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Consolidated Balance Sheet Components
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Consolidated Balance Sheet Components Consolidated Balance Sheet Components
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Trade accounts receivable$12,596 $16,284 
Deposits at brokers or dealers1,590 — 
Crypto receivable from liquidity providers186 — 
Unbilled receivables6,003 6,445 
Other receivables1,864 2,787 
Total accounts receivable22,239 25,516 
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts(540)(210)
Total$21,699 $25,306 
Amounts payable and receivable to our liquidity providers are reported net by counterparty when the right of offset exists.

Other Current Assets
Other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Prepaid expenses$7,297 $6,060 
Other32 — 
Total$7,329 $6,060 
Property, Equipment and Software, Net
Property, equipment and software, net consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Internal-use software$8,218 $4,383 
Purchased software105 99 
Office furniture and equipment2,311 2,303 
Other computer and network equipment5,132 4,732 
Leasehold improvements10,280 10,102 
Property, equipment and software, gross26,046 21,619 
Less: accumulated amortization and depreciation(5,538)(1,875)
Total$20,508 $19,744 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, depreciation and amortization expense related to property, equipment and software amounted to $1.4 million and $3.7 million, respectively, of which $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively, related to amortization expense of capitalized internal-use software placed in service.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, depreciation and amortization expense related to property, equipment and software amounted to $0.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of which $0.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively, related to amortization expense of capitalized internal-use software placed in service.
Deposits with Clearinghouse
Total deposits at clearinghouses amounted to $0.2 million and $15.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Deposits with clearinghouse historically have primarily consisted of the ICE Clear US, Inc. ("ICUS") default resource contribution; however, as described further in Note 8, ICUS returned the contribution on September 29, 2023, as a result of the recent delisting of Bakkt Bitcoin futures and option contracts by IFUS.
Other Assets
Other assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Operating lease right-of-use assets$21,116 $19,632 
Other2,556 2,826 
Total$23,672 $22,458 
Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Accounts payable$3,729 $25,975 
Payables to clients70 — 
Accrued expenses19,116 15,537 
Purchasing card payable12,502 10,686 
Salaries and benefits payable8,019 13,926 
Loyalty revenue share liability3,479 43 
Other2,277 620 
Total$49,192 $66,787 
Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Participation units liability, current$221 $275 
Current maturities of operating lease liability3,555 3,014 
Other527 530 
Total$4,303 $3,819 
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Other noncurrent liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Operating lease liability, noncurrent$24,547 $23,402 
Contingent consideration13,065 — 
Total$37,612 $23,402