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Profit Per Share (Details) (USD $)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2015
Mar. 31, 2014
Jan. 31, 2014
Feb. 28, 2007
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]        
Profit for the period (A) (in dollars) $ 1,111,000,000us-gaap_NetIncomeLossAvailableToCommonStockholdersBasic [1] $ 922,000,000us-gaap_NetIncomeLossAvailableToCommonStockholdersBasic [1]    
Determination of shares (in millions)        
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B) (in shares) 604,900,000us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic 626,700,000us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic    
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price (in shares) 7,800,000us-gaap_IncrementalCommonSharesAttributableToShareBasedPaymentArrangements 12,600,000us-gaap_IncrementalCommonSharesAttributableToShareBasedPaymentArrangements    
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) (in shares) 612,700,000us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding [2] 639,300,000us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding [2]    
Profit (loss) per share of common stock:        
Assuming no dilution (A/B) (in dollars per share) $ 1.84us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic $ 1.47us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic    
Assuming full dilution (A/C) (in dollars per share) $ 1.81us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted [2] $ 1.44us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted [2]    
Shares outstanding as of March 31 (in millions) 603,600,000us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding 624,200,000us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding    
Common shares under SARs and stock options not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share (in shares) 22,360,627us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount 10,415,733us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount    
Common stock repurchase        
Stock repurchase program, authorized amount     10,000,000,000us-gaap_StockRepurchaseProgramAuthorizedAmount1 7,500,000,000us-gaap_StockRepurchaseProgramAuthorizedAmount1
Common shares repurchased (in shares) 4,779,963us-gaap_TreasuryStockSharesAcquired 18,110,735us-gaap_TreasuryStockSharesAcquired    
Payments for repurchase of common stock 400,000,000us-gaap_PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock 1,738,000,000us-gaap_PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock    
Stock repurchase program, amount of authorized repurchase spent to date $ 2,900,000,000cat_StockRepurchaseProgramAmountOfAuthorizedRepurchaseSpentToDate      
[1] 1 Profit attributable to common stockholders.
[2] 2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.