$	(10	)	$	(22	)
	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019			Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	13		$	(38	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(39		)	16
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	16			—
		$	(10	)	$	(22	)

Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative assets

December 31, 2018							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	19	$	—	$	19	$	(19	)	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	112		—		112		(34		)	—		78
Total	$	131	$	—	$	131	$	(53	)	$	—	$	78

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows:

June 30, 2019							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	35	$	—	$	35	$	(20	)	$	—	$	15
Financial Products	84		—		84		(19		)	—		65
Total	$	119	$	—	$	119	$	(39	)	$	—	$	80

Effect of net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on derivative liabilities

June 30, 2019									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(30	)	$	—	$	(30	)	$	20	$	—	$	(10	)
Financial Products	(108		)	—		(108		)	19		—		(89		)
Total	$	(138	)	$	—	$	(138	)	$	39	$	—	$	(99	)

December 31, 2018									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(87	)	$	—	$	(87	)	$	19	$	—	$	(68	)
Financial Products	(63		)	—		(63		)	34		—		(29		)
Total	$	(150	)	$	—	$	(150	)	$	53	$	—	$	(97	)

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Inventories (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) are comprised of the following:

 

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Raw materials	$	3,593	$	3,382
Work-in-process	2,574		2,674
Finished goods	5,604		5,241
Supplies	236		232
Total inventories	$	12,007	$	11,529

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are comprised of the following:

		June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,460	$	(1,330	)	$	1,130
Intellectual property	12	1,516		(992		)	524
Other	12	199		(120		)	79
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,175	$	(2,442	)	$	1,733

		December 31, 2018
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,463	$	(1,249	)	$	1,214
Intellectual property	11	1,557		(965		)	592
Other	13	199		(108		)	91
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,219	$	(2,322	)	$	1,897

Expected amortization expense related to intangible assets

Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Six Months of 2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter
$162	$311	$293	$274	$216	$477

Goodwill acquired

The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2018			Other Adjustments 1			June 30, 2019
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	304		$	4		$	308
Impairments	(22		)	—			(22		)
Net goodwill	282			4			286
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,172			(7		)	4,165
Impairments	(1,175		)	—			(1,175		)
Net goodwill	2,997			(7		)	2,990
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,882			(4		)	2,878
All Other 2
Goodwill	56			1			57
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,414			(6		)	7,408
Impairments	(1,197		)	—			(1,197		)
Net goodwill	$	6,217		$	(6	)	$	6,211

¹ Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

² Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale securities

The cost basis and fair value of debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Cost  Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains  (Losses)		Fair  Value		Cost  Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains  (Losses)			Fair  Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	9	$	—		$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	47		—		47		42		—			42
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	805		14		819		735		(15		)	720
Asset-backed securities	56		—		56		63		—			63
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	302		3		305		301		(4		)	297
Residential	7		—		7		7		—			7
Commercial	36		1		37		14		(1		)	13
Total debt securities	$	1,262	$	18	$	1,280	$	1,171	$	(20	)	$	1,151

Investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired:

Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired:
	June 30, 2019
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	33	$	—	$	134	$	1	$	167	$	1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	9		—		57		1		66		1
Total	$	42	$	—	$	191	$	2	$	233	$	2

	December 31, 2018
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair  Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	280	$	3	$	391	$	11	$	671	$	14
Asset-backed securities	6		—		38		1		44		1
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	52		—		223		5		275		5
Commercial	—		—		14		1		14		1
Total	$	338	$	3	$	666	$	18	$	1,004	$	21
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity

The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at June 30, 2019, by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.    

        

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	100	$	99
Due after one year through five years	664		674
Due after five years through ten years	134		138
Due after ten years	19		20
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	302		305
Residential mortgage-backed securities	7		7
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	36		37
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,262	$	1,280

Schedule of proceeds and gross gain and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities

Sales of available-for-sale securities:
	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	97	$	67	$	144	$	140
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—

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Postretirement Benefits (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Schedule of net benefit costs

	U.S. Pension  Benefits						Non-U.S. Pension  Benefits						Other Postretirement  Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	June 30						June 30						June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2019			2018
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	28		$	31		$	20		$	23		$	21		$	21
Interest cost	150			134			24			24			34			31
Expected return on plan assets	(179		)	(203		)	(38		)	(56		)	(5		)	(8		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—			—			—			—			(10		)	(8		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(1	)	$	(38	)	$	6		$	(9	)	$	40		$	36
For the six months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	57		$	63		$	41		$	45		$	41		$	42
Interest cost	300			267			47			49			68			62
Expected return on plan assets	(360		)	(405		)	(75		)	(112		)	(10		)	(16		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—			—			—			—			(20		)	(17		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(3	)	$	(75	)	$	13		$	(18	)	$	79		$	71

¹  The service cost component of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits cost (benefit) is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components of net periodic pension and other postretirement benefits cost (benefit) are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

Company costs related to U.S. and non-U.S. defined contribution plans

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018		2019		2018
U.S. Plans	$	93	$	77	$	230	$	150
Non-U.S. Plans	21		21		42		43
	$	114	$	98	$	272	$	193

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Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Leases [Abstract]

Lease, Cost

The components of lease costs were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Operating lease cost	$	54	$	118
Short-term lease cost	$	20	$	32

Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information Related to Leases

Supplemental information related to leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	June 30, 2019			January 1, 2019
Operating Leases
Other assets	$	656		$	713
Other current liabilities	$	187		$	209
Other liabilities	$	480		$	511
Weighted average remaining lease term
Operating leases	7 years			7 years
Weighted average discount rates
Operating leases	2		%	2		%

Schedule of Maturities of Operating and Finance Leases Liabilities

Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2019 and minimum payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Amounts Due In
Remaining six months of 2019	$	102
2020	164
2021	122
2022	76
2023	58
Thereafter	196
Total lease payments	718
Less: Imputed interest	(51		)
Total	$	667
	December 31, 2018
Amounts Due In
2019	$	205
2020	154
2021	111
2022	67
2023	50
Thereafter	185
Total	$	772

Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information Related to Leases

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	114
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$	68

Sales-type and Direct Financing Leases, Lease Receivable, Maturity

Contractual maturities of finance lease receivables (sales-type and direct finance leases) were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Amounts Due In	Retail   Leases 1			Wholesale Leases 2			Total
Remaining six months of 2019	$	1,806		$	41		$	1,847
2020	2,562			63			2,625
2021	1,510			46			1,556
2022	691			30			721
2023	285			19			304
Thereafter	116			30			146
Total	6,970			229			7,199
Guaranteed residual value	387			57			444
Unguaranteed residual value	803			34			837
Less: Unearned income	(677		)	(40		)	(717		)
Total	$	7,483		$	280		$	7,763
	December 31, 2018
Amounts Due In	Retail   Leases 1			Wholesale Leases 2			Total
2019	$	2,981		$	70		$	3,051
2020	2,026			48			2,074
2021	1,073			30			1,103
2022	453			16			469
2023	166			6			172
Thereafter	56			3			59
Total	6,755			173			6,928
Guaranteed residual value	392			66			458
Unguaranteed residual value	822			35			857
Less: Unearned income	(628		)	(16		)	(644		)
Total	$	7,341		$	258		$	7,599
1 Included in Receivables - finance and Long-term receivables - finance on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.
2 Included in Receivables - trade and other and Long-term receivables - trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Wholesale lease receivables are receivables of Cat Financial that arise when Cat Financial provides financing for a dealer's lease of inventory.

Schedule of Equipment under Operating Leases

The carrying amount of equipment leased to others, included in Property, plant and equipment - net in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, under operating leases was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Equipment leased to others - at original cost	$	6,520		$	6,015
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(2,054		)	(1,744		)
Equipment leased to others - net	$	4,466		$	4,271

Lessor, Operating Lease, Payments to be Received, Maturity

Payments due for operating leases at June 30, 2019 and scheduled minimum rental payments for operating leases at December 31, 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
June 30, 2019
Remaining Six Months of 2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
$580	$696	$406	$208	$98	$100	$	2,088
December 31, 2018
2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	Thereafter	Total
$896	$574	$314	$158	$71	$69	$	2,082

Revenue from sales-type and operating lease

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019
Finance lease revenue	$	135	$	254
Operating lease revenue	308		624
Total	$	443	$	878

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Guarantees and Product Warranty (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Guarantees

The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	1,252	$	1,244
Customer loan guarantees	25		31
Supplier consortium performance guarantees	245		527
Third party logistics business lease guarantees	56		60
Other guarantees	125		116
Total guarantees	$	1,703	$	1,978

Product warranty

Specific rates are developed for each product shipment month and are updated monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

(Millions of dollars)	2019
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,391
Reduction in liability (payments)	(425		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	490
Warranty liability, June 30	$	1,456

(Millions of dollars)	2018
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,419
Reduction in liability (payments)	(783		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	755
Warranty liability, December 31	$	1,391

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Profit Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Computations of profit per share

 

Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2019		2018		2019		2018
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	1,620	$	1,707	$	3,501	$	3,372
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	567.8		596.2		569.9		597.0
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	5.3		8.0		5.9		9.1
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	573.1		604.2		575.8		606.1
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	2.85	$	2.86	$	6.14	$	5.65
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	2.83	$	2.82	$	6.08	$	5.56
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)					562.6		594.3
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Equity [Abstract]

Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, consisted of the following:

(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	(1,525	)	$	24		$	(88	)	$	1		$	(1,588	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	99			—			(16		)	15			98
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(7		)	(1		)	(1		)	(9		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	99			(7		)	(17		)	14			89
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	(1,426	)	$	17		$	(105	)	$	15		$	(1,499	)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	(1,021	)	$	37		$	(18	)	$	(14	)	$	(1,016	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(411		)	—			36			(2		)	(377		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(7		)	(96		)	—			(103		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(411		)	(7		)	(60		)	(2		)	(480		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(1,432	)	$	30		$	(78	)	$	(16	)	$	(1,496	)

(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(1,601	)	$	12		$	(80	)	$	(15	)	$	(1,684	)
Adjustment to adopt new accounting guidance related to reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income 1	98			19			(9		)	—			108
Balance at January 1, 2019	(1,503		)	31			(89		)	(15		)	(1,576		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	77			—			(6		)	30			101
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(14		)	(10		)	—			(24		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	77			(14		)	(16		)	30			77
Balance at June 30, 2019	$	(1,426	)	$	17		$	(105	)	$	15		$	(1,499	)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	(1,205	)	$	46		$	(41	)	$	8		$	(1,192	)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance	—			—			—			(11		)	(11		)
Balance at January 1, 2018	(1,205		)	46			(41		)	(3		)	(1,203		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(228		)	(2		)	41			(13		)	(202		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	$	1		$	(14	)	$	(78	)	$	—		$	(91	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(227	)	$	(16	)	$	(37	)	$	(13	)	$	(293	)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	(1,432	)	$	30		$	(78	)	$	(16	)	$	(1,496	)
1 See Note 2 for additional information.

Reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:

		Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2019			2018
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Other income (expense)	$	10		$	8
Tax (provision) benefit		(3		)	(1		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	7		$	7
Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Cost of goods sold	(1		)	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	7			5
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	(4		)	123
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	—			(2		)
Reclassifications before tax		2			126
Tax (provision) benefit		(1		)	(30		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	1		$	96
Available-for-sale securities:
Realized gain (loss)	Other income (expense)	$	1		$	—
Reclassifications net of tax		$	1		$	—
Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	9		$	103

		Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2019			2018
Foreign currency translation
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation	Other income (expense)	$	—		$	(1	)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	—		$	(1	)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Other income (expense)	$	20		$	17
Tax (provision) benefit		(6		)	(3		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	14		$	14
Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	1		$	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Cost of goods sold	(4		)	—
Foreign exchange contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	14			8
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	2			95
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(1		)	(2		)
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	1			1
Reclassifications before tax		13			102
Tax (provision) benefit		(3		)	(24		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	10		$	78
Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	24		$	91

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Segment Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Reconciliation of Sales and revenues

Reportable Segments

Reportable Segments
Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)
	2019
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation and  amortization		Segment  profit		Segment assets at June 30		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	6,446		$	21	$	6,467	$	81	$	1,247	$	5,004	$	41
Resource Industries	2,711			89		2,800		104		481		6,456		37
Energy & Transportation	4,524			962		5,486		155		886		8,716		118
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13,681			1,072		14,753		340		2,614		20,176		196
Financial Products Segment	873		1	—		873		207		193		36,584		459
Total	$	14,554		$	1,072	$	15,626	$	547	$	2,807	$	56,760	$	655
	2018
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation  and amortization		Segment  profit		Segment  assets at December 31		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	6,137		$	35	$	6,172	$	90	$	1,154	$	4,902	$	62
Resource Industries	2,431			95		2,526		115		411		6,442		39
Energy & Transportation	4,714			1,010		5,724		157		1,012		8,386		140
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	13,282			1,140		14,422		362		2,577		19,730		241
Financial Products Segment	829		1	—		829		212		134		36,002		533
Total	$	14,111		$	1,140	$	15,251	$	574	$	2,711	$	55,732	$	774

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Reportable Segments
Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)
	2019
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation and  amortization		Segment  profit		Segment assets at June 30		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	12,298		$	42	$	12,340	$	161	$	2,332	$	5,004	$	69
Resource Industries	5,358			169		5,527		209		1,057		6,456		60
Energy & Transportation	8,757			1,939		10,696		307		1,724		8,716		216
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	26,413			2,150		28,563		677		5,113		20,176		345
Financial Products Segment	1,723		1	—		1,723		413		404		36,584		705
Total	$	28,136		$	2,150	$	30,286	$	1,090	$	5,517	$	56,760	$	1,050
	2018
	External  sales and revenues			Inter- segment  sales and revenues		Total sales and  revenues		Depreciation  and amortization		Segment  profit		Segment  assets at December 31		Capital  expenditures
Construction Industries	$	11,796		$	53	$	11,849	$	179	$	2,271	$	4,902	$	104
Resource Industries	4,639			196		4,835		231		789		6,442		62
Energy & Transportation	8,990			1,953		10,943		315		1,886		8,386		302
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	25,425			2,202		27,627		725		4,946		19,730		468
Financial Products Segment	1,622		1	—		1,622		415		275		36,002		894
Total	$	27,047		$	2,202	$	29,249	$	1,140	$	5,221	$	55,732	$	1,362

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the first half of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total profit from reportable segments	$	2,614		$	193		$	2,807
All Other operating segment	11			—			11
Cost centers	17			—			17
Corporate costs	(148		)	(1		)	(149		)
Timing	(58		)	—			(58		)
Restructuring costs	(72		)	(31		)	(103		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(8		)	—			(8		)
Postretirement benefit expense	2			—			2
Stock-based compensation expense	(66		)	(2		)	(68		)
Financing costs	(51		)	—			(51		)
Currency	(92		)	—			(92		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(121		)	—			(121		)
Other methodology differences	(12		)	3			(9		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,016		$	162		$	2,178
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total profit from reportable segments	$	2,577		$	134		$	2,711
All Other operating segment	23			—			23
Cost centers	(1		)	—			(1		)
Corporate costs	(178		)	—			(178		)
Timing	(66		)	—			(66		)
Restructuring costs	(113		)	(1		)	(114		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	31			—			31
Postretirement benefit expense	82			—			82
Stock-based compensation expense	(60		)	(2		)	(62		)
Financing costs	(69		)	—			(69		)
Currency	(52		)	—			(52		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(95		)	—			(95		)
Other methodology differences	(29		)	5			(24		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,050		$	136		$	2,186

Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated  Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total profit from reportable segments	$	5,113		$	404		$	5,517
All Other operating segment	36			—			36
Cost centers	41			—			41
Corporate costs	(319		)	(6		)	(325		)
Timing	(124		)	—			(124		)
Restructuring costs	(111		)	(31		)	(142		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(1		)	—			(1		)
Postretirement benefit expense	(15		)	—			(15		)
Stock-based compensation expense	(109		)	(4		)	(113		)
Financing costs	(115		)	—			(115		)
Currency	(48		)	—			(48		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(250		)	—			(250		)
Other methodology differences	(24		)	5			(19		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	4,074		$	368		$	4,442
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total profit from reportable segments	$	4,946		$	275		$	5,221
All Other operating segment	80			—			80
Cost centers	26			—			26
Corporate costs	(346		)	—			(346		)
Timing	(150		)	—			(150		)
Restructuring costs	(182		)	(1		)	(183		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	23			—			23
Postretirement benefit expense	169			—			169
Stock-based compensation expense	(108		)	(4		)	(112		)
Financing costs	(147		)	—			(147		)
Currency	(49		)	—			(49		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(173		)	—			(173		)
Other methodology differences	(42		)	3			(39		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	4,047		$	273		$	4,320

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:

As noted above, certain restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below:

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit		Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	1,247	$	(45	)	$	1,202
Resource Industries	481		(15		)	466
Energy & Transportation	886		(41		)	845
Financial Products Segment	193		—			193
All Other operating segment	11		(1		)	10
Total	$	2,818	$	(102	)	$	2,716
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	1,154	$	(29	)	$	1,125
Resource Industries	411		(52		)	359
Energy & Transportation	1,012		(24		)	988
Financial Products Segment	134		(1		)	133
All Other operating segment	23		(5		)	18
Total	$	2,734	$	(111	)	$	2,623

Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit		Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	2,332	$	(54	)	$	2,278
Resource Industries	1,057		(29		)	1,028
Energy & Transportation	1,724		(52		)	1,672
Financial Products Segment	404		—			404
All Other operating segment	36		(6		)	30
Total	$	5,553	$	(141	)	$	5,412
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,271	$	(43	)	$	2,228
Resource Industries	789		(96		)	693
Energy & Transportation	1,886		(29		)	1,857
Financial Products Segment	275		(1		)	274
All Other operating segment	80		(9		)	71
Total	$	5,301	$	(178	)	$	5,123

Reconciliation of Assets:

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
June 30, 2019
Total assets from reportable segments	$	20,176		$	36,584	$	—		$	56,760
All Other operating segment	1,266			—		—			1,266
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	6,528			—		—			6,528
Intercompany receivables	1,437			—		(1,437		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,953			—		(3,953		)	—
Deferred income taxes	2,008			—		(647		)	1,361
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,457			—		—			4,457
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	2,329			—		—			2,329
Inventory methodology differences	(2,406		)	—		—			(2,406		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,445			—		—			9,445
Other	(495		)	52		(110		)	(553		)
Total assets	$	48,698		$	36,636	$	(6,147	)	$	79,187
December 31, 2018
Total assets from reportable segments	$	19,730		$	36,002	$	—		$	55,732
All Other operating segment	1,279			—		—			1,279
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	6,968			—		—			6,968
Intercompany receivables	1,633			—		(1,633		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,672			—		(3,672		)	—
Deferred income taxes	2,015			—		(692		)	1,323
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,279			—		—			4,279
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	1,802			—		—			1,802
Inventory methodology differences	(2,503		)	—		—			(2,503		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	9,766			—		—			9,766
Other	(166		)	66		(37		)	(137		)
Total assets	$	48,475		$	36,068	$	(6,034	)	$	78,509

Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:

Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	340	$	207	$	547
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	53		—		53
Cost centers	33		—		33
Other	5		9		14
Total depreciation and amortization	$	431	$	216	$	647
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	362	$	212	$	574
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	58		—		58
Cost centers	32		—		32
Other	13		9		22
Total depreciation and amortization	$	465	$	221	$	686

Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidated Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	677	$	413	$	1,090
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:	0		0
All Other operating segment	105		—		105
Cost centers	65		—		65
Other	8		20		28
Total depreciation and amortization	$	855	$	433	$	1,288
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	725	$	415	$	1,140
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	115		—		115
Cost centers	63		—		63
Other	30		19		49
Total depreciation and amortization	$	933	$	434	$	1,367

Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:

Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	196		$	459	$	—		$	655
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	22			—		—			22
Cost centers	29			—		—			29
Timing	(5		)	—		—			(5		)
Other	(47		)	26		(2		)	(23		)
Total capital expenditures	$	195		$	485	$	(2	)	$	678
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	241		$	533	$	—		$	774
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	27			—		—			27
Cost centers	26			—		—			26
Timing	(18		)	—		—			(18		)
Other	(45		)	43		(36		)	(38		)
Total capital expenditures	$	231		$	576	$	(36	)	$	771

Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating  Adjustments			Consolidated  Total
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	345		$	705	$	—		$	1,050
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	35			—		—			35
Cost centers	49			—		—			49
Timing	129			—		—			129
Other	(66		)	31		(3		)	(38		)
Total capital expenditures	$	492		$	736	$	(3	)	$	1,225
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	468		$	894	$	—		$	1,362
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	38			—		—			38
Cost centers	40			—		—			40
Timing	157			—		—			157
Other	(149		)	120		(40		)	(69		)
Total capital expenditures	$	554		$	1,014	$	(40	)	$	1,528

Sales and revenues by geographic region

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019		2018
Oil and gas	$	1,305	$	1,467
Power generation	1,021		992
Industrial	957		969
Transportation	1,241		1,286
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,524	$	4,714
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Oil and gas	$	2,436	$	2,682
Power generation	2,057		1,961
Industrial	1,861		1,875
Transportation	2,403		2,472
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	8,757	$	8,990

For the three and six months ending June 30, 2019 and 2018, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North  America			Latin  America			EAME			Asia/  Pacific			External Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	3,513		$	392		$	1,108		$	1,433		$	6,446
Resource Industries	1,058			448			446			759			2,711
Energy & Transportation	2,297			325			1,160			742			4,524
All Other operating segment	14			1			4			15			34
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(39		)	(2		)	(5		)	2			(44		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,843			1,164			2,713			2,951			13,671
Financial Products Segment	563			76			102			132			873			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(72		)	(11		)	(9		)	(20		)	(112		)
Financial Products Revenues	491			65			93			112			761
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	7,334		$	1,229		$	2,806		$	3,063		$	14,432
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	2,739		$	392		$	1,171		$	1,835		$	6,137
Resource Industries	804			394			569			664			2,431
Energy & Transportation	2,582			287			1,153			692			4,714
All Other operating segment	17			1			4			19			41
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(40		)	(3		)	—			(1		)	(44		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,102			1,071			2,897			3,209			13,279
Financial Products Segment	537			71			101			120			829			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(57		)	(11		)	(7		)	(22		)	(97		)
Financial Products Revenues	480			60			94			98			732
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	6,582		$	1,131		$	2,991		$	3,307		$	14,011

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $136 million and $118 million in the second quarter of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North  America			Latin  America			EAME			Asia/  Pacific			External Sales and Revenues
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Construction Industries	$	6,478		$	711		$	2,114		$	2,995		$	12,298
Resource Industries	2,009			871			914			1,564			5,358
Energy & Transportation	4,448			657			2,192			1,460			8,757
All Other operating segment	22			1			15			33			71
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(80		)	(1		)	(8		)	—			(89		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	12,877			2,239			5,227			6,052			26,395
Financial Products Segment	1,121			146			204			252			1,723			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(141		)	(22		)	(18		)	(39		)	(220		)
Financial Products Revenues	980			124			186			213			1,503
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	13,857		$	2,363		$	5,413		$	6,265		$	27,898
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Construction Industries	$	5,359		$	736		$	2,238		$	3,463		$	11,796
Resource Industries	1,602			754			1,089			1,194			4,639
Energy & Transportation	4,807			567			2,245			1,371			8,990
All Other operating segment	32			1			8			37			78
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(68		)	(2		)	(3		)	(1		)	(74		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,732			2,056			5,577			6,064			25,429
Financial Products Segment	1,049			145			202			226			1,622			1
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(106		)	(24		)	(12		)	(39		)	(181		)
Financial Products Revenues	943			121			190			187			1,441
Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,675		$	2,177		$	5,767		$	6,251		$	26,870

¹ Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $267 million and $223 million in the first half of 2019 and 2018, respectively.

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Receivables [Abstract]

Allowance for credit losses

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	486		$	21	$	507
Receivables written off	(125		)	—		(125		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	21			—		21
Provision for credit losses	99			24		123
Other	(8		)	—		(8		)
Balance at end of period	$	473		$	45	$	518
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	266		$	39	$	305
Collectively evaluated for impairment	207			6		213
Ending Balance	$	473		$	45	$	518
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	789		$	78	$	867
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,095			3,539		21,634
Ending Balance	$	18,884		$	3,617	$	22,501

(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2018
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	353		$	9	$	362
Receivables written off	(235		)	—		(235		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	46			—		46
Provision for credit losses	337			12		349
Other	(15		)	—		(15		)
Balance at end of year	$	486		$	21	$	507
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	288		$	14	$	302
Collectively evaluated for impairment	198			7		205
Ending Balance	$	486		$	21	$	507
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	858		$	78	$	936
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,152			3,338		21,490
Ending Balance	$	19,010		$	3,416	$	22,426

Aging related to finance receivables

The tables below summarize the recorded investment in finance receivables by aging category.

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	90	$	17	$	44	$	151	$	7,805	$	7,956	$	12
EAME	29		13		167		209		2,885		3,094		7
Asia Pacific	37		15		25		77		2,511		2,588		12
Mining	3		13		19		35		1,814		1,849		—
Latin America	44		17		85		146		1,352		1,498		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	7		13		296		316		1,583		1,899		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		2,108		2,108		—
EAME	—		—		—		—		330		330		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		461		461		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	1		1		79		81		632		713		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		1		1		—
Total	$	211	$	89	$	715	$	1,015	$	21,486	$	22,501	$	32

	December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	65	$	18	$	84	$	167	$	7,825	$	7,992	$	14
EAME	19		9		153		181		2,850		3,031		5
Asia Pacific	24		9		8		41		2,409		2,450		5
Mining	28		1		9		38		1,642		1,680		—
Latin America	38		29		71		138		1,421		1,559		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	10		1		384		395		1,903		2,298		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		1,895		1,895		—
EAME	—		—		—		—		333		333		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		466		466		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	—		—		78		78		638		716		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		2		2		—
Total	$	184	$	67	$	787	$	1,038	$	21,388	$	22,426	$	24

Impaired finance receivables

Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows: 

	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	11	$	11	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—
EAME	1		1		—		1		1		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		—		—
Mining	26		26		—		33		33		—
Latin America	21		21		—		29		29		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	52		52		—		69		83		—
Total	$	111	$	111	$	—	$	142	$	156	$	—
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	28	$	28	$	10	$	40	$	41	$	14
EAME	101		101		56		92		92		57
Asia Pacific	10		10		3		4		4		2
Mining	63		62		20		56		55		26
Latin America	70		69		26		75		75		25
Caterpillar Power Finance	406		420		151		449		455		164
Total	$	678	$	690	$	266	$	716	$	722	$	288
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	39	$	39	$	10	$	50	$	51	$	14
EAME	102		102		56		93		93		57
Asia Pacific	10		10		3		4		4		2
Mining	89		88		20		89		88		26
Latin America	91		90		26		104		104		25
Caterpillar Power Finance	458		472		151		518		538		164
Total	$	789	$	801	$	266	$	858	$	878	$	288

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019				Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	1
EAME	1		—		7		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		28		—
Mining	29		1		45		1
Latin America	20		1		43		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	41		—		189		1
Total	$	101	$	2	$	330	$	3
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	35	$	—	$	56	$	—
EAME	94		—		48		1
Asia Pacific	9		—		5		—
Mining	39		—		64		1
Latin America	74		2		65		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	443		4		356		3
Total	$	694	$	6	$	594	$	6
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	45	$	—	$	74	$	1
EAME	95		—		55		1
Asia Pacific	9		—		33		—
Mining	68		1		109		2
Latin America	94		3		108		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	484		4		545		4
Total	$	795	$	8	$	924	$	9

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019				Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
Customer
North America	$	10	$	—	$	18	$	1
EAME	1		—		23		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		30		1
Mining	30		1		78		2
Latin America	23		1		44		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	51		1		178		3
Total	$	115	$	3	$	371	$	8
Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
Customer
North America	$	37	$	1	$	53	$	1
EAME	94		1		32		1
Asia Pacific	8		—		5		—
Mining	42		1		36		1
Latin America	75		3		76		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	446		7		355		4
Total	$	702	$	13	$	557	$	9
Total Impaired Finance Receivables
Customer
North America	$	47	$	1	$	71	$	2
EAME	95		1		55		1
Asia Pacific	8		—		35		1
Mining	72		2		114		3
Latin America	98		4		120		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	497		8		533		7
Total	$	817	$	16	$	928	$	17

Investment in finance receivables on non-accrual status

The recorded investment in customer finance receivables on non-accrual status was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
North America	$	37	$	77
EAME	165		154
Asia Pacific	13		4
Mining	20		50
Latin America	98		106
Caterpillar Power Finance	447		416
Total	$	780	$	807

Finance receivables modified as TDRs

Cat Financial's investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2019					Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment
North America	8	$	5	$	4	17	$	7	$	7
EAME	2	10		10		—	—		—
Mining	1	6		6		—	—		—
Latin America	4	2		2		—	—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	7	47		47		2	50		17
Total	22	$	70	$	69	19	$	57	$	24
	Six Months Ended June 30, 2019					Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number  of Contracts	Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment
North America	8	$	5	$	4	30	$	13	$	13
EAME	21	21		17		—	—		—
Mining	1	6		6		1	29		29
Latin America	4	2		2		1	3		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	15	98		97		5	53		20
Total	49	$	132	$	126	37	$	98	$	65

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Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized below:

	June 30, 2019
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		47		—		—		47
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		819		—		—		819
Asset-backed securities	—		56		—		—		56
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		305		—		—		305
Residential	—		7		—		—		7
Commercial	—		37		—		—		37
Total debt securities	9		1,271		—		—		1,280
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	307		—		—		—		307
Smaller company growth	56		—		—		—		56
REIT	—		—		—		122		122
Total equity securities	363		—		—		122		485
Total assets	$	372	$	1,271	$	—	$	122	$	1,765
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		19		—		—		19
Total liabilities	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

 

	December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		42		—		—		42
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		720		—		—		720
Asset-backed securities	—		63		—		—		63
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		297		—		—		297
Residential	—		7		—		—		7
Commercial	—		13		—		—		13
Total debt securities	9		1,142		—		—		1,151
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	260		—		—		—		260
Smaller company growth	46		—		—		—		46
REIT	—		—		—		119		119
Total equity securities	306		—		—		119		425
Total assets	$	315	$	1,142	$	—	$	119	$	1,576
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments, net	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19
Total liabilities	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

Fair values of financial instruments

Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments.

	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Carrying  Amount		Fair  Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	7,429	$	7,429	$	7,857	$	7,857	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	$	30	$	30	$	33	$	33	1
Investments in debt and equity securities	$	1,765	$	1,765	$	1,576	$	1,576	1 & 2	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	$	14,526	$	14,750	$	14,714	$	14,798	3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	$	1,172	$	1,151	$	1,050	$	1,025	3
Foreign currency contracts – net	$	51	$	51	$	47	$	47	2	Note 5
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	$	5,266	$	5,266	$	5,723	$	5,723	1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	7,670	$	9,469	$	8,015	$	9,046	2
Financial Products	$	23,342	$	23,596	$	22,815	$	22,684	2
Interest rate contracts – net	$	65	$	65	$	36	$	36	2	Note 5
Commodity contracts – net	$	5	$	5	$	30	$	30	2	Note 5
Guarantees	$	6	$	6	$	8	$	8	3	Note 11

¹  Represents finance leases and failed sales leasebacks of $7,758 million at June 30, 2019 and finance leases of $7,463 million at December 31, 2018, respectively.

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Other income (expense) (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Other income (expense)

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
(Millions of dollars)	2019			2018			2019			2018
Investment and interest income	$	54		$	45		$	106		$	81
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	(47		)	(60		)	(29		)	(79		)
License fee income	31			36			56			67
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	24			86			50			172
Gains (losses) on securities	14			7			53			4
Miscellaneous income (loss)	(8		)	7			(8		)	3
Total	$	68		$	121		$	228		$	248

¹ Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

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Restructuring Costs (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Restructuring Charges [Abstract]

Restructuring and related costs

Restructuring costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	10	$	45
Long-lived asset impairments 1	29		30
Other 2	71		39
Total restructuring costs	$	110	$	114
	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018
Employee separations 1	$	25	$	78
Long-lived asset impairments 1	36		30
Other 2	97		75
Total restructuring costs	$	158	$	183
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, project management costs, accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation and building demolition, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

Summary of separation activity

The following table summarizes the 2018 and 2019 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)
Liability balance at December 31, 2017	$	249
Increase in liability (separation charges)	112
Reduction in liability (payments)	(276		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2018	85
Increase in liability (separation charges)	25
Reduction in liability (payments)	(60		)
Liability balance at June 30, 2019	$	50

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Nature of Operations, Basis of Presentation and Change in Accounting Principle (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Variable Interest Entity
Variable Interest Entity Maximum Exposure
Maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary	$ 148	$ 131

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New Accounting Guidance (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 1,818	$ 1,748	$ 1,765
Property, plant and equipment - net	13,172	13,548	13,574
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,473	1,362	1,439
Other assets	3,194	3,045	2,332
Accrued expenses	3,789	3,546	3,573
Other current liabilities	2,157	2,128	1,919
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	7,657	7,643	8,005
Other liabilities	4,362	4,294	3,756
Profit employed in the business	$ 32,981	30,662	$ 30,427
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02
New Accounting Pronouncements
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(17)
Property, plant and equipment - net		(26)
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes		(77)
Other assets		713
Accrued expenses		(27)
Other current liabilities		209
Machinery, Energy & Transportation		(362)
Other liabilities		538
Profit employed in the business		$ 235

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Sales and revenue contract information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Trade receivables from dealers and end users	$ 7,870	$ 7,870	$ 7,743
Long term trade receivables from dealers and end users	663	663	674
Long-term customer advances	434	434	$ 437
Revenue recognized from contract liability balance at beginning of period	368	875
Unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration greater than one year	6,000	6,000
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date: 2019-07-01
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration greater than one year	$ 2,400	$ 2,400

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Stock-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Stock-based compensation awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award Long Service Separation Eligibility Required Minimum Age	55 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award Long Service Separation Eligibility Minimum Term of Service	5 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate, Minimum			25.10%	21.50%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Fair Value Assumptions, Expected Volatility Rate, Maximum			38.70%	33.00%
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars)	$ 68	$ 62	$ 113	$ 112
Assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards
Weighted-average dividend yield (as a percent)			2.56%	2.70%
Weighted-average volatility (as a percent)			29.10%	30.20%
Risk-free interest rates, low end of range (as a percent)			2.48%	2.02%
Risk-free interest rates, high end of range (as a percent)			2.68%	2.87%
Weighted-average expected lives (in years)			7 years	8 years
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards (in dollars)	$ 261		$ 261
Term of amortization of unrecognized compensation cost over weighted-average remaining requisite service periods (in years)			1 year 9 months 18 days
Stock Options
Stock-based compensation awards
Shares Granted (in shares)			1,499,524	1,566,788
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 40.98	$ 46.18
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share)	$ 138.35	$ 151.12	138.35	151.12
RSUs
Stock-based compensation awards
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share)	138.35	151.16	$ 138.35	$ 151.16
Shares Granted (in shares)			657,389	683,339
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 138.35	$ 151.16
PRSUs
Stock-based compensation awards
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share)	$ 138.35	$ 151.12	$ 138.35	$ 151.12
Shares Granted (in shares)			342,097	339,559
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 138.35	$ 151.12

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Foreign currency cash flow hedges, maximum allowable period (in years)	5 years
Foreign currency cash flow hedges, maximum period (in months)	51 years
Deferred net gains, foreign currency exchange rate risk, to be reclassified from equity to current earnings over the next twelve months	$ 6
Derivative
Commodity forward and option contracts, maximum period (in years)	5 years

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Asset (liability) fair value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	$ 119	$ 131
Liability Fair Value	(138)	(150)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	35	19
Liability Fair Value	(30)	(87)
Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	84	112
Liability Fair Value	(108)	(63)
Designated Derivatives
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset (Liability) Fair Value	(15)	24
Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	26	16
Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	47	53
Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	15	35
Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(17)	(26)
Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(17)	(9)
Designated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Other Liabilities | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(4)	(9)
Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Receivables-trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	0	1
Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	6	3
Designated Derivatives | Interest rate contracts | Accrued Expenses | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(71)	(40)
Undesignated Derivatives
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset (Liability) Fair Value	(4)	(43)
Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	5	2
Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Receivables-trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	11	15
Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Long-term receivables-trade and other | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	5	5
Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	0	(21)
Undesignated Derivatives | Foreign exchange contracts | Accrued Expenses | Financial Products
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(20)	(14)
Undesignated Derivatives | Commodity contracts | Receivables-trade and other | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Asset Fair Value	4	1
Undesignated Derivatives | Commodity contracts | Accrued Expenses | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	(8)	(31)
Undesignated Derivatives | Commodity contracts | Other Liabilities | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivatives Fair Value
Liability Fair Value	$ (1)	$ 0

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Notional amounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative
Derivative instruments notional amount	$ 2,110	$ 1,834
Financial Products
Derivative
Derivative instruments notional amount	$ 8,736	$ 10,210

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$ 14,432	$ 14,011	$ 27,898	$ 26,870
Interest Expense Excluding Financial Products	103	102	206	203
Other income (expense)	68	121	228	248
Cost of Revenue	9,941	9,422	18,944	17,988
Interest expense of Financial Products	192	182	382	348
Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	761	732	1,503	1,441
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	(20)	49	(7)	55
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	2	126	13	102
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)		0
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	4	(79)	21	(40)
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Sales
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI			1
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Cost of Sales
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	(1)		(4)
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI		4		5
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)		0		0
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	10	123	32	90
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Other Nonoperating Income (Expense)
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	(4)	119	2	90
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)		0
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products | Interest Expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	7	5	14	8
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)		0		0
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI		0	0
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Interest Expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI		(2)	(1)	(2)
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)		0		0
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gains (losses) recognized in AOCI	(34)	5	(60)
Designated Derivatives | Cash Flow Hedges | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products | Interest Expense
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Amount of gain (losses) reclassified from AOCI	0	0	1	1
Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)		0		0
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$ 13,671	$ 13,279	$ 26,395	$ 25,429

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Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management Derivative Financial Instruments and Risk Management- Effect of Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (Details) - Undesignated Derivatives - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ (10)	$ (22)	$ (10)	$ (22)
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense) | Financial Products | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(10)	23	(39)	16
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense) | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Foreign exchange contracts
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	7	(54)	13	(38)
Other Nonoperating Income (Expense) | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Commodity contracts
Derivative
Gains (Losses) on Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	$ (7)	$ 9	$ 16	$ 0

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management-Effect of net settlement provisions upon default or termination- Offsetting assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	$ 119	$ 131
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	119	131
Financial Instruments	(39)	(53)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	80	78
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	35	19
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	35	19
Financial Instruments	(20)	(19)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	15	0
Financial Products
Offsetting Assets
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets	84	112
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	84	112
Financial Instruments	(19)	(34)
Cash Collateral Received	0	0
Net Amount of Assets	$ 65	$ 78

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Derivative Financial instruments and Risk Management- Effect of net settlement provisions upon default or termination- Offsetting liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	$ (138)	$ (150)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(138)	(150)
Financial Instruments	39	53
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	(99)	(97)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(30)	(87)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(30)	(87)
Financial Instruments	20	19
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	(10)	(68)
Financial Products
Offsetting Liabilities
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	(108)	(63)
Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position	(108)	(63)
Financial Instruments	19	34
Cash collateral pledged	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities	$ (89)	$ (29)

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Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 3,593	$ 3,382
Work-in-process	2,574	2,674
Finished goods	5,604	5,241
Supplies	236	232
Total inventories	$ 12,007	$ 11,529

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)			14 years		14 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	$ 4,175		$ 4,175		$ 4,219
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	2,442		2,442		2,322
Net	1,733		1,733		$ 1,897
Amortization expense	81	$ 83	163	$ 166
Remaining six months of 2019	162		162
2020	311		311
2021	293		293
2022	274		274
2023	216		216
Thereafter	477		$ 477
Customer Relationships
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)			15 years		15 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	2,460		$ 2,460		$ 2,463
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	1,330		1,330		1,249
Net	1,130		$ 1,130		$ 1,214
Intellectual Property
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)			12 years		11 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	1,516		$ 1,516		$ 1,557
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	992		992		965
Net	524		$ 524		$ 592
Other
Intangible assets
Weighted Amortizable Life (in years)			12 years		13 years
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Gross	199		$ 199		$ 199
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Accumulated Amortization	120		120		108
Net	$ 79		$ 79		$ 91

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	$ 7,414
Impairments, beginning of period	(1,197)
Net goodwill, beginning of period	6,217
Goodwill impairment charge	0	$ 0
Other adjustments	(6)
Goodwill, end of period	7,408
Impairments, end of period	(1,197)
Net goodwill, end of period	6,211
Goodwill	6,217
Construction Industries
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	304
Impairments, beginning of period	(22)
Net goodwill, beginning of period	282
Goodwill impairment charge	0
Other adjustments	4
Goodwill, end of period	308
Impairments, end of period	(22)
Net goodwill, end of period	286
Goodwill	282
Resource Industries
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	4,172
Impairments, beginning of period	(1,175)
Net goodwill, beginning of period	2,997
Goodwill impairment charge	0
Other adjustments	(7)
Goodwill, end of period	4,165
Impairments, end of period	(1,175)
Net goodwill, end of period	2,990
Goodwill	2,997
Energy & Transportation
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	2,882
Other adjustments	(4)
Goodwill, end of period	2,878
All Other
Changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment:
Goodwill, beginning of period	56
Other adjustments	1
Goodwill, end of period	$ 57

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	$ 1,262	$ 1,171
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	18	(20)
Fair value	1,280	1,151
U.S. treasury bonds
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	9	9
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	0	0
Fair value	9	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	47	42
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	0	0
Fair value	47	42
Corporate bonds
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	805	735
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	14	(15)
Fair value	819	720
Asset-backed securities
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	56	63
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	0	0
Fair value	56	63
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	302	301
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	3	(4)
Fair value	305	297
Residential
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	7	7
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	0	0
Fair value	7	7
Commercial
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	36	14
Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)	1	(1)
Fair value	$ 37	$ 13

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	$ 42	$ 338
Unrealized Losses	0	3
12 months or more
Fair Value	191	666
Unrealized Losses	2	18
Total
Fair Value	233	1,004
Unrealized Losses	2	21
Corporate bonds
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	33	280
Unrealized Losses	0	3
12 months or more
Fair Value	134	391
Unrealized Losses	1	11
Total
Fair Value	167	671
Unrealized Losses	1	14
Asset-backed securities
Less than 12 months
Fair Value		6
Unrealized Losses		0
12 months or more
Fair Value		38
Unrealized Losses		1
Total
Fair Value		44
Unrealized Losses		1
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Less than 12 months
Fair Value	9	52
Unrealized Losses	0	0
12 months or more
Fair Value	57	223
Unrealized Losses	1	5
Total
Fair Value	66	275
Unrealized Losses	$ 1	5
Commercial
Less than 12 months
Fair Value		0
Unrealized Losses		0
12 months or more
Fair Value		14
Unrealized Losses		1
Total
Fair Value		14
Unrealized Losses		$ 1

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Investments in Debt and Equity Securities (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, Cost Basis	$ 100		$ 100
Due after one year through five years, Cost Basis	664		664
Due after five through ten years, Cost Basis	134		134
Due after ten years, Cost Basis	19		19
Due in one year or less, Fair Value	99		99
Due after one year through five years, Fair Value	674		674
Due after five years through ten years, Fair Value	138		138
Due after ten years, Fair Value	20		20
Cost Basis	1,262		1,262
Fair Value	1,280		1,280
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	1,262		1,262		$ 1,171
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	1,280		1,280		1,151
Unrealized gain (loss) on equity securities	14	$ 4	53	$ 4
Available-for-sale Securities, Proceeds, Gains and Losses
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	97	67	144	140
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	1	0	1	0
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	0	$ 0	1	$ 0
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	302		302		301
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	305		305		297
Residential
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	7		7		7
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	7		7		7
Commercial
Schedule of Investments in Debt and Equity Securities
Cost Basis	36		36		14
Available-for-sale securities, fair value	$ 37		$ 37		$ 13

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Postretirement Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
Pension and other postretirement benefit contributions
Contributions to pension and other postretirement benefit plans	$ 79		$ 198
Expected full year contributions to pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the year	330		330
UNITED STATES
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	28	$ 31	57	$ 63
Interest cost	150	134	300	267
Expected return on plan assets	(179)	(203)	(360)	(405)
Amortization of prior service cost / (credit)	0	0	0	0
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	(1)	(38)	(3)	(75)
Foreign Plan
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	20	23	41	45
Interest cost	24	24	47	49
Expected return on plan assets	(38)	(56)	(75)	(112)
Amortization of prior service cost / (credit)	0	0	0	0
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	6	(9)	13	(18)
Other Postretirement Benefits Plan
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	21	21	41	42
Interest cost	34	31	68	62
Expected return on plan assets	(5)	(8)	(10)	(16)
Amortization of prior service cost / (credit)	(10)	(8)	(20)	(17)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$ 40	$ 36	$ 79	$ 71

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Postretirement Benefits (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Defined contribution plans
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 114	$ 98	$ 272	$ 193
U.S. Plans
Defined contribution plans
Costs related to defined contribution plans	93	77	230	150
Non-U.S. Plans
Defined contribution plans
Costs related to defined contribution plans	$ 21	$ 21	$ 42	$ 43

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Leases Lessee arrangements - Lease costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019
Lease, Cost
Operating Lease, Cost	$ 54	$ 118
Short-term Lease, Cost	$ 20	$ 32

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Leases Lessee arrangements - Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019
Operating leases in supplement balance sheet
Operating lease weighted average remaining lease term	7 years	7 years
Operating lease weighted average discount rate	2.00%	2.00%
Other Assets
Operating leases in supplement balance sheet
Other assets	$ 656	$ 713
Other Current Liabilities
Operating leases in supplement balance sheet
Other current liabilities	187	209
Other Liabilities
Operating leases in supplement balance sheet
Other liabilities	$ 480	$ 511

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Leases Lessee arrangements - Maturity of lease liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Fiscal Year Maturity
Remaining six months of 2019	$ 102
2020	164
2021	122
2022	76
2023	58
Thereafter	196
Total lease payments	718
Less: Imputed interest	(51)
Total	$ 667
2019		$ 205
2020		154
2021		111
2022		67
2023		50
Thereafter		185
Total		$ 772

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Leases Lessee arrangements - Supplemental cash flow information related to leases (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)
Supplemental cash flow info related to leases
Operating cashflows from operating leases	$ 114
Right-of-Use Asset Obtained in Exchange for Operating Lease Liability	$ 68

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Leases Lessor arrangements- Contractual maturities of finance lease receivables (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Finance lease receivable disclosure
Remaining six months of 2019	$ 1,847
2019		$ 3,051
2020	2,625	2,074
2021	1,556	1,103
2022	721	469
2023	304	172
Thereafter	146	59
Total amount	7,199	6,928
Guarantee residual value	444	458
Unguaranteed residual value	837	857
Less: unearned income	(717)	(644)
Total	7,763	7,599
Wholesale Leases
Finance lease receivable disclosure
Remaining six months of 2019	41
2019		70
2020	63	48
2021	46	30
2022	30	16
2023	19	6
Thereafter	30	3
Total amount	229	173
Guarantee residual value	57	66
Unguaranteed residual value	34	35
Less: unearned income	(40)	(16)
Total	280	258
Retail Leases
Finance lease receivable disclosure
Remaining six months of 2019	1,806
2019		2,981
2020	2,562	2,026
2021	1,510	1,073
2022	691	453
2023	285	166
Thereafter	116	56
Total amount	6,970	6,755
Guarantee residual value	387	392
Unguaranteed residual value	803	822
Less: unearned income	(677)	(628)
Total	$ 7,483	$ 7,341

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Leases Lessor arrangements- Equipment leased to others (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Equipment on operating leases
Property, plant and equipment - net	$ 13,172		$ 13,172		$ 13,548	$ 13,574
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable
Cost of Revenue	9,941	$ 9,422	18,944	$ 17,988
Remaining Six Months of 2019	580		580
2019						896
2020	696		696
2020						574
2021	406		406
2021						314
2022	208		208
2022						158
2023	98		98
2023						71
Thereafter	100		100
Thereafter						69
Total	2,088		2,088
Total						2,082
Revenues from sales-type and operating leases
Finance lease revenue	135		254
Operating lease revenue	308		624
Total	443		878
Equipment on operating leases
Equipment on operating leases
Property, Plant and Equipment, Gross	6,520		6,520			6,015
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(2,054)		(2,054)			(1,744)
Property, plant and equipment - net	$ 4,466		$ 4,466			$ 4,271

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Guarantees and Product Warranty (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Related liability	$ 6	$ 8
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	1,703	1,978
Special-Purpose Corporation assets in Consolidated Statement of Financial Position	1,368	1,149
Special-Purpose Corporation liabilities in Consolidated Statement of Financial Position	1,368	1,148
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	1,252	1,244
Customer loan guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	25	31
Supplier consortium performance guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	245	527
Third party logistics business lease guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	56	60
Other guarantees
Guarantor Obligations
Guarantees, maximum potential amount of future payments	$ 125	$ 116

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Guarantees and Product Warranty (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Movement in Standard Product Warranty Accrual
Warranty liability, beginning balance	$ 1,391	$ 1,419
Reduction in liability (payments)	(425)	(783)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	490	755
Warranty liability, ending balance	$ 1,456	$ 1,391

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Profit Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		3 Months Ended			6 Months Ended
		Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jul. 01, 2018
Accelerated Stock Repurchase Agreement [Line Items]
Common shares under SARs and stock options not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares)		2,970,234		1,478,726
Profit for the period (A) (in dollars)	[1]	$ 1,620		$ 1,707	$ 3,501	$ 3,372
Determination of shares (in millions)
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B) (in shares)		567,800,000		596,200,000	569,900,000	597,000,000.0
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price (in shares)		5,300,000		8,000,000.0	5,900,000	9,100,000
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) (in shares)	[2]	573,100,000		604,200,000	575,800,000	606,100,000
Profit (loss) per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B) (in dollars per share)		$ 2.85		$ 2.86	$ 6.14	$ 5.65
Assuming full dilution (A/C) (in dollars per share)	[2]	$ 2.83		$ 2.82	$ 6.08	$ 5.56
Shares outstanding as of June 30 (in millions)		562,600,000		594,300,000	562,600,000	594,300,000
Common stock repurchase
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount							$ 10,000
Stock repurchase program, remaining authorized repurchase amount		$ 8,000			$ 8,000
Common shares repurchased (in shares)		9,757,126	5,700,000	4,881,793	15,456,651	8,029,422
Payments for repurchase of common stock		$ 1,300	$ 751		$ 2,105	$ 1,250

[1] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

[2] Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Jan. 01, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance									$ (11)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period	$ (1,499)	$ (1,496)	$ (1,499)	$ (1,496)			$ (1,684)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications				(202)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss				(91)
Other comprehensive income (loss)				(293)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	(1,499)	(1,496)	(1,499)	(1,496)
Foreign currency translation
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance									0
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period	(1,426)	(1,432)	(1,426)	(1,432)	$ (1,525)	$ (1,503)	(1,601)	$ (1,021)	(1,205)	$ (1,205)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	99	(411)	77	(228)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	0	0	0	1
Other comprehensive income (loss)	99	(411)	77	(227)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	(1,426)	(1,432)	(1,426)	(1,432)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance									0
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period	17	30	17	30	24	31	12	37	46	46
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	0	0	0	(2)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	(7)	(7)	(14)	(14)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(7)	(7)	(14)	(16)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	17	30	17	30
Derivative financial instruments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance									0
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period	(105)	(78)	(105)	(78)	(88)	(89)	(80)	(18)	(41)	(41)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(16)	36	(6)	41
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	(1)	(96)	(10)	(78)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(17)	(60)	(16)	(37)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	(105)	(78)	(105)	(78)
Available-for-sale securities
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Adjustment to adopt recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities guidance									(11)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period	15	(16)	15	(16)	1	(15)	(15)	(14)	(3)	8
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	15	(2)	30	(13)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	(1)	0	0	0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	14	(2)	30	(13)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	15	(16)	15	(16)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), start of period	(1,499)	(1,496)	(1,499)	(1,496)	$ (1,588)	(1,576)	$ (1,684)	$ (1,016)	$ (1,203)	$ (1,192)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	98	(377)	101
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	(9)	(103)	(24)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	89	(480)	77
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period	$ (1,499)	$ (1,496)	$ (1,499)	$ (1,496)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Cumulative Effect of Change on Equity or Net Assets						108
Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member] | Foreign currency translation
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Cumulative Effect of Change on Equity or Net Assets						98
Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member] | Pension and other postretirement benefits
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Cumulative Effect of Change on Equity or Net Assets						19
Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member] | Derivative financial instruments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Cumulative Effect of Change on Equity or Net Assets						(9)
Accounting Standards Update 2018-02 [Member] | Available-for-sale securities
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Cumulative Effect of Change on Equity or Net Assets						$ 0

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
		Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)		$ 68	$ 121	$ 228	$ 248
Interest Expense Excluding Financial Products		(103)	(102)	(206)	(203)
Tax (provision) benefit		(565)	(490)	(952)	(962)
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation		14,432	14,011	27,898	26,870
Cost of Revenue		9,941	9,422	18,944	17,988
Interest expense of Financial Products		192	182	382	348
Reclassifications before tax		2,178	2,186	4,442	4,320
Reclassifications net of tax	[1]	1,620	1,707	3,501	3,372
Financial Products
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation		761	732	1,503	1,441
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Reclassifications net of tax		9	103	24	91
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Foreign currency translation
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)				0	(1)
Reclassifications net of tax				0	(1)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Pension and other postretirement benefits
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)		10	8	20	17
Tax (provision) benefit		(3)	(1)	(6)	(3)
Reclassifications net of tax		7	7	14	14
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Tax (provision) benefit		(1)	(30)	(3)	(24)
Reclassifications before tax		2	126	13	102
Reclassifications net of tax		1	96	10	78
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Foreign exchange contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation				1	0
Cost of Revenue		(1)	0	(4)	0
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Foreign exchange contracts | Financial Products
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)		(4)	123	2	95
Interest expense of Financial Products		7	5	(14)	(8)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Interest rate contracts | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Interest Expense Excluding Financial Products		0	(2)	(1)	(2)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Derivative financial instruments | Interest rate contracts | Financial Products
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Interest expense of Financial Products				$ (1)	$ (1)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Available-for-sale securities
Reclassification Adjustment out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Other income (expense)		1	0
Reclassifications net of tax		$ 1	$ 0

[1] Profit attributable to common shareholders.

XML

Environmental and legal matters Environmental and legal matters (Details)	Jul. 08, 2019	Mar. 03, 2017	Mar. 20, 2014
Loss Contingencies
Number of facilities served search and seizure warrants		3
Companies
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants			18
Individuals
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants			100
Subsidiaries
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants			2
Number of defendants, current employees
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants			1
Number of defendants, former employees
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants			2
Subsequent Event | Number of defendants found liable, current employee
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants	1
Subsequent Event | Number of defendants found liable, former employee
Loss Contingencies
Number of Defendants	2

XML

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Estimated annual effective tax rate (as a percent)	26.00%	24.00%
Tax benefit arising from calculation of the mandatory deemed repatriation of non-U.S. earnings	$ 178
Tax benefit for settlement of stock-based compensation awards	26	$ 49
Valuation allowance increase (decrease)		$ 25
Tax Year Prior Years
Income Tax Contingency
Income tax examination, proposed liability increase/(decrease)	$ 2,300

XML

Segment Information (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) group_presidents segments dealers	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information
Number of group presidents | group_presidents			4
Number of operating segments | segments			5
Useful life to amortize goodwill for segment assets			20 years
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	$ 14,432	$ 14,011	$ 27,898	$ 26,870
Depreciation and amortization	647	686	1,288	1,367
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,178	2,186	4,442	4,320
Segment assets	79,187		79,187		$ 78,509
Capital expenditures	678	771	1,225	1,528
Revenue from Related Parties	136	118	$ 267	223
All Other operating segments
Segment Reporting Information
Number of group presidents | group_presidents			1
Number of smaller operating segments led by Group President | group_presidents			1
Number of wholly-owned dealers involved in segment reallocation | dealers			1
Reportable Segments
Depreciation and amortization	53	58	$ 105	115
Consolidated profit before taxes	11	23	36	80
Segment assets	1,266		1,266		1,279
Capital expenditures	22	27	35	38
Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	15,626	15,251	$ 30,286	29,249
Reportable Segments
Segment Reporting Information
Number of operating segments led by Group Presidents | segments			3
Number of operating segments led by Group President responsible for corporate services | segments			1
Number of reportable segments | segments			4
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	14,554	14,111	$ 28,136	27,047
Depreciation and amortization	547	574	1,090	1,140
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,807	2,711	5,517	5,221
Segment assets	56,760		56,760		55,732
Capital expenditures	655	774	1,050	1,362
Intersegment sales and revenues
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	1,072	1,140	2,150	2,202
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	14,753	14,422	28,563	27,627
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	13,681	13,282	26,413	25,425
Depreciation and amortization	340	362	677	725
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,614	2,577	5,113	4,946
Segment assets	20,176		20,176		19,730
Capital expenditures	196	241	345	468
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Intersegment sales and revenues
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	1,072	1,140	2,150	2,202
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	6,467	6,172	12,340	11,849
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	6,446	6,137	12,298	11,796
Depreciation and amortization	81	90	161	179
Consolidated profit before taxes	1,247	1,154	2,332	2,271
Segment assets	5,004		5,004		4,902
Capital expenditures	41	62	69	104
Construction Industries | Intersegment sales and revenues
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	21	35	42	53
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	2,800	2,526	5,527	4,835
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	2,711	2,431	5,358	4,639
Depreciation and amortization	104	115	209	231
Consolidated profit before taxes	481	411	1,057	789
Segment assets	6,456		6,456		6,442
Capital expenditures	37	39	60	62
Resource Industries | Intersegment sales and revenues
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	89	95	169	196
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	5,486	5,724	10,696	10,943
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	4,524	4,714	8,757	8,990
Depreciation and amortization	155	157	307	315
Consolidated profit before taxes	886	1,012	1,724	1,886
Segment assets	8,716		8,716		8,386
Capital expenditures	118	140	216	302
Energy & Transportation | Intersegment sales and revenues
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	962	1,010	1,939	1,953
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments Including Intersegment Eliminations
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	873	829	1,723	1,622
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	873	829	1,723	1,622
Depreciation and amortization	207	212	413	415
Consolidated profit before taxes	193	134	404	275
Segment assets	36,584		36,584		$ 36,002
Capital expenditures	459	533	705	894
Financial Products Segment | Intersegment sales and revenues
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Sales and revenues by geographic region (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenue from Related Parties	$ 136	$ 118	$ 267	$ 223
Revenues by geographic region	14,432	14,011	27,898	26,870
Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	14,554	14,111	28,136	27,047
Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	1,072	1,140	2,150	2,202
Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	6,446	6,137	12,298	11,796
Revenues by geographic region	6,446	6,137	12,298	11,796
Construction Industries | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	21	35	42	53
Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	2,711	2,431	5,358	4,639
Revenues by geographic region	2,711	2,431	5,358	4,639
Resource Industries | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	89	95	169	196
Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	4,524	4,714	8,757	8,990
Revenues by geographic region	4,524	4,714	8,757	8,990
Energy & Transportation | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	962	1,010	1,939	1,953
All Other | All Other operating segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	34	41	71	78
Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	13,671	13,279	26,395	25,429
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	13,681	13,282	26,413	25,425
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	(44)	(44)	(89)	(74)
Revenues by geographic region	1,072	1,140	2,150	2,202
Financial Products
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	761	732	1,503	1,441
Financial Products | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	(112)	(97)	(220)	(181)
Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	873	829	1,723	1,622
Financial Products Segment | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	0	0	0	0
Operating Segments | Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	4,524	4,714	8,757	8,990
North America
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	7,334	6,582	13,857	12,675
North America | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	(39)	(40)	(80)	(68)
North America | Financial Products | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	(72)	(57)	(141)	(106)
North America | Operating Segments | Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	3,513	2,739	6,478	5,359
North America | Operating Segments | Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,058	804	2,009	1,602
North America | Operating Segments | Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	2,297	2,582	4,448	4,807
North America | Operating Segments | All Other | All Other operating segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	14	17	22	32
North America | Operating Segments | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	6,843	6,102	12,877	11,732
North America | Operating Segments | Financial Products
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	491	480	980	943
North America | Operating Segments | Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	563	537	1,121	1,049
Latin America
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	1,229	1,131	2,363	2,177
Latin America | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)
Latin America | Financial Products | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	(11)	(11)	(22)	(24)
Latin America | Operating Segments | Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	392	392	711	736
Latin America | Operating Segments | Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	448	394	871	754
Latin America | Operating Segments | Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	325	287	657	567
Latin America | Operating Segments | All Other | All Other operating segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1	1	1	1
Latin America | Operating Segments | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,164	1,071	2,239	2,056
Latin America | Operating Segments | Financial Products
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	65	60	124	121
Latin America | Operating Segments | Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	76	71	146	145
EAME
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	2,806	2,991	5,413	5,767
EAME | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	(5)	0	(8)	(3)
EAME | Financial Products | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	(9)	(7)	(18)	(12)
EAME | Operating Segments | Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,108	1,171	2,114	2,238
EAME | Operating Segments | Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	446	569	914	1,089
EAME | Operating Segments | Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,160	1,153	2,192	2,245
EAME | Operating Segments | All Other | All Other operating segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	4	4	15	8
EAME | Operating Segments | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	2,713	2,897	5,227	5,577
EAME | Operating Segments | Financial Products
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	93	94	186	190
EAME | Operating Segments | Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	102	101	204	202
Asia Pacific
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	3,063	3,307	6,265	6,251
Asia Pacific | Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	2	(1)	0	(1)
Asia Pacific | Financial Products | Corporate items and eliminations
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	(20)	(22)	(39)	(39)
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | Construction Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,433	1,835	2,995	3,463
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | Resource Industries | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	759	664	1,564	1,194
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	742	692	1,460	1,371
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | All Other | All Other operating segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	15	19	33	37
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	2,951	3,209	6,052	6,064
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | Financial Products
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	112	98	213	187
Asia Pacific | Operating Segments | Financial Products Segment | Reportable Segments
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Revenues by geographic region	132	120	252	226
Oil and Gas | Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,305	1,467	2,436	2,682
Power generation | Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	1,021	992	2,057	1,961
Industrial | Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	957	969	1,861	1,875
Transportation | Energy & Transportation
Sales and revenues by geographic region
Sales and revenues by geographic region	$ 1,241	$ 1,286	$ 2,403	$ 2,472

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Reconciliations of consolidated profit before taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	$ 2,178	$ 2,186	$ 4,442	$ 4,320
Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,807	2,711	5,517	5,221
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	11	23	36	80
Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	17	(1)	41	26
Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(149)	(178)	(325)	(346)
Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(58)	(66)	(124)	(150)
Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(103)	(114)	(142)	(183)
Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(8)	31	(1)	23
Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2	82	(15)	169
Stock-Based Compensation Expense [Member]
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(68)	(62)	(113)	(112)
Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(51)	(69)	(115)	(147)
Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(92)	(52)	(48)	(49)
Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(121)	(95)	(250)	(173)
Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(9)	(24)	(19)	(39)
Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,818	2,734	5,553	5,301
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,614	2,577	5,113	4,946
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,016	2,050	4,074	4,047
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,614	2,577	5,113	4,946
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	11	23	36	80
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	17	(1)	41	26
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(148)	(178)	(319)	(346)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(58)	(66)	(124)	(150)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(72)	(113)	(111)	(182)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(8)	31	(1)	23
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	2	82	(15)	169
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Stock-Based Compensation Expense [Member]
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(66)	(60)	(109)	(108)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(51)	(69)	(115)	(147)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(92)	(52)	(48)	(49)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(121)	(95)	(250)	(173)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(12)	(29)	(24)	(42)
Financial Products | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	162	136	368	273
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	193	134	404	275
Financial Products | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Corporate Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(1)	0	(6)	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Timing
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Restructuring Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(31)	(1)	(31)	(1)
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Inventory/cost of sales
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Postretirement Benefits Expense
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Stock-Based Compensation Expense [Member]
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	(2)	(2)	(4)	(4)
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Financing Costs
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Currency
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Other Income Expense Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Consolidated profit (loss) before taxes
Consolidated profit before taxes	$ 3	$ 5	$ 5	$ 3

XML

Reconciliation of restructuring costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	$ 2,178	$ 2,186	$ 4,442	$ 4,320
Restructuring costs	(110)	(114)	(158)	(183)
Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,807	2,711	5,517	5,221
Reportable Segments | Construction Industries
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	1,247	1,154	2,332	2,271
Reportable Segments | Resource Industries
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	481	411	1,057	789
Reportable Segments | Energy & Transportation
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	886	1,012	1,724	1,886
Reportable Segments | Financial Products Segment
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	193	134	404	275
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	11	23	36	80
Operating Segments
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	2,818	2,734	5,553	5,301
Restructuring costs	(102)	(111)	(141)	(178)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs	2,716	2,623	5,412	5,123
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Construction Industries
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	1,247	1,154	2,332	2,271
Restructuring costs	(45)	(29)	(54)	(43)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs	1,202	1,125	2,278	2,228
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Resource Industries
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	481	411	1,057	789
Restructuring costs	(15)	(52)	(29)	(96)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs	466	359	1,028	693
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Energy & Transportation
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	886	1,012	1,724	1,886
Restructuring costs	(41)	(24)	(52)	(29)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs	845	988	1,672	1,857
Operating Segments | Reportable Segments | Financial Products Segment
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	193	134	404	275
Restructuring costs	0	(1)	0	(1)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs	193	133	404	274
Operating Segments | All Other operating segments | All Other
Reconciliation of restructuring
Consolidated profit before taxes	11	23	36	80
Restructuring costs	(1)	(5)	(6)	(9)
Consolidated profit before taxes with restructuring costs	$ 10	$ 18	$ 30	$ 71

XML

Reconciliation of assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	$ 79,187	$ 78,509
Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	56,760	55,732
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	1,266	1,279
Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	6,528	6,968
Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Deferred Income Taxes
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	1,361	1,323
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	4,457	4,279
Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	2,329	1,802
Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(2,406)	(2,503)
Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	9,445	9,766
Other
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(553)	(137)
Consolidating Adjustments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(6,147)	(6,034)
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(1,437)	(1,633)
Consolidating Adjustments | Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(3,953)	(3,672)
Consolidating Adjustments | Deferred Income Taxes
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(647)	(692)
Consolidating Adjustments | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Other
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(110)	(37)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	20,176	19,730
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	48,698	48,475
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	20,176	19,730
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	1,266	1,279
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	6,528	6,968
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	1,437	1,633
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	3,953	3,672
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Deferred Income Taxes
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	2,008	2,015
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	4,457	4,279
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	2,329	1,802
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(2,406)	(2,503)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	9,445	9,766
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	(495)	(166)
Financial Products | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	36,636	36,068
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	36,584	36,002
Financial Products | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Cash and Short Term Investments
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Intercompany Receivables
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Investment in Financial Products
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Deferred Income Taxes
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Property Plant and Equipment-Net and Other Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Inventory Methodology Differences
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Liabilities Included in Segment Assets
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Assets
Total assets	$ 52	$ 66

XML

Reconciliations of depreciation and amortization (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	$ 647	$ 686	$ 1,288	$ 1,367
Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	547	574	1,090	1,140
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	53	58	105	115
Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	33	32	65	63
Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	14	22	28	49
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	340	362	677	725
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	431	465	855	933
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	340	362	677	725
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	53	58	105	115
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	33	32	65	63
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	5	13	8	30
Financial Products | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	216	221	433	434
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	207	212	413	415
Financial Products | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization
Total depreciation and amortization	$ 9	$ 9	$ 20	$ 19

XML

Reconciliations of capital expenditures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	$ 678	$ 771	$ 1,225	$ 1,528
Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	655	774	1,050	1,362
All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	22	27	35	38
Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	29	26	49	40
Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(5)	(18)	129	157
Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(23)	(38)	(38)	(69)
Consolidating Adjustments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(2)	(36)	(3)	(40)
Consolidating Adjustments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Consolidating Adjustments | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(2)	(36)	(3)	(40)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	196	241	345	468
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	195	231	492	554
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	196	241	345	468
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	22	27	35	38
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	29	26	49	40
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(5)	(18)	129	157
Machinery, Energy & Transportation | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	(47)	(45)	(66)	(149)
Financial Products | Operating Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	485	576	736	1,014
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Reportable Segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	459	533	705	894
Financial Products | Operating Segments | All Other operating segments
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Cost Centers
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Timing
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	0	0	0	0
Financial Products | Operating Segments | Other
Reconciliation of Capital expenditures
Total capital expenditures	$ 26	$ 43	$ 31	$ 120

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Balance at beginning of year	$ 507	$ 362
Receivables written off	(125)	(235)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	21	46
Provision for credit losses	123	349
Other	(8)	(15)
Balance at end of period	518	507
Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated for impairment			$ 305	$ 302
Collectively evaluated for impairment			213	205
Ending Balance	518	362	518	507
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables
Individually evaluated for impairment			867	936
Collectively evaluated for impairment			21,634	21,490
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables			22,501	22,426
Customer
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Balance at beginning of year	486	353
Receivables written off	(125)	(235)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	21	46
Provision for credit losses	99	337
Other	(8)	(15)
Balance at end of period	473	486
Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated for impairment			266	288
Collectively evaluated for impairment			207	198
Ending Balance	473	353	473	486
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables
Individually evaluated for impairment			789	858
Collectively evaluated for impairment			18,095	18,152
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables			18,884	19,010
Dealer
Allowance for Credit Loss Activity
Balance at beginning of year	21	9
Receivables written off	0	0
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	0	0
Provision for credit losses	24	12
Other	0	0
Balance at end of period	45	21
Allowance for Credit Losses
Individually evaluated for impairment			39	14
Collectively evaluated for impairment			6	7
Ending Balance	$ 45	$ 9	45	21
Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables
Individually evaluated for impairment			78	78
Collectively evaluated for impairment			3,539	3,338
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables			$ 3,617	$ 3,416

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 2) - Finance Receivables - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	$ 1,015	$ 1,038
Current	21,486	21,388
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	22,501	22,426
91+ Still Accruing	32	24
31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	211	184
61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	89	67
91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	715	787
Customer
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	18,884	19,010
Customer | North America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	151	167
Current	7,805	7,825
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	7,956	7,992
91+ Still Accruing	12	14
Customer | North America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	90	65
Customer | North America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	17	18
Customer | North America | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	44	84
Customer | Europe
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	209	181
Current	2,885	2,850
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	3,094	3,031
91+ Still Accruing	7	5
Customer | Europe | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	29	19
Customer | Europe | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	13	9
Customer | Europe | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	167	153
Customer | Asia Pacific
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	77	41
Current	2,511	2,409
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	2,588	2,450
91+ Still Accruing	12	5
Customer | Asia Pacific | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	37	24
Customer | Asia Pacific | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	15	9
Customer | Asia Pacific | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	25	8
Customer | Mining
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	35	38
Current	1,814	1,642
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	1,849	1,680
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Customer | Mining | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	3	28
Customer | Mining | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	13	1
Customer | Mining | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	19	9
Customer | Latin America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	146	138
Current	1,352	1,421
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	1,498	1,559
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Customer | Latin America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	44	38
Customer | Latin America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	17	29
Customer | Latin America | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	85	71
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	316	395
Current	1,583	1,903
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	1,899	2,298
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	7	10
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	13	1
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	296	384
Dealer
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	3,617	3,416
Dealer | North America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	2,108	1,895
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	2,108	1,895
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | North America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | North America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | North America | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Europe
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	330	333
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	330	333
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Europe | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Europe | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Europe | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	461	466
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	461	466
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Asia Pacific | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Mining
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	4	4
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	4	4
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Mining | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Mining | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Mining | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Latin America
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	81	78
Current	632	638
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	713	716
91+ Still Accruing	1	0
Dealer | Latin America | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	1	0
Dealer | Latin America | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	1	0
Dealer | Latin America | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	79	78
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Current	1	2
Ending balance-recorded investment in finance receivables	1	2
91+ Still Accruing	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 31 to 60 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 61 to 90 Days Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	0	0
Dealer | Caterpillar Power Finance | 91 Days of More Past Due
Aging related to loans and finance leases
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Dealer
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment, Total					$ 78
Dealer | Latin America
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment, Total	$ 78		$ 78
Finance Receivables | Customer
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	111		111		142
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	111		111		156
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	678		678		716
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	690		690		722
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	266		266		288
Recorded Investment, Total	789		789		858
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	801		801		878
Related Allowance, Total	266		266		288
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	101	$ 330	115	$ 371
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	2	3	3	8
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	694	594	702	557
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	6	6	13	9
Average Recorded Investment, Total	795	924	817	928
Interest Income Recognized, Total	8	9	16	17
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	11		11		10
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	11		11		10
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	28		28		40
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	28		28		41
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	10		10		14
Recorded Investment, Total	39		39		50
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	39		39		51
Related Allowance, Total	10		10		14
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	10	18	10	18
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	0	1	0	1
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	35	56	37	53
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	0	0	1	1
Average Recorded Investment, Total	45	74	47	71
Interest Income Recognized, Total	0	1	1	2
Finance Receivables | Customer | Europe
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	1		1		1
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	1		1		1
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	101		101		92
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	101		101		92
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	56		56		57
Recorded Investment, Total	102		102		93
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	102		102		93
Related Allowance, Total	56		56		57
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	1	7	1	23
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	0	0	0	0
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	94	48	94	32
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	0	1	1	1
Average Recorded Investment, Total	95	55	95	55
Interest Income Recognized, Total	0	1	1	1
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	10		10		4
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	10		10		4
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	3		3		2
Recorded Investment, Total	10		10		4
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	10		10		4
Related Allowance, Total	3		3		2
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	0	28	0	30
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	0	0	0	1
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	9	5	8	5
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	0	0	0	0
Average Recorded Investment, Total	9	33	8	35
Interest Income Recognized, Total	0	0	0	1
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	26		26		33
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	26		26		33
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	63		63		56
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	62		62		55
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	20		20		26
Recorded Investment, Total	89		89		89
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	88		88		88
Related Allowance, Total	20		20		26
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	29	45	30	78
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	1	1	1	2
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	39	64	42	36
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	0	1	1	1
Average Recorded Investment, Total	68	109	72	114
Interest Income Recognized, Total	1	2	2	3
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	21		21		29
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	21		21		29
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	70		70		75
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	69		69		75
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	26		26		25
Recorded Investment, Total	91		91		104
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	90		90		104
Related Allowance, Total	26		26		25
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	20	43	23	44
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	1	0	1	1
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	74	65	75	76
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	2	1	3	2
Average Recorded Investment, Total	94	108	98	120
Interest Income Recognized, Total	3	1	4	3
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Impaired finance receivables
Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	52		52		69
Unpaid Principal Balance With No Allowance Recorded	52		52		83
Related Allowance With No Allowance Recorded	0		0		0
Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	406		406		449
Unpaid Principal Balance With An Allowance Recorded	420		420		455
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	151		151		164
Recorded Investment, Total	458		458		518
Unpaid Principal Balance, Total	472		472		538
Related Allowance, Total	151		151		164
Average Recorded Investment With No Allowance Recorded	41	189	51	178
Interest Income Recognized With No Allowance Recorded	0	1	1	3
Average Recorded Investment With An Allowance Recorded	443	356	446	355
Interest Income Recognized With An Allowance Recorded	4	3	7	4
Average Recorded Investment, Total	484	545	497	533
Interest Income Recognized, Total	4	$ 4	8	$ 7
Finance Receivables | Dealer | Latin America
Impaired finance receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	39		39		14
Related Allowance, Total	$ 39		$ 39		$ 14

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Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Period after which Collection of Future Income is Considered as Not Probable	120 days
Dealer
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	$ 78	$ 78
Finance Receivables | Customer
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	780	807
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	37	77
Finance Receivables | Customer | Europe
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	165	154
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	13	4
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	20	50
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	98	106
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment, Past Due
Loans and Leases Receivable, Nonperforming, Nonaccrual of Interest	$ 447	$ 416

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Cat Financial Financing Activities (Details 5) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) Contracts	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) Contracts	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) Contracts	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) Contracts	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Customer
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	22	19	49	37
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 70	$ 57	$ 132	$ 98
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 69	$ 24	$ 126	$ 65
Customer | North America
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	8	17	8	30
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 5	$ 7	$ 5	$ 13
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 4	$ 7	$ 4	$ 13
Customer | Europe
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	2	0	21	0
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 10	$ 0	$ 21	$ 0
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 10	$ 0	$ 17	$ 0
Customer | Mining
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	1	0	1	1
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 6	$ 0	$ 6	$ 29
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 6	$ 0	$ 6	$ 29
Customer | Latin America
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	4	0	4	1
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 2	$ 0	$ 2	$ 3
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 2	$ 0	$ 2	$ 3
Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	7	2	15	5
Pre-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 47	$ 50	$ 98	$ 53
Post-TDR Outstanding Recorded Investment	$ 47	$ 17	$ 97	$ 20
Dealer
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Number of Contracts (in contracts) | Contracts	0	0	0	0
Finance Receivables | Customer
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	$ 266		$ 266		$ 288
Finance receivables modified as TDRs
Remaining Commitments	0		0		0
Finance Receivables | Customer | North America
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	10		10		14
Finance Receivables | Customer | Europe
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	56		56		57
Finance Receivables | Customer | Asia Pacific
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	3		3		2
Finance Receivables | Customer | Mining
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	20		20		26
Finance Receivables | Customer | Latin America
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	26		26		25
Finance Receivables | Customer | Caterpillar Power Finance
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	151		151		164
Finance Receivables | Dealer | Latin America
Loan receivables
Related Allowance With An Allowance Recorded	$ 39		$ 39		$ 14

XML

Fair Value Disclosures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	$ 1,280	$ 1,151
Equity securities	485	425
Total Assets	1,765	1,576
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	19	19
Total Liabilities	19	19
U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	9	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	47	42
Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	819	720
Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	56	63
U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	305	297
Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	7	7
Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	37	13
Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	307	260
Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	56	46
REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	122	119
Level 1 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	9	9
Equity securities	363	306
Total Assets	372	315
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	0	0
Total Liabilities	0	0
Level 1 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	9	9
Level 1 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 1 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 1 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 1 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 1 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 1 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 1 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	307	260
Level 1 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	56	46
Level 1 | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Level 2 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	1,271	1,142
Equity securities	0	0
Total Assets	1,271	1,142
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	19	19
Total Liabilities	19	19
Level 2 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 2 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	47	42
Level 2 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	819	720
Level 2 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	56	63
Level 2 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	305	297
Level 2 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	7	7
Level 2 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	37	13
Level 2 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Level 2 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Level 2 | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Level 3 | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Equity securities	0	0
Total Assets	0	0
Liabilities
Derivative Liabilities, at Fair Value, Net	0	0
Total Liabilities	0	0
Level 3 | U.S. treasury bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | Corporate bonds | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | Asset-backed securities | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | U.S. governmental agency | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | Residential | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | Commercial | Recurring basis
Assets
Available-for-sale securities, debt securities	0	0
Level 3 | Large capitalization value | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Level 3 | Smaller company growth | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Level 3 | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	0	0
Fair Value Measured on Net Asset Value (NAV) [Member] | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	122	119
Total Assets	122	119
Fair Value Measured on Net Asset Value (NAV) [Member] | REIT | Recurring basis
Assets
Equity securities	122	119
Financial Products | Level 3 | Nonrecurring basis
Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value
Impaired Financing Receivable, Recorded Investment	$ 417	$ 469

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Fair Value Disclosures (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$ 7,429	$ 7,857
Carrying Amount
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	7,429	7,857
Restricted cash and short-term investments	30	33
Investments in debt and equity securities	1,765	1,576
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	14,526	14,714
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	1,172	1,050
Foreign currency contracts-net	51	47
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	5,266	5,723
Interest rate contracts-net	65	36
Commodity contracts-net	5	30
Guarantees	6	8
Carrying Amount | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	7,670	8,015
Carrying Amount | Financial Products
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	23,342	22,815
Carrying amount of assets excluded from measurement at fair value
Assets
Finance leases	7,758	7,463
Level 1 | Fair Value
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	7,429	7,857
Restricted cash and short-term investments	30	33
Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	5,266	5,723
Level 1 & 2 | Fair Value
Assets
Investments in debt and equity securities	1,765	1,576
Level 2 | Fair Value
Assets
Foreign currency contracts-net	51	47
Liabilities
Interest rate contracts-net	65	36
Commodity contracts-net	5	30
Level 2 | Fair Value | Machinery, Energy & Transportation
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	9,469	9,046
Level 2 | Fair Value | Financial Products
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)	23,596	22,684
Level 3 | Fair Value
Assets
Finance receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	14,750	14,798
Wholesale inventory receivables-net (excluding finance leases)	1,151	1,025
Liabilities
Guarantees	$ 6	$ 8

XML

Other income (expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Investment and interest income	$ 54	$ 45	$ 106	$ 81
Foreign exchange gains (losses)	(47)	(60)	(29)	(79)
Royalty Income, Nonoperating	31	36	56	67
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	24	86	50	172
Gain (Loss) on securities	14	7	53	4
Miscellaneous income (loss)	(8)	7	(8)	3
Total	$ 68	$ 121	$ 228	$ 248

XML

Restructuring Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended	46 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019
Restructuring and Related Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs	$ 110	$ 114	$ 158	$ 183
Employee Separation Charges [Roll Forward]
Liability balance at beginning of period			85	249	$ 249
Increase in liability (separation charges)			25		112
Reduction in liability (payments)			(60)		(276)
Liability balance at end of period	50		50		$ 85	$ 50
September 2015 announcement [Member]
Restructuring and Related Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs			19			1,807
Estimated restructuring costs	20		20			$ 20
Employee separations | Other Operating Income (Expense)
Restructuring and Related Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs	10	45	25	78
Long-lived asset impairments | Other Operating Income (Expense)
Restructuring and Related Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs	29	30	36	30
Other | Cost of Sales
Restructuring and Related Cost [Abstract]
Restructuring costs	$ 71	$ 39	$ 97	$ 75