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Stock-Based Compensation (Details) (USD $)
In Millions, except Share data, unless otherwise specified
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2015
Mar. 31, 2014
Stock-based compensation awards    
Vesting period of awards issued prior to 2015, after the date of grant (in years) 3 years  
Required minimum age of a participant upon separation from service to meet the criteria for Long Service Separation (in years) 55 years  
Minimum term of service to meet criteria for Long Service Separation (in years) 5 years  
Requisite service period prior to 2015 grant (in months) 6 months  
Term life of SARs and option awards (in years) 10 years  
Term life of vested options/SARs from separation date (in years) 5 years  
Stock-based compensation expense, before tax (in dollars) $ 135us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense $ 53us-gaap_AllocatedShareBasedCompensationExpense
Granted, Stock options (in shares) 7,939,497us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod 4,448,218us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriod
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Award, Stock options (in dollars per share) $ 23.61us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue $ 29.52us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share) $ 83.34cat_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardGrantDatePricePerShare $ 96.31cat_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardGrantDatePricePerShare
Assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards    
Weighted-average dividend yield (as a percent) 2.27%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate 2.15%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate
Weighted-average volatility (as a percent) 28.40%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsWeightedAverageVolatilityRate 28.20%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsWeightedAverageVolatilityRate
Volatilities, low end of range (as a percent) 19.90%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRateMinimum 18.40%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRateMinimum
Volatilities, high end of range (as a percent) 35.90%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRateMaximum 36.20%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRateMaximum
Risk-free interest rates, low end of range (as a percent) 0.22%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRateMinimum 0.12%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRateMinimum
Risk-free interest rates, high end of range (as a percent) 2.08%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRateMaximum 2.60%us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRateMaximum
Weighted-average expected lives (in years) 8 years 8 years
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards (in dollars) $ 369us-gaap_EmployeeServiceShareBasedCompensationNonvestedAwardsTotalCompensationCostNotYetRecognized  
Term of amortization of unrecognized compensation cost over weighted-average remaining requisite service periods (in years) 2 years 5 months  
RSUs    
Stock-based compensation awards    
Granted (in shares) 1,805,044us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsOtherThanOptionsGrantsInPeriod
/ us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis
= us-gaap_RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember
1,429,512us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsOtherThanOptionsGrantsInPeriod
/ us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis
= us-gaap_RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember
Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Award, RSUs (in dollars per share) $ 77.47us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsOtherThanOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
/ us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis
= us-gaap_RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember
$ 89.18us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsOtherThanOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue
/ us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis
= us-gaap_RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember
Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price (in dollars per share) $ 82.99cat_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardGrantDatePricePerShare
/ us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis
= us-gaap_RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember
$ 96.31cat_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardGrantDatePricePerShare
/ us-gaap_AwardTypeAxis
= us-gaap_RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember
2015 Grant    
Stock-based compensation awards    
Graded vesting period of awards granted (in years) 3 years  
2015 Grant | Percentage of award vested on first anniversary of grant date    
Stock-based compensation awards    
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date 33.33%us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingRightsPercentage
/ us-gaap_AwardDateAxis
= cat_A2015GrantMember
/ us-gaap_VestingAxis
= us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheOneMember
 
2015 Grant | Percentage of award vested on second anniversary of grant date    
Stock-based compensation awards    
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date 33.33%us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingRightsPercentage
/ us-gaap_AwardDateAxis
= cat_A2015GrantMember
/ us-gaap_VestingAxis
= us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheTwoMember
 
2015 Grant | Percentage of award vested on third anniversary of grant date    
Stock-based compensation awards    
Portion of the award vested on each anniversary of the grant date 33.33%us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingRightsPercentage
/ us-gaap_AwardDateAxis
= cat_A2015GrantMember
/ us-gaap_VestingAxis
= us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheThreeMember