10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from         to       

PAXMEDICA, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	001-41475	85-0870387
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Commission File Number)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

303 South Broadway, Suite 125 Tarrytown, NY	10591
(Address Of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(914) 987-2876

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	PXMD	Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 13, 2024, the Registrant had  7,779,860  shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

PAXMEDICA, INC.

Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2024

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Condensed Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023	1
	Condensed Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023	2
	Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2023	3
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (Unaudited) and March 31, 2023	4
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	14
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	22
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	22
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	24
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	24
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	25
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	25
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	25
Item 5.	Other Information	25
Item 6.	Exhibits	26

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements

PAXMEDICA, INC.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash	$	1,626,892	$	4,710,642
Prepaid and other current assets		1,266,211		969,763
Total current assets		2,893,103		5,680,405
Total assets	$	2,893,103	$	5,680,405
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	1,137,967	$	811,733
Accounts payable - related party		—		18,500
Accrued expenses		65,128		177,118
Accrued expenses - compensation		—		787,981
Total current liabilities		1,203,095		1,795,332
Deferred revenue		500,000		500,000
Total liabilities		1,703,095		2,295,332
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001, 10,000,000 shares authorized:
Series X preferred shares, 500,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 45,567 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023		5		5
Common stock, par value $0.0001; 200,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 7,465,629 and 7,401,242 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		747		740
Additional paid-in capital		56,912,182		55,414,069
Accumulated deficit		(55,722,926)		(52,029,741)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)		1,190,008		3,385,073
Total liabilities, and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	2,893,103	$	5,680,405

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

1

PAXMEDICA, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating expenses
General and administrative	$	3,297,350	$	3,814,184
Research and development		392,813		222,491
Total operating expenses		3,690,163		4,036,675
Loss from operations		(3,690,163)		(4,036,675)
Other income (expense)
Interest expense		—		(3,928)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—		(36,850)
Change in fair value of notes		—		335,364
Other expense		(3,022)		(91,658)
Total other income (expense)		(3,022)		202,928
Net loss	$	(3,693,185)	$	(3,833,747)
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding		7,418,281		743,373
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding		7,418,281		743,373
Basic net loss per share	$	(0.50)	$	(5.16)
Diluted net loss per share	$	(0.50)	$	(5.16)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

2

PAXMEDICA, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(Unaudited)

For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

							Additional				Total
	Series X Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at January 1, 2024	45,567	$	5	7,401,242	$	740	$	55,414,069	$	(52,029,741)	$	3,385,073
Issuance of common stock underlying restricted stock units, net of tax withholding	—		—	64,387		7		(15,286)		—		(15,279)
Stock-based compensation	—		—	—		—		1,513,399				1,513,399
Net loss	—		—	—		—		—		(3,693,185)		(3,693,185)
Balance at March 31, 2024	45,567	$	5	7,465,629	$	747	$	56,912,182	$	(55,722,926)	$	1,190,008

For The Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

							Additional				Total
	Series X Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-in		Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Deficit		Equity (Deficit)
Balance at January 1, 2023	45,567	$	5	707,976	$	71	$	33,848,740	$	(33,740,016)	$	108,800
Reclassification of shares settled liability to equity	—	$	—	1,402	$	—	$	126,449	$	—	$	126,449
Issuance of common stock in connection with equity purchase agreement	—	$	—	70,592	$	7	$	2,804,993	$	—	$	2,805,000
Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with notes payable, net of fees	—	$	—	—	$	—	$	1,155,643	$	—	$	1,155,643
Stock-based compensation	—	$	—	38,876	$	4	$	2,170,618	$	—	$	2,170,622
Net loss	—	$	—	—	$	—	$	—	$	(3,833,747)	$	(3,833,747)
Balance at March 31, 2023	45,567	$	5	818,846	$	82	$	40,106,443	$	(37,573,763)	$	2,532,767

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements

3

PAXMEDICA, INC.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(3,693,185)	$	(3,833,747)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		1,513,399		2,170,622
Change in fair value of notes		—		(335,364)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—		36,850
Other Expense		—		91,658
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Prepaid and other current assets		(296,448)		(463,741)
Accounts payable		326,234		125,037
Accounts payable - related party		(18,500)		(20,000)
Accrued expenses		(899,971)		(754,660)
Net cash used in operating activities		(3,068,471)		(2,983,345)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants, net of fees		—		3,200,000
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory notes and warrants		—		(503,696)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with equity purchase agreement		—		2,805,000
Payment of costs in connection with equity purchase agreement		—		(195,997)
Repayment of convertible promissory notes		—		(237,600)
Settlement of shares withheld for payment of employee taxes		(15,279)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		(15,279)		5,067,707
Net increase in cash		(3,083,750)		2,084,362
Cash, beginning of period		4,710,642		1,901,887
Cash, end of period	$	1,626,892	$	3,986,249
Non-cash financing activities:
Reclassification of shares settled liability	$	—	$	126,449
Unpaid deferred offering costs and financing fees	$	—	$	20,393

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

4

PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Organization and description of business operations

PaxMedica, Inc. (the “Company”) is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company organized as a Delaware limited liability company on April 5, 2018 (“Inception”) to focus on the development of drug candidates for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Fragile X syndrome tremor-ataxia (FXTAS) and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT).

Going concern, liquidity and capital resources

The Company has no product revenues, incurred operating losses since inception, and expects to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. The Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $55.7 million at March 31, 2024, a net loss of approximately $3.7 million, and approximately $3.1 million of net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Equity Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital

On November 17, 2022, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“LPC”) which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company could sell to LPC, at its discretion, up to $20.0 million of shares of its common stock over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement (See Note 7). During the three months ended March 31, 2024 there were no shares of common stock issued in connection with the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company received approximately $2.6 million from the issuance of 70,592 shares of common stock, net of fees of $0.2 million.

Convertible Promissory Note

The Company issued the 2023 Note in February 2023 with a principal balance of $3.7 million. In connection with the issuance, the Company received proceeds of approximately $3.2 million, net of a $0.5 million discount, incurred fees of approximately $0.5 million and used $0.2 million of proceeds pay down the remaining balance of the Company’s 2022 Notes. In connection with the 2023 Note, the Company issued a common stock warrant to purchase 47,059 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On November 29, 2023, the Company satisfied in full the obligations under its outstanding secured convertible promissory note with Lind Global Fund II LP, through a final cash payment of $0.2 million. The satisfaction of the remaining open payment obligations under the Note terminates the Note in full and retires all of the Company's payment obligations thereunder.

Vox Nova Exclusive Pharmacy Distribution Agreement

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into an exclusive specialty benefit manager agreement with Vox Nova, LLC (“Vox Nova”) pursuant to which Vox Nova will act as the exclusive United States distributor for the Company’s lead pipeline asset, PAX-101 intravenous suramin. Vox Nova will provide certain distribution management, pharmacy benefit management, sales and supply monitoring services to the Company with respect to PAX-101, in the event PAX-101 receives FDA approval. The distribution agreement also provides for an exclusivity fee payable to the Company of up to $2.0 million, payable in installments based on various time and regulatory approval parameters. Vox Nova will pay $0.5 million of the exclusivity fee upfront in connection with the signing of the distribution agreement when the distribution right was transferred to Vox Nova. The remaining $1.5 million is due in four equal installments over a one-year period after PAX-101 is approved by the FDA and made available for distribution.

Reverse Stock Split

On October 30, 2023, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation (the “Reverse Split Amendment”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-17 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Amendment became effective October 30, 2023 (the “Reverse Split Effective Time”). The Reverse Split Amendment was authorized by our stockholders at our special meeting of stockholders on September 26, 2023.

5

PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Reverse Split Amendment provides that, at the Reverse Split Effective Time, every 17 shares of our issued and outstanding common stock were automatically combined into one issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in par value per share. The Reverse Stock Split affected all or our shares of common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time. As a result of the Reserve Stock Split, proportionate adjustments have been made to the per share exercise price and/or the number of shares issuable upon the exercise or vesting of all stock options and warrants issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time, which resulted in a proportionate decrease in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise or vesting of such stock options and warrants, and, in the case of stock options and warrants, a proportionate increase in the exercise price of all such stock options and warrants. In addition, the number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2020 Plan (as defined below) immediately prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time has been reduced proportionately.

No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders of record who would otherwise have been entitled to receive a fractional share received a number of shares rounded up to the next whole share in lieu thereof. The Reverse Stock Split affected all stockholders proportionately and did not affect any stockholder’s percentage ownership of our common stock (other than the nominal effect of the treatment of fractional shares).

Our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market on a split-adjusted basis when the market opened on October 31, 2023.

All share and per share information referenced throughout this Form 10-Q has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split. Any fractional shares resulting from the Reverse Stock Split have been rounded up to the nearest whole share.

Delisting

The Company’s common stock was suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 2, 2024.  Beginning May 2, 2024, the Company’s common stock had been trading over the counter on the OTC Markets’ Pink Sheets.

Going Concern

The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from uncertainty related to its ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company’s future liquidity and capital funding requirements will depend on numerous factors, including:

● its ability to raise additional funds to finance its operations;

● the outcome, costs and timing of clinical trial results for the Company’s current or future product candidates;

● the emergence and effect of competing or complementary products;

● its ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of its intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments the Company may be required to make, or that it may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights;

● its ability to retain its current employees and the need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel; and

● the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing or other arrangements that it has or may establish.

6

PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company will likely need to raise substantial additional funds through one or more of the following: issuance of additional debt or equity, or the completion of a licensing transaction for one or more of the Company’s pipeline assets. If the Company is unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, its business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future development and business activities and potential future clinical studies and/or other future ventures. Failure to obtain additional equity or debt financing will have a material, adverse impact on the Company’s business operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or convertible debt financings will likely have a dilutive effect on the holdings of the Company’s existing stockholders. Accordingly, there are material risks and uncertainties that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the next twelve months from the issuance of these condensed financial statements. The accompanying condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the balances and results for the periods presented. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected through December 31, 2024.

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”).

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company’s condensed financial statements relate to the valuation of convertible notes, valuation of warrants, and valuation of equity-based awards. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Significant Accounting Policies:

For a detailed discussion about the Company’s significant accounting policies, see the Company’s December 31, 2023 financial statements included in its 2023 Annual Report.

Concentrations of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no cash equivalents or short-term investments.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to the concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash. The Company maintains its cash at high credit quality financial institutions, which may at times, be in excess of federal insured limits. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant losses due to credit risk on cash.

7

PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company accounts for financial instruments under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification 820 (“ASC 820”), Fair Value Measurements. This statement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows:

Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - observable inputs other than Level 1, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived prices whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable; and

Level 3 - assets and liabilities whose significant value drivers are unobservable.

Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs are based on the Company’s market assumptions. Unobservable inputs require significant management judgment or estimation. In some cases, the inputs used to measure an asset or liability may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is required to be classified using the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Such determination requires significant management judgment. During the period ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued the 2023 Notes and warrants in connection with the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes were classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on the issuance date, with changes in fair value recognized as other expense on the statements of operations and disclosed in the condensed financial statements. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as accounts payable, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Convertible Note

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company has elected the fair value option for recognition of its 2023 Note (See Note 3). In accordance with ASC 825, the Company recognizes the 2023 Note at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed statements of operations. The fair value option may be applied instrument by instrument, but it is irrevocable. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible note were recognized in general and administrative expense. The 2023 Note does not accrue interest.

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance provides a five-step model to determine how revenue is recognized. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the contracts with a customer; (ii) determination of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including potential constraints on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated stand-alone selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606. Significant management judgment is required to determine the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which the Company expects to complete its performance obligations under the arrangement. If the Company cannot reasonably estimate when its performance obligations are either completed or become inconsequential, then revenue recognition is deferred until the Company can reasonably make such estimates. Revenue is then recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance or contract-term using the cumulative catch-up method. The Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or service underlying each performance obligation.

8

PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

Accrued Outsourcing Costs

Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”). These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For preclinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors. The Company outsources a substantial portion of its clinical trial activities, utilizing external entities such as CROs, independent clinical investigators, and other third-party service providers to assist the Company with the execution of its clinical studies. For each clinical trial that the Company conducts, certain clinical trial costs are expensed immediately, while others are expensed over time based on the number of patients in the trial, the attrition rate at which patients leave the trial, and/or the period over which clinical investigators or CROs are expected to provide services. The Company’s estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the CROs regarding the status of each program and total program spending. The Company periodically evaluates the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees, non-employees and board members over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards and actual forfeitures. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative costs in the statements of operations.

Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net loss per share (“EPS”) of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity. Basic and diluted net loss per common share were the same since the inclusion of common shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of options and warrants in the calculation of diluted net loss per common shares would have been anti-dilutive

The following securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,
	2024	2023
Series X preferred stock	51,055	51,055
Unvested restricted stock units	1,471	72,460
Pre-funded common stock warrants	314,231	—
Common stock warrants	5,681,623	81,623
Convertible Notes	—	125,929
Shares Settled Liability	—	424
Total	6,048,380	331,491

9

PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Income taxes

ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim period, disclosure and transition. Based on the Company’s evaluation, it has been concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s condensed financial statements. The Company believes that its income tax positions and deductions would be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that would result in material changes to its financial position.

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued and has not identified any new standards that it believes merit further discussion or would have a significant impact on its financial statements.

Note 3. Fair Value Measurements

Convertible Notes

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued the 2023 Note. The fair value of the 2023 Note on March 31, 2023 was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation to capture the path dependencies intrinsic to their terms. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s convertible notes are the common stock price, volatility, and risk-free interest rates. Significant changes in these inputs may result in significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. The Company elected the fair value option when recording its 2023 Note (See Note 5) and its convertible notes issued in 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). The notes were classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on the issuance date, with changes in fair value recognized as other income (expense) on the statements of operations and disclosed in the condensed financial statements. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid down the remaining balance of its 2022 Notes (approximately $0.2 million) with a portion of the proceeds received from the 2023 Note.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any outstanding liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

A summary of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the 2022 Notes before repayment and the 2023 Note upon the issuance date is as follows:

	February 6, 2023		March 31, 2023
Dividend yield	—	%	—	%
Expected price volatility	30.0 - 53.7	%	30.0	%
Risk free interest rate	4.65 - 4.89	%	4.44	%
Expected term (in years)	0.5 - 1.4		0.3 - 1.3

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities) inputs.

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2024.

	Convertible Notes
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	173,543
Issuance of convertible notes		1,903,531
Repayment of convertible notes		(237,600)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		36,850
Change in fair value		(335,364)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	1,540,960

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PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 4. Prepaid and other current assets

As of March 31, 2024, the Company recorded prepaid expenses and other current assets of approximately $1.3 million, primarily consisting of services to be performed for research and development activities of approximately $0.9 million and legal and professional services of approximately $0.4 million.  As of March 31, 2023, prepaid and other current assets totaled approximately $0.8 million, consisting of $0.6 million paid in connection with services to be performed for research and development activities, and $0.2 million of deferred insurance related to the Company’s directors and officers insurance.

Note 5. Convertible promissory notes

The Company issued the 2023 Note in February 2023 with a principal balance of $3.7 million. In connection with the issuance, the Company received proceeds of approximately $3.2 million, net of a $0.5 million discount, incurred fees of approximately $0.5 million and used $0.2 million of proceeds pay down the remaining balance of the Company’s 2022 Notes. In connection with the 2023 Note, the Company issued a common stock warrant to purchase 47,059 shares of the Company’s common stock. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a $0.3 million change in fair value of its notes, and a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $37,000, which are included in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.

On November 29, 2023, the Company satisfied in full the obligations under its outstanding secured convertible promissory note with Lind Global Fund II LP, through a final cash payment of $0.2 million. The satisfaction of the remaining open payment obligations under the Note terminates the Note in full and retires all of the Company's payment obligations thereunder.

Note 6. Stock-based compensation

Stock-based Compensation

The following is a summary of stock-based compensation during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Canceled stock options	$	5,283	$	65,903
Restricted stock units		1,508,116		2,104,719
Total	$	1,513,399	$	2,170,622

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of the restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

		Weighted Average
		Grant-Date
	Number of Shares	Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023	86,749	$	48.12
Granted	—		-
Vested	(85,278)		48.26
Unvested as of March 31, 2024	1,471	$	40.46

No restricted stock units (RSUs) were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. On January 24, 2024, to reduce the administrative burden and expense associated with monthly vesting, the Company approved the acceleration of vesting of certain RSUs of the Company. The RSUs fully vested on the day following the filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, in each case subject to the continued employment of the officer with the Company, through such date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs of approximately $1.5 million. Due to the accelerated of vesting of the RSUs there is currently no unamortized stock based compensation remaining.

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PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

During the three month ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs of approximately $2.1 million.

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

As of March 31, 2023, there were 1,471 performance-based restricted stock units with a fair value of approximately $60,000 outstanding. The RSUs are subject to a performance condition, and will vest upon the Company signing a definitive agreement with a strategic partner. No performance-based RSUs were issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company determined that is was not probable that the performance awards would vest, and the Company has not recognized any stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards to date.

Canceled Stock Options

The Company previously granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and during the year ended December 31, 2020 these options were canceled in exchange for RSUs. No stock options were outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and 2023.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the canceled stock options of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.  

Note 7. Preferred and common stock

Series X Preferred Stock

There were no shares of Series X preferred stock issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024, there were 45,567 shares of Series X preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock

On November 17, 2022, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with LPC which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company could sell to LPC, at its discretion, up to $20.0 million of shares of its common stock over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no shares of common stock issued in connection with the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 70,592 shares of common stock, receiving net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million net of fees of approximately $0.2 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 85,278 shares of its common stock in connection with the vesting of RSUs issued to members of the Company’s board of directors and employees. The Company withheld 20,892 of these shares, to cover the withholding taxes related to the settlement of these vested restricted stock units. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 38,876 shares of its common stock in connection with the vesting of RSUs issued to members of the Company’s board of directors and employees.

Note 8. Commitments and contingencies

Litigation

As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no litigation against the Company. The Company may be involved in legal proceedings, claims and assessments arising from the ordinary course of business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance.

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PAXMEDICA, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 9. Related party transactions

Expenses - During the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company expensed $60,000 for management fees owed to Tardimed for the Rent and Administrative Services Agreement. In addition, during the three-months ended March 31, 2024, the Company expensed $55,000 in consulting fees owed to Tardimed for the Consulting Services Agreement.

Prepaids – As of March 31, 2024, the Company paid $0.1 million for services to be performed by PoloMar, a related party due to their ownership by Tardimed.

Note 10. Subsequent events

The Company evaluated all subsequent events and determined there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events requiring disclosure.

The Company’s common stock was suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 2, 2024.  Beginning May 2, 2024, the Company’s common stock had been trading over the counter on the OTC Markets’ Pink Sheets.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

References to the “Company,” “Paxmedica, Inc.,” “our,” “us,” or “we” refer to Paxmedica, Inc. The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited interim condensed financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and with our audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as included in our 2022 Annual Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, and other future conditions. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “envision,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “contemplate” and other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding:

● our lack of operating history;

● the expectation that we will incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future and will need significant additional capital, including through future sales and issuances of equity securities which could also result in substantial dilution to our stockholders;

● our current and future capital requirements to support our development and commercialization efforts for our product candidates and our ability to satisfy our capital needs;

● our dependence on our product candidates, which are still in preclinical or early stages of clinical development;

● our, or our third-party manufacturers’, ability to manufacture cGMP batches of our product candidates as required for pre-clinical and clinical trials and, subsequently, our ability to manufacture commercial quantities of our product candidates;

● whether we will be successful in obtaining a priority review voucher, or PRV, for PAX-101 and the commercial value to be realized from any such PRV, if any;

● our relationship with TardiMed, an affiliated entity that provides office space and important administrative services to us, as well as our ability to attract and retain key executives and medical and scientific personnel;

● our ability to complete required clinical trials for our product candidates and obtain approval from the FDA or other regulatory agencies in different jurisdictions;

● our lack of a sales and marketing organization and our ability to commercialize our product candidates if we obtain regulatory approval;

● our dependence on third parties to manufacture our product candidates;

● our reliance on third-party CROs to conduct our clinical trials;

● our ability to obtain, maintain or protect the validity of our intellectual property, including our granted or potential future patents;

● our ability to internally develop new inventions and intellectual property;

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● interpretations of current laws and the passages of future laws;

● acceptance of our business model by investors;

● adverse developments affecting the financial services industry;

● the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses and capital requirements; and

● our ability to adequately support organizational and business growth.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion and other parts of this report contain forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by such forward-looking information due to the factors discussed under Item 1A— “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024 and under Item 1A – “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” of this Item 2.

Overview

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focusing on the development of anti-purinergic drug therapies (“APT”) for the treatment of disorders with intractable neurologic symptoms, ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (“ASD”), to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (“ME/CFS”), a debilitating physical and cognitive disorder believed to be viral in origin and now with rising incidence globally due to the long term effects of SARS-CoV-2 (“COVID-19”). APTs have been shown to block the effects of excess production and extracellular receptor activity of adenosine triphosphate (“ATP”), which acts as both the main energy molecule in all living cells and a peripheral and central nervous system neurotransmitter via receptors that are found throughout the nervous system. Excess purinergic signaling can offset homeostasis and trigger immune responses that result in localized and systemic increases in inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, ultimately stimulating ATP production. APTs may also impact immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms that may be causing or exacerbating symptoms in these seemingly unrelated disorders, which may be caused in part by similar mechanisms of ATP overproduction.

One of our primary points of focus is currently the development and testing of our lead program, PAX-101, an intravenous formulation of suramin, in the treatment of ASD and the advancement of the clinical understanding of using that agent against other disorders such as fragile X syndrome (FXS), fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), ME/CFS and Long COVID-19 Syndrome (“LCS”), a clinical diagnosis in individuals who have been previously infected with COVID-19.

In February 2021, we announced positive topline data from our Phase 2 dose-ranging clinical trial evaluating PAX-101 (commonly known as intravenous suramin) for the treatment of the core symptoms of ASD, as described in more detail below. We also intend to submit data to support a New Drug Application (an “NDA”) for PAX-101 under the Tropical Disease Priority Voucher Program of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis, a fatal parasitic infection commonly known as African sleeping sickness (“HAT”), leveraging suramin’s historical use in treating HAT outside of the United States. We have exclusively licensed clinical data from certain academic or international government institutions to potentially accelerate PAX-101’s development plans in the United States through this regulatory program and seek approval in the United States for the treatment of East African HAT (as defined below) as early as 2024.

We are also pursuing the development of next generation APT product development candidates for neurodevelopmental indications. These candidates include PAX-102, our proprietary intranasal formulation of suramin, as well as other new chemical entities that are more targeted and selective antagonists of particular purine receptor subtypes. We believe our lead drug candidate (suramin), if approved by the FDA, may be a significant advancement in the treatment of ASD and a potentially useful treatment for FXS, FXTAS, ME/CFS and LCS.

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In July 2023, we announced positive topline results from the PAX-101 (intravenous suramin) Phase 3 African Sleeping Sickness Study, PAX-HAT-301. The conclusions of the study confirmed that the retrospective, non-randomized, externally controlled, interventional efficacy and safety study of suramin for the treatment of Stage 1 TBR HAT demonstrated better health outcomes when compared with a natural history control group of patients evaluated and treated from 1900-1910, prior to the availability of suramin in Africa. The adverse event profile of suramin observed in the study was consistent with what has been widely reported in published medical and clinical literature.

On October 26, 2023, we completed a type-B meeting with the FDA, where we discussed the results of our recent data from our PAX-HAT-301 study of suramin in HAT. We received constructive feedback which will aid in the completion of the remaining work necessary to file a New Drug Application expected in the second half of 2024. Most of the work to achieve this important milestone will focus on completing the production of commercial lots of PAX-101 under CMC regulatory guidelines, underway now and scheduled to conclude in the first half of 2024.

We have not generated any revenue to date and, through March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $55.7 million. To date, we have financed our operations through contributions from our prior members, proceeds from our initial public offering, the issuance of our convertible notes (including the 2023 Note, as described herein), the issuance of our Simple Agreement For Equity (“SAFE”), Series X preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Series X preferred stock”), the sale of shares of common stock to Lincoln Park pursuant to the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement and our secondary public offering in November 2023. We expect our expenses to increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities to develop, seek regulatory approval and commercialization of PAX-101 and our other product candidates. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will likely need substantial additional financing to support our continuing operations. We will seek to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve profitability, and we may never do so. Accordingly, there are material risks and uncertainties that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any product revenue. Our ability to generate product revenue will depend on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our current, and any potential future, product candidates.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the development of PAX-101 and our other product candidates, which include:

● the cost of acquiring, developing and manufacturing pre-clinical trial materials;

● costs for consultants and contractors associated with chemistry, manufacturing and controls, or CMCs, pre-clinical activities and regulatory operations;

● expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, that conduct our pre-clinical trials; and

● employee-related expenses, including salaries for those employees involved in the research and development process.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for certain activities, such as preclinical studies and clinical trials, are generally recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information and data provided to us by our vendors and collaborators.

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General and Administrative Expense

Our general and administrative expenses include costs associated with our executive, accounting, information technology and human resources functions. These expenses consist principally of payroll, employee benefits, travel, stock-based compensation and professional services fees such as consulting, audit, tax and legal fees, and general corporate costs. We expense all general and administrative expenses as incurred.

We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase primarily as a result of costs related to us operating as a public company, such as additional legal, accounting, corporate governance, and investor relations expenses, and directors’ and officers’ insurance premiums.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating expenses
General and administrative	$	3,297,350	$	3,814,184
Research and development		392,813		222,491
Total operating expenses		3,690,162		4,036,675
Loss from operations		(3,690,162)		(4,036,675)
Other income (expense), net		(3,022)		202,928
Net loss	$	(3,693,185)	$	(3,833,747)

Operating expenses

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses were approximately $3.3 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There was a decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease in stock compensation of approximately $0.7 million, a decrease in legal and professional services of approximately $0.2 million and an increase in payroll of approximately $0.1 million.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were approximately $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The $0.2 million increase in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to additional costs incurred in connection with our research activities, including costs associated with clinical trials, consultants, clinical trial materials, regulatory filings, facilities, laboratory expenses and other supplies.

Of the $0.4 million in research and development expenses incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024, approximately $0.2 million was associated with activities related to the HAT indication, and approximately $0.2 million was associated with activities related to the ASD indication. These activities included, but were not limited to, milestone payments in connection with the recently completed ASD trial.

Of the approximately $0.2 million in research and development expenses incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2023, approximately $0.2 million was associated with activities related to the HAT indication. These activities included regulatory advisory services and IV formulation work for HAT as well as work related to our ASD clinical trial.

The estimated remaining aggregate costs expected to be incurred for the research and development and regulatory filing activities relating to the filing of an NDA for HAT is approximately $3.2 million.

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Other Income (expense)

Other income (expense) was immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared with other income (expense) of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Other income (expense) of approximately $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily comprised of $0.3 million recognized for the change in fair value of our notes, offset by $0.1 million of other expense recognized to free up the lock-up restriction related to our August IPO.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We were formed as a Delaware limited liability company on April 5, 2018 and converted into a Delaware corporation on April 15, 2020. As of March 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit since inception of approximately $55.7 million. Since inception, we have not generated revenue from product sales and have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from our operations. From inception through March 31, 2024, we have funded our operations in large part through contributions from TardiMed Sciences, LLC (“TardiMed”), the issuance of senior secured convertible promissory notes of approximately $7.0 million, proceeds from the public common stock offering, net of fees, of approximately $6.0 million, our SAFE of $5.0 million, and the issuance of shares of our common stock in connection with our equity purchase agreement of $5.6 million, and the proceeds from our Secondary Public Offering, net of fees, of approximately $6.1 million.

Equity Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital

On November 17, 2022, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“LPC”) which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company could sell to LPC, at its discretion, up to $20.0 million of shares of its common stock over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement (See Note 7). During the three months ended March 31, 2024 there were no shares of common stock issued in connection with the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company received approximately $2.6 million from the issuance of 70,592 shares of common stock. As a result of our suspension from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are no longer permitted to sell shares of the Company’s common stock under the equity purchase agreement.

Convertible Notes

The Company issued the 2023 Note in February 2023 with a principal balance of $3.7 million. In connection with the issuance, the Company received proceeds of approximately $3.2 million, net of a $0.5 million discount, incurred fees of approximately $0.5 million and used $0.2 million of proceeds pay down the remaining balance of the Company’s 2022 Notes. In connection with the 2023 Note, the Company issued a common stock warrant to purchase 47,059 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On November 29, 2023, the Company satisfied in full the obligations under its outstanding secured convertible promissory note with Lind Global Fund II LP, through a final cash payment of $0.2 million. The satisfaction of the remaining open payment obligations under the Note terminates the Note in full and retires all of the Company's payment obligations thereunder.

Vox Nova Exclusive Pharmacy Distribution Agreement

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into an exclusive specialty benefit manager agreement with Vox Nova, LLC (“Vox Nova”) pursuant to which Vox Nova will act as the exclusive United States distributor for the Company’s lead pipeline asset, PAX-101 intravenous suramin. Vox Nova will provide certain distribution management, pharmacy benefit management, sales and supply monitoring services to the Company with respect to PAX-101, in the event PAX-101 receives FDA approval. The distribution agreement also provides for an exclusivity fee payable to the Company of up to $2.0 million, payable in installments based on various time and regulatory approval parameters. Vox Nova paid $0.5 million of the exclusivity fee upfront in connection with the signing of the distribution agreement when the distribution right was transferred to Vox Nova. The remaining $1.5 million is due in four equal installments over a one-year period after PAX-101 is approved by the FDA and made available for distribution.

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Operating activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $3.1 million, which primarily included our net loss of approximately $3.7 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses stock-based compensation of approximately $1.5 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was approximately $0.9 million, and was primarily due to increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.3 million as well as decreases in accrued expenses of approximately $0.9 million, partially offset by increases of approximately $0.3 million of accounts payable.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $3.0 million, which primarily included our net loss of approximately $3.8 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of approximately $2.0 million including stock-based compensation of approximately $2.2 million and $0.1 million of other expense, offset by the change in fair value of our convertible notes of $0.3 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was approximately $1.1 million and was primarily due to decreases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $0.6 million, and increases in prepaid and other current assets of $0.5 million.

Investing Activities

There were no investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Financing activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 net cash used by financing activities was less than $0.1 million for the settlement of shares withheld for payment of employee taxes on vested RSUs.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $5.1 million, consisting of net proceeds of $2.7 million received in connection with the issuance of our convertible notes and warrants, net of fees paid of $0.5 million, and net proceeds of $2.6 million received from the issuance of shares of our common stock in connection with our equity purchase agreement with LPC, net of fees paid of $0.2 million, offset by the repayment of our 2022 Notes of $0.2 million.

Funding requirements

As of March 31, 2024, we had a cash balance of approximately $1.6 million. Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We anticipate incurring additional losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue the research and development of product candidates. Furthermore, we expect to continue to incur additional costs as a public company. Accordingly, we will likely need to obtain substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital or otherwise obtain funding when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.  The Company’s future liquidity and capital funding requirements will depend on numerous factors, including:

● the outcome, costs and timing of clinical trial results for the Company’s current or future product candidates;

● the emergence and effect of competing or complementary products;

● its ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of its intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments the Company may be required to make, or that it may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights; and

● its ability to retain its current employees and the need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel.

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We will seek to obtain additional capital through the sale of debt or equity financings or other arrangements such as, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements to fund operations; however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise needed capital under acceptable terms, if at all. The sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities may dilute existing stockholders and may contain senior rights and preferences compared to currently outstanding shares of common and preferred stock. Debt securities issued or other debt financing incurred may contain covenants and limit our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to stockholders. If we are unable to obtain such additional financing, future operations would need to be scaled back or discontinued.

Contractual obligations and commitments

There were no outstanding contractual obligations or commitments in the period ending March 31, 2024.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. We therefore believe that we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships.

Critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. The most significant estimates relate to the valuation of convertible notes, valuation of warrants, and valuation of equity-based awards. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, our future results of operations will be affected.

We define our critical accounting policies as those accounting principles that require us to make subjective estimates and judgments about matters that are uncertain and are likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as the specific manner in which we apply those principles. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our financial statements, we believe the following are the critical accounting policies used in the preparation of our financial statements that require significant estimates and judgments:

Stock-Based Compensation

We expense stock-based compensation to employees, non-employees and board members over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards and actual forfeitures. We account for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award.

The determination of the grant date fair value of options using an option pricing model is affected principally by our estimated fair value of shares of our common stock and requires management to make a number of other assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield. The assumptions used in our Black-Scholes option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates at the time of measurement. These estimates are complex, involve a number of variables, uncertainties and assumptions and the application of management’s judgment, as they are inherently subjective. If any assumptions change, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. These assumptions are estimated as follows:

● Fair Value of Common Stock. See the subsection titled “- Fair Value of Common Stock” below.

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● Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that our options are expected to be outstanding. We calculated the expected term using the simplified method for options based on the average of each option’s vesting term and the contractual period during which the option can be exercised, which is typically 10 years following the date of grant.

● Expected Volatility. The expected volatility was based on the historical share volatility of several comparable publicly traded companies over a period of time equal to the expected term of the options, as we did not have any material trading history to use the volatility of our own common stock. The comparable companies were chosen based on their size, stage in life cycle and area of specialty. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available.

● Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate was based on the yields of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities appropriate for the term of the award.

● Expected Dividend Yield. We have not paid dividends on our common stock nor do we expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

Fair Value of Common Stock

Following the Company’s initial public offering, a public trading market for our common stock has been established and it is no longer necessary for our board of directors to estimate the fair value of our common stock in connection with our accounting for granted stock options and other such awards we may grant, as the fair value of our common stock will be determined based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the date of grant.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Convertible Notes

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company has elected the fair value option for recognition of its convertible notes. In accordance with ASC 825, the Company recognizes these convertible notes at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed statements of operations. The fair value option may be applied instrument by instrument, but it is irrevocable. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible notes were recognized in general and administrative expense. The 2023 Note does not accrue interest.

Accrued Outsourcing Costs

Substantial portions of our preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, CROs and other vendors. These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For preclinical studies, we accrue expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors. We outsource a substantial portion of our clinical trial activities, utilizing external entities such as CROs, independent clinical investigators, and other third-party service providers to assist us with the execution of its clinical studies. For each clinical trial that we conduct, certain clinical trial costs are expensed immediately, while others are expensed over time based on the number of patients in the trial, the attrition rate at which patients leave the trial, and/or the period over which clinical investigators or CROs are expected to provide services. Our estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the CROs regarding the status of each program and total program spending. We periodically evaluate the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.

21

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving our development functions, and other internal operating expenses, the cost of clinical studies, and the cost of our drug candidate for clinical study. In addition, research and development expenses include payments to third parties for the development of our product candidates and the estimated fair value for the issuance of equity for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval). Our expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at CROs that design, gain approval for and conduct clinical trials on our behalf. Such amounts are then recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the services are performed.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See Note 2 to our financial statements for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our financial statements.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”), and we may remain an emerging growth company for up to five years following the completion of our initial public offering. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on certain exemptions from various public company reporting requirements, including not being required to have our internal control over financial reporting audited by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments not previously approved and an exemption from compliance with the requirements regarding the communication of critical audit matters in the auditor’s report on financial statements.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer has concluded that during the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2024 because of a material weakness in our internal control over accounting for complex financial instruments. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, the Company’s management has concluded that our control around the interpretation and accounting for certain complex features of financial instruments was not effectively designed or maintained. As a result, our management performed additional analysis as deemed necessary to ensure that our financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Accordingly, management believes that the financial statements included in this Form 10-Q present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, result of operations and cash flows of the periods presented. Management understands that the accounting standards applicable to our financial statements are complex and has since the inception of the Company benefited from the support of experienced third-party professionals with whom management has regularly consulted with respect to accounting issues. Management intends to continue to further consult with such professionals in connection with accounting matters.

22

Material Weaknesses in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

In the course of preparing our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2023, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting relating to the evaluation of complex financial instruments, including earnings per share. The material weaknesses have not been remediated as of March 31, 2024. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Our management has concluded that our control around the interpretation and accounting for certain complex instruments issued by the Company was not effectively designed or maintained.

We originally prepared an accounting position paper concluding that Series Seed Preferred Stock should have been classified as mezzanine equity in accordance with ASC 480. Upon further analysis, it was determined that the Series Seed Preferred Stock should have been recorded as permanent equity because certain redemption provisions are within the Company’s control. Therefore, management has concluded that our controls around the interpretation and accounting for our Series Seed Preferred Stock issued was not effectively designed or maintained. Additionally, the original earnings per share calculation did not correctly classify the shares associated with our SAFE investment and our Series Seed Preferred Stock as a separate class of participating securities. Upon further analysis we determined the controls over the calculation of earnings per share resulted in a material weakness.

To remediate the above material weaknesses, we have developed a remediation plan with assistance from our accounting advisors and have dedicated significant resources and efforts to the remediation and improvement of our internal control. While we have processes to identify and appropriately apply applicable accounting requirements, we plan to enhance our system of evaluating and implementing the complex accounting standards that apply to our financial statements. Our plans at this time include providing enhanced access to accounting literature, research materials and documents, and increased communication among our personnel and third-party professionals with whom we consult regarding complex accounting applications. The elements of our remediation plan can only be accomplished over time, and we can offer no assurance that these initiatives will ultimately have the intended effects. We do not believe that the remediation of these material weaknesses will result in significant incremental cost. However, another significant financial reporting failure or material weakness in internal control could result in substantial cost to remediate and could cause a loss of investor confidence and decline in the market price of our stock.

In addition to the material weaknesses identified above, we also did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology (IT) general controls for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements, specifically, with respect to user provisioning and deprovisioning, user access review, passwords, privileged access, cybersecurity, system development lifecycle, and SOC report management review.  These IT deficiencies did not result in a misstatement to our financial statements, however, the deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, management has determined that these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material deficiency. To remediate the above material weaknesses, we have developed a remediation plan with assistance from our IT advisors and have dedicated significant resources and efforts to the remediation and improvement of our internal control.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate controls over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. As required by Rule 13a-15(c) promulgated under the Exchange Act, our management, with the participation of our Certifying Officers, evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024. Management’s assessment was based on criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013 Framework). Based on management’s assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2024 due to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as described above.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than with respect to the remediation efforts described in the remediation plan for the material weaknesses above, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 covered by this report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

23

PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may be involved in legal proceedings arising in connection with our business. Based on information currently available, we believe that the amount, or range, of reasonably possible losses in connection with any pending actions against us in excess of established reserves, in the aggregate, is not material to our consolidated financial condition or cash flows. However, losses may be material to our operating results for any particular future period, depending on the level of income for such period.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully review and consider the information regarding certain risks and uncertainties facing us that could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and available capital resources set forth in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Capital

We have never generated revenue from operations, are unlikely to generate revenues for several years, and our recurring losses from operations have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. We may never become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, be able to sustain profitability.

We have never generated revenue from operations, are unlikely to generate revenues for several years, and are currently operating at a loss and expect our operating costs will increase significantly as we incur further costs related to preclinical development and the clinical trials for our drug candidates. We expect to incur substantial expenses without corresponding revenues unless and until we are able to obtain regulatory approval and successfully commercialize any of our drug candidates. We may never be able to obtain regulatory approval for the marketing of our drug candidates in any indication in the United States or internationally. Even if we are able to commercialize our drug candidates, there can be no assurance that we will generate significant revenues or ever achieve profitability. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and have an accumulated deficit of approximately $55.7 million as of March 31, 2024, which recurring losses have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

We anticipate operating losses to continue for the foreseeable future due to, among other things, costs related to research funding, development of our product candidates and preclinical and clinical programs, regulatory clearances, strategic alliances, the development of our administrative organization, as well as costs to comply with the requirements of being a public company operating in a highly regulated industry. As of March 31, 2024, we had $1.6 million of cash and cash equivalents. Our forecast of the period of time through which our current financial resources will be adequate to support our operations and the costs to support our general and administrative, sales and marketing, research and development activities and costs to comply with the requirements of being a public company operating are forward-looking statements and involve risks and uncertainties. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

We are uncertain when or if we will be able to achieve or sustain profitability. If we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Failure to become and remain profitable would impair our ability to sustain operations and adversely affect the price of our common stock and our ability to raise capital.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our common stock has been suspended from trading by Nasdaq, which may affect liquidity.

Our common stock was suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 2, 2024.  Beginning May 2, 2024, our common stock had been trading over the counter on the OTC Markets’ Pink Sheets. It is expected that our common stock will be delisted from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market when Nasdaq files a Form 25 officially delisting our common stock.

Our shares of common stock are thinly traded. If an active market for our common stock with meaningful trading volume does not develop or is not maintained, the market price of our common stock may decline materially, and you may not be able to sell your shares.  No longer being listed on Nasdaq will make it more difficult to raise capital, fund our development program and sustain our operations.

24

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

Insider Trading Arrangements

No officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), or directors adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024.  

25

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number	Description
31.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1*	Certification of Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2*	Certification of Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* These certifications are furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

26

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: May 13, 2024	PAXMEDICA, INC.
	By:	/s/ Howard J. Weisman
	Name:	Howard J. Weisman
	Title:	Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Dated: May 13, 2024	PAXMEDICA, INC.
	By:	/s/ Stephen D. Sheldon
	Name:	Stephen D. Sheldon
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

27

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)

UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Howard J. Weisman, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 of PaxMedica, Inc;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting.

Date: May 13, 2024	By:	/s/ Howard J. Weisman
		Howard J. Weisman
		Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a)

UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Stephen D. Sheldon, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 of PaxMedica, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal controls over financial reporting.

Date: May 13, 2024	By:	/s/ Stephen D. Sheldon
		Stephen D. Sheldon
		Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of PaxMedica, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Howard J. Weisman, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 13, 2024	/s/ Howard J. Weisman
	Name:	Howard J. Weisman
	Title:	Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of PaxMedica, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Stephen D. Sheldon, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:

(1) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 13, 2024	/s/ Stephen D. Sheldon
	Name:	Stephen D. Sheldon
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	May 13, 2024
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity Registrant Name	PAXMEDICA, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity File Number	001-41475
Entity Tax Identification Number	85-0870387
Entity Address, Address Line One	303 South Broadway, Suite 125
Entity Address, City or Town	Tarrytown
Entity Address State Or Province	NY
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	10591
City Area Code	914
Local Phone Number	987-2876
Title of 12(b) Security	Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	PXMD
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		7,779,860
Entity Central Index Key	0001811623
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31

XML

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets
Cash	$ 1,626,892	$ 4,710,642
Prepaid and other current assets	1,266,211	969,763
Total current assets	2,893,103	5,680,405
Total assets	2,893,103	5,680,405
Current liabilities
Accrued expenses	65,128	177,118
Accrued expenses - compensation		787,981
Total current liabilities	1,203,095	1,795,332
Deferred revenue	500,000	500,000
Total liabilities	1,703,095	2,295,332
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Common stock, par value $0.0001; 200,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 7,465,629 and 7,401,242 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	747	740
Additional paid-in capital	56,912,182	55,414,069
Accumulated deficit	(55,722,926)	(52,029,741)
Total stockholders' equity (deficit)	1,190,008	3,385,073
Total liabilities, and stockholders' equity (deficit)	2,893,103	5,680,405
Series X Preferred Stock
Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Preferred stock, par value $0.0001, 10,000,000 shares authorized: Series X preferred shares, 500,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 45,567 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	5	5
Excludes related party
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$ 1,137,967	811,733
Related party
Current liabilities
Accounts payable		$ 18,500

XML

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Preferred shares, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred shares, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	7,465,629	7,401,242
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	7,465,629	7,401,242
Series X Preferred Stock
Preferred shares, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000	500,000
Preferred shares, shares issued (in shares)	45,567	45,567
Preferred shares, shares outstanding (in shares)	45,567	45,567

XML

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Operating expenses
General and administrative	$ 3,297,350	$ 3,814,184
Research and development	392,813	222,491
Total operating expenses	3,690,163	4,036,675
Loss from operations	(3,690,163)	(4,036,675)
Other income (expense)
Interest expense		(3,928)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(36,850)
Change in fair value of notes		335,364
Other expense	(3,022)	(91,658)
Total other income (expense)	(3,022)	202,928
Net loss	$ (3,693,185)	$ (3,833,747)
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding	7,418,281	743,373
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding	7,418,281	743,373
Basic net loss per share	$ (0.50)	$ (5.16)
Diluted net loss per share	$ (0.50)	$ (5.16)

XML

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT) - USD ($)	Preferred Stock Series X Preferred Stock	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 5	$ 71	$ 33,848,740	$ (33,740,016)	$ 108,800
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	45,567	707,976
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Reclassification of shares settled liability to equity			126,449		126,449
Reclassification of shares settled liability to equity (in shares)		1,402
Issuance of common stock in connection with equity purchase agreement		$ 7	2,804,993		2,805,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with equity purchase agreement (in shares)		70,592
Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with notes payable, net of fees			1,155,643		1,155,643
Stock-based compensation		$ 4	2,170,618		2,170,622
Stock-based compensation (in shares)		38,876
Net loss				(3,833,747)	(3,833,747)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 5	$ 82	40,106,443	(37,573,763)	2,532,767
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	45,567	818,846
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 5	$ 740	55,414,069	(52,029,741)	3,385,073
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	45,567	7,401,242
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Issuance of common stock underlying restricted stock units, net of tax withholding		$ 7	(15,286)		(15,279)
Issuance of common stock underlying restricted stock units, net of tax withholding (in shares)		64,387
Stock-based compensation			1,513,399		1,513,399
Net loss				(3,693,185)	(3,693,185)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 5	$ 747	$ 56,912,182	$ (55,722,926)	$ 1,190,008
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024	45,567	7,465,629

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CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (3,693,185)	$ (3,833,747)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation	1,513,399	2,170,622
Change in fair value of notes		(335,364)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		36,850
Other Expense		91,658
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Prepaid and other current assets	(296,448)	(463,741)
Accounts payable	326,234	125,037
Accounts payable - related party	(18,500)	(20,000)
Accrued expenses	(899,971)	(754,660)
Net cash used in operating activities	(3,068,471)	(2,983,345)
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and warrants, net of fees		3,200,000
Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory notes and warrants		(503,696)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with equity purchase agreement		2,805,000
Payment of costs in connection with equity purchase agreement		(195,997)
Repayment of convertible promissory notes		(237,600)
Settlement of shares withheld for payment of employee taxes	(15,279)
Net cash provided by financing activities	(15,279)	5,067,707
Net increase in cash	(3,083,750)	2,084,362
Cash, beginning of period	4,710,642	1,901,887
Cash, end of period	$ 1,626,892	3,986,249
Non-cash financing activities:
Reclassification of shares settled liability		126,449
Unpaid deferred offering costs and financing fees		$ 20,393

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Organization and description of business operations

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Organization and description of business operations

Organization and description of business operations

Note 1. Organization and description of business operations

PaxMedica, Inc. (the “Company”) is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company organized as a Delaware limited liability company on April 5, 2018 (“Inception”) to focus on the development of drug candidates for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Fragile X syndrome tremor-ataxia (FXTAS) and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT).

Going concern, liquidity and capital resources

The Company has no product revenues, incurred operating losses since inception, and expects to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. The Company had an accumulated deficit of approximately $55.7 million at March 31, 2024, a net loss of approximately $3.7 million, and approximately $3.1 million of net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Equity Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital

On November 17, 2022, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“LPC”) which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company could sell to LPC, at its discretion, up to $20.0 million of shares of its common stock over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement (See Note 7). During the three months ended March 31, 2024 there were no shares of common stock issued in connection with the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company received approximately $2.6 million from the issuance of 70,592 shares of common stock, net of fees of $0.2 million.

Convertible Promissory Note

The Company issued the 2023 Note in February 2023 with a principal balance of $3.7 million. In connection with the issuance, the Company received proceeds of approximately $3.2 million, net of a $0.5 million discount, incurred fees of approximately $0.5 million and used $0.2 million of proceeds pay down the remaining balance of the Company’s 2022 Notes. In connection with the 2023 Note, the Company issued a common stock warrant to purchase 47,059 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On November 29, 2023, the Company satisfied in full the obligations under its outstanding secured convertible promissory note with Lind Global Fund II LP, through a final cash payment of $0.2 million. The satisfaction of the remaining open payment obligations under the Note terminates the Note in full and retires all of the Company's payment obligations thereunder.

Vox Nova Exclusive Pharmacy Distribution Agreement

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into an exclusive specialty benefit manager agreement with Vox Nova, LLC (“Vox Nova”) pursuant to which Vox Nova will act as the exclusive United States distributor for the Company’s lead pipeline asset, PAX-101 intravenous suramin. Vox Nova will provide certain distribution management, pharmacy benefit management, sales and supply monitoring services to the Company with respect to PAX-101, in the event PAX-101 receives FDA approval. The distribution agreement also provides for an exclusivity fee payable to the Company of up to $2.0 million, payable in installments based on various time and regulatory approval parameters. Vox Nova will pay $0.5 million of the exclusivity fee upfront in connection with the signing of the distribution agreement when the distribution right was transferred to Vox Nova. The remaining $1.5 million is due in four equal installments over a one-year period after PAX-101 is approved by the FDA and made available for distribution.

Reverse Stock Split

On October 30, 2023, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation (the “Reverse Split Amendment”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-17 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The Amendment became effective October 30, 2023 (the “Reverse Split Effective Time”). The Reverse Split Amendment was authorized by our stockholders at our special meeting of stockholders on September 26, 2023.

The Reverse Split Amendment provides that, at the Reverse Split Effective Time, every 17 shares of our issued and outstanding common stock were automatically combined into one issued and outstanding share of common stock, without any change in par value per share. The Reverse Stock Split affected all or our shares of common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time. As a result of the Reserve Stock Split, proportionate adjustments have been made to the per share exercise price and/or the number of shares issuable upon the exercise or vesting of all stock options and warrants issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time, which resulted in a proportionate decrease in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise or vesting of such stock options and warrants, and, in the case of stock options and warrants, a proportionate increase in the exercise price of all such stock options and warrants. In addition, the number of shares reserved for issuance under our 2020 Plan (as defined below) immediately prior to the Reverse Split Effective Time has been reduced proportionately.

No fractional shares were issued as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders of record who would otherwise have been entitled to receive a fractional share received a number of shares rounded up to the next whole share in lieu thereof. The Reverse Stock Split affected all stockholders proportionately and did not affect any stockholder’s percentage ownership of our common stock (other than the nominal effect of the treatment of fractional shares).

Our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market on a split-adjusted basis when the market opened on October 31, 2023.

All share and per share information referenced throughout this Form 10-Q has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split. Any fractional shares resulting from the Reverse Stock Split have been rounded up to the nearest whole share.

Delisting

The Company’s common stock was suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 2, 2024.  Beginning May 2, 2024, the Company’s common stock had been trading over the counter on the OTC Markets’ Pink Sheets.

Going Concern

The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from uncertainty related to its ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company’s future liquidity and capital funding requirements will depend on numerous factors, including:

● its ability to raise additional funds to finance its operations;

● the outcome, costs and timing of clinical trial results for the Company’s current or future product candidates;

● the emergence and effect of competing or complementary products;

● its ability to maintain, expand and defend the scope of its intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments the Company may be required to make, or that it may receive, in connection with the licensing, filing, prosecution, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights;

● its ability to retain its current employees and the need and ability to hire additional management and scientific and medical personnel; and

● the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing or other arrangements that it has or may establish.

The Company will likely need to raise substantial additional funds through one or more of the following: issuance of additional debt or equity, or the completion of a licensing transaction for one or more of the Company’s pipeline assets. If the Company is unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, its business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future development and business activities and potential future clinical studies and/or other future ventures. Failure to obtain additional equity or debt financing will have a material, adverse impact on the Company’s business operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or convertible debt financings will likely have a dilutive effect on the holdings of the Company’s existing stockholders. Accordingly, there are material risks and uncertainties that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for the next twelve months from the issuance of these condensed financial statements. The accompanying condensed financial statements do not include any adjustments that result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

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Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Note 2. Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the balances and results for the periods presented. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected through December 31, 2024.

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”).

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company’s condensed financial statements relate to the valuation of convertible notes, valuation of warrants, and valuation of equity-based awards. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Significant Accounting Policies:

For a detailed discussion about the Company’s significant accounting policies, see the Company’s December 31, 2023 financial statements included in its 2023 Annual Report.

Concentrations of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no cash equivalents or short-term investments.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to the concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash. The Company maintains its cash at high credit quality financial institutions, which may at times, be in excess of federal insured limits. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant losses due to credit risk on cash.

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company accounts for financial instruments under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification 820 (“ASC 820”), Fair Value Measurements. This statement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows:

Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - observable inputs other than Level 1, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived prices whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable; and

Level 3 - assets and liabilities whose significant value drivers are unobservable.

Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs are based on the Company’s market assumptions. Unobservable inputs require significant management judgment or estimation. In some cases, the inputs used to measure an asset or liability may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is required to be classified using the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Such determination requires significant management judgment. During the period ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued the 2023 Notes and warrants in connection with the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes were classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on the issuance date, with changes in fair value recognized as other expense on the statements of operations and disclosed in the condensed financial statements. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as accounts payable, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Convertible Note

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company has elected the fair value option for recognition of its 2023 Note (See Note 3). In accordance with ASC 825, the Company recognizes the 2023 Note at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed statements of operations. The fair value option may be applied instrument by instrument, but it is irrevocable. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible note were recognized in general and administrative expense. The 2023 Note does not accrue interest.

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance provides a five-step model to determine how revenue is recognized. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the contracts with a customer; (ii) determination of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including potential constraints on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated stand-alone selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606. Significant management judgment is required to determine the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which the Company expects to complete its performance obligations under the arrangement. If the Company cannot reasonably estimate when its performance obligations are either completed or become inconsequential, then revenue recognition is deferred until the Company can reasonably make such estimates. Revenue is then recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance or contract-term using the cumulative catch-up method. The Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or service underlying each performance obligation.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

Accrued Outsourcing Costs

Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”). These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For preclinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors. The Company outsources a substantial portion of its clinical trial activities, utilizing external entities such as CROs, independent clinical investigators, and other third-party service providers to assist the Company with the execution of its clinical studies. For each clinical trial that the Company conducts, certain clinical trial costs are expensed immediately, while others are expensed over time based on the number of patients in the trial, the attrition rate at which patients leave the trial, and/or the period over which clinical investigators or CROs are expected to provide services. The Company’s estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the CROs regarding the status of each program and total program spending. The Company periodically evaluates the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees, non-employees and board members over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards and actual forfeitures. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative costs in the statements of operations.

Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net loss per share (“EPS”) of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity. Basic and diluted net loss per common share were the same since the inclusion of common shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of options and warrants in the calculation of diluted net loss per common shares would have been anti-dilutive

The following securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,
	2024	2023
Series X preferred stock	51,055	51,055
Unvested restricted stock units	1,471	72,460
Pre-funded common stock warrants	314,231	—
Common stock warrants	5,681,623	81,623
Convertible Notes	—	125,929
Shares Settled Liability	—	424
Total	6,048,380	331,491

Income taxes

ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim period, disclosure and transition. Based on the Company’s evaluation, it has been concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s condensed financial statements. The Company believes that its income tax positions and deductions would be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that would result in material changes to its financial position.

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued and has not identified any new standards that it believes merit further discussion or would have a significant impact on its financial statements.

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Note 3. Fair Value Measurements

Convertible Notes

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued the 2023 Note. The fair value of the 2023 Note on March 31, 2023 was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation to capture the path dependencies intrinsic to their terms. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s convertible notes are the common stock price, volatility, and risk-free interest rates. Significant changes in these inputs may result in significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. The Company elected the fair value option when recording its 2023 Note (See Note 5) and its convertible notes issued in 2022 (the “2022 Notes”). The notes were classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on the issuance date, with changes in fair value recognized as other income (expense) on the statements of operations and disclosed in the condensed financial statements. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company paid down the remaining balance of its 2022 Notes (approximately $0.2 million) with a portion of the proceeds received from the 2023 Note.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any outstanding liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

A summary of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the 2022 Notes before repayment and the 2023 Note upon the issuance date is as follows:

	February 6, 2023		March 31, 2023
Dividend yield	—	%	—	%
Expected price volatility	30.0 - 53.7	%	30.0	%
Risk free interest rate	4.65 - 4.89	%	4.44	%
Expected term (in years)	0.5 - 1.4		0.3 - 1.3

The following table presents changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Unobservable inputs were used to determine the fair value of positions that the Company has classified within the Level 3 category. Unrealized gains and losses associated with liabilities within the Level 3 category include changes in fair value that were attributable to unobservable (e.g., changes in unobservable long-dated volatilities) inputs.

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2024.

	Convertible Notes
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	173,543
Issuance of convertible notes		1,903,531
Repayment of convertible notes		(237,600)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		36,850
Change in fair value		(335,364)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	1,540,960

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Prepaid and other current assets

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Prepaid and other current assets

Prepaid and other current assets

Note 4. Prepaid and other current assets

As of March 31, 2024, the Company recorded prepaid expenses and other current assets of approximately $1.3 million, primarily consisting of services to be performed for research and development activities of approximately $0.9 million and legal and professional services of approximately $0.4 million.  As of March 31, 2023, prepaid and other current assets totaled approximately $0.8 million, consisting of $0.6 million paid in connection with services to be performed for research and development activities, and $0.2 million of deferred insurance related to the Company’s directors and officers insurance.

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Convertible promissory notes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Convertible promissory notes

Convertible promissory notes

Note 5. Convertible promissory notes

The Company issued the 2023 Note in February 2023 with a principal balance of $3.7 million. In connection with the issuance, the Company received proceeds of approximately $3.2 million, net of a $0.5 million discount, incurred fees of approximately $0.5 million and used $0.2 million of proceeds pay down the remaining balance of the Company’s 2022 Notes. In connection with the 2023 Note, the Company issued a common stock warrant to purchase 47,059 shares of the Company’s common stock. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a $0.3 million change in fair value of its notes, and a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $37,000, which are included in the accompanying condensed statements of operations.

On November 29, 2023, the Company satisfied in full the obligations under its outstanding secured convertible promissory note with Lind Global Fund II LP, through a final cash payment of $0.2 million. The satisfaction of the remaining open payment obligations under the Note terminates the Note in full and retires all of the Company's payment obligations thereunder.

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Stock-based compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation

Note 6. Stock-based compensation

Stock-based Compensation

The following is a summary of stock-based compensation during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Canceled stock options	$	5,283	$	65,903
Restricted stock units		1,508,116		2,104,719
Total	$	1,513,399	$	2,170,622

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of the restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

		Weighted Average
		Grant-Date
	Number of Shares	Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023	86,749	$	48.12
Granted	—		-
Vested	(85,278)		48.26
Unvested as of March 31, 2024	1,471	$	40.46

No restricted stock units (RSUs) were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. On January 24, 2024, to reduce the administrative burden and expense associated with monthly vesting, the Company approved the acceleration of vesting of certain RSUs of the Company. The RSUs fully vested on the day following the filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, in each case subject to the continued employment of the officer with the Company, through such date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs of approximately $1.5 million. Due to the accelerated of vesting of the RSUs there is currently no unamortized stock based compensation remaining.

During the three month ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the RSUs of approximately $2.1 million.

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units

As of March 31, 2023, there were 1,471 performance-based restricted stock units with a fair value of approximately $60,000 outstanding. The RSUs are subject to a performance condition, and will vest upon the Company signing a definitive agreement with a strategic partner. No performance-based RSUs were issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the Company determined that is was not probable that the performance awards would vest, and the Company has not recognized any stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards to date.

Canceled Stock Options

The Company previously granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and during the year ended December 31, 2020 these options were canceled in exchange for RSUs. No stock options were outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and 2023.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the canceled stock options of less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.  

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Preferred and common stock

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Preferred and common stock

Preferred and common stock

Note 7. Preferred and common stock

Series X Preferred Stock

There were no shares of Series X preferred stock issued during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. As of March 31, 2024, there were 45,567 shares of Series X preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock

On November 17, 2022, the Company entered into an equity purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with LPC which provided that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, the Company could sell to LPC, at its discretion, up to $20.0 million of shares of its common stock over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no shares of common stock issued in connection with the Purchase Agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 70,592 shares of common stock, receiving net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million net of fees of approximately $0.2 million.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company issued 85,278 shares of its common stock in connection with the vesting of RSUs issued to members of the Company’s board of directors and employees. The Company withheld 20,892 of these shares, to cover the withholding taxes related to the settlement of these vested restricted stock units. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 38,876 shares of its common stock in connection with the vesting of RSUs issued to members of the Company’s board of directors and employees.

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Commitments and contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies

Note 8. Commitments and contingencies

Litigation

As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no litigation against the Company. The Company may be involved in legal proceedings, claims and assessments arising from the ordinary course of business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties, and outcomes are not predictable with assurance.

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Related party transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Related party transactions

Related party transactions

Note 9. Related party transactions

Expenses - During the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company expensed $60,000 for management fees owed to Tardimed for the Rent and Administrative Services Agreement. In addition, during the three-months ended March 31, 2024, the Company expensed $55,000 in consulting fees owed to Tardimed for the Consulting Services Agreement.

Prepaids – As of March 31, 2024, the Company paid $0.1 million for services to be performed by PoloMar, a related party due to their ownership by Tardimed.

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Subsequent events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Subsequent events

Subsequent events

Note 10. Subsequent events

The Company evaluated all subsequent events and determined there are no material recognized or unrecognized subsequent events requiring disclosure.

The Company’s common stock was suspended from trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on May 2, 2024.  Beginning May 2, 2024, the Company’s common stock had been trading over the counter on the OTC Markets’ Pink Sheets.

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Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the balances and results for the periods presented. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected through December 31, 2024.

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”).

Use of estimates

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates in the Company’s condensed financial statements relate to the valuation of convertible notes, valuation of warrants, and valuation of equity-based awards. These estimates and assumptions are based on current facts, historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially and adversely from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and actual results, the Company’s future results of operations will be affected.

Concentrations of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

Concentrations of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of acquisition to be cash equivalents. As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no cash equivalents or short-term investments.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to the concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash. The Company maintains its cash at high credit quality financial institutions, which may at times, be in excess of federal insured limits. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant losses due to credit risk on cash.

Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company accounts for financial instruments under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification 820 (“ASC 820”), Fair Value Measurements. This statement defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in generally accepted accounting principles, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. To increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels as follows:

Level 1 - quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - observable inputs other than Level 1, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, and model-derived prices whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable; and

Level 3 - assets and liabilities whose significant value drivers are unobservable.

Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs are based on the Company’s market assumptions. Unobservable inputs require significant management judgment or estimation. In some cases, the inputs used to measure an asset or liability may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is required to be classified using the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Such determination requires significant management judgment. During the period ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued the 2023 Notes and warrants in connection with the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes were classified as liabilities and measured at fair value on the issuance date, with changes in fair value recognized as other expense on the statements of operations and disclosed in the condensed financial statements. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as accounts payable, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

Convertible Note

Convertible Note

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC 825”), the Company has elected the fair value option for recognition of its 2023 Note (See Note 3). In accordance with ASC 825, the Company recognizes the 2023 Note at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the condensed statements of operations. The fair value option may be applied instrument by instrument, but it is irrevocable. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible note were recognized in general and administrative expense. The 2023 Note does not accrue interest.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The guidance provides a five-step model to determine how revenue is recognized. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized, the Company performs the following steps: (i) identification of the contracts with a customer; (ii) determination of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including potential constraints on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated stand-alone selling prices; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606. Significant management judgment is required to determine the level of effort required under an arrangement and the period over which the Company expects to complete its performance obligations under the arrangement. If the Company cannot reasonably estimate when its performance obligations are either completed or become inconsequential, then revenue recognition is deferred until the Company can reasonably make such estimates. Revenue is then recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance or contract-term using the cumulative catch-up method. The Company allocates the total transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or service underlying each performance obligation.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received.

Accrued Outsourcing Costs

Accrued Outsourcing Costs

Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors (collectively “CROs”). These CROs generally bill monthly or quarterly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For preclinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. Clinical trial costs are a significant component of research and development expenses and include costs associated with third-party contractors. The Company outsources a substantial portion of its clinical trial activities, utilizing external entities such as CROs, independent clinical investigators, and other third-party service providers to assist the Company with the execution of its clinical studies. For each clinical trial that the Company conducts, certain clinical trial costs are expensed immediately, while others are expensed over time based on the number of patients in the trial, the attrition rate at which patients leave the trial, and/or the period over which clinical investigators or CROs are expected to provide services. The Company’s estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the CROs regarding the status of each program and total program spending. The Company periodically evaluates the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation to employees, non-employees and board members over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards and actual forfeitures. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. Stock-based awards with graded vesting schedules are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. All stock-based compensation costs are recorded in general and administrative costs in the statements of operations.

Income (Loss) Per Share

Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net loss per share (“EPS”) of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity. Basic and diluted net loss per common share were the same since the inclusion of common shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of options and warrants in the calculation of diluted net loss per common shares would have been anti-dilutive

The following securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,
	2024	2023
Series X preferred stock	51,055	51,055
Unvested restricted stock units	1,471	72,460
Pre-funded common stock warrants	314,231	—
Common stock warrants	5,681,623	81,623
Convertible Notes	—	125,929
Shares Settled Liability	—	424
Total	6,048,380	331,491

Income taxes

Income taxes

ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim period, disclosure and transition. Based on the Company’s evaluation, it has been concluded that there are no significant uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in the Company’s condensed financial statements. The Company believes that its income tax positions and deductions would be sustained on audit and does not anticipate any adjustments that would result in material changes to its financial position.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued and has not identified any new standards that it believes merit further discussion or would have a significant impact on its financial statements.

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Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Schedule of securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders

The following securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

	March 31,
	2024	2023
Series X preferred stock	51,055	51,055
Unvested restricted stock units	1,471	72,460
Pre-funded common stock warrants	314,231	—
Common stock warrants	5,681,623	81,623
Convertible Notes	—	125,929
Shares Settled Liability	—	424
Total	6,048,380	331,491

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Convertible notes

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measurement upon issuance dates

A summary of significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 inputs) used in measuring the 2022 Notes before repayment and the 2023 Note upon the issuance date is as follows:

	February 6, 2023		March 31, 2023
Dividend yield	—	%	—	%
Expected price volatility	30.0 - 53.7	%	30.0	%
Risk free interest rate	4.65 - 4.89	%	4.44	%
Expected term (in years)	0.5 - 1.4		0.3 - 1.3

Warrants

Fair Value Measurements

Summary of changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value

There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the fair value hierarchy as of March 31, 2024.

	Convertible Notes
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	173,543
Issuance of convertible notes		1,903,531
Repayment of convertible notes		(237,600)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		36,850
Change in fair value		(335,364)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	1,540,960

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Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Stock-based compensation

Schedule of share-based compensation

The following is a summary of stock-based compensation during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Canceled stock options	$	5,283	$	65,903
Restricted stock units		1,508,116		2,104,719
Total	$	1,513,399	$	2,170,622

Summary of changes in restricted stock units

The following is a summary of the restricted stock units during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

		Weighted Average
		Grant-Date
	Number of Shares	Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023	86,749	$	48.12
Granted	—		-
Vested	(85,278)		48.26
Unvested as of March 31, 2024	1,471	$	40.46

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Organization and description of business operations - Going concern, liquidity and capital resources (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization and description of business operations
Accumulated deficit	$ 55,722,926		$ 52,029,741
Net loss	3,693,185	$ 3,833,747
Net cash used in operating activities	3,068,471	$ 2,983,345
Product revenue
Organization and description of business operations
Revenue	$ 0

XML

Organization and description of business operations - Equity Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended
	Nov. 17, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Organization and description of business operations
Payment of costs in connection with equity purchase agreement			$ 195,997
Equity purchase agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC
Organization and description of business operations
Value of shares authorized for issuance	$ 20,000,000.0
Term of agreement	30 months
Proceeds from issuance of shares, net of fees			$ 2,600,000
Number of shares issued		0	70,592
Payment of costs in connection with equity purchase agreement			$ 200,000

XML

Organization and description of business operations - Convertible Promissory Note (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Nov. 29, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Organization and description of business operations
Paydown of convertible promissory notes			$ 237,600
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note")
Organization and description of business operations
Face amount of debt		$ 3,700,000
Proceeds from issuance of notes, net of expenses and other costs		3,200,000
Original issue discount		500,000
Debt issuance fees		500,000
Paydown of convertible promissory notes	$ 200,000
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note")
Organization and description of business operations
Paydown of convertible promissory notes		$ 200,000	$ 200,000
Warrants issued with 2023 Note
Organization and description of business operations
Number of warrants issued		47,059

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Organization and description of business operations - Vox Nova Exclusive Pharmacy Distribution Agreement (Details) - Vox Nova Exclusive Pharmacy Distribution Agreement $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($) installment
Organization and description of business operations
Maximum exclusivity fee payable to the Company	$ 2.0
Exclusivity fee due up front in connection with signing	0.5
Portion of exclusivity fees to be paid in installments	$ 1.5
Number of installments | installment	4
Term of agreement	1 year

XML

Organization and description of business operations - Reverse Stock Split (Details)	Oct. 30, 2023
Common Stock
Organization and description of business operations
Reverse stock split ratio	0.0588

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Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Cash equivalents	$ 0	$ 0
Short-term investments	$ 0	$ 0

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Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Anti-dilutive securities (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders	6,048,380	331,491
Series X preferred stock
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders	51,055	51,055
Unvested restricted stock units
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders	1,471	72,460
Pre-funded common stock warrants
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders	314,231
Common stock warrants
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders	5,681,623	81,623
Convertible Notes
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders		125,929
Shares Settled Liability
Basis of Presentation, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders		424

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Fair Value Measurements - Convertible Notes (Details)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Nov. 29, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 28, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Feb. 06, 2023
Fair Value Measurements
Paydown of convertible promissory notes			$ 237,600
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note")
Fair Value Measurements
Paydown of convertible promissory notes		$ 200,000	$ 200,000
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Dividend yield
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				0
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Expected price volatility | Minimum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				0.300
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Expected price volatility | Maximum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				0.537
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Risk free interest rate | Minimum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				0.0465
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Risk free interest rate | Maximum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				0.0489
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Expected term (in years) | Minimum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				0.5
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note") | Expected term (in years) | Maximum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input				1.4
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note")
Fair Value Measurements
Paydown of convertible promissory notes	$ 200,000
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note") | Dividend yield
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input			0
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note") | Expected price volatility
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input			0.300
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note") | Risk free interest rate
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input			0.0444
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note") | Expected term (in years) | Minimum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input			0.3
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note") | Expected term (in years) | Maximum
Fair Value Measurements
Debt instrument, measurement input			1.3

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Fair Value Measurements - Changes in Level 3 Liabilities (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Fair Value Measurements
Beginning Balance	$ 173,543
Issuance of convertible notes	1,903,531
Repayment of convertible notes	(237,600)
Loss on extinguishment of debt	36,850
Change in fair value	(335,364)
Ending Balance	$ 1,540,960

XML

Prepaid and other current assets (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023
Prepaid and other current assets
Prepaid and other current assets	$ 1,266,211	$ 969,763	$ 800,000
Prepaid research and development activities	900,000		600,000
Prepaid legal and professional services	$ 400,000
Deferred insurance expenses			$ 200,000

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Convertible promissory notes (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended
	Nov. 29, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Convertible promissory notes
Paydown of convertible promissory notes				$ 237,600
Change in fair value of notes				335,364
Loss on extinguishment of debt				36,850
Convertible Promissory Note ("2023 Note")
Convertible promissory notes
Face amount of debt		$ 3,700,000
Proceeds from issuance of notes, net of expenses and other costs		3,200,000
Original issue discount		500,000
Debt issuance fees		500,000
Paydown of convertible promissory notes	$ 200,000
Change in fair value of notes				300,000
Loss on extinguishment of debt				37,000
Convertible Promissory Note ("2022 Note")
Convertible promissory notes
Paydown of convertible promissory notes		$ 200,000		$ 200,000
Warrants issued with 2023 Note
Convertible promissory notes
Number of warrants issued		47,059

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Stock-based compensation - Compensation expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Share based compensation
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,513,399	$ 2,170,622
Canceled stock options
Share based compensation
Stock-based compensation	5,283	65,903
Restricted stock units
Share based compensation
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,508,116	$ 2,104,719

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Stock-based compensation - Restricted Stock Units (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Additional disclosures
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,513,399	$ 2,170,622
Restricted stock units
Number of Shares
Beginning balance	86,749
Granted	0	0
Vested	(85,278)
Ending balance	1,471
Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 48.12
Vested (in dollars per share)	48.26
Ending balance (in dollars per share)	$ 40.46
Additional disclosures
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,508,116	$ 2,104,719

XML

Stock-based compensation - Performance-based Restricted Stock Units (Details) - Performance-based Restricted Stock Units - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Stock-based compensation
Restricted stock units outstanding		1,471
Fair value of restricted stock units outstanding		$ 60,000
Number of units granted	0

XML

Stock-based compensation - Canceled Stock Options (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,513,399	$ 2,170,622
Canceled stock options
Stock-based compensation
Stock options outstanding	0	0
Stock-based compensation	$ 5,283	$ 65,903
Unamortized stock-based compensation expense	$ 100,000	$ 100,000

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Preferred and common stock (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Nov. 17, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Equity Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC
Preferred and common stock
Number of shares issued		0	70,592
Term of agreement	30 months
Series X Preferred Stock
Preferred and common stock
Number of shares issued		0	0
Preferred stock outstanding		45,567		45,567
Common Stock
Preferred and common stock
Number of common stock shares issued in connection with an equity purchase agreement			70,592
Shares issued upon vesting of RSUs		85,278	38,876
Restricted shares withheld for tax obligation		20,892
Common Stock | Equity Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC
Preferred and common stock
Value of shares authorized for issuance under the terms of an equity purchase agreement	$ 20.0
Term of agreement	30 months
Number of common stock shares issued in connection with an equity purchase agreement		0	70,592
Net proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with an equity purchase agreement			$ 2.6
Stock issuance costs			$ 0.2

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Commitments and contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Commitments and contingencies
Litigation reserve	$ 0	$ 0

XML

Related party transactions (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Related party transactions
Allocated expenses	$ 3,297,350	$ 3,814,184
Affiliated Entity | Polo Mar
Related party transactions
Prepaid expense	100,000
Management fees | Affiliated Entity | Tardimed
Related party transactions
Allocated expenses	60,000	$ 60,000
Consulting services | Affiliated Entity | Tardimed
Related party transactions
Allocated expenses	$ 55,000

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (3,693,185)	$ (3,833,747)

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Insider Trading Arrangements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Trading Arrangements, by Individual

Material Terms of Trading Arrangement

Insider Trading Arrangements

No officers, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), or directors adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Regulation S-K Item 408, during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024.  

Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

false

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

false

Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated

false

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated

false