S-1

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

S-1 1 d366679ds1.htm S-1 S-1

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 12, 2022

Registration No. 333-

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

Under

The Securities Act of 1933

Apexigen, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

2834

27-2989408

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

75 Shoreway Road, Suite C

San Carlos, CA 94070

Telephone: (650) 931-6236

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Xiaodong Yang, M.D., Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

75 Shoreway Road, Suite C

San Carlos, CA 94070

Telephone: (650) 931-6236

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Kenneth A. Clark

Michael E. Coke

Lance E. Brady

Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, P.C.

650 Page Mill Road

Palo Alto, CA 94304

Tel: (650) 493-9300

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.


PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS		Subject to Completion		August 12, 2022

Primary Offering of

3,724,500 Shares of Common Stock Issuable Upon Exercise of Warrants

Secondary Offering of

14,434,863 Shares of Common Stock

849,500 Warrants to Purchase Shares of Common Stock

LOGO

Apexigen, Inc.

This prospectus relates to the issuance by us of up to 3,724,500 shares of our Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Common Stock”) issuable upon the exercise of warrants (including (i) 2,875,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of an aggregate of 2,875,000 warrants, each of which is exercisable at a price of $11.50 per share held by the former public stockholders of Brookline Capital Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation, our predecessor (the “Public Warrants”), (ii) 726,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of an aggregate of 726,000 warrants, each of which is exercisable at a price of $11.50 per share held by the PIPE Investors (the “PIPE Warrants”), and (iii) 123,500 shares issuable upon the exercise of an aggregate of 123,500 warrants, each of which is exercisable at a price of $11.50 per share held by Brookline Capital Holdings, LLC (the “Private Placement Warrants”)).

In addition, this prospectus relates to the resale by the selling stockholders named in this prospectus (or their permitted transferees) (the “Selling Securityholders) of up to (a) 14,434,863 shares of Common Stock (including (i) 8,009,884 shares held by certain former stockholders of Legacy Apexigen, including our officers and directors (the “Business Combination Shares”), (ii) 1,452,000 shares held by the PIPE Investors (the “PIPE Shares”), (iii) 1,248,479 shares held by Brookline Capital Holdings, LLC, together with our predecessor’s IPO underwriter and certain of its employees (the “Private Shares”), (iv) 2,875,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants, (v) 726,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the PIPE Warrants, and (vi) 123,500 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) (collectively, the “Offered Shares”) and (b) 849,500 warrants (including (i) 726,000 PIPE Warrants and (ii) 123,500 Private Placement Warrants) (collectively, the “Offered Warrants”).

The Selling Securityholders may sell any, all or none of the securities and we do not know when or in what amount the Selling Securityholders may sell their securities hereunder following the effective date of this registration statement. The Selling Securityholders may sell the securities described in this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. The Selling Securityholders will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by them in disposing of these securities. We provide more information about how the Selling Securityholders may sell their securities in the section titled “Plan of Distribution” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

We will not receive any of the proceeds from such sales, but we will receive the proceeds from the exercise of the warrants. We will bear all costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of these securities other than any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by the Selling Securityholders, as described in more detail in the section titled “Use of Proceeds” appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

The Private Shares, Business Combination Shares and shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants are subject to lock-up restrictions applicable to the Selling Securityholders holding such securities as described herein.

Our Common Stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “APGN.” Our public warrants are traded on Nasdaq under the symbol “APGNW.” On August 11, 2022, the last quoted sale price for our Common Stock as reported on Nasdaq was $7.63 per share and the last reported sale price of our warrants was $0.2390 per warrant.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined under the federal securities laws, and, as such, may elect to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for future filings.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any securities, you should carefully read the discussion of the risks of investing in our securities in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 10 of this prospectus.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement or amendment hereto. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is August , 2022.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


	Page
Introductory Note		2
Glossary		3
Prospectus Summary		5
Risk Factors		10
Market, Industry and Other Data		67
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements		68
Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information		70
Use of Proceeds		84
Dividend Policy		85
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		86
Business		100
Management		138
Executive Compensation		147
Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions		165
Selling Securityholders		169
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management		175
Description of Securities		177
Plan of Distribution		186
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations		189
Legal Matters		196
Experts		196
Where You Can Find More Information		196
Index To Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which includes exhibits and provides more detail of the matters discussed in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and the related exhibits filed with the SEC, together with the additional information described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information” before making your investment decision. The Selling Securityholders may, from time to time, sell the securities offered by them described in this prospectus. We will not receive stockholder proceeds from the sale by such Selling Securityholders of the securities offered by them described in this prospectus.

Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. Neither we nor the Selling Securityholders will make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Except as otherwise set forth in this prospectus, neither we nor the Selling Securityholders have taken any action to permit a public offering of these securities outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of these securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We may also provide a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement together with the additional information to which we refer you in the sections of this prospectus entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

We use our registered trademark and trade name, such as Apexigen^®, in this prospectus. This prospectus may also include trademarks, trade names and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ^® and ^™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or that the applicable owner will not assert its rights, to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other entities’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of, any other entity.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

On July 29, 2022 (the “Closing Date”), Brookline Capital Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation (“BCAC”), Project Barolo Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of BCAC (“Merger Sub”) and Legacy Apexigen, consummated the previously announced Business Combination pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement (the “Closing”).

On the Closing Date, (i) BCAC changed its name to “Apexigen, Inc.” (“Apexigen” or the “Company”), (ii) Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Apexigen (the “Merger”), with Legacy Apexigen surviving the Merger as a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, (iii) the Company issued 1,452,000 shares of Common Stock to the PIPE Investors in exchange for $14,520,000 in consideration, (iv) the Company issued 150,000 shares of Common Stock to Lincoln Park pursuant to the terms of the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, and (v) the parties to the Business Combination Agreement consummated the other transactions contemplated thereby.

This prospectus relates to the issuance by us of up to 3,724,500 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (including (i) 2,875,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants, (ii) 726,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the PIPE Warrants, and (iii) 123,500 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants). In addition, this prospectus relates to the resale by the Selling Securityholders of up to (a) 14,434,863 shares of Common Stock (including (i) 8,009,884 Business Combination Shares, (ii) 1,452,000 PIPE Shares, (iii) 1,248,479 Private Shares, (iv) 2,875,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants, (v) 726,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the PIPE Warrants, and (vi) 123,500 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) and (b) 849,500 warrants (including (i) 726,000 PIPE Warrants and (ii) 123,500 Private Placement Warrants).

GLOSSARY

As used in this prospectus, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, references to:

“Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement” are to that certain Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement entered into as of June 26, 2022, by and among BCAC, Merger Sub and Legacy Apexigen;

“Apexigen” are to Apexigen, Inc., a Delaware corporation, following the Closing;

“Board” are to the board of directors of Apexigen;

“BCAC” are to Brookline Capital Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation, and legal predecessor of Apexigen;

“BCAC Common Stock” are to shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of BCAC prior to the Closing;

“BCAC Board” are to the board of directors of BCAC prior to the Closing;

“BCAC IPO” are to the initial public offering by BCAC, which closed on February 2, 2021;

“BCAC units” are to the units, comprised on one share of BCAC Common Stock and one-half of one redeemable BCAC warrant, issued at the closing of the BCAC IPO;

“BCAC warrants” are to all outstanding warrants of BCAC prior to the closing, each whole warrant of which entitled the holder to purchase one share of BCAC Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share;

“Business Combination” are to the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement and any other agreement executed and delivered in connection therewith;

“Business Combination Agreement” are to that certain Business Combination Agreement entered into on March 17, 2022, by and among BCAC, Merger Sub, and Legacy Apexigen (amended by Amendment No. 1 to the Business Combination Agreement and as it may be further amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time in accordance with its terms), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Apexigen, with Legacy Apexigen surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of BCAC;

“Code” are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;

“DGCL” are to the Delaware General Corporation Law, as may be amended from time to time;

“Exchange Act” are to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;

“Extension Amendment” are to the amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of BCAC (“Existing Charter”) approved by BCAC’s stockholders on April 26, 2022 to extend the date by which BCAC must consummate a business combination transaction from May 2, 2022 (the date which is 15 months from the closing date of BCAC’s initial public offering of units) on a monthly basis up to November 2, 2022;

“GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, as applied on a consistent basis;

“Legacy Apexigen” are to Apexigen, Inc., a Delaware corporation, prior to the Closing and Apexigen America, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, after the Closing;

“Legacy Apexigen Board” are to the board of directors of Legacy Apexigen prior to the Closing;

“Legacy Apexigen capital stock” are to shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Legacy Apexigen prior to the closing;

“Legacy Apexigen stockholders” are to the stockholders of Legacy Apexigen prior to the Closing;

“Nasdaq” are to The Nasdaq Capital Market;

“PIPE Investment” are to the purchase of an aggregate of 1,502,000 PIPE Units pursuant to subscription agreements BCAC entered into with certain investors in connection with the Business Combination Agreement (the “Subscription Agreements” and such investors, the “PIPE Investors”);

“PIPE Unit” are to each of the units, comprised of one share of BCAC Common Stock and one-half of one BCAC warrant (a “PIPE Warrant”), purchased by certain investors pursuant to the Subscription Agreements;

“Public Stockholders” are to the holders of shares of BCAC Common Stock sold as part of the BCAC units (whether they were purchase in the BCAC IPO or thereafter in the open market) (“Public Shares”) prior to the Closing, including the Sponsor and BCAC’s management team to the extent the Sponsor and/or members of BCAC’s management team purchased Public Shares in the open market, provided that the Sponsor’s and each member of BCAC’s management team’s status as a “public stockholder” only existed with respect to such Public Shares;

“Sponsor” are to Brookline Capital Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company;

“Supporting Apexigen Stockholders” are to certain stockholders of Legacy Apexigen who, in the aggregate, held

(a)	at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Legacy Apexigen capital stock, voting together as a single class and

(b)	at least a majority of the outstanding shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock of Legacy Apexigen, voting together as a single class on an as-converted basis;

Unless specified otherwise, amounts in this prospectus are presented in United States (“U.S.”) dollars.

Defined terms in the financial statements contained in this prospectus have the meanings ascribed to them in the financial statements.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information and financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all the information you should consider before investing in our common stock. You should carefully read this prospectus in its entirety before investing in our common stock, including the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. Unless the context otherwise requires, the term “Apexigen,” “the Company,” “our company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” or other similar terminology, refer to Apexigen, Inc.

Corporate Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing a new generation of antibody therapeutics for oncology, with an emphasis on new immuno-oncology agents designed to harness the patient’s immune system to combat and eradicate cancer. We and our licensees are advancing several protein therapeutics that were discovered using our APXiMAB antibody platform. Our pipeline currently consists of our clinical-stage lead candidate, sotigalimab (“sotiga” or “APX005M”) and APX601. Further, five programs for the development of product candidates discovered with our APXiMAB platform have been licensed for further development. We are also advancing through discovery and preclinical development several innovative antibodies we discovered using our platform.

Our most advanced wholly owned product candidates are as follows:

•

Sotigalimab is a humanized agonist antibody that targets and activates CD40, a co-stimulatory receptor that is essential for activating both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response. Sotigalimab is currently in Phase 2 clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors such as melanoma, esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (“GEJ”) cancers, sarcoma, and ovarian cancers in combination with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and cancer vaccines.

•

APX601 is a humanized antagonist antibody that binds to TNFR2, which is highly expressed on immune suppressive cells, including Treg and suppressive myeloid cells, as well as on many cancers. We have largely completed preclinical studies of APX601 necessary for an investigational new drug application (“IND”).

Our APXiMAB platform was used to enable the discovery of multiple protein therapeutic product candidates against a variety of molecular targets, including targets that are difficult to drug with conventional antibody technologies. In addition to the product candidates that we wholly own, several product candidates discovered through the use of the APXiMAB platform are in clinical development by our licensees. The most advanced of these programs is Novartis’ Beovu^® (brolucizumab-dbll) product, which received FDA approval in 2019 and is marketed in over 70 countries. Two other programs being developed by our licensees are in later-stage development; Simcere’s BD0801 is in Phase 3 clinical development in ovarian cancer and Mabwell’s 9MW0211 is in an adaptive, pivotal Phase 2/3 clinical trial in wet age-related macular degeneration (“AMD”). There is no guarantee that any of the product candidates discovered using our APXiMAB antibody platform, whether developed by us or our licensees, will receive regulatory approval.

Risk Factor Summary

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as other information included in the sections titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of

Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Risk Factors,” which may be relevant to decisions regarding an investment in or ownership of our securities. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a significant adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, growth and ability to accomplish our strategic objectives. We have organized the description of these risks into groupings in an effort to enhance readability, but many of the risks interrelate or could be grouped or ordered in other ways, so no special significance should be attributed to the groupings or order below. Such risks include, but are not limited to:

Risks related to our business and industry.

•

We are in the early stages of clinical drug development and have a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale.

•

We have incurred net losses since inception and expects to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

•

We will require substantial additional capital to finance operations. If we are unable to raise such capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce, and/or eliminate one or more research and drug development programs or future commercialization efforts.

•

We are dependent on the success of our product candidates, including our lead product candidate, sotigalimab, which is currently in multiple clinical trials.

•

Our clinical trials may reveal serious adverse events, toxicities, or other side effects of our current and any future product candidates that result in a safety profile that could inhibit regulatory approval or market acceptance of our product candidates.

•

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our receipt of necessary marketing approvals could be delayed or prevented.

•

The clinical trials of our current and any of our future product candidates may not demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or otherwise be timely conducted or produce positive results.

•

The regulatory approval processes of the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming, and inherently unpredictable. If we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, we will be unable to generate product revenue and our business will be substantially harmed.

•

If we are unable to obtain, maintain, enforce, or protect our intellectual property rights in any products we develop or in our technology, if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, or if we infringe the intellectual property rights of others, third parties could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to those of Apexigen, we could be prevented from commercializing our products and we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

Corporate and Other Information

Our principal executive office is located at 75 Shoreway Road, Suite C, San Carlos, California 94070. Our telephone number is (650) 931-6236. Our corporate website address is www.apexigen.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this prospectus.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Smaller Reporting Company

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies

that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”), reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, the information we provide will be different than the information that is available with respect to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. This may make it difficult or impossible to compare our financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of the extended transition period exemptions because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of BCAC’s initial public offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion or (c) in which we qualify as a “large accelerated filer”, which, in addition to certain other criteria, means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter or (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of the fiscal year in which (i) the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $250 million as of the prior June 30 or (ii) our annual revenue exceeded $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30.

THE OFFERING

Issuer

Apexigen, Inc.

Issuance of Common Stock

Shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of Warrants

3,724,500 shares of Common Stock (including (i) 2,875,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants, (ii) 726,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the PIPE Warrants, and (iii) 123,500 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants).

Exercise Price of the Warrants

$11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as described herein.

Resale of Common Stock and Warrants

Common Stock offered by the Selling Securityholders

14,434,863 shares of Common Stock (including (i) 8,009,884 Business Combination Shares, (ii) 1,452,000 PIPE Shares, (iii) 1,248,479 Private Shares, (iv) 2,875,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants, (v) 726,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of the PIPE Warrants, and (vi) 123,500 shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants).

Warrants offered by the Selling Securityholders

849,500 warrants (including (i) 726,000 PIPE Warrants and (ii) 123,500 Private Placement Warrants).

Redemption

The Warrants are redeemable in certain circumstances. See the section of this prospectus titled “Description of Securities” in this prospectus for further discussion.

Common Stock outstanding (as of July 29, 2022)

21,445,035

Use of Proceeds

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Offered Shares and the Offered Warrants by the Selling Securityholders (the “Securities”). We will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $42.8 million from the exercise of all Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of such Warrants for cash. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants for general corporate purposes. See the section titled “Use of Proceeds” in this prospectus for more information.

Risk Factors

See the section titled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in our Securities.

Nasdaq Symbol

“APGN” for our Common Stock.

“APGNW” for our Warrants.

Lock-Up Restrictions

Certain of our stockholders are subject to a lock-up agreement that restricts, subject to certain exceptions, transfer of shares of our Common Stock or other securities exercisable, exchangeable or convertible into shares of Common Stock. See the section titled “Description of Securities” of this prospectus for more information.

Unless otherwise noted, the number of our shares of Common Stock outstanding is based on 21,445,035 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of July 29, 2022, and excludes:

•

3,415,868 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options assumed from Legacy Apexigen as a result of the Business Combination, with a weighted-average exercise price of $3.15 per share;

•

3,724,500 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, each with an exercise price of $11.50 per share;

•

4,321 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of a warrant assumed from Legacy Apexigen as a result of the Business Combination with an exercise price of $1.55 per share;

•

2,573,405 shares of our Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”);

•

257,341 shares of our Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our 2022 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2022 ESPP”) and

•

any additional shares that we may issue to Lincoln Park pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement should we elect to sell such shares to Lincoln Park.

Unless otherwise noted, the information in this prospectus assumes:

•

no exercise of outstanding options or warrants subsequent to July 29, 2022.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our common stock involves risks. Prior to making a decision about investing in our common stock, you should consider carefully the risks together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, including any risks described below. Each of the referenced risks and uncertainties could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities. Additional risks not known to us or that we believe are immaterial may also adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition and the value of an investment in our securities. “Apexigen,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refers to Legacy Apexigen prior to the consummation of the Business Combination and to Apexigen following the Business Combination.

Risks Related to Apexigen’s Business, Financial Condition, and Need for Additional Capital

We are in the early stages of clinical drug development and have a limited operating history and no products approved for commercial sale, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate our current business and predict our future success and viability.

We are an early clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. Apexigen was incorporated and commenced operations in 2010 following a spin-out transaction from its parent company. We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales. Our operations to date have been limited to performing research and development activities in support of our product development and licensing efforts, hiring personnel, raising capital to support and expand such activities, providing general and administrative support for these operations, developing potential product candidates, conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, including clinical trials of sotigalimab, our lead product candidate, and our other wholly owned product candidates, and entering into, and performing our obligations under, licensing arrangements that have resulted in additional product candidates in clinical development or commercialization by our licensees. Other than sotigalimab, all of our wholly owned programs are in preclinical or research development. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully complete any large-scale pivotal clinical trials, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a drug on a commercial scale or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities. In addition, only one of our licensees has obtained marketing approvals for product candidates we have out-licensed. As a result, it may be more difficult for you to accurately predict our future success or viability than it could be if we had a longer operating history.

In addition, as a business with a limited operating history, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other known and unknown factors and risks frequently experienced by early-stage biopharmaceutical companies in rapidly evolving fields. We also would need to transition from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities after approval of any of our product candidates. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome such risks and difficulties, or to make such a transition. If we do not adequately address these risks and difficulties or successfully make such a transition, our business will suffer.

Apexigen has incurred net losses since inception and expects to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

Apexigen has incurred net losses since inception, has not generated any significant revenue to date, and has financed its operations prior to the Business Combination primarily through the issuance of convertible preferred stock, proceeds from collaborative research and development and out-license agreements, and borrowings under a debt arrangement. Apexigen’s net loss was $24.1 million and $28.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Apexigen’s net loss was $6.5 million and $9.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

As of March 31, 2022, Apexigen had an accumulated deficit of $153.8 million. Apexigen has devoted substantially all of its resources and efforts to date to research and development. Our clinical-stage pipeline currently consists of multiple product candidates, including our lead product candidate, sotigalimab, and our other internal programs are in preclinical or research development. As a result, we expect that it will be several years, if ever, before we generate revenue from product sales. Even if we succeed in receiving marketing approval for and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we expect that we will continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenses in order to develop and market additional potential products. In addition, for certain of our licensees from whom we are entitled to receive royalty payments if they successfully develop and commercialize any products covered by licenses we have with them, there is no guarantee that their product development and commercialization will lead to any such payments even if any such product candidates receive regulatory approval for commercial sale, including Beovu^® (brolucizumab-dbll), which is commercialized by Novartis, for which Apexigen has received sales-based royalties that are currently fully constrained and recorded as deferred revenue on Apexigen’s balance sheet, as discussed below.

In connection with the Closing, we raised approximately $19.0 million of gross proceeds. We incurred approximately $8.9 million in transaction costs relating to the Business Combination, consisting of banking, legal, and other professional fees. The total net cash proceeds to us were approximately $9.2 million after we paid off the Extension and Working Capital Notes totaled $0.9 million.

Our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 and for the three months ended March 31, 2022, included elsewhere in this prospectus have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. As a development stage company, we expect to incur significant and increasing losses until regulatory approval is granted for sotigalimab, our lead product candidate. Regulatory approval is not guaranteed and may never be obtained. As a result, these conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our expected future losses will continue to have an adverse effect on our working capital and our ability to achieve and maintain profitability.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our ability to achieve a number of objectives.

Our business depends entirely on the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. Apexigen currently generates no revenue from commercial sales of any products. Apexigen has no products approved for commercial sale and we do not anticipate generating any revenue from product sales unless and until sometime after we have successfully completed clinical development and received marketing approval for the commercial sale of a product candidate, if ever. In addition, we may not receive significant amounts of royalty revenue, if any, from our licensees for their product candidates if and when such candidates receive regulatory approval for commercial sale and are commercialized, including Beovu, which is commercialized by Novartis, for which Apexigen has received sales-based royalties that are currently fully constrained and recorded as deferred revenue on Apexigen’s balance sheet as discussed below. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our ability to achieve a number of objectives, including:

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successful and timely completion of preclinical and clinical development of current and any future product candidates;

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timely receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities for current and any future product candidates for which we successfully complete clinical development;

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the extent of any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities;

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developing an efficient and scalable manufacturing process for current and any future product candidates, including establishing and maintaining commercially viable supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties to obtain finished products that are appropriately packaged for sale;

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successful launch of commercial sales following any marketing approval, including the development of a commercial infrastructure, whether in-house or with one or more partners or collaborators;

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a continued acceptable safety profile following any marketing approval;

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commercial acceptance of current and any future product candidates as viable treatment options by patients, the medical community, and third-party payors;

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addressing any competing technological and market developments;

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identifying, assessing, acquiring, and developing new product candidates;

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obtaining and maintaining patent protection, regulatory exclusivity, and other intellectual property-related protection, both in the United States and internationally;

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enforcing and defending our rights in our intellectual property portfolio, including our licensed intellectual property;

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negotiating favorable terms in any partnership, collaboration, licensing, or other arrangements that may be necessary to develop, manufacture, or commercialize our product candidates; and

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attracting, hiring, and retaining qualified personnel.

We may never be successful in achieving our objectives and, even if we do, may never generate revenue that is significant or large enough to achieve profitability. If we do achieve profitability, we may not sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to maintain or further our research and development efforts, raise additional necessary capital, grow our business, and/or continue our operations.

We will require substantial additional capital to finance our operations. If we are unable to raise such capital when needed, or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce, and/or eliminate one or more of our research and drug development programs or future commercialization efforts.

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-consuming, expensive, and uncertain process that takes years to complete. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct clinical trials of, and seek marketing approval for sotigalimab and our other product candidates. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to drug sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution. We also expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in order to maintain our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce, and/or eliminate one or more of our research and drug development programs or future commercialization efforts. Changing circumstances, some of which may be beyond our control, could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned.

We plan to continue to use our cash on hand to fund our development of our product candidates and for other research and development activities, working capital, and other general corporate purposes. This may include additional research, hiring additional personnel, capital expenditures, and the costs of operating as a public company. Advancing the development of our current and any future product candidates will require a significant amount of capital. Our current cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund all of the actions that are necessary to complete the development of sotigalimab or any of our other product candidates. We will be

required to obtain further funding through public or private equity offerings, sale of shares of our common stock through utilization of our equity line with Lincoln Park, debt financings, partnership, collaborations, and licensing arrangements or other sources, which may dilute our stockholders or restrict our operating activities. In addition, there are certain conditions and limitations on our ability to utilize our $50,000,000 equity line with Lincoln Park. We will be required to satisfy various conditions in order to be able to commence purchases by Lincoln Park under the equity line. Once such conditions are satisfied, the Lincoln Park equity line purchases are subject to volume limitations tied to periodic market prices, ownership limitations limiting Lincoln Park from owning more than 4.99% of our common stock, a minimum closing price of $3.00 per share of common stock at which we can deliver a Regular Purchase notice to Lincoln Park to purchase shares of common stock, and other limitations as specified in the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement. If any of these conditions are not satisfied or limitations are in effect, we may not be able to utilize all or part of the Lincoln Park equity line, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to satisfy our capital needs and could materially adversely impact our business. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.

Risks Related to the Discovery, Development, and Commercialization of Apexigen’s Product Candidates

We are dependent on the success of our product candidates, including our lead product candidate, sotigalimab, which is currently in multiple clinical trials. If we are unable to obtain approval for and commercialize our product candidates for one or more indications in a timely manner, our business will be materially harmed.

Our success is dependent on our ability to timely complete clinical trials and obtain marketing approval for, and then successfully commercialize, our product candidates, including our lead product candidate, sotigalimab, for one or more indications. Our product candidates are in the early stages of development and we are investing the majority of our efforts and financial resources in the research and development of sotigalimab for multiple indications, both directly through our own efforts and indirectly through clinical collaboration arrangements, including investigator- and cooperative group-sponsored trials (“ISTs”). Our product candidates will require additional clinical development, preclinical and manufacturing activities, marketing approval from government regulators, substantial investment, and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenue from product sales. We are not permitted to market or promote any product candidates, in a jurisdiction before receiving marketing approval from the relevant regulatory authority, including, for example, the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for marketing in the United States and the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) for marketing in the European Union, and we may never receive such marketing approvals.

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The success of our product candidates will depend on numerous factors, including the following:

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successful and timely completion of our ongoing clinical trials;

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initiation and successful patient enrollment and completion of additional clinical trials on a timely basis;

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efficacy, safety and tolerability profiles that are satisfactory to the FDA, EMA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority for marketing approval;

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raising additional funds necessary to complete the clinical development of and to commercialize of our product candidates;

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timely receipt of marketing approvals for our product candidates from applicable regulatory authorities;

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the extent of any required post-marketing approval commitments to applicable regulatory authorities;

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the maintenance of existing or the establishment of new supply arrangements with third-party drug product suppliers and manufacturers;

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the maintenance of existing or the establishment of new scaled production arrangements with third-party manufacturers to obtain finished products that are appropriately packaged for sale;

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obtaining and maintaining patent protection, trade secret protection and regulatory exclusivity, both in the United States and internationally;

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protection of our rights in our intellectual property portfolio, including our licensed intellectual property;

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successful launch of commercial sales following any marketing approval;

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a continued acceptable safety profile following any marketing approval;

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commercial acceptance by patients, the medical community, and third-party payors; and

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our ability to compete with other therapies.

We do not have complete control over many of these factors, including certain aspects of clinical development and the regulatory submission process, including trial design, implementation, and timely provision of data in our collaboration based clinical trials and ISTs; potential threats to our intellectual property rights; and the manufacturing, marketing, distribution, and sales efforts of any future collaborator. If we are unable to achieve one or more of the objectives set forth above, our business will be materially harmed.

In order to obtain marketing approval for our current or any future product candidates, we must demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for the relevant clinical indication or indications through preclinical studies and clinical trials as well as additional supporting data. If our product candidates are associated with undesirable side effects in preclinical studies or clinical trials, or have unexpected characteristics, we may need to interrupt, delay, or abandon their development or limit development to more narrow uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe, or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective.

Although we have conducted various preclinical studies and have data from various early-stage clinical trials, we do not know the predictive value of these studies and trials for our future clinical trials, and we cannot guarantee that any positive results in preclinical studies or previous clinical trials will successfully translate to patients in our future clinical trials. It is not uncommon to observe results in clinical trials that are unexpected based on preclinical testing or previous clinical trials, and many product candidates fail in clinical trials despite promising preclinical or early-stage clinical results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.

While we believe that sotigalimab has been reasonably well tolerated in our clinical trials, subjects have experienced adverse events that have been considered treatment-related. Some of the more common adverse events included fever, chills, fatigue, asthenia, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, abnormal liver function/gamma gamma-glutamyl transferase/alkaline phosphatase tests, decreased appetite, rash, headache, diarrhea, infusion-related reactions, and cytokine release syndrome (“CRS”). The majority of these events were mild/moderate in severity, responded to symptomatic treatment and/or were transient and resolved with time.

Serious, including sometimes fatal, adverse events (“SAEs”) have been reported in clinical studies with sotigalimab. The majority of these SAEs were considered unrelated to sotigalimab by the investigators. Some SAEs were considered at least possibly related to sotigalimab as well as possibly to other therapies it was combined with.

These possibly related events have included infusion-related reactions, CRS, elevated liver enzymes, bilirubin, fever, and colitis. Less frequent related SAEs reported in one patient each have included kidney injury, hepatic

failure, bleeding, immune-mediated encephalitis, myositis, optic neuritis. Many of these SAEs were also considered possibly related to the chemotherapy, radiation or anti-PD(L)1 agent that were used in combination or were assessed as not related to sotigalimab after a safety review by the trial sponsor.

Subjects experienced numerous other SAEs that have been determined to be caused by their health condition or the side effects from other components of the treatment regimens, and not or unlikely related to sotigalimab. Given the high mortality rates of the cancers for which we are initially pursuing development, in particular melanoma, esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (“GEJ”) cancers, sarcoma, and ovarian cancer, and the pretreated nature of many patients in our completed, ongoing and planned clinical trials of sotigalimab, a number of these subjects have died as a result of their cancer or from direct side effects of surgery and other treatment regimens for their cancer. For example, in our clinical trial for esophageal and GEJ cancers, sotigalimab is combined with standard of care neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. These standard of care treatments alone are associated with significant toxicities including fatal outcomes, and in this study, complications of surgery have resulted in the death of a patient.

We expect that subjects in our ongoing and planned clinical trials for our product candidates may in the future suffer adverse effects (“AEs”), SAEs or other side effects, including those not observed in our preclinical studies or previous clinical trials. Results of these trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects or unexpected characteristics. Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could result in the delay, suspension, or termination of clinical trials by us or the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authority for a number of reasons. Additionally, a number of the subjects in these clinical trials are expected to die during a trial due to the cancers they suffer and any of the treatment regimens they may have previously experienced, which could impact the development of our product candidates. If we elect or are required to delay, suspend, or terminate any clinical trial, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue from this product candidate will be delayed or eliminated. SAEs observed in clinical trials could hinder or prevent market acceptance of our drug candidates. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations significantly.

Even in circumstances in which we do not believe that an AE is related to our product candidates, the investigation into the circumstances of such AE may be time-consuming or inconclusive. In particular, patients may face serious medical issues associated with the underlying cancer indications that our product candidates target, as well as AEs from toxicities and other complications related to other study drugs administered alongside or in combination with our product candidates in clinical trials. For example, some of our clinical trials involve combination therapies of our product candidate with other cancer therapies, such as standard-of-care chemotherapy, chemoradiation or anti-PD-(L)1 agents. In these trials, it is difficult to ascertain whether treatment-related AEs are attributable to our product candidates or to the other agents, and the combination of therapies may have a complicating multiplier effect on such AEs that cannot be determined. As a result, while not directly associated with our product candidates, there are attendant risks with the space in which our product candidates operate, and any related investigations may interrupt our development and commercialization efforts, delay our regulatory approval process or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our product candidates receive or maintain.

If further SAEs or other side effects are observed in any of our current or future clinical trials, we may have difficulty recruiting patients to the clinical trials, patients may discontinue treatment or withdraw from our trials or we may be required to abandon the trials or our development efforts of that product candidate altogether. We, the FDA, the EMA, other applicable regulatory authorities or an Institutional Review Board (“IRB”)/Ethics Committee may suspend clinical trials of a product candidate at any time for various reasons, including a belief that subjects in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects. Some potential therapeutics developed in the biotechnology industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in early-stage studies have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if the side effects do not preclude a drug from obtaining or maintaining marketing approval, undesirable side effects may

inhibit market acceptance of the approved product due to its tolerability versus other therapies. Any of these developments could materially harm our business, financial condition, and prospects.

Further, if any of our product candidates obtains marketing approval, toxicities associated with our product candidates may also develop after such approval and lead to a requirement to conduct additional clinical safety trials, additional warnings being added to the labeling, significant restrictions on the use of the product, or the withdrawal of the product from the market. We cannot predict whether our product candidates will cause toxicities in humans that would preclude or lead to the revocation of regulatory approval based on preclinical studies or early-stage clinical testing.

If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our receipt of necessary marketing approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not initiate, continue or complete clinical trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, and our ability to enroll eligible patients may be limited or may result in slower enrollment than we anticipate. Patient enrollment may also be affected by other factors, including:

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size and nature of the patient population;

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severity of the disease under investigation;

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availability and efficacy of approved drugs for the disease under investigation;

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patient eligibility criteria for the trial in question;

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efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;

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patient referral practices of physicians;

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clinicians’ and patients’ awareness of, and perceptions as to the potential advantages and risks of, our product candidates in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating;

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the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment;

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competing ongoing clinical trials for the same indications as our product candidates;

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proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients;

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whether we become subject to a partial or full clinical hold on any of our clinical trials; and

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continued enrollment of prospective patients by clinical trial sites, including delays due to pandemics, wars etc. that can impact patient willingness to participate and travel for investigative therapy and reductions in clinical trial site staff and services.

Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more of our clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates and jeopardize our ability to obtain marketing approval for the sale of our product candidates.

The clinical trials of our current and any future product candidates may not demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or otherwise be timely conducted or produce positive results.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must complete preclinical development and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and

efficacy of our product candidates. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete, and its ultimate outcome is uncertain. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of the process. The outcome of preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their drugs. In addition, in our clinical trials of sotigalimab that are in combination with other available therapies, the results may be uncertain as to the efficacy of the sotigalimab combination when compared to the efficacy of other therapies that are being applied in the trial.

We do not know whether our future clinical trials will begin on time or enroll patients on time, or whether our ongoing and/or future clinical trials will be completed on schedule or at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays related to:

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obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial;

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delays in reaching, or the inability to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations (“CROs”), clinical trial sites, laboratory service providers, companion diagnostic development partners, contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, and other service providers we may engage to support the conduct of our clinical trials;

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obtaining IRB approval at each clinical trial site;

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recruiting a sufficient number of suitable patients to participate in a trial;

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patients failing to comply with trial protocol or dropping out of a trial, rendering them not evaluable for study endpoints;

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clinical trial sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;

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the availability of any applicable combination therapies;

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developments in the safety and efficacy of any applicable combination therapies;

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the need to add new clinical trial sites; or

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delays in the testing, validation and manufacturing of product candidates and the delivery of these product candidates to clinical trial sites.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent receipt of marketing approval or our ability to commercialize our product candidates, including:

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receipt of feedback from regulatory authorities that requires us to modify the design of our clinical trials;

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negative or inconclusive clinical trial results that may require us to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon certain drug development programs;

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regulators or IRBs may not authorize us, our collaborators, or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective site;

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the number of patients required for clinical trials being larger than anticipated, enrollment in these clinical trials being slower than anticipated, or participants dropping out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than anticipated;

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third-party contractors failing to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;

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the suspension or termination of our clinical trials for various reasons, including non-compliance with regulatory requirements, a finding that our product candidates have undesirable side effects, safety or efficacy concerns, or any particular combination therapy or other unexpected characteristics or risks;

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the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates being greater than anticipated;

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for clinical trials testing combination treatment of our product candidates with third-party drug products, delays in procuring such third-party drug products and the delivery of such third-party drug products to clinical trial sites, or the inability to procure such third-party drug products at all; and

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regulators revising the requirements for approving our product candidates, including as a result of newly approved agents changing the standard of care of an indication.

Any unforeseen events may cause us to be required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, or to be unable to successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates or other testing. Clinical trial or test results may also not be positive or may be only modestly positive or may have safety concerns. For example, in the APX005M-002 Trial, we enrolled 95 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”) who were either immunotherapy naïve or who had progressed while on anti-PD(L)1 therapy and treated those patients with sotigalimab in combination with nivolumab. Although we observed a modest number of objective responses in immunotherapy naïve patients and stable disease in patients who had previously progressed on or were refractory to prior anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, the data did not support advancing the development of sotigalimab in these lines of therapy in patients with NSCLC. Any of the foregoing events may cause us to incur unplanned costs, be delayed in obtaining marketing approval, if ever, receive more limited or restrictive marketing approval, be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements, or have the drug removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials that we obtain and that we publish may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

We currently have no products approved for sale and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have marketable drugs. Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we or any future collaborators may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or preclinical studies. We will be required to demonstrate with substantial evidence through well-controlled clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a diverse population before we can seek marketing approvals for their commercial sale. Success in preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials does not mean that future larger registration clinical trials will be successful. This is because product candidates in later-stage clinical trials may fail to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, EMA, and other regulatory authorities despite having progressed through preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials. In particular, no compound with the mechanism of action of sotigalimab has been commercialized, and the outcome of preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later-stage clinical trials. We do not know whether any clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety results sufficient to obtain marketing approval to market our product candidates.

Summary or preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish may change as new or revised patient data becomes available, and is subject to source verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

As more patient data becomes available, we may publicly disclose new or revised preliminary data from our clinical trials. These preliminary updates are based on analyses of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the summary or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Summary or preliminary data also remain subject to source verification procedures that may

result in the final data being materially different from the summary or preliminary data we previously published. As a result, summary or preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. In addition, we may report interim analyses of only certain endpoints rather than all endpoints. Preliminary data from clinical trials that we conduct may not be indicative of the final results of the trials and are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Adverse changes between preliminary data and final data could significantly harm our business and prospects. Further, additional disclosure of preliminary data by us or by our competitors in the future could result in volatility in the price of our common stock.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product candidate, and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is typically selected from a more extensive amount of available information. Interested parties may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities, or otherwise regarding a particular product candidate or our business. If the preliminary or topline data that we report differ from late, final or actual results, or if others, including regulatory authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial protocols, differences in size and type of the patient populations, differences in and adherence to the dosing regimen and other trial protocols, use in combination with other therapies, and the rate of discontinuations by clinical trial participants. In addition, we may use patient-reported outcome assessments in some of our clinical trials, which involve patients’ subjective assessments of efficacy of the treatments they receive in the trial. Such assessments can vary widely from day to day for a particular patient, and from patient to patient and site to site within a clinical trial. This subjectivity can increase the uncertainty of, and adversely impact, our clinical trial outcomes.

Our product candidates may not achieve adequate market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may not gain adequate market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community. For example, current standard-of-care cancer treatments, such as existing chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are well established in the medical community, and doctors may continue to rely on these treatments. The degree of market acceptance of any of our approved product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

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the efficacy and safety profile as demonstrated in clinical trials;

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the timing of market introduction of the product candidate as well as competitive products;

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the approval of other new therapies for the same indications;

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the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved;

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restrictions on the use of our products, if approved, such as boxed warnings, contraindications in labeling, or restrictions on use of our products together with other medications, or a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”), if any, which may not be required of alternative treatments and competitor products;

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the potential and perceived advantages of product candidates over alternative treatments or in combination therapies;

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the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments;

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the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement and pricing by third parties and government authorities;

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relative convenience and ease of administration;

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the effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;

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the willingness of the target population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies; and

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unfavorable publicity relating to the product candidate.

If any product candidate is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, hospitals, healthcare payors, and patients, we may generate less revenue from that product candidate than anticipated, which could harm our financial results.

The sizes of the patient populations suffering from some of the diseases we are targeting may be based on estimates that are inaccurate, may be small, or may be smaller than estimated.

We rely on estimates to project the incidence and prevalence of diseases we are targeting and the subset of patients with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with sotigalimab and our other product candidates. We derive these estimates from a variety of sources, including United States and global cancer databases, scientific literature, surveys of clinics, physician interviews, patient foundations, and market research, and they may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. The number of patients may turn out to be lower than expected. Additionally, the potentially addressable patient population for sotigalimab and any other future product candidates may be more limited than we originally estimated or may not be amenable to treatment with sotigalimab and any other product candidates, if and when approved. For example, in March 2022, the FDA approved nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw (Opdualag^TM) for use in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma, which may limit the number of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma that have progressive disease during treatment with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, which would be the target population for a potential registration-enabling study of sotigalimab in combination with a PD-(L)1 inhibitor that we are considering. Even if we obtain significant market share for sotigalimab and any other product candidates, small potential target populations for certain indications means we may never achieve profitability without obtaining market approval for additional indications.

Many of our additional internal programs, including APX601, are at earlier stages of development than sotigalimab and may fail in development or suffer delays, including if we are unable to raise adequate additional funding, that adversely affect their commercial viability.

Other than sotigalimab, all of our internal programs are in preclinical development or at the research stage and may fail in development or suffer delays that adversely affect their commercial viability. These programs may fail to yield product candidates. A product candidate can unexpectedly fail at any stage of preclinical and clinical development. The historical failure rate for product candidates is high due to risks relating to safety, efficacy, clinical execution, changing standards of medical care, and other unpredictable variables. The results from preclinical testing or early clinical trials of a product candidate may not be predictive of the results that will be obtained in later-stage clinical trials of the product candidate. The success of any product candidates we may develop will depend on many factors, including the following:

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generating sufficient data to support the initiation or continuation of clinical trials;

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obtaining regulatory permission to initiate clinical trials;

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contracting with the necessary parties to conduct clinical trials;

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the successful enrollment of patients in, and the completion of, clinical trials;

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the timely manufacture of sufficient quantities of the product candidate, and any combination therapy, for use in clinical trials; and

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acceptable adverse profile in the clinical trials.

We will need additional funding to continue to advance the development of our other internal programs, including APX601. If we are unable to secure adequate funding to continue such development, we expect that we will be required to delay or stop the development of such programs.

Even if we successfully advance any other product candidates into clinical development, their success will be subject to all of the clinical, regulatory and commercial risks described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will ever develop, obtain regulatory approval of, commercialize, or generate significant revenue from any product candidate.

Any product candidates we develop may become subject to unfavorable third-party reimbursement practices and pricing regulations.

The availability and extent of coverage and adequate reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to afford the expense of antibody therapeutics like sotigalimab and our other product candidates. Sales of any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval will depend substantially, both in the United States and internationally, on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit, and similar healthcare management organizations or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers, and other third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not successfully commercialize our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize an adequate return on our investment. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or reimbursement is available only to limited levels, we may not successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

There is significant uncertainty related to insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, principal decisions about reimbursement for new products are typically made by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”). CMS decides whether and to what extent a new product will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare, and private payors often follow CMS’s decisions regarding coverage and reimbursement to a substantial degree. However, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug product. As a result, the coverage determination process is often time-consuming and costly. This process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.

Increasingly, third-party payors require that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and challenge the prices charged for medical products. Further, such payors increasingly challenge the price, examine the medical necessity and review the cost effectiveness of medical drug products. There may be especially significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs.

Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, known as a formulary, which might not include all FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. We may need to conduct expensive studies to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our products. Nonetheless, our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost effective. We cannot be sure that coverage and reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be.

Outside the United States, international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other market regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe, Canada and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of therapeutics such as our product candidates. In many countries, particularly the countries of the European Union, medical product prices are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after a product receives marketing approval. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product candidate to other available therapies. In general, product prices under such systems are substantially lower than in the United States. Other countries allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control company profits.

Additional foreign price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our product candidates. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the reimbursement for our products may be reduced compared with the United States and may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.

If we are unable to establish or sustain coverage and adequate reimbursement for any future product candidates from third-party payors, the adoption of those products and sales revenue will be adversely affected, which, in turn, could adversely affect the ability to market or sell those product candidates. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if we attain favorable coverage and reimbursement status for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

If our competitors develop and market products that are more effective, safer, or less expensive than our product candidates, our commercial opportunities will be negatively impacted.

The biotechnology industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Moreover, the oncology field is characterized by strong and increasing competition, with a strong emphasis on intellectual property. Products we may develop in the future for the treatment of cancer and any other diseases are likely to face competition from other drugs and therapies, including those of which we may not currently be aware. In addition, our products may need to compete with off-label drugs used by physicians to treat the indications for which we seek approval. This may make it difficult for us to replace existing therapies with our products.

Major multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, emerging and start-up companies, universities, and other research institutions, could focus their future efforts on developing competing therapies and treatments for any of the indications we are currently targeting or may target in the future. For example, each of Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Janssen Biotech, Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson (in collaboration with Alligator Bioscience AB), Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Seagen Inc., Eucure Biopharma, a subsidiary of Biocytogen, and AbbVie Inc. are developing CD40-based antibody product candidates for solid tumor oncology indications that are in clinical trials, typically in combination therapies, and other companies and institutions have other CD40-based product candidates in development.

Many of these current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, drug development, technical and human resources, and commercial expertise than we do. Large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients, and manufacturing biotechnology products. These companies also have significantly greater research, development, and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have products that have been approved or are in late stages of development, and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete. As a result of any of these

factors, our competitors may succeed in obtaining approval from the FDA, EMA, or foreign regulatory authorities or discovering, developing, and commercializing products in our field before or more successfully than we do.

Smaller and other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These companies compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for planned clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. In addition, the biotechnology industry is characterized by rapid technological change. If we fail to stay at the forefront of technological change, we may be unable to compete effectively. Technological advances or products developed by our competitors may render our technologies or product candidates obsolete, less competitive or not economical.

We have limited resources and are currently focusing our efforts on developing sotigalimab and APX601. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on other product candidates or indications that may ultimately have proven to be more profitable.

We are currently focusing our efforts on developing sotigalimab for a variety of indications, including melanoma, esophageal and GEJ cancers, sarcoma and rectal cancer and advancing the development of APX601 for use in solid tumors. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities for other indications or with other product candidates that may have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable product candidates or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development activities for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable drugs. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target markets for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing, or other strategic arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate.

We may not succeed in our efforts to use our technology platform to expand our pipeline of product candidates and develop marketable products.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus our pipeline research efforts on using our APXiMAB platform to identify product candidates to molecular targets of interest. Our business depends on our successful development and commercialization of sotigalimab, APX601, and internal product candidates that may emerge from our preclinical research and development activities. Even if we continue to successfully expand our pipeline, development of the potential product candidates that we identify will require substantial investment in clinical development, management of preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing activities, regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions, obtaining manufacturing supply capability, building a commercial organization, and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenue from product sales. Furthermore, such product candidates may not be suitable for clinical development, including as a result of their harmful side effects, limited efficacy, or other characteristics that indicate that they are unlikely to be products that will receive marketing approval and achieve market acceptance. If we cannot validate our technology platform by successfully developing and commercializing product candidates based upon our technological approach, we may not obtain product or partnership revenue in future periods, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are developing some our product candidates for use in combination with standard-of-care as well as emerging or experimental cancer therapies, which exposes us to several risks beyond our control.

We are developing some of our product candidates, including sotigalimab, for use in combination with current standard of care or other emerging or experimental cancer therapies. This exposes us to supply risk to the extent there is not an adequate supply of these therapies for use in combination with our product candidates, either in

clinical trials or after any approval, as well as pricing risk if these combination therapies are expensive and the addition of our product candidates would be too costly to support reimbursement or payor coverage. In particular, providers of some of these emerging or experimental therapies have been contributing their therapies to use in combination trials at generally no or limited cost to us. If this were to change, our trial costs could increase substantially. Also, although combinations with an experimental agent that has not been approved may prove to be clinically beneficial, the experimental agent will still need to meet regulatory approval requirements for the combined therapy to become commercially available. In addition, if the standard of care were to evolve or change, the clinical utility of our product candidates could be diminished or eliminated. If any of these were to occur, our business could be materially harmed.

We may use companion diagnostics in the future in our development programs, and if such companion diagnostics for our product candidates are not successfully, and in a timely manner, validated, developed, or approved, we may not achieve marketing approval or realize the full commercial potential of our product candidates.

We may use companion diagnostics in our future product candidate development programs. If such companion diagnostics are developed in conjunction with clinical programs, the FDA, EMA, or comparable regulatory authority may require regulatory approval of a companion diagnostic as a condition to approval of the product candidate. For example, if we use a diagnostic to test which patients are most likely to benefit from our product candidate for the treatment of a particular indication as a criterion for enrollment, then we will likely be required to obtain FDA approval or clearance of the companion diagnostic, concurrent with approval of our product candidate. We may also be required to demonstrate to the FDA the predictive utility of a companion diagnostic, i.e. that the diagnostic selects for patients in whom the therapy will be effective or more effective compared to patients not selected for by the diagnostic. We do not have experience or capabilities in developing or commercializing diagnostics and plan to rely in large part on third parties to perform these functions. We do not currently have any agreement in place with any third party to develop or commercialize companion diagnostics for any of our product candidates. Companion diagnostics are subject to regulation by the FDA, the EMA, and other foreign regulatory authorities as medical devices and require separate regulatory approval or clearance prior to commercialization.

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If we or our partners, or any third party, are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics in the future in our product candidates, or experience delays in doing so:

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the development of our product candidates may be adversely affected if we are unable to appropriately select patients for enrollment in our planned clinical trials;

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our product candidates may not receive marketing approval if their safe and effective use depends on a companion diagnostic; and

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we may not realize the full commercial potential of any product candidates that receive marketing approval if, among other reasons, we are unable to appropriately identify patients targeted by our product candidates.

In addition, any future product candidates developed in conjunction with companion diagnostics may be perceived negatively compared to alternative treatments that do not require the use of companion diagnostics, either due to the additional cost of the companion diagnostic, the requirement of samples for testing, or the need to complete additional procedures to identify genetic markers prior to administering our product candidates. If any of these events were to occur, it would significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.

Our business entails a significant risk of product liability, and if we are unable to obtain sufficient insurance coverage, the costs of product liability could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our business exposes us to significant product liability risks inherent in the development, testing, manufacturing, and marketing of therapeutic treatments. Product liability claims could delay or prevent completion of our

development programs. If we succeed in marketing products, such claims could result in an FDA, EMA, or other regulatory investigation of the safety and effectiveness of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities, or our marketing programs. Such regulatory investigation could potentially lead to a recall of our products or more serious enforcement action, limitations on the approved indications for which they may be used, or suspension or withdrawal of approvals. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may also result in decreased demand for our products, injury to our reputation, costs to defend the related litigation, a diversion of management’s time and our resources, and substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients. We would expect to obtain product liability insurance prior to marketing any of our product candidates. Any insurance Apexigen has now or that we may obtain may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, clinical trial and product liability insurance is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses caused by product liability claims that could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Risks Related to Regulatory Approval and Other Legal Compliance Matters for Apexigen’s Product Candidates

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, EMA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable. If we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, we will be unable to generate product revenue and our business will be substantially harmed.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA, EMA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable, typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials, and depends upon numerous factors, including the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidates involved. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions, which may cause delays in the approval or the decision not to approve an application. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical, or other studies. We have not submitted for, or obtained regulatory approval for, any product candidate, and it is possible that none of our existing product candidates or any product candidates we may seek to develop in the future will ever obtain regulatory approval.

Applications for our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval in an initial or subsequent indication for many reasons, including the following:

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the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with the design, implementation, or results of our clinical trials;

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the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may determine that our product candidates are not safe and effective, only moderately effective, or have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities, or other characteristics that preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use;

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the population studied in the clinical program may not be sufficiently broad or representative to assure safety and efficacy in the full population for which we seek approval, including for example due to biologic and genetic differences that might occur in subjects in certain populations such as defined by race or other factors;

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we may be unable to demonstrate to the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate’s risk-benefit ratio when compared to the standard of care is acceptable;

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the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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the data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”), New Drug Application (“NDA”), or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere;

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we may be unable to demonstrate to the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate’s risk-benefit ratio for a proposed indication is acceptable;

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the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes, test procedures and specifications, or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and

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the approval policies or regulations of the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may significantly change in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

Further, development of our product candidates and/or regulatory approval may be delayed for reasons beyond our control. For example, a U.S. federal government shutdown or budget sequestration, such as ones that occurred during 2018 and 2019, or other FDA priorities, such as responding to COVID-19, may result in significant reductions to, or demands on, the FDA’s budget, employees, and operations, which may lead to slower response times and longer review periods, potentially affecting our ability to progress development of our product candidates or obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.

This lengthy approval process, as well as the unpredictability of the results of clinical trials, may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations, and prospects.

Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could prevent their regulatory approval or result in significant negative consequences.

Adverse events or other undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA, EMA, or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment, the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial, and/or result in potential product liability claims. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in impairment of our business reputation, withdrawal of clinical trial participants, costs due to related litigation, distraction of management’s attention from our primary business, initiation of investigations by regulators, substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants, the inability to commercialize our product candidates, and decreased demand for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.

Additionally, if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects or adverse events caused by such products, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

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regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such product and cause us to recall our products;

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regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label or impose a more restrictive, narrower indication for use of the agent;

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we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials or post-approval studies;

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we may be required to create a REMS plan, which could include a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients, a communication plan for healthcare providers, and/or other elements, such as boxed warning on the packaging, to assure safe use;

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we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

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our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved, and could significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

For any current and future clinical trials for our product candidates outside the United States, the FDA, EMA, and applicable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials.

We conduct clinical trials outside the United States, including in Europe, and we may choose to conduct future clinical trials outside the United States. The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA, EMA, or applicable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions. In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless the data are applicable to the United States population and United States medical practice, and the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”) regulations. Additionally, the FDA’s clinical trial requirements, including sufficient size of patient populations and statistical powering, must be met. Many foreign regulatory bodies have comparable approval requirements, including appropriate examination of the product in the country-specific population. In addition, such foreign trials would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA, EMA, or any applicable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA, EMA, or any applicable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it may result in the need for additional trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay aspects of our business plan, and may result in our product candidates not receiving approval or clearance for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will succeed in obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval of our product candidates in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even if the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authority grants marketing approval of a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing, and promotion of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from those in the United States, including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the United States, a product candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties, and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. If we or any partner we work with fails to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets or fails to receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced, and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be harmed.

Even if we apply for and obtain accelerated approval or Breakthrough Therapy, Fast Track or other designation intended to expedite, facilitate or reduce the cost pursuing development or regulatory review or approval with the FDA or other regulatory authorities for any of our product candidates, there is no guarantee that such designation would lead to faster development, regulatory review, or approval, nor would it increase the likelihood that any such product candidate will receive marketing approval.

If a product candidate is intended for the treatment of a serious condition and nonclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical need for such condition or a substantial improvement over available therapy for such condition, a product candidate sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation, and there may be other priority designations available under various regulatory bodies. In the future, we may apply for such priority designation depending on the results of our clinical trials. Even though we may apply for and receive a Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy or other priority designations, such priority designation does not ensure that we will receive marketing approval or that approval will be granted within any particular timeframe. We may not experience a faster development or regulatory review or approval process with the priority designation compared to conventional FDA procedures. In addition, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures. Further, even if any of our products obtain Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation, this may not lead to earlier regulatory approval or commercialization of our products due to the extensive and time-consuming steps necessary to obtain FDA approval and commercialize a product candidate.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, our products will remain subject to extensive regulatory scrutiny.

If any of our product candidates are approved, they will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing studies, and submission of safety, efficacy, and other post-market information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

Manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive requirements imposed by the FDA, EMA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) regulations. As such, we and our contract manufacturers will be subject to continual review and inspections to assess compliance with GMP and adherence to commitments made in any BLA, NDA, or Marketing Authorization Application (“MAA”). Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money, and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, and quality control.

Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates will be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed and promoted or to the conditions of approval (including potentially the requirement to implement a REMS), or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing. We will be required to report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA, EMA, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Any new legislation addressing drug safety issues could result in delays in product development or commercialization, or increased costs to assure compliance. The FDA and other agencies, including the Department of Justice, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are manufactured, marketed, and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. We will have to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for our products. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product’s approved label. As such, we may not promote our products for indications or uses for which they do not have approval. The holder of an approved BLA, NDA, or MAA must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain approval for certain changes to the approved

product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. We could also be asked to conduct post-marketing clinical trials to verify the safety and efficacy of our products in general or in specific patient subsets. If original marketing approval was obtained via the accelerated approval pathway, we could be required to conduct a successful post-marketing clinical trial to confirm clinical benefit for our products. An unsuccessful post-marketing study or failure to complete such a study could result in the withdrawal of marketing approval.

If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, or disagrees with the promotion, marketing, or labeling of a product, such regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency or enforcement authority may, among other things:

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issue warning letters that would result in adverse publicity;

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impose civil or criminal penalties;

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suspend or withdraw regulatory approvals;

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suspend any of our ongoing clinical trials;

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refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications submitted by us;

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impose restrictions on our operations, including closing our contract manufacturers’ facilities;

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seize or detain products; or

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require a product recall.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenue from our products. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, this would significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

Healthcare legislative measures aimed at reducing healthcare costs may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Third-party payors, whether domestic or foreign, or governmental or commercial, are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs. In both the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. In particular, in 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) was enacted, which, among other things, subjected biologic products to potential competition by lower-cost biosimilars, addressed a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for drugs that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted, or injected, increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by most manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, extended the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program to utilization of prescriptions of individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations, subjected manufacturers to new annual fees and taxes for certain branded prescription drugs, and provided incentives to programs that increase the federal government’s comparative effectiveness research. Recent changes in the U.S. administration could lead to repeal of or changes in some or all of the ACA, and complying with any new legislation or reversing changes implemented under the ACA could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business. Until the ACA is fully implemented or there is more certainty concerning the future of the ACA, it will be difficult to predict its full impact and influence on our business.

There have been, and likely will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals at the foreign, federal and state levels directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be

adopted in the future. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare and/or impose price controls may adversely affect:

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the demand for our products after obtaining any regulatory approval;

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our ability to receive or set a price that we believe is fair for our products;

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our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability;

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the level of taxes that we are required to pay; and

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the availability of capital.

We expect that the ACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, more rigorous coverage criteria, lower reimbursement and new payment methodologies. This could lower the price that we receive for any approved product. Any denial in coverage or reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a similar denial or reduction in payments from private payors, which may prevent us from being able to generate sufficient revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our product candidates, if approved.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud, misconduct or other illegal activity by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and negligent conduct that fails to:

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comply with the laws of the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;

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provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities;

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comply with manufacturing standards we have established;

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comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws; or

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report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us.

If we obtain FDA approval of any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our potential exposure under such laws will increase significantly, and our costs associated with compliance with such laws are also likely to increase. In particular, research, sales, marketing, education and other business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, educating, marketing and promotion, sales and commission, certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We plan to adopt a code of business conduct and ethics in connection with this offering, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

If we fail to comply with healthcare laws, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations, and financial conditions could be adversely affected.

If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our operations will be subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws. The laws that may impact our operations include the following:

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The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering, or paying any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase, lease, order, or recommendation of any good, facility, item, or service for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.

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Federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the False Claims Act, impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civil actions, against individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment or approval from Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent, or knowingly making a false statement to improperly avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of these statutes or specific intent to violate them in order to have committed a violation.

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The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private) and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up by any trick or device a material fact or making any materially false statements in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters.

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”) and their respective implementing regulations, impose requirements on certain covered healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses as well as their respective business associates that perform services for them that involve the use, or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information, relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization.

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The federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, created under the ACA, and its implementing regulations, require manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologicals, and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to report annually to the HHS under the Open Payments Program, information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

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Federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers.

Analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state and foreign anti-kickback, false claims, consumer protection, and unfair competition laws may apply to pharmaceutical business practices, including research,

distribution, sales, and marketing arrangements, as well as submitting claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers.

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State laws require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government that otherwise restricts payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources.

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State laws also require drug manufacturers to file reports with states regarding pricing and marketing information, such as the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensations, and other remuneration, and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities.

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State and foreign laws also govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could, despite our efforts to comply, be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements will comply with applicable healthcare laws may involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental and enforcement authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law interpreting applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, disgorgement, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. In addition, the approval and commercialization of any of our product candidates outside the United States will also likely subject us to foreign equivalents of the healthcare laws mentioned above, among other foreign laws. Further, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security, and fraud laws may prove costly.

If we or any clinical collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, or other contractors and suppliers that we engage fail to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We and any clinical collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, or other contractors and suppliers that we engage are subject to numerous federal, state, and local environmental, health and safety laws, regulations, and permitting requirements, including:

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those governing laboratory procedures;

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the generation, handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous and regulated materials and wastes;

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the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air and water; and

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employee health and safety.

Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. Under certain environmental laws, we could be held responsible for costs relating to any contamination at our current or past facilities and at third-party facilities. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research, product development, and manufacturing efforts. In addition, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses, we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not carry specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, and our property, casualty, and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our business activities may be subject to the FCPA and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws.

Our business activities may be subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations, or rules of other countries in which we operate, including the U.K. Bribery Act. The FCPA generally prohibits offering, promising, giving, or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to a non-U.S. government official in order to influence official action, or otherwise obtain or retain business. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-U.S. governments. Additionally, in many other countries, the researchers with whom we conduct clinical trials, and the healthcare providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals, are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities. As a result, our dealings with these researchers, prescribers, and purchasers are subject to regulation under the FCPA. Recently the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and Department of Justice have increased their FCPA enforcement activities with respect to biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. There is no certainty that all of our employees, agents, contractors or collaborators, or those of our affiliates, will comply with all applicable laws and regulations, particularly given the high level of complexity of these laws. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, the closing down of our facilities, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, and our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws, regulations, or contractual obligations could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private disputes and litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business.

We receive, generate, and store significant and increasing volumes of sensitive information, such as employee, personal, patient and collaborator data. In addition, we actively seek access to medical information, including patient data, through research and development partnerships and collaborations or otherwise. We have legal and contractual obligations regarding the protection of confidentiality and appropriate use of personal data. We and our partners may be subject to federal, state, and foreign data protection laws and regulations (i.e., laws and regulations that address privacy and data security). These data protection laws and regulations continue to evolve and may result in ever-increasing public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions and increased costs of compliance.

In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including state data breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws, and federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the

Federal Trade Commission Act), that govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners, including during our clinical trials. In addition, we may obtain health information from third parties (including research institutions from which we obtain clinical trial data) that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, which establish privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information and require the implementation of administrative, physical, and technological safeguards to protect the privacy of individually identifiable health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic protected health information. Determining whether individually identifiable health information has been handled in compliance with applicable privacy standards and our contractual obligations can require complex factual and statistical analyses and may be subject to changing interpretation. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain, use, or disclose individually identifiable health information maintained by a HIPAA-covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. Enforcement activity can result in financial liability and reputational harm, and responses to such enforcement activity can consume significant internal resources. We cannot be sure how these regulations will be interpreted, enforced, or applied to our operations. In addition to the risks associated with enforcement activities and potential contractual liabilities, our ongoing efforts to comply with evolving laws and regulations at the federal and state level may be costly and require ongoing modifications to our policies, procedures and systems. Failure to comply with any of these laws could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by customers and other affected individuals, damage to our reputation, and loss of goodwill (both in relation to existing and prospective customers), any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects.

Although we take measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, manipulated, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as HIPAA and HITECH, and regulatory penalties. Notice of breaches must be made to affected individuals, the Secretary of the HHS, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media or State Attorneys General. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete. The HHS has the discretion to impose penalties without attempting to resolve violations through informal means. In addition, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations that threaten the privacy of state residents. Although we have implemented security measures to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, such data is currently accessible through multiple channels, and there is no guarantee we can protect our data from breach. Unauthorized access, loss, or dissemination could also damage our reputation or disrupt our operations, including our ability to conduct our analyses, deliver test results, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process and prepare company financial information, provide information about our tests and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business.

We may collect, process, use or transfer personal information from individuals located in the European Union in connection with our business, including in connection with conducting clinical trials in the European Union. Additionally, if any of our product candidates are approved, we may seek to commercialize those products in the European Union. The collection and use of personal health data in the European Union are governed by laws, regulations, and directives, including the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”). This legislation imposes requirements relating to having legal bases for processing personal information relating to identifiable individuals and transferring such information outside of the European Economic Area, including to the United States, providing details to those individuals regarding the processing of their personal information, keeping personal information secure, having data processing agreements with third parties who process personal

information, responding to individuals’ requests to exercise their rights in respect of their personal information, reporting security breaches involving personal data to the competent national data protection authority and affected individuals, appointing data protection officers, conducting data protection impact assessments and record-keeping. This legislation imposes significant responsibilities and liabilities in relation to personal data that we process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance. In particular, with respect to cross-border transfers of personal data, judicial and regulatory developments in the European Union have created uncertainty. In a decision issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) on July 16, 2020, the CJEU invalidated one mechanism for cross-border personal data transfer, the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, and imposed additional obligations on companies, including us, relying on standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”) issued by the European Commission for cross-border personal data transfers. The European Commission released new SCCs designed to address the CJEU concerns on June 4, 2021. We have undertaken certain efforts to conform transfers of personal data from the European Economic Area (“EEA”) to the United States to our understanding of current regulatory obligations and guidance of data protection authorities, but the CJEU’s decision, the revised SCCs, regulatory guidance and opinions, and other developments relating to cross-border data transfer may require us to implement additional contractual and technical safeguards for any personal data transferred out of the EEA, which may increase compliance costs, lead to increased regulatory scrutiny or liability, may require additional contractual negotiations, and may adversely impact our business, financial condition and operating results. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR or other laws, regulations, and directives of the member states of the European Union may result in substantial fines, other administrative penalties and civil claims being brought against us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, U.S. states are adopting new laws or amending existing laws and regulations, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements applicable to data related to individuals. For example, California has enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”). The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used by requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers (as that term is broadly defined and which can include any of our current or future employees who may be California residents or any other California residents whose data we collect or process) and provide such residents new ways to opt out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. As we expand our operations and trials (both preclinical or clinical), the CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Additionally, a new privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), was approved by California voters in the election on November 3, 2020. The CPRA creates obligations relating to consumer data beginning on January 1, 2022, with implementing regulations expected on or before July 1, 2022, and enforcement beginning July 1, 2023. The CPRA modifies the CCPA significantly, potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply. Additionally, other U.S. states continue to propose, and in certain cases adopt, privacy-focused legislation such as Colorado, Virginia, Utah and Connecticut. Aspects of these state laws remain unclear, resulting in further uncertainty and potentially requiring us to modify our data practices and policies and to incur substantial additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply.

Failure to comply with U.S. and international data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, patients about whom we or our partners obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business.

If we or third parties fail to adequately safeguard confidential personal, employee, or patient data, or if such information or data are wrongfully used by us or third parties or disclosed to unauthorized persons or entities, our

reputation could suffer and we could be subject to claims for damages or other liabilities, regulatory investigations and enforcement action, litigation, the imposition of fines or other penalties, and significant costs for remediation. Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects.

Risks Related to Apexigen’s Employee Matters, Managing Growth and Other Risks Related to Apexigen’s Business

Our success is highly dependent on the services of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Xiaodong Yang, and our other senior management, and our ability to attract and retain highly skilled executive officers and employees.

To succeed, we must recruit, retain, manage, and motivate qualified clinical, scientific, technical, and management personnel, and we face significant competition for experienced personnel, especially in the biotechnology industry in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. We are highly dependent on the principal members of our management and scientific and medical staff, particularly our President and Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Xiaodong Yang. If we do not succeed in attracting and retaining qualified personnel, particularly at the management level, it could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and harm our operating results. In particular, the loss of one or more of our executive officers, including Dr. Yang, could be detrimental to us if we cannot recruit suitable replacements in a timely manner. The competition for qualified personnel in the biotechnology field is intense and as a result, we may be unable to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the future success of our business. In addition to competition for personnel, the San Francisco Bay Area in particular is characterized by a high cost of living. We could in the future have difficulty attracting experienced personnel to our company and may be required to expend significant financial resources in our employee recruitment and retention efforts.

Many of the other biotechnology companies that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better prospects for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we have to offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, the rate and success at which we can discover, develop, and commercialize our product candidates will be limited and the potential for successfully growing our business will be harmed.

In order to successfully implement our plans and strategies, we will need to grow the size of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As of July 29, 2022, Apexigen had 22 full-time employees, 15 of whom were engaged in research and development activities. In order to successfully implement our development and commercialization plans and strategies, and as we transition into operating as a public company after the Business Combination, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial, and other personnel. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

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identifying, recruiting, integrating, maintaining, and motivating additional employees;

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managing our internal development efforts effectively, including the clinical and FDA and EMA review process for our current and any future product candidates, while complying with any contractual obligations to contractors and other third parties we may have; and

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improving our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.

Our future financial performance and our ability to successfully develop and, if approved, commercialize our current and any future product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth, and our management may also have to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities.

We currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain independent organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services, including substantially all aspects of clinical management and manufacturing. We cannot assure you that the services of independent organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by third party service providers is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not obtain marketing approval of our current and any future product candidates or otherwise advance our business. We cannot assure you that we will manage our existing third-party service providers or find other competent outside contractors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are not able to effectively expand our organization by hiring new employees and/or engaging additional third-party service providers, we may not successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize our current and any future product candidates and, accordingly, may not achieve our research, development, and commercialization goals.

If we are unable to establish sales or marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell or market our product candidates after any approvals, we may not successfully sell or market our product candidates that obtain regulatory approval.

We currently do not have and have never had a marketing or sales team for the marketing, sales and distribution of any of our product candidates that may obtain regulatory approval in the future. In order to commercialize any product candidates, we must build marketing, sales, distribution, managerial, and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services for each of the territories in which we may have approval to sell or market our product candidates. We may not be successful in accomplishing these required tasks.

Establishing an internal sales or marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize our product candidates will be expensive and time-consuming, and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities could adversely impact the commercialization of any of our product candidates that we obtain approval to market, if we do not have arrangements in place with third parties to provide such services on our behalf. Alternatively, if we choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems, we will be required to negotiate and enter into arrangements with such third parties relating to the proposed collaboration. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, we may not successfully commercialize any of our product candidates that receive regulatory approval or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. If we are unable to successfully commercialize our approved product candidates, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, our future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.

Our anticipated international operations may expose us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, pricing, and reimbursement risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.

Our business strategy incorporates potential international expansion as we seek to obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize, our current and any future product candidates in patient populations outside the United States. If our product candidates are approved, we may hire sales representatives and conduct physician and patient association outreach activities outside of the United States. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:

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multiple, conflicting, and changing laws and regulations such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements, and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

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failure by us to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for the use of our products in various countries;

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rejection or qualification of foreign clinical trial data by the competent authorities of other countries;

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additional potentially relevant third-party patent rights;

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complexities and difficulties in obtaining protection and enforcing our intellectual property;

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difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

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complexities associated with managing multiple payor reimbursement regimes, government payors, or patient self-pay systems;

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limits in our ability to penetrate international markets;

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financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand and payment for our products, and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

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natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism, and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade, and other business restrictions;

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certain expenses including, among others, expenses for travel, translation, and insurance; and

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regulatory and compliance risks that relate to anti-corruption compliance and record-keeping that may fall within the purview of the FCPA, its accounting provisions or its anti-bribery provisions, or provisions of anti-corruption or anti-bribery laws in other countries.

Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our results of operations.

Risks Related to Apexigen’s Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect intellectual property rights in any products we develop and in our technology, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, third parties could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and we may not compete effectively in our market.

Our success depends in significant part on our and our current or future licensors’ ability to obtain, maintain and protect patents and other intellectual property rights and operate without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others. We have filed numerous patent applications both in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions to obtain patent rights to inventions we have developed that are important to our business, including related to our product candidates. We have also licensed from third parties rights to patents and other intellectual property, including from Epitomics, Inc., an Abcam Company (“Epitomics”), with respect to rabbit monoclonal antibodies generated using Epitomics’ technology in the field of pharmaceutical products for human or veterinary use. If we or our licensors are unable to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to such inventions and technology, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

The patent prosecution process is expensive, time-consuming, and complex, and we and our current or future licensors may not prepare, file, prosecute, maintain, and enforce all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Patents may be invalidated and patent applications may not be granted for a number of reasons, including known and unknown prior art, deficiencies in the patent applications or the lack of novelty of the underlying inventions or technology. It is also possible that we or our current and future licensors will fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions made in the course of research, development and commercialization activities in time to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into non-disclosure and

confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research, development, and commercialization activities, such as our employees, collaborators, CROs, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such activities before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. In addition, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our current or future licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or any licensed patents or patent applications, or that we or our current or future licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, enforcement, and defense of patents and patent applications covering technology that we license from third parties and are reliant on our current and future licensors. For example, pursuant to our license agreement with Epitomics, Inc., Epitomics is responsible for the filing, prosecution and maintenance of the patents and patent applications licensed to us. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, enforced and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our current or future licensors fail to prosecute, maintain, enforce or defend such patents and other intellectual property rights, are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of any patent rights, or lose rights to those patents or patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated, and our right to develop and commercialize any of our product candidates that are the subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected.

The patent position of biotechnology companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our and our current or future licensors’ patent rights are highly uncertain. Our and our current or future licensors’ pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Moreover, the patent examination process may require us or our current and future licensors to narrow the scope of the claims of our or our current and future licensors’ pending and future patent applications, which may limit the scope of patent protection that may be obtained. Additionally, the scope of patent protection can be reinterpreted after issuance. Even if our or our current or future licensors’ pending and future patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Any patents that we hold or in-license may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented, or invalidated by third parties in court or in patent offices in the United States and abroad. Our and our current or future licensors’ patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the technology. Our competitors or other third parties may also circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

We cannot assure you that we have found all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications. If such prior art exists, it can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. For example, there are a number of third-party patents and patent applications relating to the engineering of antibodies, including with respect to the CD40 binding and fragment crystallizable (“Fc”) domains, that may have earlier priority or publication dates and may be asserted as prior art against our patents and patent applications. Even if our patents do issue and even if such patents cover our product candidates, third parties may initiate oppositions, interferences, re-examinations, post-grant reviews, inter partes reviews, nullification or derivation actions in court or before patent offices, or similar proceedings challenging the inventorship, validity, enforceability or scope of such patents, which may result in the patent claims being narrowed or invalidated. An adverse determination in any such proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, the patent rights we own or license, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us.

Moreover, we, or our current or future licensors, may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) to determine priority of invention or in post-grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions in a foreign patent office, that challenge priority of invention or other features of patentability. Such challenges may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and product candidates, including sotigalimab. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our technology or product candidates will be protectable or remain protected by valid and enforceable patents.

Because patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we or our current and future licensors were the first to file any patent application related to a product candidate. Furthermore, if third parties have filed such patent applications on or before March 15, 2013, an interference proceeding in the United States can be initiated by such third parties to determine who was the first to invent any of the subject matter covered by the patent claims of our applications. If third parties have filed such applications after March 15, 2013, a derivation proceeding in the United States can be initiated by such third parties to determine whether our invention was derived from theirs. Even where we have a valid and enforceable patent, we may not exclude others from practicing our invention where the other party can show that they used the invention in commerce before our filing date or the other party benefits from a compulsory license.

We may not protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, enforcing, and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our or our current and future licensors’ intellectual property rights may not exist in some countries outside the United States or may be less extensive in some countries than in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we and our current and future licensors may not prevent third parties from practicing our and our current or future licensors’ inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our and our current or future licensors’ inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our and our current or future licensors’ technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we and our current and future licensors have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates, and our and our current or future licensors’ patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us and our current and future licensors to stop the infringement of our and our current or future licensors’ patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our and our current or future licensors’ intellectual property and proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our and our current or future licensors’ intellectual property and proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our and our current or future licensors’ efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our and our current or future licensors’ patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our and our current or future licensors’ patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us or our current and future licensors. We or our current and future licensors may not prevail in any lawsuits that we or our current and future licensors initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Some jurisdictions may refuse to honor intellectual property rights due to legislation or geopolitical reasons, such as Russia recently stating that

it will not honor patent rights of companies from countries that have imposed sanctions on Russia in response to the war in Ukraine. Accordingly, our and our current and future licensors’ efforts to enforce intellectual property and proprietary rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or our current and future licensors are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected.

Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.

Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involves both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Recent patent reform legislation in the United States and other countries, including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“Leahy-Smith Act”), could increase those uncertainties and costs. The Leahy-Smith Act includes provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art, and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents, and may also affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. In addition, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 15, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. After March 15, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that the other statutory requirements are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other government fees on any issued patent or patent application are due to be paid to the USPTO and various government patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of our owned or licensed patents and applications. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary,

fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can, in some cases, be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in a partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees, and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our current and future licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our product candidates, our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated and our competitors might be better able to enter the market with competing products or technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, and prospects.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose the ability to continue the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We are a party to a number of intellectual property and technology licenses that are important to our business. For example, Apexigen obtained an exclusive license from Epitomics under certain intellectual property related to rabbit monoclonal antibodies generated using Epitomics’ technology in the field of pharmaceutical products for human or veterinary use that has certain ongoing payment and other obligations even though the license agreement has now expired. In addition, if we fail to comply with our obligations under these technology agreements, including payment and diligence terms, or other specified events occur such as our insolvency, our current and future licensors may have the right to terminate these agreements, in which event we may not develop, manufacture, market or sell any product that is covered by these agreements or may face other penalties under the agreements. Such an occurrence could adversely affect the value of the technology or product candidate being developed or licensed under any such agreement. Termination of these agreements or reduction or elimination of our rights under these agreements may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated agreements, which may not be available to us on equally favorable terms, or at all, or cause us to lose our rights under these agreements, including our rights to intellectual property or technology important to our development programs.

Disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:

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the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

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the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

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the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our existing collaborative development relationships and any collaboration relationships we might enter into in the future;

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our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

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the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our current and future licensors and us; and

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the priority of invention of patented technology.

In addition, the agreements under which Apexigen licenses intellectual property or technology from third parties are generally complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, result of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on

commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

We may not succeed in obtaining necessary rights to any product candidates we may develop through acquisitions and in-licenses.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development of our current or future product candidates. In order to avoid infringing these third-party patents, we may find it necessary or prudent to obtain licenses from such third-party intellectual property holders. Moreover, we may need to obtain additional licenses from our existing licensors and others to advance our research or allow commercialization of product candidates we may develop. In addition, with respect to any patents we co-own with third parties, we may require licenses to such co-owners’ interest to such patents. However, we may be unable to secure such licenses or otherwise acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes, or other intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for product candidates we develop. The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development or commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. As a result, we may be unable to obtain any such licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our technology, product candidates, or the methods for manufacturing them, or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical or commercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected product candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly. In addition, even if we obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Moreover, some of our owned and in-licensed patents and patent applications are, and may in the future be, co-owned with third parties. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and such third parties could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings against us alleging that we infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights, or we may initiate legal proceedings against third parties to challenge the validity or scope of intellectual property rights controlled by third parties, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have an adverse effect on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our and our current or future licensors’ proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Third parties may initiate legal proceedings against us or our current and future licensors alleging that we or our current and future licensors infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. In addition, we or our current and future licensors may initiate legal proceedings against third parties to challenge the validity or scope of intellectual property rights controlled by third parties, including in oppositions, interferences, reexaminations, inter partes reviews, or derivation proceedings in the United States or

other jurisdictions. These proceedings can be expensive and time-consuming, and many of our or our current and future licensors’ adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we or our current and future licensors.

There are third-party patents and, if issued as patents, patent applications relating to the engineering of antibodies, including with respect to CD40 and Fc domains, that may be construed to cover our product candidates, including sotigalimab. The third parties that control these patents may allege that our product candidates, including sotigalimab, infringe these patents. Parties making infringement, misappropriation, or other intellectual property claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of management and employee resources from our business. In addition, even if we believe any third-party intellectual property claims are without merit, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of validity, enforceability, priority, or non-infringement. A court of competent jurisdiction could hold that such third-party patents are valid, enforceable, and infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to commercialize any of our products or technologies covered by the asserted third-party patents. In order to successfully challenge the validity of any such third-party U.S. patents in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. An unfavorable outcome could require us or our current and future licensors to cease using the related technology or developing or commercializing our product candidates, or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us or our current and future licensors a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we or our current and future licensors obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us or our current and future licensors, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of third-party intellectual property could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that we or our employees, consultants, or advisors have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our employees, consultants, and advisors, including our senior management, were previously employed at other biopharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure, and/or non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed confidential information or intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to commercialize our technology or products. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we successfully prosecute or defend against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distract management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to

us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our inability to protect our confidential information and trade secrets would harm our business and competitive position.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and products, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information to maintain our competitive position. Trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors, and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and consultants. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could significantly affect our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Some courts both within and outside the United States may be less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Furthermore, trade secret protection does not prevent competitors from independently developing substantially equivalent information and techniques and we cannot guarantee that our competitors will not independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. If a competitor lawfully obtained or independently developed any of our trade secrets, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us. Failure on our part to adequately protect our trade secrets and our confidential information would harm our business and our competitive position.

Issued patents covering one or more of our product candidates or technologies could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court.

To protect our competitive position, we may from time to time need to resort to litigation in order to enforce or defend any patents or other intellectual property rights owned by or licensed to us, or to determine or challenge the scope or validity of patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties. Enforcement of intellectual property rights is difficult, unpredictable, and expensive, and many of our or our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we or our licensors or collaboration partners can. Accordingly, despite our or our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ efforts, we or our licensors or collaboration partners may not prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating intellectual property rights we own or control, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the European Union and the United States. We may fail in enforcing our rights—in which case our competitors may be permitted to use our technology without being required to pay us any license fees. In addition, however, litigation involving our patents carries the risk that one or more of our patents will be held invalid (in whole or in part, on a claim-by-claim basis) or held unenforceable. Such an adverse court ruling could allow third parties to commercialize our products or use our technologies, including our APXiMAB platform, and then compete directly with us, without payment to us.

If we or one of our licensors were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States or in Europe, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. A claim for a validity challenge may be based on failure to meet any of several statutory

requirements, for example, lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. A claim for unenforceability could involve an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the European Patent Office or the USPTO or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO or an equivalent foreign body, even outside the context of litigation. Potential proceedings include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). Such proceedings could result in the revocation of, cancellation of, or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our technology or any product candidates that we may develop. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we or our licensing partners and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on one or more of our product candidates or certain aspects of our APXiMAB platform technologies. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Further, litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, regardless of the outcome, and this could harm our business and financial results. Patents and other intellectual property rights also will not protect our technology if competitors design around our protected technology without infringing our patents or other intellectual property rights.

We may become involved in disputes or lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming, unsuccessful, and lead to challenges to our intellectual property ownership.

Competitors and other third parties may infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate our issued patents or other intellectual property or the patents or other intellectual property of our licensors, or we or our licensors may be required to defend against claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation. In addition, our patents or the patents of our licensors may become involved in inventorship or priority disputes. Other disputes may arise related to intellectual property rights that we believe are derived from, or related to, our patents or technology, including with respect to sotigalimab. For example, Apexigen is aware of certain patent applications filed by a former collaborator covering biomarkers and patient selection discoveries related to our sotiga program. Apexigen believes that we own the intellectual property covered by these provisional patent applications. We are in discussions with the former collaborator to assign their rights in this intellectual property to us, but there is no guarantee that we will come to a satisfactory resolution of this matter.

To counter infringement, misappropriation, or other unauthorized use, we or our licensors may be required to negotiate a solution to such dispute or file infringement claims, either of which can be expensive and time-consuming. Any claims we or our licensors assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us or our licensors alleging that we or our licensors infringe their patents or that our or our licensors’ patents are invalid or unenforceable. In a patent infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or one of our licensors’ is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims narrowly or refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our or our licensors’ patents do not cover the technology. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our owned or licensed patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable, or interpreted narrowly.

We may find it impractical or undesirable to enforce our intellectual property against some third parties. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our or our licensors’ patents or patent applications. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any interference proceedings to which we or they are subject, we may lose

valuable intellectual property rights through the loss of one or more patents owned or licensed or our owned or licensed patent claims may be narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any interference proceeding or other priority or inventorship dispute, we may be required to obtain and maintain licenses from third parties, including parties involved in any such interference proceedings or other priority of inventorship disputes. Such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If we are unable to obtain and maintain such licenses, we may need to cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or more of the product candidates we may develop. The loss of exclusivity or narrowing of our owned or licensed patent claims could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products.

Any of the foregoing intellectual property disputes or litigation could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects.

Intellectual property litigation or proceedings could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, which could harm our business. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could compromise our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs or in-license needed technology or other product candidates. There could also be public announcements of the results of the hearing, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive those results to be negative, it could cause the price of shares of our common stock to decline. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Most of our competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater resources. They are, therefore, likely to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating, or otherwise violating our intellectual property. Any of the foregoing events could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If we do not obtain patent term extension or data exclusivity for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be materially harmed.

Patents have a limited lifespan. Due to the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from competitive medications, including biosimilar or generic medications. For example, certain of our owned patents that cover sotigalimab will begin to expire in 2032, absent extensions, in the United States and similar patent applications are pending in foreign jurisdictions. At the time of the expiration of the relevant patents, the underlying technology covered by such patents can be used by any third party, including competitors. Although the patent term extensions under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Action of 1984 (“Hatch-Waxman Act”) in the United States may be available to extend the patent term, we cannot provide any assurances that any such patent term extension will be obtained and, if so, for how long.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the

Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended, and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

If our trademark and tradenames are not adequately protected, then we may not build name recognition in our markets and our business may be adversely affected.

We cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. We cannot assure you that any future trademark applications that we will file will be approved. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections and although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in proceedings before the USPTO and in proceedings before comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. An opposition or cancellation proceeding may be filed against our trademarks and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings, which may force us to rebrand our name.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

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others may make products that are similar to any product candidates we may develop or utilize similar technology but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we license or may own in the future;

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others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;

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our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

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we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; and

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we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Risks Related to Apexigen’s Dependence on Third Parties

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research and studies.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct our clinical trials. Apexigen currently relies on third parties to conduct clinical trials of its product candidates, including ISTs sponsored by third parties; these third parties

also include CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators. We expect to continue to rely upon third parties to conduct additional clinical trials of our product candidates. Third parties have a significant role in the conduct of our clinical trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. These third parties are not our employees, and except for remedies available to us under our agreements, we have limited ability to control the amount or timing of resources that any such third party will devote to our clinical trials. In some cases, these third parties may not provide us with information about the ongoing clinical trials on a timely basis. The third parties may also violate the terms of the agreements governing such clinical trials in various ways, including asserting intellectual property rights that contractually belong to Apexigen. Some of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our drug development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. For example, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with GCP standards, regulations for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. The EMA also requires us to comply with similar standards. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators, and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under current GMP regulations. Our failure or the failure of the third parties we engage to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the marketing approval process. We also are required to register certain ongoing clinical trials and post the results of certain completed clinical trials on a government-sponsored database, ClinicalTrials.gov, within certain timeframes. Failure to do so can result in fines, adverse publicity, and civil and criminal sanctions.

The third parties we rely on for these services may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.

We contract with third parties for the production of sotigalimab and our other product candidates for preclinical studies and our ongoing clinical trials, and expect to continue to do so for additional clinical trials and ultimately for commercialization and for additional product candidates. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our product candidates or drugs or such quantities at an acceptable cost, which could delay, prevent, or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We do not currently have the infrastructure or internal capability to manufacture our product candidates for use in clinical development and commercialization. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party manufacturers for the production of our product candidates in compliance with GMP requirements for clinical trials under the guidance of members of our organization. Apexigen currently relies on a single third-party manufacturer, WuXi Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited (“WuXi”), for the manufacture of our product candidates sotiga and APX601. We expect the quantity and stability of our current supply of sotiga from that prior manufacturer will be sufficient to supply our currently ongoing clinical trials through mid-2023. We plan to undertake our first drug substance manufacturing run at WuXi in mid-2022. If WuXi successfully manufactures sotiga and the FDA and other relevant regulatory authorities approve our comparability protocol, we expect to

have sotiga drug product ready for clinical use by mid-2023. If WuXi experiences delays in manufacturing or does not successfully manufacture sotiga or the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities do not accept our comparability protocol, we may run out of sotiga drug product to supply the clinical development of sotiga by mid-2023.

The manufacture of biologic therapeutics is complex. It is anticipated that during development from early clinical trials to commercialization that changes to the manufacturing cell line, manufacturing process or analytical methods will occur. These changes carry the risk that the intended goals of such changes are not achievable and that further development work may be needed to reach these goals, which may delay our ability to meet clinical or commercial supply needs. Our change in the manufacturing site, cell line, process and analytical methods for sotiga represent a specific elevated risk for the sotiga program. However, Apexigen currently has no alternative manufacturer in place for sotiga and APX601 drug substance and drug product. For the APX601 product candidate, we have successfully completed drug substance runs at WuXi and expect to have APX601 clinical material ready for use in the second half of 2022.

If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of our product candidates for any reason, whether as a result of manufacturing, supply, or storage issues or otherwise, we could experience delays, disruptions, suspensions or terminations of, or be required to restart or repeat, any pending or ongoing clinical trials, such as occurred with the prior switchover by Apexigen to a new contract manufacturer. Replacement of our sole manufacturer would likely result in substantial delay and could interrupt our clinical trials if we had not previously obtained enough supply of our product candidates.

We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for the commercial supply of any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We may be unable to maintain or establish required agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

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the possible failure of the third party to manufacture our product candidates according to our specifications;

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the possible failure of the third party to manufacture our product candidate according to our schedule, or at all, including if our third-party contractors give greater priority to the supply of other products over our product candidates or otherwise do not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of the agreements between us and them;

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the possible failure of our third-party manufacturer to procure raw materials from third-party suppliers and potential exposure to supply chain issues impacting delivery dates, quality, quantity and pricing of raw materials, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in additional costs and delays in production of clinical trial materials, commercial product and regulatory approvals;

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the possible termination or nonrenewal of agreements by our third-party contractors at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us;

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the possible breach by the third-party contractors of our agreements with them;

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the failure of third-party contractors to comply with applicable regulatory requirements;

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the possible mislabeling of clinical supplies, potentially resulting in the wrong dose amounts being supplied or active drug or placebo not being properly identified;

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the possibility of clinical supplies not being delivered to clinical sites on time, leading to clinical trial interruptions, or, following approval by regulatory authorities, of drug supplies not being distributed to commercial vendors in a timely manner, resulting in lost sales; and

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the possible misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how.

We do not have control over many aspects of the manufacturing process of, and are dependent on, our contract manufacturing partners, including WuXi, for compliance with GMP regulations for manufacturing both active drug substances and finished drug products. Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with U.S. export control regulations, GMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside of the United States. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, EMA, or others, they will not secure and/or maintain marketing approval for their manufacturing facilities. In addition, we do not have control over the ability of our contract manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance, and qualified personnel. If the FDA, EMA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for the manufacture of our product candidates or if it withdraws any such approval in the future, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain marketing approval for, or market our product candidates, if approved. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our drugs and harm our business and results of operations.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates or drugs may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any drugs that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

We may not gain the efficiencies we expect from further scale-up of manufacturing of our product candidates, and our third-party manufacturers may be unable to successfully scale up manufacturing in sufficient quality and quantity for our product candidates, which could delay or prevent the conducting of our clinical trials or the development or commercialization of our other product candidates.

We expect that our third-party manufacturer, WuXi, will manufacture our product candidates at a scale and on a timeline that is sufficient for us to complete our planned clinical trials and, if we receive marketing approval, to commercialize our product candidates, including sotigalimab, for the indications we are currently targeting. However, we may consider increasing the batch scale to gain cost efficiencies. If our current manufacturer or any other manufacturer we use is unable to scale-up the manufacture of our product candidates at such time, we may not gain such cost efficiencies and may not realize the benefits that would typically be expected from further scale-up of manufacturing. In addition, quality or other technical issues may arise during scale-up activities. If our third-party manufacturers are unable to successfully scale up the manufacture of our product candidates in sufficient quality and quantity, the development, testing and clinical trials of that product candidate may be delayed or become infeasible, and marketing approval or commercial launch of any resulting product may be delayed or not obtained, which could significantly harm our business.

Changes in methods of product candidate manufacturing or formulation may result in additional costs or delay.

As product candidates progress through preclinical and late-stage clinical trials to marketing approval and commercialization, it is common that various aspects of the development program, such as manufacturing methods and formulation, are altered along the way in an effort to optimize yield, manufacturing batch size, minimize costs and achieve consistent quality and results. Such changes carry the risk that they will not achieve these intended objectives. Any of these changes could cause our product candidates to perform differently and affect the results of planned clinical trials or other future clinical trials conducted with the altered materials. The FDA may not approve our third-party manufacturers’ processes or facilities. This could delay completion of clinical trials, require the conduct of bridging clinical trials or the repetition of one or more clinical trials, increase clinical trial costs, delay approval of our product candidates, and jeopardize our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenue.

We have and may in the future enter into additional agreements with third parties under which those parties have or will be granted a license to develop product candidates discovered using our APXiMAB platform. If any such programs are not successful or if disputes arise related to such programs, we may not realize the full commercial benefits from such programs.

Our APXiMAB platform has enabled the discovery of several product candidates with potential utility in multiple therapeutic areas and has resulted in five programs that have been licensed to third parties, including larger global biopharmaceutical companies and mid-sized regional or China-focused companies. Our likely counterparties for future licensing and collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies, and biotechnology companies. Such arrangements generally allow the licensing parties to control the amount and timing of resources that they dedicate to the development or potential commercialization of any product candidates they develop from the technology we have licensed to them, subject to any territorial or field of use restrictions in the license. In addition, Apexigen partnered with ESBATech AG, which was acquired by Alcon and later Novartis to provide rabbit monoclonal antibodies in order to develop product candidates for certain diseases.

We typically negotiate milestone payments and royalty fees from our licensees that will require various levels of success with their product candidate development program in order for us to generate revenue from them. Our ability to generate revenue from these licensing arrangements will depend on our counterparties’ abilities to successfully develop and commercialize the product candidates they are developing. We cannot predict the success of any licensing program that we enter into or whether such program will lead to any meaningful milestone or royalty revenue to us.

Licensing programs involving third-party development of product candidates derived from our licensed technology pose the following risks to us:

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counterparties generally have significant discretion, if not total control, in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these development efforts;

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counterparties may not properly or adequately obtain, maintain, enforce, or defend intellectual property or proprietary rights relating to our intellectual property or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to expose us to potential litigation or other intellectual property-related proceedings, including proceedings challenging the scope, ownership, validity, and enforceability of our intellectual property;

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counterparties may own or co-own with us intellectual property covering their product candidates, and, in such cases, we typically will not have the exclusive right to commercialize such intellectual property or their product candidates based on the terms of the licensing agreement;

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we may need the cooperation of these counterparties to enforce or defend any intellectual property we contribute to the program;

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counterparties typically will control the interactions with regulatory authorities related to their product candidates, which may impact our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our own product candidates;

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disputes may arise between the counterparties and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development, or commercialization of our product candidates or research programs or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;

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counterparties may decide to not pursue development and commercialization of any product candidates that are derived from our licensed technology, or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the counterparties’ strategic focus or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities, or counterparties may elect to fund or commercialize a competing product;

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counterparties could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates or research programs if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

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counterparties may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of their product candidates, resulting in lower royalties to us;

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counterparties may grant sublicenses to our technology or undergo a change of control, and the sublicensees or new owners may decide to pursue a strategy with respect to the program which is not in our best interest;

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counterparties may become bankrupt, which may significantly delay our research or development programs, or may cause us to lose access to valuable technology, know-how, or intellectual property of the counterparty relating to our technology in relation to the terms of the licensing agreement;

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if these counterparties do not satisfy their obligations under our agreements with them, or if they terminate our licensing agreements with them, we may be adversely impacted; and

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licensing agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.

Beovu® is a drug product developed by Novartis covered under the ESBATech Agreement with Apexigen. Novartis obtained approval for Beovu for use in neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (“AMD”) and as a treatment of visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema, Novartis continues to develop Beovu for other indications. Under the terms of the ESBATech agreement, Novartis is obligated to pay Apexigen a very low single-digit royalty on worldwide net sales of Beovu. However, Novartis has disputed its obligation to pay royalties to Apexigen under the agreement and continues to pay such royalties under protest. As a result, Apexigen has determined that any sales-based royalties received from Novartis for Beovu are currently fully constrained, and Apexigen has recorded the royalty proceeds as deferred revenue on its balance sheet, with the amounts totaling $3.6 million and $4.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022, respectively. If the dispute with Novartis regarding their royalty obligations is not settled favorably through negotiation or if the parties escalate the dispute through arbitration or litigation, there is no guarantee that we will recognize such historic and future royalty revenue in part or at all, we may be required to return the cash received to date for the constrained royalty payments, we may not receive future payments, and we may incur substantial costs and distraction of management related to such dispute. While this dispute continues, the Beovu royalty rights will be impaired which will limit our ability to exercise ownership over or monetize this royalty stream, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Many of the risks relating to product development, intellectual property, regulatory approval, and commercialization described in this “Risk Factors” section also apply to the activities of our licensees and any negative impact on these counterparties and their product development programs may adversely affect us.

If we seek to establish additional collaborations, but are unable to do so, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our drug development programs and the potential commercialization of our product candidates will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. We may seek to selectively form collaborations to expand our capabilities, potentially accelerate research and development activities, and provide for commercialization activities by third parties.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration, and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a

number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing drugs, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of intellectual property and industry and market conditions generally. The potential collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us for our product candidate.

Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. Even if we successfully enter into a collaboration, the terms and conditions of that collaboration may restrict us from entering into future agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators.

If and when we seek to enter into collaborations, we may not negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of a product candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization, or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense.

If we engage in acquisitions or strategic partnerships or collaborations, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute our stockholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks.

We may evaluate various acquisition opportunities and strategic partnerships or collaborations, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including:

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exposure to unknown liabilities;

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increased operating expenses and cash requirements;

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the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities;

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the issuance of our equity securities;

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assimilation of operations, intellectual property, and products of an acquired company, including costs and difficulties associated with integrating new personnel;

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the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing product programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition;

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retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships;

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impairment of relationships with key collaborators and other counterparties of any acquired businesses due to changes in management and ownership;

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risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and their existing products or product candidates and marketing approvals; and

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our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology and/or products sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs.

In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses, and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense.

Moreover, we may not locate suitable acquisition opportunities, and this inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of our business.

Other General Risks Applicable to Apexigen

The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely impact our business including our ongoing and planned clinical trials and preclinical research.

Over two years after the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) a pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact worldwide economic activity and financial markets. Variants of COVID-19 have caused and may continue to cause waves of increased infections. As a result of measures imposed by the governments in affected regions, many commercial activities, businesses and schools have been affected by quarantines and other measures intended to contain the pandemic and subsequent variants of the COVID-19 virus. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic ultimately impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, such as the duration of the outbreak, including current and subsequent variants of COVID-19, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States and other countries, business closures or business disruptions, and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States and other countries to contain and treat the disease and to address its impact, including on financial markets or otherwise. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, we may experience disruptions that could severely impact our business, current and planned clinical trials and preclinical research, including:

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delays or difficulties in enrolling and retaining subjects, including elderly subjects, who are at a higher risk of severe illness or death from COVID-19, in our ongoing clinical trials and our future clinical trials;

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delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including due to difficulties in staffing and recruiting at clinical sites;

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difficulties interpreting data from our clinical trials due to the possible effects of COVID-19 on subjects;

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diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials, including the diversion of hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of clinical trials;

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interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers and others;

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limitations in resources, including our employees, that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our business or our current or planned clinical trials or preclinical research, including because of sickness, the desire to avoid contact with large groups of people, or restrictions on movement or access to our facility as a result of government-imposed “shelter in place” or similar working restrictions;

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interruptions, difficulties or delays arising in our existing operations and company culture as a result of some or all of our employees working remotely, including those hired during the COVID-19 pandemic;

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delays in receiving approval from regulatory authorities to initiate our clinical trials;

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interruptions in preclinical studies due to restricted or limited operations at the CROs conducting such studies;

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interruptions or delays in the operations of the FDA or other domestic or foreign regulatory authorities, which may impact review and approval timelines;

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delays in receiving the supplies, materials and services needed to conduct clinical trials and preclinical research;

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changes in regulations as part of a response to the COVID-19 pandemic which may require us to change the ways in which our clinical trials are conducted, which may result in unexpected costs or require us to discontinue the clinical trial altogether;

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interruptions or delays to our development pipeline;

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delays in necessary interactions with regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government or contractor personnel; and

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refusal of the FDA to accept data from clinical trials in affected geographies outside of the United States.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a threat on our ability to effectively conduct our business operations as planned and there can be no assurance that we will avoid a material impact on our business from the spread of COVID-19 or its consequences, including disruption to our business and downturns in business sentiment generally or in our industry or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by federal, state and local governmental authorities.

Additionally, certain third parties with whom we engage or may engage, including collaborators, contract organizations, third-party manufacturers, suppliers, clinical trial sites, regulators and other third parties are similarly adjusting their operations and assessing their capacity in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. If these third parties experience shutdowns or continued business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively impacted. For example, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there could be delays in the procurement of materials or manufacturing supply chains for one or more of our product candidates, which could delay or otherwise impact our preclinical studies and our planned clinical trials. Additionally, all of our preclinical studies are conducted by CROs, which could be discontinued or delayed as a result of the pandemic. It is also likely that the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on hospitals and clinical sites will have an impact on recruitment and retention for our planned clinical trials. CROs have also made certain adjustments to the operation of such trials in an effort to ensure the monitoring and safety of patients and minimize risks to trial integrity during the pandemic in accordance with the guidance issued by the FDA and may need to make further adjustments in the future that could impact the timing or enrollment of our clinical trials. Many of these adjustments are new and untested, may not be effective, may increase costs and may have unforeseen effects on the enrollment, progress and completion of these trials and the findings from these trials. While we are currently continuing our clinical trials and preclinical studies, we may experience delays in the completion of our clinical trials, preclinical activities and subject enrollment, may need to suspend our clinical trials and may encounter other negative impacts to such trials due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Further, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the extent and length of which is uncertain, we may be required to develop and implement additional clinical trial policies and procedures designed to help protect subjects from the COVID-19 virus, which may include using telemedicine visits, remote monitoring of subjects and clinical sites and measures to ensure that data from clinical trials that may be disrupted as a result of the pandemic are collected pursuant to the study protocol and consistent with GCPs. Subjects who may miss scheduled appointments, any interruption in study drug supply, or other consequences that may result in incomplete data being generated during a clinical trial as a result of the pandemic must be adequately documented and justified. For example, in March 2020, the FDA issued a guidance, which the FDA subsequently updated, on conducting clinical trials during the pandemic, which describes a number of considerations for sponsors of clinical trials impacted by the pandemic, including the requirement to include in the clinical trial report contingency measures implemented to manage the trial, and any disruption of the trial as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic; a list of all subjects affected by the COVID-19-pandemic related study disruption by unique subject identifier and by investigational site and a description of how the individual’s participation was altered; and analyses and corresponding discussions that address the impact of implemented contingency measures (e.g., participant discontinuation from investigational product and/or study, alternative procedures used to collect critical safety and/or efficacy data) on the safety and efficacy results reported for the clinical trial. In June 2020, the FDA also issued a guidance on good manufacturing practice considerations for responding to COVID-19 infection in employees in drug product manufacturing, including recommendations for manufacturing controls to prevent contamination of drugs.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve. While the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results is uncertain, a continued and prolonged public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this section and in this “Risk Factors” section.

Our internal computer systems, or those used by our third-party research institution collaborators, other contractors, or consultants, may fail or suffer other breakdowns, cyberattacks or information security breaches that could compromise the confidentiality, integrity and availability of such systems and data, result in material disruptions of our development programs and business operations, risk disclosure of confidential, financial or proprietary information, and affect our reputation.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems or those used by our third-party research institution collaborators, other contractors, or consultants, may be vulnerable to damage from computer viruses and unauthorized access. As the cyber-threat landscape evolves, attacks are growing in frequency, sophistication, and intensity, and are becoming increasingly difficult to detect. These risks are increased given the recent work from home arrangements because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the threats of Russian cyberattacks in response to the war in Ukraine. Such attacks could include the use of key loggers or other harmful and virulent malware, including ransomware or other denials of service, and can be deployed through malicious websites, the use of social engineering, and/or other means. If a breakdown, cyberattack, or other information security breach were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a misappropriation of confidential information, including our intellectual property or financial information, and a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed, ongoing, or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we rely on our third-party research institution collaborators for research and development of our product candidates and other third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential, financial, or proprietary information, including data related to our personnel, we could incur liability or risk disclosure of confidential, financial, or proprietary information, and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed. There can be no assurance that we and our business counterparties will be successful in efforts to detect, prevent, or fully recover systems or data from all breakdowns, service interruptions, attacks, or breaches of systems that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive data, which could result in financial, legal, business, or reputational harm to us.

Our operations are subject to the effects of a rising rate of inflation.

The United States has recently experienced historically high levels of inflation. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the annual inflation rate for the United States was approximately 8.5% for the 12 months ended July 31, 2022. If the inflation rate continues to increase, for example due to increases in the costs of labor and supplies, it will affect our expenses, such as employee compensation and research and development charges. Research and development expenses account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. Such increased charges may not be readily recoverable during the period of time that we are bringing the product candidates to market. Additionally, the United States is experiencing an acute workforce shortage, which in turn, has created a very competitive wage environment that may increase the Company’s operating costs. To the extent inflation results in rising interest rates and has other adverse effects on the market, it may adversely affect our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our third-party research institution and pharmaceutical company collaborators, manufacturers, and other contractors and consultants, could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical or public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, including terrorism and war. In addition, for some of our clinical trials, we rely on third-party research institution collaborators for conducting research and development of our product candidates, and they may be affected by government shutdowns or withdrawn funding. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce and process our product candidates. Our ability to obtain clinical supplies of our product candidates could be disrupted if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster or other business interruption.

The majority of our operations, including our corporate headquarters, are located in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Damage or extended periods of interruption to our corporate, development or research facilities due to fire, natural disaster, power loss, communications failure, unauthorized entry or other events could cause us to cease or delay development of some or all of our product candidates. Although we maintain customary insurance coverage, our insurance might not cover all losses under such circumstances and our business may be seriously harmed by such delays and interruption.

In February 2022, Russia commenced a war against Ukraine. The sanctions announced by the U.S. and other countries against Russia as a result include restrictions on selling or importing goods, services, or technology in or from affected regions and travel bans and asset freezes impacting connected individuals and political, military, business, and financial organizations in Russia. The United States and other countries could impose wider sanctions and take other actions should the conflict further escalate. It is not possible to predict the broader consequences of this conflict, which could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, threats of cyberattacks, prolonged periods of higher inflation, geopolitical shifts, and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, currency exchange rates, and financial markets, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate these controls.

Our products may be subject to U.S. export control laws and regulations including the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) and trade and economic sanctions maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). As such, an export license may be required to export, reexport, or transfer our products to certain countries, end-users, and end-uses. If we were to fail to comply with such U.S. export controls laws and regulations, U.S. economic sanctions, or other similar laws, we could be subject to both civil and criminal penalties, including substantial fines, possible incarceration for employees and managers for willful violations, and the possible loss of our export or import privileges. Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale or offering may not be possible and may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, U.S. export control laws and economic sanctions prohibit the export of products to certain U.S. embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, and persons, as well as for prohibited end-uses. Even though we take precautions to ensure that we and our partners comply with all relevant export control laws and regulations, any failure by us or our partners, including third party manufacturers, to comply with such laws and regulations could have negative consequences for us, including reputational harm, government investigations and penalties.

Changes in our products or changes in export and import regulations in such countries may create delays in the introduction of our products into international markets, prevent our end-customers with international operations

from deploying our products globally or, in some cases, prevent or delay the export or import of our products to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws or regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing export, import or sanctions laws or regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons, or technologies targeted by such export, import or sanctions laws or regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential end-customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export to or sell our products in international markets could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Any legal proceedings or claims against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our reputation regardless of the outcome.

We may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, including intellectual property, collaboration, licensing agreement, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower and other litigation claims, and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, or require us to change our business practices. In addition, the expense of litigation and the timing of this expense from period to period are difficult to estimate, subject to change, and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2021, Apexigen had federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards totaling $129.6 million. Of the $129.6 million, $101.4 million are carried forward indefinitely, but are subject to an 80% of taxable income limitation, and $28.3 million which will begin to expire in 2033, if not utilized. As of December 31, 2021, Apexigen had California NOL carryforwards of $64.5 million, which will begin to expire in 2035, if not utilized. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (generally defined as a greater than 50-percentage-point cumulative change (by value) in the equity ownership of certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change taxable income or taxes may be limited. As a result of previous financing transactions and/ or in connection with this Business Combination, Apexigen may have experienced, or we may experience, such an ownership change. We may also experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside our control. As a result, our ability to use our pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset post-change taxable income or taxes may be subject to limitation.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and this Offering

The price of shares of common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance. You may lose some or all of your investment.

The trading price of shares of our common stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market recently has experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. You may not be able to resell your shares at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in “Risks Related to Apexigen’s Business, Financial Condition, and Need for Additional Capital” and the following:

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the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial condition and the results of operations;

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our operating and financial performance and prospects;

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our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;

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conditions that impact demand for our products and/or services;

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future announcements concerning our business, our clients’ businesses or our competitors’ businesses;

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the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

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the market’s reaction to our reduced disclosure and other requirements as a result of being an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”);

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the size of our public float;

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coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;

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market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

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strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

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changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;

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privacy and data protection laws, privacy or data breaches, or the loss of data;

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changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

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changes in senior management or key personnel;

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issuances, exchanges or sales, or expected issuances, exchanges or sales of our capital stock;

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changes in our dividend policy;

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adverse resolution of new or pending litigation against us; and

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changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war and responses to such events.

These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of shares of Company common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of Company common stock is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

If the Business Combination’s benefits do not meet the expectations of financial analysts, the market price of our common stock may decline.

The market price of our common stock may decline as a result of the Business Combination if we do not achieve the perceived benefits of the Business Combination as rapidly, or to the extent anticipated by, financial analysts or the effect of the Business Combination on our financial results is not consistent with the expectations of financial analysts. Accordingly, holders of our common stock may experience a loss as a result of a decline in the market price of such common stock. In addition, a decline in the market price of our common stock following the consummation of the Business Combination could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and to obtain additional financing in the future.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

If Nasdaq delists our shares from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the listing standards, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

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a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

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reduced liquidity for our securities;

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a determination that our common stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules, possibly resulting in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for shares of our common stock;

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a limited amount of analyst coverage; and

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a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Certain of our warrants are accounted for as a warrant liability and are recorded at fair value upon issuance with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

As of the Closing Date, we had 123,500 private placement warrants outstanding. These warrants will become exercisable 30 days after the Closing Date provided that we have an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise and a current prospectus relating to them is available and such shares are registered, qualified or exempt from registration under the securities, or blue sky, laws of the state of residence of the holder (or we permit holders to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis under certain circumstances). Once the private placement warrants become exercisable, we may redeem outstanding warrants in certain circumstances. Under GAAP, we are required to evaluate contingent exercise provisions of these warrants and then their settlement provisions to determine whether they should be accounted for as a warrant liability or as equity. Any settlement amount not equal to the difference between the fair value of a fixed number of our equity shares and a fixed monetary amount precludes these warrants from being considered indexed to its own stock, and therefore, from being accounted for as equity. As a result of the provision that the private placement warrants, when held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, will be redeemable by us, the requirements for accounting for these warrants as equity are not satisfied. Therefore, we are required to account for these private placement warrants as a warrant liability and record (a) that liability at fair value, and (b) any subsequent changes in fair value as of the end of each period for which earnings are reported. The impact of changes in fair value on earnings may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2021. If we are unable to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In connection with the reclassification of our warrants, we identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud.

If we identify any material weaknesses in in our internal control over financial reporting, any such identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that

could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

We do not intend to pay dividends on shares of our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on shares of Company common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, certain restrictions related to our indebtedness, industry trends and other factors that our Board may deem relevant. Any such decision will also be subject to compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing our current and future indebtedness. In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness, the terms of which may further restrict or prevent us from paying dividends on our common stock. As a result, you may have to sell some or all of your shares of our common stock after price appreciation in order to generate cash flow from your investment, which you may not be able to do. Our inability or decision not to pay dividends, particularly when others in our industry have elected to do so, could also adversely affect the market price of shares of our common stock.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or if they issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our common stock, the price of shares of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for shares of our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that third-party securities analysts publish about us and the industries in which we operate. We may be unable or slow to attract research coverage and if one or more analysts cease coverage of us, the price and trading volume of our securities would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts that may cover us change their recommendation regarding our securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our securities would likely decline. If any analyst that may cover us ceases covering us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our securities to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our common stock, or if our reporting results do not meet their expectations, the market price of shares of our common stock could decline.

Our issuance of additional shares of common stock could make it difficult for another company to acquire us, may dilute your ownership of us and could adversely affect our stock price.

We intend to file a registration statement with the SEC on Form S-8 providing for the registration of shares of our common stock issued or reserved for issuance under our 2020 Plan, 2022 Plan and 2022 ESPP. Subject to the satisfaction of vesting conditions and the expiration of any applicable lockup agreements, shares registered under the registration statement on Form S-8 will be available for resale immediately in the public market without restriction. In addition, under the purchase agreement dated March 17, 2022 that we entered into with Lincoln Park (the “Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement”), we will have the right to direct Lincoln Park to purchase an aggregate of up to $50,000,000 of our common stock from time to time, subject to certain limitations contained in the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, we issued to Lincoln Park 150,000 shares of our common stock on the Closing Date, and we will issue to Lincoln Park $1,500,000 of additional shares of common stock on the date that is 90 calendar days after the Closing Date, subject to a maximum number of 500,000 shares.

From time to time in the future, we may also issue additional shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock pursuant to a variety of transactions, including acquisitions. The issuance by us of additional

shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock would dilute your ownership of us and the sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of shares of our common stock.

In the future, we expect to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our capital stock or offering debt or other equity securities, including senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity, or shares of preferred stock. Issuing additional shares of our capital stock, other equity securities, or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders, reduce the market price of shares of our common stock, or both. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. As a result, holders of our common stock bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of shares of our common stock and dilute their percentage ownership. See “Description of Securities.”

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of our common stock by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

Subject to the expiration of any applicable lock-up agreements, all shares issued as merger consideration in the Business Combination are freely tradable without registration under the Securities Act and without restriction by persons other than our “affiliates” (as defined under Rule 144), including our directors, executive officers and other affiliates, and certain other former Apexigen stockholders.

Shares held by certain of our stockholders will be eligible for resale, subject to, in the case of certain stockholders, volume, manner of sale and other limitations under Rule 144. In addition, pursuant to the Registration Rights and Lock-Up Agreement that we entered into with certain stockholders in connection with the Business Combination, certain of our stockholders have the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to register the sale of their shares of common stock under the Securities Act, and pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement that we entered into with Lincoln Park, we have an obligation to register the shares of our common stock issued to Lincoln Park pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement under the Securities Act. By exercising their registration rights and selling a large number of shares, these stockholders could cause the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock to decline.

As restrictions on resale end or if these stockholders exercise their registration rights, the market price of shares of our common stock could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of shares of our common stock or other securities.

In addition, the shares of Company common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2022 Plan and 2022 ESPP will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. As of the Closing Date, the number of shares reserved for future issuance under (i) the 2022 Plan is 2,573,405 shares, and (ii) the 2022 ESPP is 257,341 shares. We expect to file one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register

shares of our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our common stock issued pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Any such Form S-8 registration statements will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

Our management team has limited experience in operating a public company.

Our executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage its transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the company. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting.

We are a public reporting company subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq. These rules and regulations require, among other things that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company are likely to place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes and controls, as well as on our personnel.

In addition, as a public company, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we are not able to implement the requirements of Section 404, including any additional requirements once we are no longer an emerging growth company, in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, we may not be able to assess whether our internal control over financial reporting are effective, which may subject us to adverse regulatory consequences and could harm investor confidence and the market price of our common stock.

Additionally, once we are no longer an emerging growth company, we will be required to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirement on our internal control over financial reporting. We will be an “emerging growth company” until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following February 2, 2026, the fifth anniversary of the BCAC IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. Until we cease being an emerging growth company stockholders will not have the benefit of an independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control environment.

As an “emerging growth company,” we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

As an “emerging growth company,” we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including

not being required to obtain an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting from our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, which we have elected to do.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active market for our common stock, our share price may be more volatile and the price at which our securities trade could be less than if we did not use these exemptions.

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our Board. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and/or bylaws include the following provisions:

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a staggered board, which means that our Board is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause;

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limitations on convening special stockholder meetings, which could make it difficult for our stockholders to adopt desired governance changes;

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a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which means that our stockholders are only be able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and are not be able to take action by written consent for any matter;

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a forum selection clause, which means certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

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the authorization of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders; and

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advance notice procedures, which apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock, from engaging in certain business combinations unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the Board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the common stock, or (iii) following Board approval, such business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not held by such interested stockholder.

Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and/or bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the (i) Court of Chancery (the “Chancery Court”) of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: (A) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf; (B) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to us or to our stockholders; (C) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, the our amended and restated charter or our amended and restated bylaws; or (D) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; and (ii) subject to the foregoing, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such forum selection provisions shall not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the Company’s bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Additionally, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As noted above, our amended and restated bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America shall have jurisdiction over any action arising under the Securities Act. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provision. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA

Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry and the market in which we operate, including our general expectations and market position, market opportunity, and market size, is based on information from various third-party industry and research sources, on assumptions that we have made based on that data and other similar sources, and on our knowledge of the markets for our services. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates.

In addition, industry publications, studies, and surveys generally state that they have been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the section captioned “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, product candidates, planned preclinical studies and clinical trials, results of clinical trials, research and development costs, regulatory approvals, timing and likelihood of success, as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that are in some cases beyond our control and may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “seek,” “aim,” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:

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our success in retaining or recruiting, or changes required in, our officers, key employees or directors following the Business Combination;

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our public securities’ potential liquidity and trading;

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the lack of a market for our securities;

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our financial performance following this offering;

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failure to realize the anticipated benefits of the Business Combination;

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the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against us related to the Business Combination;

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the timing and focus of Apexigen’s current and future clinical trials, and the reporting of data from those trials;

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Apexigen’s ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of its product candidates;

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Apexigen’s estimates of the number of patients in the United States who suffer from the diseases it is targeting and the number of patients that will enroll in clinical trials;

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the timing or likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for Apexigen’s product candidates for various diseases;

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Apexigen’s plans relating to commercializing its product candidates, if approved, including which indications will be pursued;

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the ability of Apexigen’s clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy, and other positive results, of its product candidates;

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the beneficial characteristics, safety, efficacy, and therapeutic effects of Apexigen’s product candidates;

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the development of competitors’ product candidates;

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existing regulations and regulatory developments in the United States and other jurisdictions;

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the need to hire additional personnel and our ability to attract and retain such personnel;

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Apexigen’s plans and ability to obtain, maintain, enforce, or protect intellectual property rights;

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Apexigen’s continued reliance on third parties to conduct additional clinical trials of its product candidates, and for the manufacture of its product candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials; and

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the success of Apexigen’s licensing agreements.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about our business, the industry in which we operate and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, and these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or development. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this prospectus and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein until after we distribute this prospectus, whether as a result of any new information, future events, or otherwise.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Financial Information shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Current Report on Form 8-K (the “Form 8-K”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on August 4, 2022 and, if not defined in the Form 8-K, the definitive proxy statement/prospectus/information statement filed by BCAC with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on June 30, 2022 (the “Proxy Statement”).

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to (i) the “Combined Company” refer to the entity formerly known as Brookline Capital Acquisition Corp., which is now named Apexigen, Inc. after giving effect to the Business Combination; (ii) “Legacy Apexigen” refer to the entity formerly known as Apexigen, Inc., which is now named Apexigen America, Inc. after giving effect to the Business Combination; and (iii) “BCAC” refer to Brookline Capital Acquisition Corp. prior to giving effect to the Business Combination.

The Combined Company is providing the following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information to aid in the analysis of the financial aspects of the Merger and other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement. The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information presents the combination of the financial information of BCAC and Legacy Apexigen, adjusted to give effect to the Merger and other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement. The following unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X as amended by the final rule, Release 33-10786 “Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses” (“Article 11 of Regulation S-X”).

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements give effect to the Merger and other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement as described in this Form 8-K. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet as of March 31, 2022 combines the historical unaudited condensed balance sheet of Legacy Apexigen with the historical unaudited condensed balance sheet of BCAC on a pro forma basis as if the Merger and the other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, summarized below, had been consummated on March 31, 2022. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 combines the historical unaudited condensed statement of operations of Legacy Apexigen for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and the historical unaudited condensed statement of operations of BCAC for the three months ended March 31, 2022, giving effect to the transaction as if the Merger and other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement had been consummated on January 1, 2021. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 combines the historical audited statement of operations of BCAC for the year ended December 31, 2021, with the historical audited statement of operations of Legacy Apexigen for the year ended December 31, 2021, giving effect to the transaction as if the Merger and other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement had been consummated on January 1, 2021.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements have been prepared for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the Combined Company’s condensed financial position or results of operations actually would have been had the Business Combination been consummated prior to March 31, 2022, nor are they necessarily indicative of future results of operations. In addition, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements do not purport to project the future financial position or operating results of the Combined Company.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information was derived from and should be read in conjunction with the following historical financial statements and the accompanying notes:

•

audited historical financial statements of BCAC for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with this registration statement;

•

unaudited historical condensed financial statements of BCAC as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022 filed with this registration statement;

•

audited historical financial statements of Legacy Apexigen for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed with this registration statement;

•

unaudited historical condensed financial statements of Legacy Apexigen as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2022 filed with this registration statement; and

•

other information relating to BCAC and Apexigen included in this registration statement, including the Business Combination Agreement and the description of certain terms thereof and the financial and operational condition of BCAC and Apexigen.

Description of the Merger

Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Apexigen, with Legacy Apexigen surviving the Merger and thereby becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of BCAC. In connection with the Merger, Legacy Apexigen was renamed “Apexigen America, Inc.” and BCAC was renamed as “Apexigen, Inc.” (hereafter referred to as Apexigen). The Merger consideration paid to the Legacy Apexigen equity holders at the Closing pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement has deemed to have a value of $205 million, assuming a deemed value of $10.00 per BCAC common share. Upon the consummation of the Merger, each share of Legacy Apexigen capital stock was converted into the right to receive shares of Combined Company common stock. Each share of Legacy Apexigen capital stock received a deemed value of $9.76 per share, assuming a deemed value of $10.00 per BCAC common share, after giving effect to the exchange ratio of 0.102448 (the “Exchange Ratio”).

Following the Merger and related events, 18,151,571 shares of Combined Company common stock were issued to Legacy Apexigen’s equity holders and are outstanding, 1,452,000 shares of Combined Company common stock and 726,000 Public Warrants were issued and are outstanding related to the PIPE Units, 2,875,000 Public Warrants remain issued and outstanding, 123,500 Private Warrants remain issued and outstanding, 150,000 shares of Combined Company common stock were issued to Lincoln Park as consideration under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement and are outstanding, Combined Company Warrants related to the exchange of a Legacy Apexigen Warrant and exercisable for 4,321 shares of Combined Company common stock is outstanding, and Combined Company Options related to the exchange of Legacy Apexigen Options and exercisable for 3,415,868 of Combined Company common stock are outstanding. Following the Merger and related events, 442,985 shares of Combined Company common stock held by BCAC stockholders prior to the Closing remain issued and outstanding. Following the Merger and related events, 1,190,979 shares of Combined Company held by the Sponsor, comprised of Founder Shares and BCAC Common Stock issued in the Private Placement, remain issued and outstanding. Following the Merger and related events, 57,500 shares of Combined Company common stock held by the BCAC IPO Underwriter and Certain of Its Employees remain issued and outstanding.

The following transactions constituting the Merger took place as contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement:

•

the Merger of Merger Sub, the wholly owned subsidiary of BCAC, with and into Legacy Apexigen, with Legacy Apexigen as the surviving company;

•

the cancellation of each issued and outstanding share of Legacy Apexigen’s capital stock (including shares of Apexigen capital stock resulting from the conversion of Legacy Apexigen’s preferred stock or the exercise of Legacy Apexigen Options or Legacy Apexigen Warrants) and the conversion into the right to receive a number of shares of Combined Company common stock based on the Exchange Ratio;

•

the conversion on a net-exercise basis of one Legacy Apexigen Warrant (the “Convertible Warrant”), pursuant to its terms, immediately prior to the Closing into shares of Combined Company common stock based on the Exchange Ratio;

•

the exchange of an outstanding Legacy Apexigen Warrant (other than the Convertible Warrant) into a warrant exercisable for shares of Combined Company common stock with the same terms except for the number of shares exercisable and the exercise price, each of which was adjusted using the Exchange Ratio; and

•

the exchange of all outstanding vested and unvested Legacy Apexigen Options into Combined Company Options exercisable for shares of Combined Company common stock with the same terms except for the number of shares exercisable and the exercise price, each of which was adjusted using the Exchange Ratio.

Other Related Events in Connection with the Merger

Other related events that are contemplated to take place in connection with the Merger are summarized below:

•

PIPE Investment: Issuance and sale of 1,452,000 PIPE Units at a purchase price of $10.00 per unit pursuant to the PIPE Investment. The PIPE Investors purchased units, each of which includes one share of Combined Company common stock and one-half of one warrant to purchase a share of Combined Company common stock. The PIPE Investment resulted in the issuance of 1,452,000 shares of Combined Company common stock and 726,000 PIPE Warrants. In addition, shortly after the Closing Apexigen anticipates issuing and selling 50,000 additional PIPE Units for proceeds of $500,000. These additional PIPE Units have not been reflected in the pro forma.

•

Lincoln Park Purchase Arrangement: BCAC, Legacy Apexigen and Lincoln Park entered into a purchase agreement pursuant to which the Combined Company may direct Lincoln Park to purchase up to $50.0 million of Combined Company common stock from time to time over a 24-month period following the Closing, subject to certain limitations contained in the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement. At the Closing, the Combined Company issued 150,000 shares of Combined Company common stock to Lincoln Park. 90 days after the Closing, the Combined Company is obligated to issue $1.5 million of shares of Combined Company common stock to Lincoln Park at a price per share equal to the arithmetic average of the closing sale price for Combined Company common stock during the 10 consecutive business days immediately preceding the share delivery date, not to exceed 500,000 shares.

•

Forfeited Sponsor Shares: In connection with the Closing, the Sponsor forfeited 436,021 shares of common stock.

•

BCAC Stockholder Redemptions: On April 26, 2022, BCAC held a special meeting of its stockholders. BCAC stockholders approved a proposal to amend BCAC’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to extend the date by which BCAC must consummate a business combination transaction from May 2, 2022 on a monthly basis up to November 2, 2022. In connection with this special meeting, BCAC Public Stockholders elected to redeem 688,408 shares of common stock for total redemption proceeds of $7.0 million (the “April Partial Redemption”). In addition, BCAC Public Stockholders elected to redeem 4,618,607 additional shares of Combined Company common stock for $47.2 million upon the Merger Closing (the “Closing Redemption”). These redemptions have been reflected below.

•

Sponsor Extension Note: In May and June 2022, BCAC issued non-convertible unsecured promissory notes in the principal amount of $0.5 million to the Sponsor (“Extension Notes”) in exchange for funds that were deposited into the Trust Account. The Extension Notes were issued in connection with the approval of the Amendment to BCAC’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and extension (the “Extension”) of the date by which the Company was required to consummate a business combination transaction from May 2, 2022 (the date which was 15 months from the closing date of the Company’s initial public offering of units) and constitute monthly contributions. The Sponsor was repaid in cash upon the Merger Closing. These transactions have been reflected below.

•

Sponsor Working Capital Note: On May 2, 2022, BCAC issued an additional convertible unsecured promissory note (the “Working Capital Note”) in the principal amount of $0.4 million to the Sponsor.

The Working Capital Note was issued to provide BCAC with additional working capital during the Extension and will not be deposited into the Trust Account. BCAC issued the Working Capital Note in consideration for a loan from the Sponsor to fund BCAC’s working capital requirements. As of the Closing Date, approximately $0.4 million was drawn and approximately $65,000 was not drawn of the Working Capital Note principal amount. The Working Capital Note was settled in cash upon the Merger closing.

Basis of Pro Forma Presentation

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X. The adjustments in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information have been identified and presented to provide relevant information necessary for an illustrative understanding of Combined Company upon consummation of the Merger in accordance with GAAP. Assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited pro forma adjustments set forth in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information are described in the accompanying notes.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the operating results and financial position that would have been achieved had the Merger occurred on the dates indicated. Any net cash proceeds remaining after the consummation of the Merger and the other related events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement are expected to be used for general corporate purposes. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not purport to project the future operating results or financial position of Combined Company following the completion of the Merger. The unaudited pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the date of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and analyses are performed. BCAC and Legacy Apexigen did not have any historical relationship prior to the discussion of the Merger. Accordingly, no pro forma adjustments were required to eliminate activities between the companies.

Pursuant to its certificate of incorporation and as contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, BCAC provided the holders of BCAC Common Stock the opportunity to redeem the outstanding shares of BCAC Common Stock for cash equal to their pro rata share of the aggregate amount on deposit in the Trust Account as of two business days prior to the consummation of the transactions (including interest earned on the funds held in the Trust Account, net of taxes). The per share redemption amount was approximately $10.10 in the April Partial Redemption and was approximately $10.22 in the Closing Redemption.

The following table presents the selected pro forma information after giving effect to the Merger and other events contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement and the April Partial Redemption. This scenario includes the April Partial Redemption and the Closing Redemption, following which 442,985 shares of BCAC Common Stock remain outstanding after the completion of the Merger.

The following summarizes the pro forma shares of the Combined Company common stock issued and outstanding immediately after the Merger:


	Shares		%
BCAC Public Stockholders (1)		442,985		2.1	%
Sponsor (2)		1,190,979		5.6	%
BCAC IPO Underwriter and Certain of Its Employees (3)		57,500		0.2	%
Legacy Apexigen equity holders (4)		18,151,571		84.6	%
PIPE Investors (5)		1,452,000		6.8	%
Lincoln Park (6)		150,000		0.7	%

Combined Company common stock outstanding at Merger Closing		21,445,035		100.0	%

(1)	Amount reflects the April Partial Redemption and the Closing Redemption. Amount excludes 2,875,000 outstanding Public Warrants issued in connection with the BCAC IPO as such securities are not exercisable until August 28, 2022, the date that is 30 days after the Merger Closing.

(2)

The Sponsor holds 1,190,979 shares of BCAC Common Stock, comprised of 1,380,000 Founder Shares and 247,000 shares of BCAC Common Stock issued as constituent securities of the units issued in the Private Placement, net of 436,021 shares forfeited by the Sponsor upon the Closing. This amount excludes 123,500 Private Warrants.

(3)	BCAC Underwriter and Certain of Its Employees hold 57,500 shares of BCAC Common Stock.

(4)

Amount excludes Combined Company options and warrants exercisable for 3,415,868 and 4,321 shares of Combined Company common stock, respectively, that were issued on conversion of equivalent Legacy Apexigen Options and Legacy Apexigen Warrants with the same terms and conditions, except for adjustment for the Exchange Ratio.

(5)

The PIPE Investors purchased units each of which includes one share of Combined Company common stock and one-half of one warrant to purchase Combined Company common stock (each such warrant, a “PIPE Warrant”) for $10.00 per unit at the Closing. This amount includes 1,452,000 shares of Combined Company common stock issued to the PIPE investors and excludes 726,000 PIPE warrants issued to the PIPE Investors.

(6)

This amount includes 150,000 shares of Combined Company common stock issued to Lincoln Park associated with the financing arrangement upon the Closing and excludes the $1.5 million commitment to issue additional shares of Combined Company common stock, not to exceed 500,000 shares, to Lincoln Park 90 days after the Closing, as well as any draws on the Lincoln Park line.

Expected Accounting Treatment for the Merger

The Merger is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP because Legacy Apexigen has been determined to be the accounting acquirer. Under this method of accounting, BCAC, which is the legal acquirer, is treated as the accounting acquiree for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Apexigen, which is the legal acquiree, is treated as the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, the consolidated assets, liabilities and results of operations of Legacy Apexigen have become the historical financial statements of the Combined Company, and BCAC’s assets, liabilities and results of operations have been consolidated with Legacy Apexigen’s beginning on the acquisition date. For accounting purposes, the financial statements of the Combined Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Legacy Apexigen with the Merger being treated as the equivalent of Legacy Apexigen issuing stock for the net assets of BCAC, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of BCAC are stated at historical costs and no goodwill or other intangible assets have been recorded. Operations prior to the Merger will be presented as those of Apexigen in future reports of the Combined Company.

Legacy Apexigen was determined to be the accounting acquirer presented based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

•

Legacy Apexigen stockholders comprise a majority of approximately 85% of the voting power of the Combined Company;

•

Legacy Apexigen had the ability to nominate a majority of the members of the board of directors of the Combined Company;

•

Legacy Apexigen’s operations prior to the acquisition comprise the only ongoing operations of Combined Company;

•

Legacy Apexigen’s senior management comprise the senior management of Combined Company;

•

The Combined Company has assumed the Apexigen name;

•

The ongoing operations of Legacy Apexigen have become the operations of the Combined Company; and

•

Legacy Apexigen’s headquarters have become the Combined Company’s headquarters.

Assumptions and estimates underlying the unaudited pro forma adjustments set forth in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are described in the accompanying notes. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements have been presented for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the operating results and financial position that would have been achieved had the Merger occurred on the dates indicated. Further, the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements do not purport to project the future operating results or financial position of the Combined Company following the completion of the Merger. The unaudited pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the dates of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and analyses are performed.

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet

As of March 31, 2022

(in thousands)


	BCAC (Historical)		Apexigen (Historical)		Transaction Accounting Adjustments (Note 2)				Pro Forma Combined
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	93	$	17,551	$	58,088		A	$	27,315
						14,520		B
						(4,378	)	C
						(4,392	)	CC
						(6,953	)	D
						(47,214	)	F
						—		K
Short-term investments		—		10,387		—				10,387
Deferred issuance costs, current		—		—		1,525		J		1,525
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		98		2,569		(1,336	)	C		1,281
						(50	)	J

Total current assets		191		30,507		9,810				40,508
Property and equipment, net		—		217		—				217
Right-of-use assets		—		389		—				389
Investments held in Trust Account		58,088		—		(58,088	)	A		—
Deferred issuance costs, non-current		—		—		1,525		J		1,525
Other assets		—		331		—				331

Total assets	$	58,279	$	31,444	$	(46,753	)		$	42,970

Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	109	$	4,681	$	(787	)	C	$	4,002
Accrued expenses		2,435		8,801		1,500		J		10,178
						(416	)	C
						(2,142	)	CC
Accrued liabilities—Related Party		60								60
Deferred revenue		—		4,117		—				4,117
Lease liabilities, current portion		—		378		—				378

Total current liabilities		2,604		17,977		(1,845	)			18,736
Lease liabilities, less current portion		—		35		—				35
Derivative warrant liabilities		53		—		—				53

Total liabilities		2,657		18,012		(1,845	)			18,824

Convertible preferred stock		—		158,707		(158,707	)	H		—
Common stock subject to possible redemption		58,075		—		(6,953	)	D		—
						(51,122	)	E


Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Combined Company common stock		—			—			1		B		2
								—		E
								1		H
Apexigen common stock		—			31			(31	)	I		—
Additional paid-in capital		491			8,462			14,519		B		177,912
								(4,511	)	C
								51,122		E
								(47,214	)	F
								(5,194	)	G
								158,706		H
								31		I
								1,500		J
Accumulated other comprehensive income		—			(2	)		—				(2	)
Accumulated deficit		(2,944	)		(153,766	)		5,194		G		(153,766	)
								(2,250	)	CC

Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)		(2,453	)		(145,275	)		171,874				24,146

Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	58,279		$	31,444		$	(46,753	)		$	42,970

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations

for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	BCAC (Historical)			Apexigen (Historical)			Transaction Accounting Adjustments (Note 2)				Pro Forma Combined
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	—		$	7,108		$	—			$	7,108
General and administrative		2,407			1,986			—				4,393
Administrative expenses - related party		30			—			—				30
Franchise tax expense		20			—			—				20

Total operating expenses		2,457			9,094			—				11,551

Loss from operations		(2,457	)		(9,094	)		—				(11,551	)

Other income (expense), net
Interest income		—			52			—				52
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		(3	)		—			—				(3	)
Offering costs allocated to private warrants		—			—			—				—
Net gain (loss) from investments held in Trust Account		2			—			(2	)	L		—

Total other income (expense) net		(1	)		52			(2	)			49

Loss before provision for income taxes		(2,458	)		(9,042	)		(2	)			(11,502	)

Net loss	$	(2,458	)	$	(9,042	)	$	(2	)		$	(11,502	)

Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(2,458	)	$	(9,042	)	$	(2	)		$	(11,502	)
Other comprehensive loss
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—			2			—				2

Comprehensive loss	$	(2,458	)	$	(9,040	)	$	(2	)		$	(11,500	)


Weighted average shares outstanding - Combined Company common stock - basic and diluted		—			—		—	M		21,378,153
Basic and diluted net loss per share - Combined Company common stock		—			—		—	M	$	(0.54	)
Weighted average shares outstanding - Apexigen common stock - basic and diluted		—			31,395,518		—			—
Basic and diluted net loss per share – Apexigen common stock		—		$	(0.29	)	—			—
Weighted average shares outstanding - BCAC redeemable common stock – basic and diluted		5,750,000			—		—			—
Basic and diluted net loss per share, BCAC redeemable common stock	$	(0.33	)		—		—			—
Weighted average shares outstanding - BCAC non-redeemable common stock – basic and diluted		1,684,500			—		—			—
Basic and diluted net loss per share, non-redeemable common stock	$	(0.33	)		—		—			—

Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations

for the Year Ended December 31, 2021

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)


	BCAC (Historical)			Apexigen (Historical)			Transaction Accounting Adjustments (Note 2)				Pro Forma Combined
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	—		$	21,664		$	—			$	21,664
General and administrative		411			7,293			4,392		N		12,096
Administrative expenses - related party		110			—			—				110
Franchise tax expense		82			—			—				82

Total operating expenses		603			28,957			4,392				33,952

Loss from operations		(603	)		(28,957	)		(4,392	)			(33,952	)

Other income (expense), net
Interest income		—			41			—				41
Change in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities		110			—			—				110
Offering costs allocated to private warrants		(1	)		—			—				(1	)
Net gain (loss) from investments held in Trust Account		10			—			(10	)	O		—

Total other income (expense) net		119			41			(10	)			150

Loss before provision for income taxes		(484	)		(28,916	)		(4,402	)			(33,802	)

Net loss	$	(484	)	$	(28,916	)	$	(4,402	)			(33,802	)

Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(484	)	$	(28,916	)	$	(4,402	)		$	(33,802	)
Other comprehensive loss
Unrealized loss on marketable securities		—			(7	)		—				(7	)

Comprehensive loss	$	(484	)	$	(28,923	)	$	(4,402	)		$	(33,809	)

Weighted average shares outstanding - Combined Company common stock - basic and diluted		—			—			—		P		21,327,494
Basic and diluted net loss per share - Combined Company common stock		—			—			—		P	$	(1.58	)
Weighted average shares outstanding of Apexigen common stock - basic and diluted		—			30,901,032			—				—
Basic and diluted net loss per share – Apexigen common stock		—		$	(0.94	)		—				—
Weighted average shares outstanding - BCAC redeemable common stock – basic and diluted		5,245,890			—			—				—
Basic and diluted net loss per share, BCAC redeemable common stock	$	(0.07	)		—			—				—
Weighted average shares outstanding - BCAC non-redeemable common stock – basic and diluted		1,646,407			—			—				—
Basic and diluted net loss per share, BCAC non-redeemable common stock	$	(0.07	)		—			—				—

NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Basis of Presentation

The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, BCAC, which is the legal acquirer, has been treated as the accounting acquiree for financial reporting purposes and Legacy Apexigen, which is the legal acquiree, has been treated as the accounting acquirer.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements are prepared in accordance with Article 11 of SEC Regulation S-X, as amended January 1, 2021. The historical financial information of BCAC and Legacy Apexigen is presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Management has made significant estimates and assumptions in its determination of the pro forma adjustments. The unaudited pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the dates of these unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial statements and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and analyses are performed. The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information does not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies, tax savings or cost savings that may be associated with the Business Combination.

The pro forma adjustments reflecting the completion of the Business Combination and related transactions are based on currently available information and assumptions and methodologies that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The unaudited condensed pro forma adjustments, which are described in the accompanying notes, may be revised as additional information becomes available. Therefore, it is possible that the actual adjustments will differ from the pro forma adjustments and that the difference may be material. Management believes that its assumptions and methodologies provide a reasonable basis for presenting all of the significant effects of the Business Combination and related transactions based on information available at the current time and that the pro forma adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions and are properly applied in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information is not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations and financial position would have been had the Business Combination and related transactions taken place on the dates indicated, nor are they indicative of the future consolidated results of operations or financial position of the Combined Company. They should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and notes thereto of BCAC and Legacy Apexigen.

2. Notes to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet and Statement of Operations

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2022

(A)

Reflects the liquidation and reclassification of $58.1 million of investments held in the Trust Account to cash and cash equivalents that becomes available for general use by Combined Company following the Closing.

(B)

Reflects the gross proceeds of $14.5 million from the issuance and sale of 1,452,000 units to PIPE investors at $10.00 per unit that are comprised of the issuance of 1,452,000 shares of Combined Company common stock and the issuance of 726,000 PIPE Warrants.

(C)

Reflects the direct and incremental cash transaction costs incurred by Legacy Apexigen related to the Merger of approximately $4.5 million for financial advisory, legal, accounting and other fees reflected in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet. Legacy Apexigen has reflected the direct and incremental transaction costs related to the Merger as a reduction to the Combined Company’s additional paid-in capital. As of March 31, 2022, Legacy Apexigen had deferred incremental transaction costs incurred of $1.2 million, of which $0.8 million was unpaid in accounts payable and $0.4 million was unpaid in accrued expenses.

(CC)

Reflects the direct and incremental cash transaction costs incurred by BCAC related to the Merger of approximately $4.4 million reflected in the unaudited pro forma condensed combined balance sheet. As of March 31, 2022, BCAC had incurred and expensed $4.4 million, of which $2.1 million was unpaid in accrued expenses, and $2.3 million was reflected as additional accumulated deficit.

(D)

Reflects the April Partial Redemption.

(E)

Reflects the reclassification of the remaining BCAC Common Stock subject to possible redemption to permanent equity before the Closing Redemption and reclassification of the remaining 442,985 shares of BCAC Common Stock into shares of Combined Company Common Stock on a one-to-one-basis.

(F)

Reflects the Closing Redemption, i.e., the redemption of an additional 4,618,607 shares of Combined Company common stock for $47.2 million, allocated to the Combined Company common stock and additional paid-in-capital using par value of $0.001 per share at the redemption price of approximately $10.22 per share.

(G)

Reflects the elimination of BCAC’s historical retained earnings of $5.2 million and BCAC direct and incremental transaction costs incurred and expensed through the Merger closing of $5.2 million with a corresponding adjustment to additional paid-in capital for the Combined Company in connection with the reverse recapitalization at the closing.

(H)

Reflects the conversion of Legacy Apexigen convertible preferred stock into Combined Company common stock upon the Closing.

(I)

Reflects the difference in par value between Legacy Apexigen common stock of $0.001 value per share and BCAC common stock of $0.0001 per share. The par value of the Combined Company common stock is $0.0001 per share.

(J)

Reflects deferred issuance costs of $3.1 million associated with the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement that is comprised of the following: 1) $1.5 million that represents the issuance of 150,000 shares of Combined Company common stock at Closing at a deemed price of $10.00 per share, 2) commitment to issue $1.5 million of additional shares of Combined Company common stock ninety 90 days after Closing, subject to a maximum of 500,000 shares, and 3) $50,000 recorded in prepaid and other assets for cash paid to Lincoln Park as of March 31, 2022.

(K)

Reflects the net impact of zero on cash as BCAC received cash of $0.9 million from the Sponsor related to the Extension Notes and Working Capital Note during May and June 2022, which the Combined Company repaid upon the Merger closing.

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022

(L)

Represents the elimination of investment income related to the investments held in the BCAC Trust Account.

(M)

The calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net loss per share assumes that the Merger occurred on January 1, 2021, and the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net loss per share assumes that the shares were outstanding for the entire period presented.

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Combined Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2021

(N)

Reflects $4.4 million of BCAC direct and incremental transaction costs incurred and expensed through the Merger closing.

(O)

Represents the elimination of investment income related to the investments held in the BCAC Trust Account.

(P)

3. Loss per Share

Represents the net loss per share calculated using the historical weighted average shares outstanding and the issuance of additional shares in connection with the Business Combination and related transactions, assuming the shares were outstanding since January 1, 2021. As the Business Combination is being reflected as if it had occurred at the beginning of the period presented, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net loss per share assumes that the shares issued relating to the Business Combination and related transactions were outstanding for the entire periods presented. This calculation eliminates the shares redeemed in the April Partial Redemption and the Closing Redemption for the entire period. Basic and diluted earnings per share are the same for each class of common stock because they were entitled to the same liquidation and dividend rights.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information has been prepared utilizing the following information for the year ended December 31, 2021 and three months ended March 31, 2022 (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Year Ended December 31, 2021			Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Pro forma net loss	$	(33,802	)	$	(11,502	)
Pro forma weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted		21,327,494			21,378,153
Pro forma net loss per share, basic and diluted - common stock	$	(1.58	)	$	(0.54	)

Pro forma weighted average shares calculation, basic and diluted:
BCAC Public Stockholders		442,985			442,985
Sponsor		1,190,979			1,190,979
BCAC IPO Underwriter and Certain of Its Employees		57,500			57,500
Former Apexigen equity holders		18,034,030			18,084,689
PIPE Investors		1,452,000			1,452,000
Lincoln Park		150,000			150,000

		21,327,494			21,378,153

The following outstanding shares of Combined Company common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of pro forma diluted net loss per share presented because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect for the year ended December 31, 2021 and for the three months ended March 31, 2022:


Public Warrants (former BCAC)			2,875,000
PIPE Warrants (PIPE Issuance)			726,000
Private Warrants (former BCAC)			123,500
Stock Options (Legacy Apexigen)			3,415,868
Warrants (Legacy Apexigen)			4,321

			7,144,689

USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the Offered Shares and Offered Warrants offered by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Securityholders for their respective accounts. We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

Assuming the exercise of all Warrants being offered pursuant to this prospectus for cash, we will receive an aggregate of approximately $42.8 million but will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Common Stock issuable upon such exercise. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants, if any, for general corporate purposes. We will have broad discretion over the use of any proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants. There is no assurance that the holders of the Warrants will elect to exercise for cash any or all of such Warrants. To the extent that any Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis”, we would not receive any proceeds from the exercise of such Warrants.

The Selling Securityholders will pay any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by them for brokerage, accounting, tax or legal services or any other expenses incurred in disposing of the securities. We will bear the costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the Offered Shares and Offered Warrants, including all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our independent registered public accounting firm.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock at any time in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other factors, our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions, the terms of any future credit agreements and other factors that our Board may deem relevant.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL

CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provide information which Apexigen’s management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Apexigen’s results of operations and financial condition. You should read the following discussion and analysis of Apexigen’s results of operations and financial condition together with Apexigen’s financial statements and related notes and other information included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis should also be read together with audited financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, unaudited condensed financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, and the unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information as of March 31, 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2021 and the three months ended March 31, 2022. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon Apexigen’s current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Apexigen’s actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references included in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section to “Apexigen,” “Apexigen’s,” and “its” refer to Legacy Apexigen.

Overview

Apexigen is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing a new generation of antibody therapies for oncology, with an emphasis on new immuno-oncology agents designed to harness the patient’s immune system to combat and eradicate cancer. Apexigen and its licensees are advancing a pipeline of protein therapeutics that were discovered using our APXiMAB antibody platform. Our clinical-stage pipeline currently consists of several product candidates, including our lead candidate, sotigalimab (“sotiga” or “APX005M”), and five programs that our licensees are developing or commercializing. Apexigen is also advancing through discovery and preclinical development several innovative antibodies Apexigen discovered using its platform.

Since inception, Apexigen has devoted substantially all of its resources to performing research and development activities in support of its product development and licensing efforts. Apexigen does not have any products approved for sale and has not generated any revenue from product sales. Apexigen has funded its operations primarily through the issuance of convertible preferred stock as well as through proceeds from license agreements and borrowings under a debt arrangement. Apexigen has raised $157.6 million in gross proceeds through the issuance of convertible preferred stock. Apexigen has incurred net losses each year since inception. Apexigen’s net losses were $24.1 million and $28.9 million during 2020 and 2021, respectively. Apexigen’s net losses were $6.5 million and $9.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Apexigen expects to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. As of March 31, 2022, Apexigen had an accumulated deficit of $153.8 million.

Apexigen expects its operating expenses to increase significantly as Apexigen continues to discover, develop, seek regulatory approvals for and prepare for potential commercialization of Apexigen’s product candidates, in particular to advance sotiga into additional and potentially registration-enabling clinical trials and advance the clinical development of APX601. Apexigen’s net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, depending on the timing of its clinical trials and its expenditures on other research and development activities.

Apexigen will need substantial additional funding, in addition to the net proceeds of the Transaction, to support its continuing operations and to pursue its long-term development strategy. Apexigen may seek additional funding through the issuance of Apexigen’s common stock, other equity or debt financings or collaborations or partnerships with other companies. The amount and timing of Apexigen’s future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of its clinical development efforts for its product candidates and other research, development, manufacturing, and commercial activities.

Legacy Apexigen was incorporated in Delaware in 2010, the year Legacy Apexigen was spun off from Epitomics, Inc. (“Epitomics”), which was a California-based biotechnology company that was acquired by Abcam PLC (“Abcam”) in 2012. Legacy Apexigen was spun off from Epitomics to focus on the discovery, development and commercialization of humanized monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Apexigen is headquartered in San Carlos, California.

COVID-19 Impact and Business Update

The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Apexigen’s business, operations and development timelines and plans remains uncertain and will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak and its impact on Apexigen’s development activities, third-party manufacturers, and other third parties with whom Apexigen does business, as well as its impact on regulatory authorities and Apexigen’s key scientific and management personnel. As the COVID-19 pandemic has developed, Apexigen has taken numerous steps to help ensure the health and safety of its employees. Apexigen is maintaining hygiene and respiratory protocols; controls for social distancing; enhanced cleaning, disinfecting, decontamination, and ventilation protocols; health policies; and usage of personal protective equipment, where appropriate. During March and April of 2020, during which stay at home orders were in place in the state of California, the volume of ongoing lab work was reduced. The pandemic has and may continue to disrupt or delay Apexigen’s ability to conduct development activities. Employees whose tasks can be performed offsite have at various times been instructed to work from home.

Apexigen continues to actively monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its clinical trials. To date, Apexigen has experienced some impacts on its clinical trials due to the pandemic, including challenges related to recruiting, enrolling and treating patients in clinical trials due to patients’ concern regarding exposure risk; patients and clinical trial staff being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 or contracting COVID-19; reduced staffing at clinical trial sites due to the diversion of resources at clinical sites to address the effects of the pandemic; and travel restrictions and shutdowns impacting patients and clinical trial staff. In addition, Apexigen has experienced delays in its contract manufacturing plans as a direct or indirect result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including supply chain issues, competition for manufacturing capacity from manufacturers of COVID-19 related therapeutics and more recently the April 2022 shutdown in Shanghai, China due to an outbreak of COVID-19 cases there. While certain of these impacts have been resolved since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Apexigen continues to monitor its clinical development and supply chain and contingency planning is ongoing with its partners to reduce the possibility and magnitude of interruptions to its development activities or the availability of necessary materials.

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. To the extent possible, Apexigen is conducting business as usual, with necessary or advisable modifications to employee travel and with certain of its employees working remotely all or part of the time. Apexigen will continue to actively monitor the evolving situation related to COVID-19 and may take further actions that alter Apexigen’s operations, including those that federal, state or local authorities may require, or that Apexigen determines in the best interests of Apexigen’s clinical trial subjects, employees and other third parties with whom Apexigen does business. At this point, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may affect Apexigen’s future business, operations and development timelines and plans, including the resulting impact on Apexigen’s expenditures and capital needs, remains uncertain.

The Business Combination

On July 29, 2022, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Apexigen, with Legacy Apexigen surviving the Merger and thereby becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of BCAC. In connection with the Merger, Legacy Apexigen was renamed “Apexigen America, Inc.” and BCAC was renamed as “Apexigen, Inc.” The Merger consideration paid to the Legacy Apexigen equity holders at the Closing pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement was deemed to have a value of $205 million, assuming

a deemed value of $10.00 per BCAC common share. Upon the consummation of the Merger, each share of Legacy Apexigen capital stock was converted into the right to receive shares of Apexigen common stock.

Components of Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of sotiga, Apexigen’s lead product candidate, as well as APX601 and other product candidates. Apexigen expenses research and development costs as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments that Apexigen makes for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. The prepaid amounts are expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Research and development expenses include:

•

Expenses incurred under agreements with third-party contract research organizations for clinical development;

•

Costs related to production of drug substance, drug product and clinical supply, including fees paid to third-party contract manufacturers;

•

Laboratory and vendor expenses related to the execution of preclinical activities;

•

Employee-related expenses, which include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation; and

•

Facilities, depreciation and amortization, insurance and other direct and allocated expenses incurred in Apexigen’s research and development activities

The following table summarizes Apexigen’s research and development expenses incurred for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2021		2021		2022
					(Unaudited)
Clinical development	$	8,687	$	7,745	$	2,066	$	1,829
Contract manufacturing		2,274		5,344		768		3,128
Discovery and non-clinical expenses		2,250		2,907		518		425
Personnel costs		4,204		4,444		1,258		1,478
Other costs		1,355		1,224		353		248

Total research and development expenses	$	18,770	$	21,664	$	4,963	$	7,108

Apexigen expects its research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as Apexigen advances the clinical development of sotiga, including potentially into a registration-enabling clinical trial, and advances APX601 through an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application. The process of conducting the necessary clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming, and the successful development of Apexigen’s product candidates is highly uncertain. As a result, Apexigen is unable to determine the duration and completion costs of Apexigen’s research and development projects or when and to what extent Apexigen will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of Apexigen’s product candidates.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expense for personnel in executive, operations, legal, human resources, finance and administrative functions, professional

fees for legal, patent, consulting, accounting and audit services, and allocated expenses for technology and facilities. Apexigen expenses general and administrative costs in the periods in which they are incurred.

Apexigen expects that its general and administrative expenses will increase substantially over the next several years as Apexigen hires additional personnel to support the continued research and development of its products and growth of its business. Following the completion of the Merger, Apexigen also anticipates that it will incur significant additional expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, Sarbanes Oxley Act and the listing standards of Nasdaq, additional corporate, director and officer insurance expenses, increased legal, audit and consulting fees and greater investor relations expenses. As a result, Apexigen expects that the general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods in the near-term.

Interest Income, Net

Interest income primarily relates to interest income on its cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Other expense relates to fees related to its short-term investments.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2022

The following table presents Apexigen’s statement of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, and the dollar and percentage change between the two periods (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2022			$ Change			% Change
	(Unaudited)
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	4,963		$	7,108		$	2,145			43.2	%
General and administrative		1,539			1,986			447			29.0	%

Total operating expenses		6,502			9,094			2,592			39.9	%

Loss from operations		(6,502	)		(9,094	)		(2,592	)		39.9	%
Interest income, net		15			52			37			246.7	%

Net loss	$	(6,487	)	$	(9,042	)	$	(2,555	)		39.4	%

Costs and Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development increased by $2.1 million, or 43.2%, from $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to $7.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase primarily relates to increases of $2.3 million in contract manufacturing offset by a decrease of $0.2 million in clinical development. Apexigen does not track its research and development expenses by product candidate. Certain fluctuations in research and development expenses can however be partially attributed to specific product candidates, and such detail is disclosed as applicable below.

The $2.3 million increase in contract manufacturing costs consists of a $1.6 million related to sotigalimab and a $0.8 million increase related to APX601 partially offset by a $0.1 million decrease related to APX701. Apexigen incurred minimal expenses related to sotigalimab contract manufacturing until August 2021. Sotigalimab contract manufacturing costs increased by $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 as Apexigen began method development with a contract manufacturer. The $0.8 million increase in APX601 contract manufacturing is related to the GMP drug substance manufacturing run. Apexigen paused APX701 contract manufacturing so there was no spending on APX701 contract manufacturing in 2021.

The $0.2 million decrease in clinical development was due to a $0.6 million decrease related to a sotigalimab clinical trial which Apexigen closed in 2021, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in spending on other sotigalimab clinical trials, and a $0.2 million increase in spending on consultants.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.4 million, or 29.0%, from $1.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 to $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase is primarily attributable to a $0.3 million increase in spending on professional services and a $0.2 million increase in compensation, partially offset by a decrease of $0.1 million in rent as Apexigen’s sublease terminated in April 2021.

Interest Income, Net

Interest income, net, was not significant for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2021

The following table presents its statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage change between the two years (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2020			2021			$ Change			% Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	18,770		$	21,664		$	2,894			15.4	%
General and administrative		5,774			7,293			1,519			26.3	%

Total operating expenses		24,544			28,957			4,413			18.0	%

Loss from operations		(24,544	)		(28,957	)		(4,413	)		18.0	%
Interest income, net		421			41			(380	)		(90.3	%)

Net loss	$	(24,123	)	$	(28,916	)	$	(4,793	)		19.9	%

Costs and Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development increased by $2.9 million, or 15.4%, from $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $21.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase primarily relates to increases of $3.1 million in contract manufacturing and $0.8 million in outsourced spending on discovery and other expenses offset by a decrease of $0.9 million in clinical development. Apexigen does not track its research and development expenses by product candidate. Certain fluctuations in research and development expenses can however be partially attributed to specific product candidates, and such detail is disclosed as applicable below.

The $3.1 million increase in contract manufacturing costs consists of a $2.4 million increase in spending on APX601 contract manufacturing and a $0.7 million increase in spending on sotigalimab contract manufacturing. Apexigen spent $2.4 million more in APX601 contract manufacturing in 2021 as Apexigen progressed IND-enabling activities for the APX601 program, including assay transfer, drug product formulation and purchases of resins for the GMP drug substance manufacturing run, among other activities. In 2020, Apexigen incurred minimal expenses related to sotigalimab contract manufacturing. In 2021, sotigalimab contract manufacturing costs increased by $0.7 million as Apexigen began sotigalimab method development with a new GMP manufacturing vendor.

The $0.8 million increase in discovery and other expenses relates to the completion of the IND-enabling GLP toxicology study for the APX601 program in 2021.

The $0.9 million decrease in clinical development was due to a $0.7 million decrease in spending related to the completion of certain activities in 2020 from the agreement with Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (“PICI”) and a $0.2 million decrease in spending for consultants as Apexigen performs clinical operations in-house.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses increased by $1.5 million, or 26.3%, from $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily attributable to increases of $1.3 million in spending on professional services and of $0.2 million in compensation.

Interest Income, Net

Interest income, net, decreased by $0.4 million, or 90.3%, from $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $41,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was attributable to lower interest rates and lower cash balances during 2021 compared to 2020.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception through March 31, 2022, Apexigen has not generated any revenue from product sales and has incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from its operations. Apexigen’s net losses were $24.1 million and $28.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Apexigen’s net losses were $6.5 million and $9.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2022, Apexigen had an accumulated deficit of $153.8 million. Apexigen has funded its operations to date primarily through the issuance of convertible preferred stock as well as through proceeds from license agreements and borrowings under a debt arrangement and will continue to be dependent upon equity and/or debt financings or collaboration-related revenue until Apexigen is able to generate positive cash flows from its operations. As of March 31, 2022, Apexigen had raised gross proceeds of $157.6 million from these private placements of Apexigen’s convertible preferred stock and had $27.9 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Apexigen’s cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of bank deposits and money market funds. Apexigen’s short-term investments consist of government debt securities, corporate debt securities, commercial paper and asset-backed securities.

Funding Requirements

Apexigen’s primary use of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments is to fund operating expenses, which consist primarily of research and development expenditures related to Apexigen’s programs, and to a lesser extent, general and administrative expenditures. Apexigen plans to increase Apexigen’s research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as Apexigen continues the clinical development of Apexigen’s current and future product candidates. At this time, due to the inherently unpredictable nature of clinical development and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Apexigen cannot reasonably estimate the costs Apexigen will incur and the timelines required to complete development, obtain marketing approval, and commercialize Apexigen’s current product candidate or any future product candidates. For the same reasons, Apexigen is also unable to predict when, if ever, Apexigen will generate revenue from product sales or Apexigen’s current or any future license agreements that Apexigen may enter into or whether, or when, if ever, Apexigen may achieve profitability. Clinical and preclinical development timelines, the probability of success, and development costs can differ materially from expectations. In addition, Apexigen cannot forecast the timing and amounts of milestone, royalty and other revenue from licensing activities, which future product candidates

may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect Apexigen’s development plans and capital requirements.

Apexigen’s future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the following:

•

the progress, timing, scope, results and costs of Apexigen’s clinical trials and preclinical studies for Apexigen’s product candidates, including the ability to enroll patients in a timely manner for Apexigen’s clinical trials;

•

the costs of obtaining clinical and commercial supplies and validating the commercial manufacturing process for sotigalimab and any other product candidates;

•

Apexigen’s ability to successfully commercialize sotigalimab and any other product candidates;

•

the cost, timing and outcomes of regulatory approvals;

•

the extent to which Apexigen may acquire or in-license other product candidates and technologies;

•

the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments Apexigen is required to make pursuant to any current or future collaboration or license agreement;

•

the extent to which Apexigen receives royalty payments though Apexigen’s current or any future partnership arrangements;

•

Apexigen’s ability to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel;

•

the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and

•

the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which may exacerbate the magnitude of the factors discussed above.

Due to Apexigen’s significant research and development expenditures, Apexigen has generated operating losses in all periods presented. Apexigen expects to incur substantial additional losses in the future as Apexigen expands its research and development activities. Based on its research and development plans, there is uncertainty regarding Apexigen’s ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to operate its business effectively, which raises substantial doubt as to its ability to continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that such additional capital, whether in the form of debt or equity financing, will be sufficient or available and, if available, that such capital will be offered on terms and conditions acceptable to Apexigen.

In addition to the proceeds that are received from the Business Combination, including the related PIPE, Apexigen may seek additional funds through the sale and issuance of shares of its common stock in private or public offerings, other equity or debt financings, its committed investment agreement with Lincoln Park, collaborations or partnerships with third parties, or other transactions to monetize assets, including Apexigen’s right to receive milestone payments and royalties under Apexigen’s out-license arrangements. Apexigen cannot assure that Apexigen will succeed in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its operations or on terms favorable to Apexigen. If Apexigen is unable to obtain adequate financing when needed, Apexigen may have to delay, reduce the scope of or suspend one or more of its clinical trials or preclinical studies or research and development programs. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of Apexigen’s product candidates, Apexigen is unable to estimate the amount of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with Apexigen’s current and planned research, development and manufacturing activities.

To the extent that Apexigen raises additional capital through strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, Apexigen may have to relinquish valuable rights to Apexigen’s product candidates, future revenue streams or research programs or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to Apexigen. If Apexigen

raises additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of Apexigen’s then-existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect Apexigen’s stockholders’ rights. If Apexigen raises additional capital through debt financing, Apexigen may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting Apexigen’s ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes Apexigen’s cash flow data for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2021			2021			2022
							(Unaudited)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(19,957	)	$	(23,902	)	$	(6,854	)	$	(8,340	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(24,161	)		(22,024	)		8,514			2,520
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		12,897			37			24			(72	)

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021 and 2022

Operating Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, cash used in operating activities was $6.9 million, which consisted of a net loss of $6.5 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $0.6 million and a net change of $1.0 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges are primarily comprised of $0.4 million for stock-based compensation expense and $0.2 million for non-cash lease expense. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a decrease of $1.3 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses as a result of timing of payments offset by an increase of $0.4 million in lease liabilities as a result of increased lease payments and a $0.1 million long-term deposit paid to a vendor.

For the three months ended March 31, 2022, cash used in operating activities was $8.3 million, which consisted of a net loss of $9.0 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $0.6 million and a net change of $0.1 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges are primarily comprised of $0.4 million for stock-based compensation expense and $0.1 million for non-cash lease expense. The change in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase of $0.5 million in deferred revenue for the quarterly royalty payment received during the three months ended March 31, 2022 offset by a decrease of $0.4 million in accounts payable as a result of timing of payments.

The increase of $1.5 million in cash used in operating activities from the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily due to an increased net loss of $2.5 million partially offset by increased payments to third parties of $0.9 million, an increase in quarterly royalty receipts of $0.1 million and an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.1 million.

Investing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2022, cash provided by investing activities was $8.5 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The change in cash flows from investing activities was principally from the timing of purchases and sales of marketable securities.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was not significant. Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $0.1 million. The increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily from $0.1 million cash paid for deferred offering costs.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2021

Operating Activities

In 2020, cash used in operating activities was $20.0 million, which consisted of a net loss of $24.1 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $2.4 million and a net change of $1.7 million in Apexigen’s net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges are primarily comprised of $1.3 million for stock-based compensation expense and $0.8 million in non-cash lease expense. The change in Apexigen’s net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to an increase of $1.9 million in deferred revenue related to fully constrained royalty payments from Novartis.

In 2021, cash used in operating activities was $23.9 million, which consisted of a net loss of $28.9 million, adjusted by non-cash charges of $2.0 million and a net change of $3.0 million in Apexigen’s net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges are primarily comprised of $1.1 million for stock-based compensation expense and $0.5 million in non-cash lease expense. The change in Apexigen’s net operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to increases of $1.7 million in deferred revenue and $1.5 million in accrued expenses.

The increase of $3.9 million in cash used in operating activities from the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to the volume and timing of payments to third parties, the increase in Apexigen’s net loss, and the decrease in deferred revenue.

Investing Activities

In 2020, cash used in investing activities was $24.2 million. In 2021, cash provided by investing activities was $22.0 million. The change in cash flows from investing activities was principally from the timing of purchases and sales of marketable securities.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $12.9 million, which was primarily from cash received from the issuance of additional Series C preferred stock of $13.3 million offset by $0.4 million paid for Series C preferred stock issuance costs and offering costs associated with another financing transaction in 2019.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $37,000.

Contractual Obligations

Apexigen leases its principal facility under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement with a lease term ending in March 2023. In April 2021, Apexigen entered into a sublease arrangement for additional office space which expired on December 31, 2021. Total expense incurred under the sublease arrangement was $52,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

In addition, Apexigen has entered into certain licensing agreements pursuant to which Apexigen will owe royalty payments if and when Apexigen sublicenses or commercializes certain of Apexigen’s products, as well as certain collaboration agreements pursuant to which Apexigen may in the future owe certain amounts to Apexigen’s collaboration partners upon the achievement of certain milestones. Because these obligations are uncertain, and their timing and amount are not known, they are not included in the table above. These agreements are described in more detail in the section titled “Licensing and Other Arrangements” below.

Apexigen also enters into agreements in the normal course of business with contract research organizations for clinical trials, preclinical studies, manufacturing and other services and products for operating purposes, which are generally cancelable upon written notice. These obligations and commitments are also not included in the table above.

Licensing and Other Arrangements

Apexigen has entered into royalty-bearing license agreements and partnership agreements. Under the terms of these agreements described below, Apexigen has the right to collect, or is obligated to pay, certain milestone payments upon the achievement of specified pre-clinical, clinical or commercial milestones.

Beovu^® and Antibody Candidate Discovery and Development Agreement with Novartis

Apexigen has an agreement with Novartis relating to antibodies that Epitomics generated that target certain molecules which were used to develop antibody product candidates. Under the agreement, Novartis has a non-exclusive, irrevocable, worldwide, sublicensable, royalty-bearing and perpetual license to Apexigen’s rights in certain intellectual property to develop and commercialize those drug product candidates. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, the upfront fee and all milestone payments due upon the achievement of certain pre-clinical and clinical development milestones have been paid. Novartis remains obligated to pay Apexigen a very low single-digit royalty on net sales of the Beovu (brolucizumab-dbll) product for therapeutic uses by Novartis, its affiliates or licensees.

In October 2019, Novartis’ Beovu was approved for commercial sale. Novartis has disputed its obligation to pay Beovu royalties to Apexigen and continues to pay such royalties under protest. As a result, Apexigen has determined that any sales-based royalty revenue that Apexigen may earn under this agreement is currently fully constrained. Apexigen has recorded the Beovu royalty proceeds as deferred revenue in the balance sheets. Deferred revenue totaled $3.6 million and $4.1 million as of December 31. 2021 and March 31, 2022, respectively.

Services and License Agreement with Epitomics (Abcam)

In conjunction with Apexigen’s spinoff from Epitomics in 2010, Apexigen entered into an exclusive, worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under certain intellectual property rights controlled by Epitomics to develop and commercialize rabbit monoclonal antibodies generated using Epitomics’ technology and fragments thereof. Epitomics was acquired by Abcam in 2012 and is a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of Abcam. Apexigen is obligated to pay Abcam a percentage of total cash proceeds received by Apexigen from certain sublicenses entered into prior to the September 2020 expiration of the exclusive license agreement, to the extent such amounts are received in consideration of the grant of a sublicense under the Abcam patents for a particular target, provided that Apexigen’s payment obligation is limited to an aggregate of $1.0 million per target. The license agreement with Epitomic expired in September 2020. Apexigen has no liability under this license agreement as of December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022.

Other Agreements

Apexigen has entered into certain other partnership program agreements that may eventually lead to royalty payments or other payments to Apexigen, but Apexigen does not anticipate any potential payments under these agreements in the foreseeable future, if at all.

Clinical Collaborations

Apexigen has entered into a number of collaboration arrangements for the clinical development of sotigalimab with companies and academic and non-profit institutions. These arrangements specify whether Apexigen and/or the collaborator bears the cost of the clinical trials, and in the case of combination therapies, typically the collaborators provide the supply of such drug products while Apexigen supplies sotigalimab. Apexigen’s applicable share of the costs of these clinical collaborations are reflected in its research and development expenses.

Apexigen entered into an agreement with the PICI whereby PICI sponsored a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial, APX005M-004, to evaluate the combination of sotigalimab with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, with and

without nivolumab, in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PICI funded the cost of the study, and Apexigen supplied sotigalimab and provide related services at no cost to PICI.

In October 2019, Apexigen amended the PICI agreement. As a result of the amendment, Apexigen paid $1.0 million in cash and issued 1,290,540 shares of Apexigen’s common stock to PICI as compensation for services PICI rendered. The cash payment and the fair value of the common stock of $0.9 million were recognized immediately as research and development expense. Upon completion of the other milestones, Apexigen recognized $0.7 million in research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no expenses recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 and three months ended March 31, 2022.

Upon achievement of certain regulatory and clinical milestones related to the development of sotigalimab in pancreatic cancer, Apexigen will be obligated to pay an aggregate of up to $9.5 million in cash and shares of Apexigen’s common stock. Because Apexigen is not currently advancing the development of sotiga in pancreatic cancer, none of these milestones was probable as of December 31, 2021, and no amounts have been recognized.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Apexigen does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future significant effect on Apexigen’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or cash flows.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Apexigen’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires Apexigen’s management to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Apexigen evaluates its significant estimates on an ongoing basis, including estimates related to accruals for research and development costs, stock-based compensation and uncertain tax positions. Apexigen bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that Apexigen believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Apexigen believes that the accounting policies described below involve a significant degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, Apexigen believes these are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating its financial condition and results of operations. For further information, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Emerging Growth Company

Apexigen is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. Apexigen has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, Apexigen, as an emerging

growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of Apexigen’s financial statements with another public company, which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period, difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Revenue Recognition

Under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Apexigen recognizes revenue when Apexigen transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which Apexigen expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Apexigen has not commenced sales of its monoclonal antibodies and did not have a product available for market as of March 31, 2022.

Apexigen has other license agreements with third parties, under which Apexigen may also earn contingent fees including milestone payments based on counterparty performance and royalties on sales. Apexigen will recognize milestone payments as revenue once the underlying events are probable of being met and there is not a significant risk of reversal. Apexigen will recognize sales-based royalties as revenue when the underlying sales occur.

For more information on revenue recognition, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development consist of costs incurred for the development of sotiga, Apexigen’s lead product candidate, as well as APX601 and other product candidates. Research and development costs consist primarily of external costs related to clinical development, contract manufacturing, preclinical development and discovery as well as personnel costs and allocated overhead, such as rent, equipment, depreciation and utilities. Personnel costs consist of salaries, employee benefits and stock-based compensation.

Apexigen estimates external research and development expenses based on the services performed, pursuant to contracts with commercial and academic institutions that conduct and manage research and development services on Apexigen’s behalf. Apexigen records the costs of research and development activities based upon the estimated amount of services provided but not yet invoiced and includes these costs in accrued liabilities in the balance sheets. These costs are a component of Apexigen’s research and development expenses. Apexigen accrues for these costs based on factors such as the numbers of subject visits, the number of active patients, the numbers of patient enrolled, and estimates of the work completed and other measures in accordance with agreements established with its third-party service providers. As actual costs become known, Apexigen adjusts its accrued liabilities. Apexigen has not experienced any significant differences between accrued costs and actual costs incurred. However, the status and timing of actual services performed may vary from Apexigen’s estimates, resulting in adjustments to expenses in future periods. Changes in these estimates that result in significant changes to Apexigen’s accruals could significantly affect its results of operations.

Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development are capitalized and then expensed as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed. Apexigen evaluates such payments for current or long-term classification based on when they will be realized.

Fair Value Measurements

Apexigen applies fair value accounting to all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. The carrying amount of Apexigen’s financial assets and liabilities, including accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities.

For more information, see Note 3, Fair Value Measurement, to the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation, inclusive of stock options with only a service condition and stock options with performance conditions, are awarded to Apexigen’s officers, directors, employees, and certain non-employees.

Apexigen accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation.” Apexigen measures all stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated grant date fair value. For awards subject to service-based vesting conditions, Apexigen recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term. For awards subject to performance-based vesting conditions, Apexigen recognizes stock-based compensation expense using the accelerated attribution method when it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. Apexigen recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Apexigen calculates the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recognize expense using the straight-line attribution approach. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including the fair value of Apexigen’s common stock, the expected term of the awards, expected stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of the awards and Apexigen’s expected dividend yield.

Expected Term—Apexigen determines the expected life of options granted using the “simplified” method. Under this approach, Apexigen presumes the expected terms to be the mid-point between the weighted-average vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The simplified method makes the assumption that the award recipient will exercise share options evenly over the period when the share options are vested and ending on the date when the share options would expire.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—Apexigen bases the risk-free interest rate from the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the measurement date with maturities approximately equal to the expected term.

Expected Volatility—Because Apexigen’s stock is not traded in an active market, Apexigen calculates volatility by using the historical volatilities of the common stock of comparable publicly traded companies. The historical volatility data was computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies’ shares during the equivalent period of the calculated expected term of the stock-based awards. Apexigen will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of its own stock price becomes available.

Expected Dividends—Apexigen has never paid cash dividends on Apexigen’s common stock and does not have plans to pay cash dividends in the future. Therefore, Apexigen uses an expected dividend yield of zero.

Common Stock Valuation—Given the absence of a public trading market of Apexigen’s common stock, the Board considers numerous subjective and objective factors to determine the best estimate of fair value of Apexigen’s common stock underlying the stock options granted to its employees and non-employees. In determining the grant date fair value of its common stock, Apexigen uses certain assumptions, including probability weighting events, volatility, time to liquidation, risk-free interest rate, and assumption for a discount for lack of marketability. Apexigen uses a hybrid of the Option Pricing Model (“OPM”) and the Probability-Weighted Expected Return Method (“PWERM”) for determining its enterprise value. Application of these methods involves the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are complex and subjective, such as those regarding Apexigen’s expected future revenue, expenses, and cash flows, discount rates, market multiples, the selection of comparable companies, and the probability of future events. Following completion of the Merger, the Board intends to determine the fair value of the common stock based on the closing price of the common stock on or around the date of grant.

As of March 31, 2022, the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options was $2.8 million and is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.7 years.

For more information, see Note 10, Stock-Based Compensation, to the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to Apexigen’s financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Apexigen is exposed to certain credit and interest rate risks as part of Apexigen’s ongoing business operations.

Credit Risk

Apexigen is exposed to credit risk on Apexigen’s investment portfolio. Investments that potentially subject Apexigen to credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. Apexigen places its cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments with financial institutions with high credit standing and its excess cash in marketable investment grade securities. Apexigen’s short-term investments consist of government debt securities, corporate debt securities, commercial paper, and asset backed securities.

Interest Rate Risk

Apexigen had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $36.4 million and $27.9 million as of December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022, respectively. The primary goals of Apexigen’s investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. Apexigen does not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Apexigen believes that Apexigen does not have any significant exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short-term nature of Apexigen’s cash and cash equivalents. Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future investment income. A hypothetical 1.00% (100 basis points) increase in interest rates would not have materially impacted the fair value of Apexigen’s short-term investments as of December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022. If overall interest rates had increased or decreased by 1.00% (100 basis points), Apexigen’s interest income would not have been materially affected during the year ended December 31, 2021 or three months ended March 31, 2022.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects Apexigen by increasing Apexigen’s cost of labor and research and development contracts. Apexigen does not believe that inflation has had a significant effect on Apexigen’s financial results during the periods presented. However, to the extent that the inflation the United States has recently been experiencing results in rising interest rates and has other adverse effects on the market, it may adversely affect our future consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

BUSINESS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references included in this Business section to “Apexigen,” “Apexigen’s,” “we,” “our,” and “us,” refer to Legacy Apexigen.

Overview

Our most advanced wholly owned product candidates are as follows:

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Our Strategy

We are focused on discovering and developing next-generation antibody therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Our goal is to leverage the power of the body’s immune system to combat and eradicate tumor cells, generating enhanced tumor-specific immunity and leading to significant clinical benefits such as improved survival for patients across a wide range of cancers. The key tenets of our business strategy to achieve this goal include:

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Advance sotiga to registrational clinical trials. We believe sotiga could be an effective treatment in abroad range of oncology indications and are evaluating sotiga in combination with other immuno-oncology agents, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and cancer vaccines in multiple clinical trials in patients with solid tumors, including melanoma, esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer and sarcoma.

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Continue to advance and expand our pipeline. In addition to sotiga, we plan to advance the remainder of our internal pipeline, which consists of two preclinical programs and multiple research-stage

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programs. We may supplement our current pipeline by selectively acquiring or exclusively in-licensing rights to develop product candidates from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

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Leverage our APXiMAB platform to develop additional novel product candidates. Our APXiMAB platform has enabled development of a robust wholly owned pipeline as well as five additional product candidates that our licensees are developing. We believe there is significant opportunity to utilize our APXiMAB platform to discover and develop additional monoclonal antibodies with desirable attributes for oncology indications.

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Establish strategic out-licenses and collaborations to supplement our development capabilities and generate funding. We plan to establish additional product and clinical collaborations, in particular in the near term for the development and commercialization of sotigalimab. These collaborations may allow us to supplement our development, manufacturing, regulatory and commercialization capabilities to broaden and accelerate clinical development and potential commercialization of our product candidates and provide us with significant funding to advance our pipeline.

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Build U.S.-focused commercial capabilities. We plan to retain U.S. commercial rights for our oncology products, including through agreements we may negotiate to share U.S. commercialization responsibilities with a collaboration partner. As our product candidates near commercialization, we plan to build sales and marketing capabilities in the United States. We currently have global rights to sotiga, APX601 and our other preclinical and research-stage programs, however, we plan in the near term to pursue opportunities for strategic out-licenses and collaborations for the development and commercialization of sotigalimab.

Our Wholly Owned Pipeline

The following table shows the stage of development of the most advanced product candidates that we are currently developing:

LOGO

(1)

Due to the cost of running a subsequent trial of the combination of sotiga with neoadjuvant chemoradiation in esophageal and GEJ cancers, our current resources and the low incidence of esophageal and GEJ cancer in the United States, we expect that for the foreseeable future we will not independently develop sotiga in this combination and setting. Please see “Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Sotiga as a Neoadjuvant Therapy” for additional information.

Our Out-Licensed Programs

Our APXiMAB platform was used to enable the discovery of multiple protein therapeutic product candidates against a variety of molecular targets, including targets that are difficult to drug with conventional antibody technologies. In addition to the product candidates that we wholly own, several programs for the development of product candidates discovered through the use of the APXiMAB platform are in clinical development by our licensees. The most advanced of these programs is Novartis’ Beovu^® (brolucizumab-dbll) product, which received FDA approval in 2019 and is marketed in over 70 countries. Two other programs being developed by our licensees are in later-stage development: Simcere’s BD0801 is in Phase 3 clinical development in ovarian

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cancer and Mabwell’s 9MW0211 is in an adaptive, pivotal Phase 2/3 clinical trial in wet age-related macular degeneration. An additional program, OCS-02, is being developed by Oculis SA and is in Phase 2 development for ocular disease, and a final program, TRK-950, is being developed by Toray Industries and is in Phase 1 development for oncology. There is no guarantee that any of the product candidates discovered using our APXiMAB antibody platform and developed by our third-party licensees will receive regulatory approval.

Background on Immuno-oncology

Immuno-oncology therapeutics harness the power of the immune system to treat cancer. This class of therapeutics has transformed patient care over the last decade. Immunosurveillance and activation of the immune system is mediated by both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and normally protects patients from tumor growth and metastasis. Antigen-presenting cells (“APCs”), including dendritic cells (“DCs”) and monocytes, are also key mediators of innate immunity, recognizing cancer cells and destroying them via phagocytosis or by recruiting and activating adaptive immune cells through direct cell contact and effective presentation of cancer-specific antigens in concert with costimulatory molecules and cytokines. Adaptive immune cells can mediate durable anti-tumor immunity by multiple mechanisms including production of anti-tumor antibodies by B cells and direct cytotoxicity by CD8 T cells.

While the immune system may initially control tumor formation and growth, over time, tumor cells may evolve to evade recognition and elimination by immune cells. These evasion strategies involve modulation of activating and inhibitory immune checkpoint pathways. Currently, many approved therapeutic antibodies target T cells by blocking inhibitory checkpoint molecules, including CTLA-4 and PD-1. While these antibodies have shown efficacy in certain subsets of patients, the majority of patients are refractory to treatment, suggesting that the treatment of cancer requires additional approaches which employ diverse or additional mechanisms of action that facilitated the engagement of both innate and adaptive immune components.

Sotigalimab (APX005M) Program

Harnessing the body’s immune system through immunotherapies is an effective means of treating patients with cancer. For example, immune checkpoint inhibitors to PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have shown meaningful increases in overall patient survival. Most tumors, however, are either resistant to checkpoint inhibition or become resistant after treatment. Immune suppressive mechanisms of resistance include reductions in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and impaired T cell function. Restoring or increasing T cell functionality and infiltration is believed to be crucial to cancer treatment, with the potential to overcome checkpoint inhibition resistance, enhance the effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or vaccine therapy, and increase survival.

DCs are APCs that provide signaling leading to T cell activation, function and infiltration. CD40, which is predominantly expressed on APCs such as DCs, is a key mediator of this activation. Activation of CD40 initiates and amplifies a multi-cellular immune response, bringing different components of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system to work in concert and resulting in increased antigen presentation, maturation of DCs and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, NK cells and neutrophils to attack tumor cells.

Sotiga is a CD40 agonist antibody that we designed to maximize its agonistic properties through:

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Unique epitope specificity to mimic the binding of CD40 ligand (“CD40L”) to the CD40 receptor binding site for increased potency;

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An engineered increase in binding to Fc gamma receptor 2B (FcgRIIB) to increase antibody cross-linking and antitumor potency; and

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An engineered reduction in binding to Fc gamma receptor 3a (FcgRIIIa) to eliminate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (“ADCC”) effects on CD40-expressing APCs.

We believe that sotiga’s ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity enhances tumor infiltration of immune and proinflammatory cells such as M1 macrophages and T cells and immune stimulatory cytokines such

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as interferon-g. Tumors with an inflamed phenotype tend to be more responsive to anti-cancer therapies. We therefore believe sotiga may combine well with and enhance the efficacy of other immuno-oncology agents, targeted therapeutics, chemotherapies, vaccines and radiation therapy to improve outcomes for patients.

Figure 1: Sotiga Targets CD40: A Key Pathway in Stimulating Immune Response in Cancer

LOGO

We have studied sotiga in over a dozen company-sponsored or investigator- or cooperative group-sponsored clinical trials in numerous tumor settings as both a monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapies, radiation therapies, immuno-oncology therapeutics and cancer vaccines. None of these clinical trials was powered to determine statistical significance over a control arm. We have dosed over 500 patients with sotiga across these studies, generating a significant amount of safety and efficacy data to guide our continued development of sotiga. The data to date demonstrate that sotiga is reasonably well tolerated as a monotherapy and also in combination with other cancer therapeutics. As of April 3, 2022, over 500 subjects had been treated with sotiga either as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer treatments. The SAEs considered at least possibly related to sotiga across all clinical trials reported in more than one subject were cytokine release syndrome (n= 16, ~3%), blood bilirubin increased (n= 3,<0.6%), infusion-related reaction (n= 3,<0.6%), aspartate aminotransferase increased (n=3, <0.6%), alanine aminotransferase increased (n= 2,<0.4%), colitis (n=2, <0.4%), pyrexia (n= 2, <0.4%), thrombocytopenia/platelet count decreased (n=2, <0.4%) and pancreatitis/ acute pancreatitis (n=2, <04%). Following the data cut, a new SAE of hepatic failure (dysfunction) was reported, bringing the number of hepatic failure (dysfunction) cases to two (<0.4%). In several clinical trials, sotiga was dosed in combination in with other therapeutics, including anti-PD-1 antibodies, chemotherapy or radiation, and in several of the SAEs listed above such as colitis, the events were also considered related to the other components of the combination such as an anti-PD-1 antibody. We have observed single-agent anti-tumor activity, including complete responses (“CRs”) in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who had not previously received immuno-oncology therapeutics, and efficacy in combination with antibodies to PD-1 or PD-L1 (together, “PD-(L)1”), chemotherapies and radiation therapies in Phase 2 clinical development in multiple tumor settings. Our current clinical development activities are focused on the:

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Treatment of patients with anti-PD-(L)1 refractory metastatic melanoma with sotiga in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody;

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Administration of sotiga in combination with paclitaxel, carboplatin and radiation therapy as a neoadjuvant treatment in patients with esophageal or GEJ cancer that can be removed by surgery; and

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Treatment of patients with advanced sarcoma with sotiga in combination with doxorubicin.

Sotiga is also being studied in an investigator-sponsored Phase 2 randomized trial in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy as a neoadjuvant treatment for patients with rectal cancer (the “Rectal Trial”). In order to preserve resources, we terminated the agreement under which the Rectal Trial is being conducted. The patients enrolled in the Rectal Trial will continue to be treated and followed, however, no additional patients will be enrolled in the Rectal Trial. We expect that a cooperative-sponsored Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating sotiga in combination with chemotherapy with and without radiotherapy to treat patients with recurrent BRCA wild-type ovarian cancer will begin dosing patients after we receive sotiga drug product ready for clinical use from Wuxi, which we expect by mid-2023.

Sotiga in Anti-PD-(L)1 Refractory Melanoma

Background

In 2020, there were an estimated 324,000 new cases of melanoma of skin worldwide resulting in over 57,000 deaths. The five-year survival rate for patients whose melanoma is diagnosed while it is still localized and treated early is greater than 95%. However, melanoma is more likely to spread than other skin cancers in patients with later stage diagnoses. In general, treatments for advanced melanoma can be effective but rarely curative. For patients with distant spread of melanoma at diagnosis, the five-year relative survival rate is approximately 30%.

The current standard-of-care treatment for patients with metastatic or unresectable melanoma includes immuno-oncology agents such as anti-PD-1 drugs (e.g., pembrolizumab and nivolumab), the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilimumab, the anti-LAG-3 antibody, relatlimab, and BRAF/MEK inhibitors for tumors that harbor specific gene mutations. These drugs have shown responses in approximately 15% to 40% of melanoma patients and extended the progression-free survival (“PFS”) and overall survival (“OS”) of patients receiving these therapies. Despite these treatments, the majority of patients have not had durable responses and have relapsed. For those patients whose disease progresses following approved targeted therapy or immunotherapy regimens, treatment options are limited to minimally active agents that include chemotherapy, radiation, surgery and investigational agents. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new effective treatments.

Phase 1b/2 Clinical Trial of Sotiga in Combination with Nivolumab

In 2021, we completed a Phase 1b/2 open-label trial (NCT03123783) in which we studied sotiga in combination with nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, in subjects with unresectable or metastatic melanoma that had progressive disease (PD) during treatment with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy as one arm of a multi-indication trial (the APX005M-002 Trial). Eligible patients with melanoma had to have documented disease progression by two consecutive tumor assessments.

In the Phase 1b portion of the APX005M-002 Trial, we evaluated sotiga at three dose levels administered every three weeks in combination with nivolumab (360mg). No dose-limiting toxicities occurred and 0.3 mg/kg of sotiga administered every three weeks was determined to be the recommended dose for use in the Phase 2 portion (RP2D) of the study.

In the Phase 2 portion of the APX005M-002 Trial, 38 patients with anti-PD-(L)1 refractory metastatic melanoma were enrolled and evaluable for safety and 33 of these patients were evaluable for efficacy. Of the efficacy-evaluable patients, 14 (42%) had elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at baseline, a poor prognostic indicator of response to PD-(L)1 blockade therapy, seven (21%) had received two or more prior lines of therapy and eight (24%) had previously been treated with an anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

There were five partial responses (“PRs”) in the trial for an overall response rate (“ORR”) of 15.2% and ten patients with stable disease (“SD”) (30.3%). The duration of response (“DoR”) as determined in the trial ranged

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from 4.1+ to 24.7+ months, and was measured from the first documented PR to the earlier of the date of progression or the last imaging study prior to the end of the trial even if the patient was in an ongoing PR. Four of the responding patients remained in an ongoing PR at the completion of the trial, after which we ceased following and monitoring these patients for progression. The fifth responding patient developed an isolated brain lesion approximately 9 months after stopping combination therapy (DoR of approximately 18.7 months), subsequently received radiation therapy for the brain lesion, and did not require any further local or systemic therapy through the end of the trial. The duration of SD was up to 14.0+ months and the majority of patients with SD had a duration of SD lasting longer than 3.5 months. These data suggest that treatment with sotiga in combination with nivolumab resulted in clinical benefits in PD-1 blockade refractory patients by achieving durable objective tumor responses and stable disease.

Figure 2: Best Overall Response and Duration of Response in the APX005M-002 Trial


Best Overall Response and DoR
PR	n (%)	5 (15.2%)
SD	n (%)	10 (30.3%)
PD	n (%)	18 (54.5%)
ORR	Rate (CI 90%)	15.2% (6.2%, 29.3%)
DoR (PR)*	Range	4.1+ to 24.7+ months

*	First documented PR to date of progression or last imaging study prior to the end of the trial, whichever occurs first. Four patients had an ongoing PR at the end of the trial, after which we ceased following and monitoring these patients for progression.

Figure 3: Change in Tumor Size over Time in Patients with Anti-PD(L)1 Refractory Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma from the APX005M-002 Trial (data as of March 25, 2022)

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Figure 4: Increases in Several Immune Mediators and Markers from Patients Treated in the APX005M-002 Trial Demonstrate Activation of DCs Consistent with CD40 Activation

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In the APX005M-002 Trial, we observed that the combination of sotiga and nivolumab could be administered to patients with anti-PD-(L)1 refractory melanoma repeatedly for greater than one year with an acceptable safety profile. The majority of adverse events (“AEs”) considered related to sotiga, nivolumab or the combination were transient and grade 1 or 2. The most common AEs consisted of fever, fatigue, chills, headache, nausea, pruritus, vomiting, rash, arthralgias, myalgias, and elevated liver function tests. No serious adverse effects (“SAEs”) or deaths were considered related to the study drugs and no treatment withdrawals or discontinuations were reported as due to AEs related to sotiga. The incidence of immune-related adverse events was low, and the AEs were similar in nature to those that have been reported with nivolumab alone. There were no reported cases of cytokine release syndrome.

We believe the data observed in the APX005M-002 Trial support the advancement of the development of sotiga as a potential treatment in combination with a PD-(L)1 inhibitor for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma that had progressive disease during treatment with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy. Accordingly, we discussed with the FDA in a Type C meeting in mid-2022 our plans for a registration-enabling study in this setting. The company received feedback and support from the FDA for a potential randomized registration-enabling clinical trial of sotigalimab in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor to treat patients with PD-1 blockade refractory melanoma, which potential trial would compare the combination of sotigalimab and a PD-1 inhibitor against an investigator’s choice of standard of care therapy and would demonstrate the contribution of sotigalimab and the PD-1 inhibitor as components of the combination regimen. We are currently evaluating the next steps and trial designs for a potential registration-enabling clinical trial of sotigalimab in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor to treat patients with PD-1 blockade refractory melanoma based on the feedback we received from the FDA.

Other Trials of Sotiga in Melanoma

In addition to our APX005M-002 Trial, we are evaluating the use of sotiga as monotherapy and in combination with other immuno-oncology therapeutics, radiation therapy and cancer vaccines.

We are conducting an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT04337931) to evaluate the use of sotiga in patients with immunotherapy-naïve unresectable or metastatic melanoma (the APX005M-010 Trial). As of December 2021, we observed two complete responses (CRs) in patients receiving sotiga as a monotherapy—one CR in a patient receiving 0.3 mg/kg of sotiga every two weeks and the other CR in a patient receiving 0.3 mg/kg of sotiga every three weeks. As of November 2021, the duration of response of these two CRs was more than 12.6 months and 14.1 months. The objective responses observed in the study demonstrate that sotiga has single-agent activity. We continue to review data emerging from this trial and plan to present additional response and safety data in the future.

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Figure 5: Change in Tumor Size over Time in Patients with Immunotherapy-Naïve Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma from the APX005M-010 Trial (data as of January 2, 2022)

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Yale University is also conducting an investigator-sponsored Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT04495257) of sotiga in combination with nivolumab and low-dose ipilimumab in treatment-naïve patients with advanced melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (the APX005M-012 Trial). We expect that 36 patients will enroll in the APX005M-012 Trial. Objective responses have been observed in the APX005M-012 Trial and the study continues to enroll patients.

Sotiga as a Neoadjuvant in Esophageal and GEJ Cancer

Background

Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the eighth most common cancer worldwide. Approximately 19,000 and 604,000 new cases of esophageal cancer were estimated to have occurred in 2020 in the United States and worldwide, respectively, resulting in over 15,000 and 544,000 deaths in the United States and worldwide, respectively. The overall five-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the United States is approximately 20%. Trends for histologic subtypes have been shifting, with the incidence of adenocarcinomas steadily climbing in the past several decades compared to the more common squamous cell carcinoma. Today, adenocarcinomas present the predominant subtype in the United States and European countries compared to squamous cell carcinoma, which is the major histologic type in Asia and other countries. Chemoradiation is the current standard of care in the neoadjuvant setting for patients with resectable esophageal and GEJ cancers. Pathologic CR (“pCR”) rates observed with neoadjuvant chemoradiation in esophageal and GEJ cancers have been 19% to 23% for adenocarcinomas and 42% to 49% for squamous cell carcinomas and a significant unmet medical need exists to increase the pCR rate and improve overall survival. Published data demonstrate that the pCR rate is significantly associated with improved overall survival in esophageal and GEJ cancer.

Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Sotiga as a Neoadjuvant Therapy

In December 2021, we completed enrollment of 34 patients in our Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03165994) to study sotiga in combination with standard-of-care chemoradiation as a neoadjuvant treatment for patients with resectable esophageal or GEJ cancer (the “APX005M-006 Trial”). As of February 3, 2022, of the 34 enrolled patients, 22 were evaluable for response, three were not evaluable (two declined surgery and one had chemotherapy intolerance) and the remainder were still yet to undergo surgery. Nine of the evaluable patients

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had a pCR (41%) and 11 of the evaluable patients had a PR (50%) for an ORR of 91%. Six of the 17 evaluable patients with adenocarcinoma had a pCR (35%) as did three of the five evaluable patients with squamous cell carcinoma (60%). We are encouraged by these preliminary pCR rates, which are higher than the historic rates observed with neoadjuvant chemoradiation alone in both adenocarcinoma (19% to 23% historic pCR rate) and squamous cell carcinoma (42% to 49% pCR rate). The interim data also indicate that sotiga in combination with neoadjuvant chemoradiation for esophageal and GEJ cancers is reasonably well tolerated. We believe these data support the further study of sotiga in combination with chemoradiation as a neoadjuvant treatment. However, given the cost of running a subsequent trial of the combination of sotiga with neoadjuvant chemoradiation in esophageal and GEJ cancers, our current resources and priorities for sotiga and the low incidence of esophageal and GEJ cancer in the United States, we expect that for the foreseeable future we will not independently develop sotiga in this combination and setting.

Figure 6: Response Rates Observed in On-going APX005M-006 Trial (n=22 evaluable patients; data as of February 3, 2022)


Total Responses	N (%)
pCR		9 (41	%)
PR		11 (50	%)
ORR		20 (91	%)


Responses by Subtype	N (%)
Adenocarcinoma pCR Rate		6/17 (35	%)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma pCR Rate		3/5 (60	%)

We plan to disclose preliminary results from the APX005M-006 Trial in a poster presentation at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress in September 2022.

In October 2020, the FDA granted us Orphan Drug Designation for sotigalimab for the treatment of esophageal and GEJ cancers.

Sotiga in Advanced Sarcoma

Background

In 2021, there were approximately 13,000 new cases of soft tissue sarcoma (including heart cancer) in the United States resulting in over 5,300 deaths. The overall prevalence in the United States in 2018 was approximately 158,000 cases. The five-year survival rate for patients with metastatic sarcoma is approximately 15%.

Soft tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies of mesenchymal origin. More than 50 subtypes are defined, each with distinct clinical and biologic features. Chemotherapy remains the standard approach for most soft tissue sarcoma subtypes when disease is unresectable or metastatic. Doxorubicin and the combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel are front-line chemotherapy regimens used for initial treatment of most soft tissue sarcoma. Across several recent large randomized controlled studies evaluating new agents in sarcoma, response rates in the doxorubicin control were between 5-19%. In a recent Phase 3 study of olaratumab, the doxorubicin control arm was reported to have an ORR of 18.3% and a median PFS of 6.8 months in the soft tissue sarcoma population. Studies of immunotherapy-based approaches for the treatment of sarcoma have shown limited efficacy to date. Newer and more effective treatments are needed in this difficult-to-treat indication.

Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Sotiga in Combination with Doxorubicin

Columbia University is leading a multi-center, investigator-sponsored Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03719430) of sotiga in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced sarcoma (the APX005M-009 Trial). We expect

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that 32 patients will enroll in the APX005M-009 Trial. As of January 2022, 20 patients were enrolled and evaluable and we had observed four PRs (20%), 12 SDs (60%) and four PDs (20%). The PRs were observed in four different sarcoma subtypes: leiomyosarcoma (LMS), liposarcoma (LPS), epithelioid haemangioendothelioma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). As of January 2022, the patients with a PR had a duration of response of 1.3 to 11.1 months at the time of last follow-up or PD and the patients with SD had a duration of SD of 1.4 to 23.4 months at the time of last follow-up or PD. The 20 evaluable patients had received a median of one prior therapy. The four patients with a PR had received none, one, four and six prior therapies. We believe the durability of response and stable disease observed in these patients is encouraging. The trial continues to enroll and treat patients. We expect that preliminary data from the APX005M-009 Trial will be presented by the end of 2022.

In August 2021, the FDA granted us Orphan Drug Designation for sotigalimab for the treatment of soft tissue carcinoma.

Figure 7: Change in Tumor Size over Time in Patients with Advanced Sarcoma from the APX005M-009 Trial (data as of January 29, 2022)

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Development of Sotiga in Selected Other Settings

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

A multicenter Phase 1b/2 clinical trial sponsored by the Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy (“PICI”) and co-funded by the Cancer Research Institute and Bristol-Myers Squibb Company was also conducted to test sotiga in combination with chemotherapy with and without nivolumab for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (the “APX005M-004 Trial”). In the Phase 2 portion of the APX005M-004 Trial 36 patients received sotiga in combination with chemotherapy (“Cohort B2”) and 35 patients received sotiga in combination with chemotherapy and nivolumab (“Cohort C2”). The median time on treatment for these patients was 5.1 and 4.7 months for Cohort B2 and Cohort C2, respectively, as compared to the historical median rate of 3.9 months duration of treatment for chemotherapy alone. The confirmed ORR for these patients was 33% and 26% for cohorts B2 and C2, respectively, as compared to the historical ORR of 23% for chemotherapy alone. The one-year OS rate was 48.1% for Cohort B (one sided p= 0.062) and 41.3% (p= 0.236) for Cohort C2, as compared to the 35% historical rate for chemotherapy alone. Although the APX005M-004 Trial was powered to

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examine the statistical significance of the one-year OS rate of the treatment cohorts as compared to a historical one-year OS rate of 35% for treatment with the combination of nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine (one-sided 95% confidence interval), the trial was not powered to show statistical significance of any other endpoint or measure of efficacy in the trial or to show differences between each cohort.

Analyses of biomarker data from the APX005M-004 Trial have indicated that there are several potential baseline biomarkers that may be used to prospectively identify patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma that may be more responsive to treatment with sotiga in combination with chemotherapy than patients without these baseline markers. We are therefore evaluating the potential development of sotiga in combination with chemotherapy in selected patients with pancreatic cancer based on the results and findings from the APX005M-004 Trial.

In March 2020, the FDA granted us Orphan Drug Designation for sotigalimab for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma

In the APX005M-002 Trial, we enrolled three cohorts of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”). In one cohort, we enrolled 53 immunotherapy-naïve patients with NSCLC and treated these patients with sotiga in combination with nivolumab. Forty-eight of these patients were evaluable. Eight of these evaluable patients achieved a PR for an ORR of 16.7% and 23 subjects (47.9%) had SD. Nine of the evaluable patients in this cohort were on treatment for more than 12 months; five had PR and four had SD. These results showed that durable response or stabilization was achievable with the combination of sotiga and nivolumab in this patient population. In the other two NSCLC cohorts, we enrolled 42 patients with metastatic or locally advanced NSCLC that had progressed during or were refractory to treatment with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy and 37 of these patients were evaluable. There were no objective tumor responses in these 37 evaluable patients and 24 (64.9%) of these patients had a best response of stable disease with median PFS of less than four months. Although we observed a modest number of objective responses in the immunotherapy naïve cohort of patients and stable disease in the patients who had previously progressed on or were refractory to prior anti-PD-(L)1 therapy, we determined to not advance the development of sotiga in these lines of therapy in patients with NSCLC at this time.

Other Settings

Sotiga is also being studied in an investigator-sponsored Phase 2 randomized trial in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy as a neoadjuvant treatment for patients with rectal cancer. We expect that a cooperative-sponsored Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating sotiga in combination with chemotherapy with and without radiotherapy to treat patients with recurrent BRCA wild-type ovarian cancer will begin dosing patients in 2023.

First-in-Human Clinical Trial

In our first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial of sotiga, we examined the safety of sotiga at eight dose levels up to 1mg/kg administered every three weeks and then a subset of these doses administered at two- and one-week intervals. Sotiga was reasonably well tolerated by the 43 subjects that participated in the trial and a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached.

The majority of adverse events were considered grade 1 or 2 and were transient and reversible. Pharmacodynamic marker studies showed activation of DCs, monocytes, B cells and T cells in the blood, which is consistent with sotiga’s mechanism of action. Based on the safety and pharmacodynamic effects, we selected 0.3 mg/kg administered on an every three-, two-, or one-week schedule as the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D).

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Preclinical and Pipeline Programs

We have used our APXiMAB platform to discover several antibody therapeutic candidates against a variety of molecular targets that we are advancing in research and preclinical development, including APX601. We also have additional programs we may advance that are in earlier stages of research or preclinical development.

APX601—Anti-TNFR2 Antagonist Antibody

TNFR2 is highly expressed on immune suppressive cells such as _Treg and suppressive myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment where it enforces their survival and suppressive function. Preclinical data strongly support the role of TNFR2 in cancer and several groups have reported that anti-TNFR2 antagonist antibodies can decrease _Treg infiltration in mouse tumors and significantly inhibit tumor growth in numerous mouse models of cancer as a single-agent and in combination with other therapies. _Treg depletion by TNFR2 antagonist antibodies was also shown in ex vivo studies of human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (“CTCL”), and ovarian tumors. TNFR2 is also an oncogene expressed by some cancer cells that regulates their survival. Independent from effects on immune cells, TNFR2 antagonist antibodies have been shown in nonclinical ex vivo assays to directly kill human CTCL and ovarian cancer cells. Thus, TNFR2 is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy with multiple mechanisms of action.

APX601 is a humanized IgG1 antagonist antibody discovered using our ApxiMAB platform, and binds with high affinity to human TNFR2, blocking the binding of TNFR2 to its ligand, TNF-α. In preclinical models, APX601 has demonstrated the ability to reverse immune suppression by Treg cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells to reactivate the function of effector T cells and to kill TNFR2-expressing tumor cells by antibody-mediated effector functions. APX601 was evaluated in preclinical cancer models as a single agent and in combination with anti-PD-1. Because APX601 does not cross-react with rodent TNFR2, human TNFR2 knock-in mice were used. APX601 demonstrated dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition as a single agent (CT26 model) and also showed anti-tumor activity in combination with anti-PD-1 (MC38 model) (Figure 8). Our plans to file an IND and advance APX601 into a Phase 1/2 clinical trial after the closing of the Merger will depend in significant part on the extent to which shares of BCAC Common Stock are redeemed by the BCAC Public Stockholders. If holders of all or nearly all of the outstanding shares of BCAC Common Stock redeemed their shares, we expect we would not advance the clinical development of APX601 unless and until we secure adequate financing.

Figure 8: Preclinical Efficacy of APX601 in CT26 and MC38 Mouse Models

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Our APXiMAB Platform

Our APXiMAB platform was used to discover all of our wholly owned product candidates and several programs for the development of product candidates that we have out-licensed. Our proprietary APXiMAB platform is comprised of two primary components:

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Generation of hybridomas from rabbit B cells using fusion cell lines which enable us to reproducibly generate large numbers of rabbit monoclonal antibodies; and

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Humanization of these antibodies using our MLG (multi lineage guided) humanization technology.

Advantages of Rabbit Antibodies

Rabbits offer numerous advantages over other animal species for the generation of therapeutic antibodies. Unlike rodents and humans, which rely primarily on VDJ rearrangement (variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segment rearrangements), rabbits use an additional process called gene conversion, to generate a broad and diverse antibody repertoire.

Rabbit antibodies offer:

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diverse epitope recognition to enable fit-for-purpose therapeutic antibody generation;

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the ability to recognize epitopes that are not immunogenic in other species, including small-size epitopes; and

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high affinity and specificity.

Our Hybridoma Technology

Despite the multiple advantages of rabbit-derived antibodies, they were generally not used as a source of monoclonal antibodies until Epitomics, our predecessor, developed a fusion cell line capable of generating stable hybridoma clones, which enables us to generate high quality rabbit-derived antibodies from hybridoma cell lines.

Our antibody generation process begins with immunization of rabbits from which B cells are isolated and fused to a rabbit myeloma cell line, generating hybridoma cells capable of stably producing rabbit antibodies. These antibodies are screened for desired properties such as affinity and specificity and evaluated in panels of biochemical and cellular assays.

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Figure 9: The APXiMAB Platform Process

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Our Proprietary MLG Humanization Technology

To facilitate drug development, we humanize these rabbit monoclonal antibodies using our proprietary MLG (multi lineage guided) humanization technology. Antibodies generated in non-human species and given to people as drugs can induce the formation of antibodies that neutralize the antibody drug or induce an undesirable immune response. These are often referred to as anti-drug antibodies or ADAs. Most therapeutic antibodies are therefore modified to have their sequences resemble human antibody sequences as much as possible in an attempt to avoid the development of ADAs.

In conventional humanization, sequences of antibodies derived from non-human species are altered to be closer to human antibody sequences by replacing the sequences of the antibody scaffold with that of human scaffolds. This creates a novel antibody in which the majority of the sequence comes from human antibody genes and the antigen-binding portions from the originating non-human species.

In our MLG humanization technology, we examine the antibody sequences generated in rabbits to better understand the importance of various residues both in the antigen-binding portions and the antibody scaffold. Residues that are highly conserved are preserved while other residues that are highly variable in the sequences of the rabbit antibodies are replaced with conservative amino acid substitutions found in human antibodies. Because our MLG technology enables humanization of antigen-binding regions, we believe that this process results in humanized antibodies that maintain the desired characteristics of the original rabbit antibody, including high affinity, while reducing immunogenicity.

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Our Antibody Engineering Expertise

We deploy our knowledge of immunology and experience with therapeutic antibodies to engineer desirable features into our product candidates. For example, we incorporated the S267E mutation into the Fc portion of sotiga with the goal of achieving better potency and safety. This mutation, which had previously been described in scientific literature, changes the binding affinity to FcgRIIb and FcgRIIIa receptors to increase cross-linking and the potency of sotiga and reduce immune activation in circulation, where less FcR crosslinking occurs. Elimination of binding to FcgRIIIa minimizes ADCC and consequently prevents the depletion of CD40-expressing immune cells. Binding of sotiga to the CD40 ligand binding domain mimics that of the natural CD40 ligand and enhancing sotiga’s activation of CD40. We have employed other strategies to design favorable properties into our product candidates.

Our Out-License Relationships

Our APXiMAB platform has enabled the discovery of multiple protein therapeutic product candidates with potential utility in multiple therapeutic areas. We have licenses with several biopharmaceutical companies that are developing product candidates that were discovered using our APXiMAB platform, which has been important to prosecuting the full value of our platform. We believe the licenses for the programs for the development of product candidates we have helped generate demonstrate the productivity and utility of our platform and position us to receive meaningful royalty payments if those product candidates are approved and successfully commercialized. Described below are the out-license relationships and the related agreements under which we may receive milestone or royalty payments. The aggregate payments received from these relationships as of March 31, 2022 include milestone payments of approximately $3.6 million, upfront or execution payments of approximately $1.9 million, and other service-related payments of approximately $0.3 million. Apexigen has also recorded $4.1 million in deferred revenue relating to certain royalty payments made under the ESBATech Agreement.

Beovu and Novartis Antibody Candidate Discovery and Development Agreement

Our predecessor, Epitomics, entered into an antibody candidate discovery and development agreement with ESBATech AG in March 2007 (the “ESBATech Agreement”). In September 2009, Alcon Research, Ltd. (ARL) acquired ESBATech and in April 2011 ARL’s parent, Alcon, Inc. merged with Novartis AG (“Novartis”). Epitomics assigned the ESBATech Agreement to us in connection with our spin-out from Epitomics.

Under the ESBATech Agreement, Epitomics provided to ESBATech antibodies discovered using the APXiMAB platform that target certain molecules. ESBATech used those antibodies to develop drug product candidates to two different drug targets. Under the ESBATech Agreement, we granted ESBATech a non-exclusive, irrevocable, worldwide, sublicensable, royalty-bearing and perpetual license to our rights in certain intellectual property to develop and commercialize those drug product candidates. Other than financial interests, we do not have any ownership or right in those drug product candidates or any intellectual property covering or enabling the manufacture, use or sale of those drug product candidates.

Novartis, the successor in interest to ESBATech, has successfully developed and begun commercializing one of those drug product candidates, brolucizumab-dbll, a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) targeting all of the isoforms of VEGF-A, which Novartis markets under the brand name Beovu^®. Beovu is approved for use in over 70 countries and indicated for the treatment of neovascular (wet) AMD and has received European Commission approval for the use of Beovu for the treatment of visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema. Novartis is also developing Beovu for additional uses in several Phase 3 clinical trials.

In or around January 2019, Novartis licensed to Oculis SA another of the drug product candidates covered by the ESBATech Agreement, which was named LME636. Oculis renamed the drug candidate OCS-02. OCS-02 is a topical single-chain anti-TNF alpha antibody fragment. Oculis is in Phase 2 development of OCS-02 for the treatment of dry eye and uveitis.

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Novartis and its predecessors have paid all of the upfront fee and milestone payments due under the ESBATech Agreement. The term of the ESBATech Agreement expired in March 2010; however, Novartis’ royalty payment obligations under the agreement survive indefinitely. Novartis is obligated to pay Apexigen a very low single-digit royalty on worldwide net sales of Beovu and OCS-02 for therapeutic uses by Novartis, its affiliates or licensees in perpetuity. In October 2019, Novartis’ Beovu was approved for commercial sale. However, Novartis has disputed its obligation to pay royalties to Apexigen under the ESBATech Agreement and continues to pay such royalties under protest. As a result, Apexigen has determined that any sales-based royalty revenue which Apexigen may earn under the ESBATech Agreement is currently fully constrained and Apexigen has recorded the royalty proceeds as deferred revenue in its balance sheets in an aggregate amount of $4.1 million.

Simcere License and Collaboration Agreement

In December 2008, Epitomics and Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical R&D Co., Ltd. (Simcere) entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Simcere Agreement”) for the development and commercialization of BD0801 for oncology in the People’s Republic of China (“China”). BD0801 is, a humanized anti-VEGF rabbit monoclonal antibody molecule. In connection with our spin-out from Epitomics, Epitomics assigned the Simcere Agreement to us. Simcere is responsible for conducting the development and commercialization of BD0801 in China at its cost. We have reserved the right to develop and commercialize BD0801 outside of China at our discretion. If we develop and commercialize BD0801 outside of China, we will share with Simcere costs incurred and revenue earned outside of China. Under the Simcere Agreement, Simcere has an exclusive, royalty-bearing license (without the right to sublicense) to our rights in certain intellectual property that we licensed from Epitomics to develop and commercialize BD0801 in the field of oncology therapeutics in China. Simcere granted us a non-exclusive, royalty-free, worldwide license (without the right to sublicense) to improvements derived from BD0801 using the intellectual property we licensed to Simcere for any purpose outside of China and for purposes outside of oncology therapeutics in China. Intellectual property created in our collaboration program with Simcere is jointly owned by us and Simcere. Simcere is obligated to pay us milestone payments for achievement of certain clinical development milestones and low to high single-digit percentage royalties on net sales of BD0801 in China until 15 years after the first commercial sale of BD0801. If we choose to commercialize BD0801 outside of China, we share with Simcere a mid-double-digit percentage of costs and revenue arising from the development and commercialization of BD0801 outside of China. Unless earlier terminated, the Simcere Agreement continues until 15 years after the first commercial sale of BD0801. Either party may terminate the Simcere Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach. Simcere may terminate the Simcere Agreement upon a decision by an appellate court in China that BD0801 infringes a third party patent and such dispute cannot be resolved by settlement, licensing or other alternatives. Simcere is currently developing BD0801 in Phase 3 clinical development for use in combination with chemotherapy to treat patients with recurrent, platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.

T-Mab/Mabwell Agreement

In May 2008, Jiangsu T-Mab Biotechnology Ltd., Co. (“T-Mab”) entered into a license, co-development and contract manufacture agreement (the “T-Mab Agreement”) with Epitomics for the development and commercialization of therapeutic candidates in two therapeutic programs, each directed to a specified target for specified fields, including VEGF for the treatment of ocular diseases, in China. Epitomics assigned the T-Mab Agreement to us in connection with our spin-out from Epitomics. Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd. (“Mabwell”) acquired T-Mab in 2015. Mabwell is responsible for conducting the development and commercialization of the therapeutic candidates in China. We may, at our discretion, develop and commercialize such therapeutic candidates outside of China, however, we must pay Mabwell a royalty on sales of such therapeutic candidates made outside of China if we do so. Under the agreement, we granted Mabwell an exclusive, royalty-bearing, perpetual license (without the right to sublicense) to our rights in certain intellectual property that we licensed from Epitomics to develop and commercialize such therapeutic candidates. Mabwell is obligated to pay us a mid-single-digit percentage royalty on net sales of such therapeutic candidates in China. If we choose to commercialize such therapeutic candidates outside of China, we would be obligated to pay

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Mabwell a mid-single-digit percentage royalty on net sales of such therapeutic candidates outside of China that we sell directly to end users and a mid-single-digit percentage of revenue we receive as sublicense fees, milestone payments and royalties related to the sale of such therapeutic candidate. Each party’s obligations to pay royalties to the other party continue until 15 years after the first commercial sale of licensed product in each party’s respective territory. The term of the T-Mab Agreement expired in May 2013; however, Mabwell’s royalty payment obligations under the agreement survive expiration. The royalty term for 9MW0211 under the T-Mab Agreement will begin on the first commercial sale in China and end a low two-digit number of years after such first commercial sale. Mabwell is currently in Phase 3 development of 9MW0211, an anti-VEGF antibody licensed under the T-Mab Agreement.

Toray Sublicense Agreement

Under an agreement between Epitomics and Toray Industries, Inc. (“Toray”), Epitomics provided Toray with antibodies created using the APXiMAB platform that target certain molecules to use in the development of its drug product candidates. In May 2012, we entered into a non-exclusive sublicense agreement with Toray (the “Toray Agreement”) under which we granted Toray a non-exclusive, worldwide sublicense, with the right to grant further sublicenses, under the intellectual property that we licensed from Epitomics to develop and commercialize drug product candidates that Toray develops using those antibodies in the field of pharmaceutical products for human or veterinary use. Under the Toray Agreement, Toray paid us an upfront fee, and agreed to pay us certain development- and regulatory-related milestone payments and a low single-digit percentage royalty on net sales of licensed products by Toray or its affiliates. Toray is also obligated to pay us a mid-teens percentage of certain payments Toray receives from sublicensees under the Toray Agreement, which payments may limit Toray’s obligations to pay the milestone payments described above. Subject to certain termination rights, including Toray’s right to terminate the agreement for convenience upon 60 days’ prior written notice, the agreement continues on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis until 10 years after the first commercial sale of such product in such country. Upon expiration or early termination of the agreement, Toray’s sublicense and any further sublicenses granted by Toray will automatically terminate. Toray is currently in Phase 1b development of TRK-950, an antibody licensed under the Toray Agreement.

Competition

The biotechnology industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Moreover, the oncology field is characterized by strong and increasing competition, and a strong emphasis on intellectual property. Sotiga and products we may develop in the future for the treatment of cancer and any other diseases are likely to face competition from other drugs and therapies, including those of which we may not currently be aware. In addition, our products may need to compete with off-label drugs used by physicians to treat the indications for which we seek approval. This may make it difficult for us to replace existing therapies with our products.

Major multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, emerging and start-up companies, universities and other research institutions, could focus their future efforts on developing competing therapies and treatments for any of the targets or indications we are currently targeting or may target in the future. For example, each of Hoffman-La Roche AG, Janssen Biotech, Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson (in collaboration with Alligator Bioscience AB), Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Seagen Inc., Eucure Biopharma, a subsidiary of Biocytogen, Lygen Pharma and AbbVie Inc. are developing CD40-based antibody product candidates for solid tumor oncology indications, typically in combination therapies, and other companies and institutions have other CD40-based product candidates in development.

Many of these current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, commercial, drug development and technical expertise and human resources than we do. Large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, in particular, have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals, recruiting patients and manufacturing biotechnology products. These companies also have significantly greater research, development and marketing capabilities than we do and may also have products

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that have been approved or are in late later stages of development, and collaborative arrangements in our target markets with leading companies and research institutions. Established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies may also invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the product candidates that we develop obsolete.

Manufacturing

We must manufacture drug substance and drug product for clinical trial use in compliance with good manufacturing practices (“GMP”) regulations. The GMP regulations include requirements relating to organization of personnel, buildings and facilities, equipment, control of components and drug product containers and closures, production and process controls, quality controls and stability, packaging and labeling controls, holding and distribution, laboratory controls, records and reports and returned products. The manufacturing facilities for our product candidates must meet GMP requirements and FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority’s satisfaction before any product is approved and sold commercially. Our third-party manufacturers are also subject to periodic facility inspections by the FDA and other foreign authorities, including procedures and operations used in the testing and manufacture of our product candidates to assess our compliance with applicable regulations.

We do not currently have the infrastructure or internal capability to manufacture our product candidates for use in clinical development or commercialization. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third-party manufacturers for the production of our product candidates in compliance with GMP requirements. For sotiga and APX601, we rely on a single third-party manufacturer, WuXi Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited (“WuXi”), and we currently have no alternative manufacturer in place for drug substance or drug product for both sotiga and APX601. We have a non-exclusive clinical supply agreement with WuXi in which WuXi manufactures sotiga and APX601 on a fee-for-service basis in addition to providing certain process development services. For the APX601 product candidate, we have successfully completed a drug substance run at WuXi and expect to have APX601 clinical material ready for use in the second half of 2022.

We originally manufactured sotiga at another third-party manufacturer. The clinical supply we are currently using was manufactured by that other third-party manufacturer. We expect the quantity and stability of our current supply of sotiga from that prior manufacturer will be sufficient to supply our currently ongoing clinical trials through mid-2023. We have developed with Wuxi a new cell line and manufacturing process and analytical methods for sotiga to meet our clinical supply needs by mid-2023. We plan to undertake our first drug substance manufacturing run at WuXi in mid-2022 and have a drug product run scheduled with WuXi for later in 2022. We plan to present the sotiga manufacturing changes and data from process development runs performed at WuXi together with our draft comparability protocol to the FDA for review by the end of 2022. If WuXi successfully manufactures sotiga and the FDA and other relevant regulatory authorities approve our comparability protocol, we expect to have sotiga drug product ready for clinical use by mid-2023. If WuXi experiences delays in manufacturing or does not successfully manufacture sotiga or the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities do not accept our comparability protocol, we may run out of sotiga drug product to supply the clinical development of sotiga by mid-2023.

We expect to continue to rely on third-party manufacturers for the commercial supply of any of our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. We have personnel with significant technical, manufacturing, analytical, quality, regulatory, including GMP, and project management experience to oversee our third-party manufacturers and to manage manufacturing and quality data and information for regulatory compliance purposes.

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Failure to comply with statutory and regulatory requirements subjects a manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, including warning letters, the seizure or recall of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations and civil and criminal penalties. Contract manufacturers often encounter difficulties involving production yields, quality control and quality assurance, as well as shortages of qualified personnel. Any of these actions or events could have a material impact on the availability of our products.

Commercialization Plan

We do not currently have any approved drugs and we do not expect to have any approved drugs in the near term. As a result, we have no sales, marketing or commercial product distribution capabilities and have no experience as a company in marketing drugs. When and if any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we intend to develop a commercialization infrastructure for those products in various key markets. We may also rely on partnerships to provide commercialization infrastructure, including sales and marketing and commercial distribution.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our product candidates, technology, programs, and know-how related to our business, to operate without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating valid and enforceable intellectual property rights of others, to prevent others from infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights, in particular, our patent rights, and to preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets. Our strategy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, pursuing and obtaining patent protection in the United States and in jurisdictions outside of the United States related to our proprietary technology, inventions, improvements, and product candidates that are important to the development and implementation of our business. Our patent portfolio is intended to cover our product candidates and related components, their methods of use and processes for their manufacture and any other inventions that are commercially important to our business.

We also rely on trademarks as well as trade secret protection of our confidential information and know-how relating to our proprietary technology, platforms, and product candidates to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. We believe that we have substantial know-how and trade secrets relating to our technology and product candidates and we seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect.

Sotigalimab

Our patent portfolio for our sotigalimab program includes U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications, all of which are wholly owned by us. The patent portfolio includes claims to compositions of matter, methods of use, companion diagnostics, combination therapies and formulations relating to sotigalimab. Our issued U.S. patents and issued or allowed foreign patents, including one or more issued or allowed patents in each of Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom expire between 2032 and 2033, without giving effect to any patent term adjustments or patent term extensions that may be available. Patents that may issue from the pending U.S. and foreign applications would expire, if issued, between 2032 and 2042, without giving effect to any patent term adjustments or patent term extensions that may be available.

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APX601

Our patent portfolio for our APX601 program consists of pending U.S. and foreign patent applications, including pending patent applications in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Eurasian Patent Organization, European Patent Office, Israel, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore and Taiwan, all of which are wholly owned by us. These pending applications cover compositions of matter and methods of use relating to APX601. Patents that may issue from these pending applications would expire, if issued, in 2040, without giving effect to any patent term adjustments or patent term extensions that may be available.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term for patents in the countries in which they are granted. In most countries, including the United States, the patent term is generally 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date of a non-provisional patent application in the applicable country. In the United States, a patent’s term may, in certain cases, be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over a commonly owned patent or a patent naming a common inventor and having an earlier expiration date.

Expiration dates referred to above are without regard to potential patent term extension, patent term adjustment or other market exclusivity that may be available to us.

Platform Technology

We have an exclusive, worldwide license, with the right to sublicense, under certain rights controlled by Epitomics, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Abcam, to develop and commercialize rabbit monoclonal antibodies generated using Epitomics’ technology and fragments thereof, each in the field of pharmaceutical products for human or veterinary use. We entered into this license with Epitomics in 2010 in connection with our spin-out from Epitomics. The intellectual property licensed to us by Epitomics includes patents that generally relate to our APXiMAB platform and that cover antibody generation and a process for humanizing antibodies, as well as related know-how and materials. We have the sole right to enforce the patents licensed by Epitomics for infringement arising in our field of use and a step-in right to control the filing, prosecution and maintenance of any patent or patent application licensed to us by Epitomics that Epitomics determines not to file or decides to abandon. If we elect to file or prosecute any such patent or patent application, Epitomics would assign the relevant patent or patent application to us. Those patents begin to expire in 2023. Apexigen does not believe the expiration of these patents will have a material impact on Apexigen’s business. We are obligated to pay Epitomics 10% of certain amounts that we receive from third parties if we grant a sublicense to the Epitomics technology, with such amounts capped at $1 million per target. By its terms, the agreement expired in 2020 and the license granted by Epitomics to us became irrevocable. Our obligation to pay Epitomics a share of amounts we receive in consideration of a sublicense survives this expiration only with respect to sublicenses granted prior to expiration of the agreement. The ESBATech Agreement, Simcere Agreement, T-Mab Agreement and Toray Agreement (the “Out-License Agreements”) were each entered into prior to the expiration of our license agreement with Epitomics. Therefore, certain payments we receive under the Out-License Agreements with respect to sublicenses of the Epitomics technology, including certain payments made with respect to Beovu, OCS-02, BD0801, 9MW0211 and TRK-950 under the Out-License Agreements, will be subject to the payment obligations we have under our license agreement with Epitomics. Abcam plc (“Abcam”) acquired Epitomics in 2012.

Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug and biological products such as those we are developing. Generally,

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before a new drug or biologic can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific for each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by the regulatory authority.

U.S. Drug Development

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and biologics under the FDCA and the Public Health Service Act (PHSA). Both drugs and biologics are also subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development or approval process or post-approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, product recalls or market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, and civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

Biologic and non-biologic drug product candidates must be approved by the FDA through either a BLA or NDA process, respectively, before they may be legally marketed in the United States. The process generally involves the following:

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completion of extensive preclinical studies in accordance with applicable regulations, including studies conducted in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (“GLP”)

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submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;

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approval by an IRB, or ethics committee at each clinical trial site before each trial may be initiated;

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performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable IND regulations, GCP requirements and other clinical trial-related regulations to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product for each proposed indication;

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submission to the FDA of an NDA or BLA;

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a determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of an NDA or BLA to accept the filing for review;

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satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the drug or biologic will be produced to assess compliance with GMP requirements to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug or biologic’s identity, strength, quality and purity;

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potential FDA audit of the preclinical study and/or clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA or BLA;

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FDA review and approval of the NDA or BLA, including consideration of the views of any FDA advisory committee, prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug or biologic in the United States; and

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compliance with any post-approval requirements, including the potential requirement to implement a REMS, and the potential requirement to conduct post-approval studies.

The data required to support an NDA or BLA are generated in two distinct developmental stages: preclinical and clinical. The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for any future product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

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Preclinical Studies and IND

The preclinical developmental stage generally involves laboratory evaluations of drug chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as studies to evaluate toxicity in animals, which support subsequent clinical testing. The sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical studies, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational product to humans, and must become effective before human clinical trials may begin.

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the potential for adverse events and in some cases to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations for safety/toxicology studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature, and plans for clinical trials, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Furthermore, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB for each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted to ensure that the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative, and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of an NDA or BLA. The FDA will accept a well-designed and well-conducted foreign clinical trial not conducted under an IND if the trial was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements and the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary.

Clinical trials in the United States generally are conducted in three sequential phases, known as Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3, which may overlap.

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Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers or disease-affected patients who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the product candidate. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, tolerability, and safety of the drug in humans, and side effects associated with increasing doses for determining a safe clinical dosage range in humans.

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Phase 2 clinical trials involve studies in disease-affected patients to determine the dose required to produce the desired benefits. At the same time, safety and further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information is collected, possible adverse effects and safety risks are identified, and a preliminary evaluation of efficacy is conducted. Multiple Phase 2 clinical trials may be conducted to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more expensive Phase 3 clinical trials.

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Phase 3 clinical trials generally involve a large number of patients at multiple sites and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the product for its intended use and its safety in use and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for product approval. These trials may include comparisons with placebo and/or other comparator treatments. The duration of treatment is often extended to mimic the actual use of a product during marketing.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of an NDA or BLA.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other trials suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to the drug or biologic, findings from animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.