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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

The components of the income tax expense (benefit) were as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2023
Current
Federal	$	322	$	(164)
State	25		(15)
Total current	347		(179)

Deferred
Federal	—		—
State	—		—
Total deferred	—		—
Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	347	$	(179)

Schedule of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate was as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Federal statutory income tax rate ate	21.00	%	21.00	%
State taxes	1.01		1.10
Others	(0.06)		(0.69)
Research and development credits	1.00		1.11
Transaction costs	(1.01)		—
Lease Modification	3.27		—
Interest expense	—		—
Stock-based compensation	(1.52)		(0.97)
Change in valuation allowance	(23.69)		(21.55)
Provision for taxes	0.00	%	0.00	%

A reconciliation of the Company’s income tax expense (benefit) to the amount computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate is summarized as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2023
Expected tax benefit computed at federal statutory rate	$	(2,192)	$	(14,731)
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit	(2)		(1,153)
Permanent differences	70		120
Research and development credit carryforwards	(1,788)		(5,472)
Reserve for uncertain tax positions	140		1,517
Other	203		(463)
Change in valuation allowance	3,916		20,003
Income tax expense (benefit)	$	347	$	(179)

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities)

Net deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses - non-current	$	30,820	$	15,940
Capitalized R&D	14,493		13,815
General business credit - non-current	7,201		5,699
Operating lease right-of-use assets	88		1,220
Lease termination costs	6,621		—
Stock based compensation	2,017		1,703
Accruals and reserves	295		735
Fixed assets	6,161		170
Other	3		3
Gross deferred tax assets	67,699		39,285
Valuation allowance	(67,626)		(38,110)
Net deferred tax assets	73		1,175
Fixed asset basis	—		—
Operating lease liabilities	(73)		(1,175)
Other	—		—
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(73)		(1,175)
Valuation allowance	$	—	$	—

Significant components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are summarized as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2023
Deferred tax assets
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	152	$	3,975
Research and development credit carryforwards	982		6,269
Capitalized research and development	5,044		15,282
Intangible assets	249		531
Share-based compensation	137		290
Other	220		463
Total deferred tax assets	6,784		26,810
Valuation allowance	(6,727)		(26,736)
Net deferred tax assets	57		74
Deferred tax liabilities
Other	(57)		(74)
Total deferred tax liabilities	57		74
Net deferred tax assets	$	—	$	—

Schedule of Changes to Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2022
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,701	$	1,407
Additions based on tax positions related to current year	899		1,862
Reduction for prior period positions	(42)		(568)
Unrecognized tax benefit-December 31	$	3,558	$	2,701

The following table summarizes the changes to the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2023
Balance at beginning of year	$	—	$	131
Increases related to prior year tax positions	28		6
Increases related to current year tax positions	103		1,816
Balance at end of year	131		1,953