Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the losses inherent in Cat Financial’s finance receivable portfolio and includes consideration of accounts that have been individually identified as impaired, as well as pools of finance receivables where it is probable that certain receivables in the pool are impaired but the individual accounts cannot yet be identified. In identifying and measuring impairment, management takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions.

Accounts are identified for individual review based on past-due status and information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which Cat Financial’s customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated and determined to be impaired is based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial also considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts not yet individually identified as impaired is estimated based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default, our estimate of the loss emergence period and the estimated loss given default. In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in the loss forecast models including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Cat Financial’s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments:

•Customer - Finance receivables with retail customers.

•Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers.

A portfolio segment is the level at which the company develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses.

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial’s finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial’s classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:


•	North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States or Canada.


•	Europe - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.


•	Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan and Southeast Asia.


•	Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide and project financing in various countries.


•	Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico, and Central and South American countries.


•	Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2018
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer		Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	353		$	9	$	362
Receivables written off	(40		)	—		(40		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	10			—		10
Provision for credit losses	66			—		66
Other	1			—		1
Balance at end of period	$	390		$	9	$	399

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	194		$	—	$	194
Collectively evaluated for impairment	196			9		205
Ending Balance	$	390		$	9	$	399

Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	971		$	—	$	971
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,164			3,367		21,531
Ending Balance	$	19,135		$	3,367	$	22,502




(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2017
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer			Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	331		$	10		$	341
Receivables written off	(157		)	—			(157		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	43			—			43
Provision for credit losses	129			(1		)	128
Other	7			—			7
Balance at end of year	$	353		$	9		$	362

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	149		$	—		$	149
Collectively evaluated for impairment	204			9			213
Ending Balance	$	353		$	9		$	362

Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	942		$	—		$	942
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,226			3,464			21,690
Ending Balance	$	19,168		$	3,464		$	22,632

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss.

In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire recorded investment in finance receivables past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment in finance receivables by aging category.




	March 31, 2018
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	73	$	28	$	38	$	139	$	7,934	$	8,073	$	6
Europe	20		23		54		97		2,759		2,856		10
Asia Pacific	23		11		13		47		2,114		2,161		6
Mining	7		1		12		20		1,755		1,775		1
Latin America	49		43		143		235		1,460		1,695		3
Caterpillar Power Finance	41		57		209		307		2,268		2,575		28
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		1,937		1,937		—
Europe	—		—		—		—		191		191		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		486		486		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	1		2		73		76		671		747		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		2		2		—
Total	$	214	$	165	$	542	$	921	$	21,581	$	22,502	$	54




	December 31, 2017
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	71	$	15	$	42	$	128	$	7,950	$	8,078	$	8
Europe	21		10		46		77		2,718		2,795		13
Asia Pacific	13		7		14		34		2,009		2,043		5
Mining	3		1		60		64		1,751		1,815		9
Latin America	37		55		142		234		1,531		1,765		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	20		32		144		196		2,476		2,672		1
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		1,920		1,920		—
Europe	—		—		—		—		222		222		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		553		553		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	—		72		—		72		691		763		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		2		2		—
Total	$	165	$	192	$	448	$	805	$	21,827	$	22,632	$	36

As of March 31, 2018, Cat Financial had $221 million of finance receivables classified as held for sale.

Impaired finance receivables

For all classes, a finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Cat Financial will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms. Impaired finance receivables include finance receivables that have been restructured and are considered to be troubled debt restructurings.

There were no impaired finance receivables as of March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017, for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows:



	March 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
(Millions of dollars)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	16	$	16	$	—	$	19	$	19	$	—
Europe	7		7		—		45		45		—
Asia Pacific	27		27		—		34		33		—
Mining	50		50		—		121		121		—
Latin America	46		46		—		45		45		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	195		207		—		160		172		—
Total	$	341	$	353	$	—	$	424	$	435	$	—

Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	60	$	58	$	21	$	44	$	43	$	17
Europe	49		49		13		9		8		5
Asia Pacific	4		4		1		8		8		2
Mining	67		67		18		—		—		—
Latin America	71		71		40		95		106		42
Caterpillar Power Finance	379		381		101		362		365		83
Total	$	630	$	630	$	194	$	518	$	530	$	149

Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	76	$	74	$	21	$	63	$	62	$	17
Europe	56		56		13		54		53		5
Asia Pacific	31		31		1		42		41		2
Mining	117		117		18		121		121		—
Latin America	117		117		40		140		151		42
Caterpillar Power Finance	574		588		101		522		537		83
Total	$	971	$	983	$	194	$	942	$	965	$	149



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018				Three Months Ended March 31, 2017
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	17	$	—	$	10	$	—
Europe	36		—		49		—
Asia Pacific	31		1		9		—
Mining	103		1		128		1
Latin America	45		1		72		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	172		2		267		3
Total	$	404	$	5	$	535	$	5

Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	51	$	1	$	61	$	—
Europe	19		—		6		—
Asia Pacific	6		—		45		1
Mining	17		—		—		—
Latin America	87		1		96		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	360		1		63		1
Total	$	540	$	3	$	271	$	3

Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	68	$	1	$	71	$	—
Europe	55		—		55		—
Asia Pacific	37		1		54		1
Mining	120		1		128		1
Latin America	132		2		168		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	532		3		330		4
Total	$	944	$	8	$	806	$	8

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the finance receivable becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms.

As of March 31, 2018, there were finance receivables on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment of $73 million, all of which were in the Latin America finance receivable class. As of December 31, 2017, there were no finance receivables on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment. The recorded investment in customer finance receivables on non-accrual status was as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
North America	$	50	$	38
Europe	50		37
Asia Pacific	8		10
Mining	14		63
Latin America	174		192
Caterpillar Power Finance	339		343
Total	$	635	$	683

Troubled Debt Restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, extended skip payment periods and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no additional funds committed to lend to a borrower whose terms have been modified in a TDR.

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial's investment in finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, were as follows:




	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018					Three Months Ended March 31, 2017
(Millions of dollars)	Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment
North America	13	$	6	$	6	9	$	1	$	1
Europe	—	—		—		1	—		—
Asia Pacific	—	—		—		5	39		30
Mining	1	29		29		2	57		56
Latin America	1	3		3		7	2		2
Caterpillar Power Finance	3	3		3		6	25		24
Total	18	$	41	$	41	30	$	124	$	113