Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Loans

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	3,087,509	$	3,150,946
Commercial real estate	5,396,912		5,155,323
Commercial construction	382,615		336,276
Business banking	1,087,799		1,090,492
Residential real estate	2,550,861		2,460,849
Consumer home equity	1,193,859		1,187,547
Other consumer (2)(3)	219,720		194,098
Gross loans before unamortized premiums, unearned discounts and deferred fees	13,919,275		13,575,531
Allowance for loan losses (1)	(155,146)		(142,211)
Unamortized premiums, net of unearned discounts and deferred fees	(19,307)		(13,003)
Loans after the allowance for loan losses, unamortized premiums, unearned discounts and deferred fees	$	13,744,822	$	13,420,317

(1)The balance of accrued interest receivable excluded from amortized cost and the calculation of the allowance for loan losses amounted to $50.8 million and $45.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included within other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2)Automobile loans are included in the other consumer portfolio and amounted to $8.1 million and $18.1 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(3)Home improvement loans are included in the other consumer portfolio and amounted to $161.2 million and $121.1 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

There are no other loan categories that exceed 10% of total loans not already reflected in the preceding table.

The Company’s lending activities are conducted principally in the New England area with the exception of its Shared National Credit Program (“SNC Program”) portfolio. The Company participates in the SNC Program in an effort to improve its industry and geographical diversification. The SNC Program portfolio is included in the Company’s commercial and industrial portfolio. The SNC Program portfolio is defined as loan syndications with exposure over $100 million and with three or more lenders participating.

Most loans originated by the Company are either collateralized by real estate or other assets or guaranteed by federal and local governmental authorities. The ability and willingness of the single-family residential and consumer borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the level of overall economic activity within the borrowers’ geographic areas and real estate values. The ability and willingness of commercial real estate, commercial and industrial, and construction loan borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the health of the real estate economy in the borrowers’ geographic areas and the general economy.

Loans Pledged as Collateral

The carrying value of loans pledged to secure advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Boston (“FHLBB”) were $4.2 billion and $3.9 billion at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The balance of funds borrowed from the FHLBB were $673.5 million and $704.1 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The carrying value of loans pledged to secure advances from the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) were $1.1 billion at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were no funds borrowed from the FRB outstanding at September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Serviced Loans

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, mortgage loans partially or wholly-owned by others and serviced by the Company amounted to approximately $78.8 million and $84.0 million, respectively.

Purchased Loans

The Company began purchasing residential real estate mortgage loans during the third quarter of 2022. Loans purchased were subject to the same underwriting criteria as those loans originated directly by the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company purchased $32.0 million of residential real estate mortgage loans. The Company ceased purchases of residential real estate mortgage loans in the first quarter of 2023. Accordingly, no residential real estate mortgage loans were purchased during the three months ended September 30, 2023. The Company purchased $79.9 million of residential real estate mortgage loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the amortized cost balance of loans purchased was $391.7 million and $376.1 million, respectively.

Commercial Loan Sales

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold $191.8 million of commercial and industrial loans previously included in the SNC program portfolio and recognized a loss on sale of $2.5 million. As of September 30, 2023, one commercial and industrial loan, which was previously included in the SNC program portfolio and which had a balance of $22.4 million as of September 30, 2023, was transferred to held for sale from the commercial and industrial held for investment portfolio. Upon transfer to held for sale, a mark-to-market adjustment was recorded representing a loss of $0.2 million.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established to provide for management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost at the balance sheet date through a provision for loan losses charged to net income. Charge-offs, net of recoveries, are charged directly to the allowance for loan losses. Commercial and residential loans are charged-off in the period in which they are deemed uncollectible. Delinquent loans in these product types are subject to ongoing review and analysis to determine if a charge-off in the current period is appropriate. For consumer loans, policies and procedures exist that require charge-off consideration upon a certain triggering event depending on the product type.

The following tables summarize the changes in the allowance for loan losses by loan category for the periods indicated:

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Commercial Construction		Business Banking		Residential Real Estate		Consumer Home Equity		Other Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	29,535	$	59,524	$	7,663	$	15,228	$	27,012	$	6,044	$	2,949	$	147,955
Charge-offs	(11)		—		—		(303)		—		—		(731)		(1,045)
Recoveries	120		2		—		609		30		39		108		908
Provision (release)	(3,126)		11,097		136		(316)		(687)		(601)		825		7,328
Ending balance	$	26,518	$	70,623	$	7,799	$	15,218	$	26,355	$	5,482	$	3,151	$	155,146

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Commercial Construction		Business Banking		Residential Real Estate		Consumer Home Equity		Other Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	25,852	$	47,555	$	5,474	$	16,699	$	21,663	$	5,662	$	2,626	$	125,531
Charge-offs	(11)		—		—		(369)		—		—		(603)		(983)
Recoveries	126		3		—		286		56		6		158		635
Provision (release)	874		3,545		507		(354)		1,288		174		446		6,480
Ending balance	$	26,841	$	51,103	$	5,981	$	16,262	$	23,007	$	5,842	$	2,627	$	131,663

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Commercial Construction		Business Banking		Residential Real Estate		Consumer Home Equity		Other Consumer		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	26,859	$	54,730	$	7,085	$	16,189	$	28,129	$	6,454	$	2,765	$	142,211
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (1)	47		—		—		(140)		(849)		(201)		—		(1,143)
Charge-offs	(11)		—		—		(900)		—		(7)		(1,883)		(2,801)
Recoveries	285		8		—		1,294		63		40		335		2,025
Provision (release)	(662)		15,885		714		(1,225)		(988)		(804)		1,934		14,854
Ending balance	$	26,518	$	70,623	$	7,799	$	15,218	$	26,355	$	5,482	$	3,151	$	155,146

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Commercial and Industrial		Commercial Real Estate		Commercial Construction		Business Banking		Residential Real Estate		Consumer Home Equity		Other Consumer		Other		Total
	(In thousands)
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	18,018	$	52,373	$	2,585	$	10,983	$	6,556	$	3,722	$	3,308	$	242	$	97,787
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (2)	11,533		(6,655)		1,485		6,160		13,489		1,857		(541)		(242)		$	27,086
Charge-offs	(13)		—		—		(1,922)		—		—		(1,754)		—		(3,689)
Recoveries	1,074		53		—		1,678		80		16		533		—		3,434
Provision (release)	(3,771)		5,332		1,911		(637)		2,882		247		1,081		—		7,045
Ending balance	$	26,841	$	51,103	$	5,981	$	16,262	$	23,007	$	5,842	$	2,627	$	—	$	131,663

(1)Represents the adjustment needed to reflect the cumulative day one impact pursuant to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2022-02 (i.e., cumulative effect adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023). The adjustment represents a $1.1 million decrease to the allowance attributable to the change in accounting methodology for estimating the allowance for loan losses resulting from the Company’s adoption of the standard.

(2)Represents the adjustment needed to reflect the cumulative day one impact pursuant to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13 (i.e., cumulative effect adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2022). The adjustment represents a $27.1 million increase to the allowance attributable to the change in accounting methodology for estimating the allowance for loan losses resulting from the Company’s adoption of the standard. The adjustment also includes the adjustment needed to reflect the day one reclassification of the Company’s PCI loan balances to PCD and the associated gross-up of $0.1 million, pursuant to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13.

Reserve for Unfunded Commitments

Management evaluates the need for a reserve on unfunded lending commitments in a manner consistent with loans held for investment. The Company’s adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 did not impact the reserve for unfunded lending commitments. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2022, the Company recorded a transition adjustment related to the reserve for unfunded lending commitments of $1.0 million, resulting in a total reserve for unfunded lending commitments of $11.1 million as of January 1, 2022. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s reserve for unfunded lending commitments was $14.9 million and $13.2 million, respectively, which is recorded within other liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Portfolio Segmentation

Management uses a methodology to systematically estimate the amount of expected losses in each segment of loans in the Company’s portfolio. Commercial and industrial business banking, investment commercial real estate, and commercial and industrial loans are evaluated based upon loan-level risk characteristics, historical losses and other factors which form the basis for estimating expected losses. Other portfolios, including owner occupied commercial real estate (which includes business banking owner occupied commercial real estate), commercial construction, residential mortgages, home equity and consumer loans, are analyzed as groups taking into account delinquency ratios, and the Company’s and peer banks’ historical loss experience. For the purposes of estimating the allowance for loan losses, management segregates the loan portfolio into loan categories that share similar risk characteristics such as the purpose of the loan, repayment source, and collateral. These characteristics are considered when determining the appropriate level of the allowance for each category. Some examples of these risk characteristics unique to each loan category include:

Commercial Lending

Commercial and industrial: The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at origination. Collateral frequently consists of a first lien position on business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, aircraft and equipment. The primary repayment source is operating cash flow and, secondarily, the liquidation of assets. Under its lending guidelines, the Company generally requires a corporate or personal guarantee from individuals that hold material ownership in the borrowing entity when the loan-to-value of a commercial and industrial loan is in excess of a specified threshold.

Commercial real estate: Collateral values are established by independent third-party appraisals and evaluations. Primary repayment sources include operating income generated by the real estate, permanent debt refinancing, sale of the real estate and, secondarily, liquidation of the collateral. Under its lending guidelines, the Company generally requires a corporate or personal guarantee from individuals that hold material ownership in the borrowing entity when the loan-to-value of a commercial real estate loan is in excess of a specified threshold.

Commercial construction: These loans are generally considered to present a higher degree of risk than other real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of factors, such as adverse changes in interest rates and the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules. Construction loans are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Construction loans are generally based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the completed project. Construction loan repayment is substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to complete the project and obtain permanent financing.

Business banking: These loans are typically secured by all business assets or commercial real estate. Business banking originations include traditionally underwritten loans as well as partially automated scored loans. Business banking scored loans are determined by utilizing the Company’s proprietary decision matrix that has a number of quantitative factors including, but not limited to, a guarantor’s credit score, industry risk, and time in business. The Company also engages in Small Business Association (“SBA”) lending. The SBA guarantees reduce the Company’s loss due to default and are considered a credit enhancement to the loan structure.

Residential Lending

These loans are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to repay principal and interest on a monthly basis. Underwriting considerations include, among others, income sources and their reliability, willingness to repay as evidenced by credit repayment history, financial resources (including cash reserves) and the value of the collateral. The Company maintains policy standards for minimum credit score and cash reserves and maximum loan-to-value consistent with a “prime” portfolio. Collateral consists of mortgage liens on 1-4 family residential dwellings. The policy standards applied to loans originated by the Company are the same as those applied to purchased loans. The Company does not originate or purchase sub-prime or other high-risk loans. Residential loans are originated either for sale to investors or retained in the Company’s loan portfolio. Decisions about whether to sell or retain residential loans are made based on the interest rate characteristics, pricing for loans in the secondary mortgage market, competitive factors and the Company’s capital needs.

Consumer Lending

Consumer home equity: Home equity lines of credit are granted for ten years with monthly interest-only repayment requirements. Full principal repayment is required at the end of the ten-year draw period. Home equity loans are term loans that require the monthly payment of principal and interest such that the loan will be fully amortized at maturity. Underwriting considerations are materially consistent with those utilized in residential real estate. Collateral consists of a senior or subordinate lien on owner-occupied residential property.

Other consumer: The Company’s policy and underwriting in this category, which is comprised primarily of home improvement, automobile and aircraft loans, include the following factors, among others: income sources and reliability, credit histories, term of repayment, and collateral value, as applicable. These are typically granted on an unsecured basis, with the exception of aircraft and automobile loans.

Credit Quality

Commercial Lending Credit Quality

The credit quality of the Company’s commercial loan portfolio is actively monitored and supported by a comprehensive credit approval process and all large dollar transactions are sent for approval to a committee of seasoned business line and credit professionals. The Company maintains an independent credit risk review function that reports directly to the Risk Management Committee of the Board of Directors. Credits that demonstrate significant deterioration in credit quality are transferred to a specialized group of experienced officers for individual attention.

The Company monitors credit quality indicators and utilizes portfolio scorecards to assess the risk of its commercial portfolio. Specifically, the Company utilizes a 15-point credit risk-rating system to manage risk and identify potential problem loans. Under this point system, risk-rating assignments are based upon a number of quantitative and qualitative factors that are under continual review. Factors include cash flow, collateral coverage, liquidity, leverage, position within the industry, internal controls and management, financial reporting, and other considerations. Commercial loan risk ratings are (re)evaluated for each loan at least once-per-year. The risk-rating categories under the credit risk-rating system are defined as follows:

0 Risk Rating - Unrated

Certain segments of the portfolios are not rated. These segments include aircraft loans, business banking scored loan products, and other commercial loans managed by exception. Loans within this unrated loan segment are monitored by delinquency status; and for lines of credit greater than $100,000 in exposure, an annual review is conducted which includes the review of the business score and loan and deposit account performance. The Company supplements performance data with current business credit scores for the business banking portfolio on a quarterly basis. Unrated commercial and business banking loans are generally restricted to commercial exposure of less than $1.5 million. Loans included in this category generally are not required to provide regular financial reporting or regular covenant monitoring.

For purposes of estimating the allowance for loan losses, unrated loans are considered in the same manner as “Pass” rated loans. Unrated loans are included with “Pass” rated loans for disclosure purposes.

1-10 Risk Rating – Pass

Loans with a risk rating of 1-10 are classified as “Pass” and are comprised of loans that range from “substantially risk free” which indicates borrowers of unquestioned credit standing, well-established national companies with a very strong financial condition, and loans fully secured by policy conforming cash levels, through “low pass” which indicates acceptable rated loans that may be experiencing weak cash flow, impending lease rollover or minor liquidity concerns.

11 Risk Rating – Special Mention (Potential Weakness)

Loans to borrowers in this category exhibit potential weaknesses or downward trends deserving management’s close attention. While potentially weak, no loss of principal or interest is envisioned. Included in this category are borrowers who are performing as agreed, are weak when compared to industry standards, may be experiencing an interim loss and may be in declining industries. An element of asset quality, financial flexibility or management is below average. The Company does not consider borrowers within this category as new business prospects. Borrowers rated special mention may find it difficult to obtain alternative financing from traditional bank sources.

12 Risk Rating – Substandard (Well-Defined Weakness)

Loans with a risk-rating of 12 exhibit well-defined weaknesses that, if not corrected, may jeopardize the orderly liquidation of the debt. A loan is classified as substandard if it is inadequately protected by the repayment capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged. Specifically, repayment under market rates and terms, or by the requirements under the existing loan documents, is in jeopardy, but no loss of principal or interest is envisioned. There is a possibility that a partial loss of principal and/or interest will occur in the future if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate portfolio of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified as substandard. Non-accrual is possible, but not mandatory, in this class.

13 Risk Rating – Doubtful (Loss Probable)

Loans classified as doubtful have comparable weaknesses as found in the loans classified as substandard, with the added provision that such weaknesses make collection of the debt in full (based on currently existing facts, conditions and values) highly questionable and improbable. Serious problems exist such that a partial loss of principal is likely. The probability of loss exists, but because of reasonably specific pending factors that may work to strengthen the credit, estimated losses are deferred until a more exact status can be determined. Specific reserves will be the amount identified after specific review. Non-accrual is mandatory in this class.

14 Risk Rating – Loss

Loans to borrowers in this category are deemed incapable of repayment. Loans to such borrowers are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as active assets of the Company is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loans have no recovery or salvage value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off these assets even though partial recovery may occur in the future. Loans in this category have a recorded investment of $0 at the time of the downgrade.

Residential and Consumer Lending Credit Quality

For the Company’s residential and consumer portfolios, the quality of the loan is best indicated by the repayment performance of an individual borrower. Updated appraisals, broker opinions of value and other collateral valuation methods are employed in the residential and consumer portfolios, typically for credits that are deteriorating. Delinquency status is determined using payment performance, while accrual status may be determined using a combination of payment performance, expected borrower viability and collateral value. Delinquent consumer loans are handled by a team of seasoned collection specialists.

The following table details the amortized cost balances of the Company’s loan portfolios, presented by credit quality indicator and origination year as of September 30, 2023, and gross charge-offs for the nine month period then ended:

	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans (1)		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial
Pass	$	421,454	$	489,139	$	377,921	$	351,075	$	160,669	$	656,163	$	497,576	$	3,555	$	2,957,552
Special Mention	8,109		30,704		14,345		13,897		186		633		18,711		456		87,041
Substandard	—		12		1,808		422		36		2,672		22,799		—		27,749
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		8		—		—		8
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial and industrial	429,563		519,855		394,074		365,394		160,891		659,476		539,086		4,011		3,072,350
Current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		11		—		—		11
Commercial real estate
Pass	372,774		1,467,477		858,225		575,634		524,549		1,342,646		59,152		2,585		5,203,042
Special Mention	—		—		—		744		2,395		28,343		—		—		31,482
Substandard	—		—		15,356		3,990		50,704		54,851		8,005		—		132,906
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		25,797		—		—		25,797
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate	372,774		1,467,477		873,581		580,368		577,648		1,451,637		67,157		2,585		5,393,227
Current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Commercial construction
Pass	99,843		140,590		124,288		—		—		—		10,727		—		375,448
Special Mention	5,182		—		—		7		—		—		—		—		5,189
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial construction	105,025		140,590		124,288		7		—		—		10,727		—		380,637

Current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Business banking
Pass	107,950		164,497		187,765		152,567		117,485		252,479		71,942		3,433		1,058,118
Special Mention	—		572		1,446		3,579		3,778		8,233		1,019		27		18,654
Substandard	1,401		611		3,554		2,127		1,069		3,452		647		584		13,445
Doubtful	—		—		—		20		1,079		500		—		—		1,599
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total business banking	109,351		165,680		192,765		158,293		123,411		264,664		73,608		4,044		1,091,816
Current period gross charge-offs	—		111		62		56		102		250		23		296		900
Residential real estate
Current and accruing	203,704		742,941		672,492		362,610		95,373		464,070		—		—		2,541,190
30-89 days past due and accruing	441		4,032		4,343		905		940		8,855		—		—		19,516
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual	105		726		454		1,000		288		5,502		—		—		8,075
Total residential real estate	204,250		747,699		677,289		364,515		96,601		478,427		—		—		2,568,781
Current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer home equity
Current and accruing	27,721		86,954		9,557		5,189		4,356		84,939		954,862		7,028		1,180,606
30-89 days past due and accruing	—		196		—		—		—		647		7,675		377		8,895
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual	—		67		—		—		—		1,788		5,472		179		7,506
Total consumer home equity	27,721		87,217		9,557		5,189		4,356		87,374		968,009		7,584		1,197,007
Current period gross charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—		7		—		7
Other consumer
Current and accruing	72,222		39,286		26,060		13,635		12,949		18,047		13,030		112		195,341
30-89 days past due and accruing	126		143		61		19		68		183		28		—		628
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual	13		62		10		—		—		47		—		49		181
Total other consumer	72,361		39,491		26,131		13,654		13,017		18,277		13,058		161		196,150
Current period gross charge-offs	746		307		296		90		84		200		160		—		1,883
Total	$	1,321,045	$	3,168,009	$	2,297,685	$	1,487,420	$	975,924	$	2,959,855	$	1,671,645	$	18,385	$	13,899,968

(1)The amounts presented represent the amortized cost as of September 30, 2023 of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The following table details the amortized cost balances of the Company’s loan portfolios, presented by credit quality indicator and origination year as of December 31, 2022:

	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans		Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans (1)		Total
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial
Pass	$	778,144	$	479,317	$	415,990	$	199,865	$	100,716	$	639,825	$	473,148	$	50	$	3,087,055
Special Mention	2,298		1,307		7,267		4,841		147		—		1,196		670		17,726
Substandard	294		4,954		2,644		46		2,598		7,854		485		346		19,221
Doubtful	—		5,249		—		—		—		23		3,254		—		8,526
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total commercial and industrial	780,736		490,827		425,901		204,752		103,461		647,702		478,083		1,066		3,132,528
Commercial real estate
Pass	1,510,675		825,620		586,567		581,840		461,296		1,006,160		52,590		4,187		5,028,935
Special Mention	—		—		771		4,204		15,366		12,255		—		—		32,596
Substandard	—		—		2,621		19,796		24,532		34,883		8,000		—		89,832
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial real estate	1,510,675		825,620		589,959		605,840		501,194		1,053,298		60,590		4,187		5,151,363
Commercial construction
Pass	91,397		178,648		28,956		20,767		—		—		12,130		—		331,898
Special Mention	—		—		2,361		—		—		—		—		—		2,361
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial construction	91,397		178,648		31,317		20,767		—		—		12,130		—		334,259
Business banking
Pass	178,806		202,230		170,088		128,282		59,452		233,484		78,080		4,770		1,055,192
Special Mention	—		991		4,635		4,605		3,740		7,584		145		—		21,700
Substandard	—		3,482		1,424		2,663		570		7,505		2,230		221		18,095
Doubtful	—		—		—		181		—		70		—		—		251
Loss	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total business banking	178,806		206,703		176,147		135,731		63,762		248,643		80,455		4,991		1,095,238
Residential real estate
Current and accruing	761,442		696,959		382,262		99,494		66,702		434,720		—		—		2,441,579
30-89 days past due and accruing	4,652		5,470		1,245		2,762		2,951		11,646		—		—		28,726
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual	—		—		144		1,491		1,015		7,100		—		—		9,750
Total residential real estate	766,094		702,429		383,651		103,747		70,668		453,466		—		—		2,480,055
Consumer home equity
Current and accruing	97,395		10,774		5,840		5,015		21,092		73,927		953,829		7,320		1,175,192
30-89 days past due and accruing	559		—		—		—		72		944		7,239		247		9,061
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual	—		—		—		61		274		1,303		5,120		296		7,054
Total consumer home equity	97,954		10,774		5,840		5,076		21,438		76,174		966,188		7,863		1,191,307
Other consumer
Current and accruing	55,414		32,390		17,641		18,298		18,832		16,603		17,476		—		176,654
30-89 days past due and accruing	143		68		43		61		240		178		58		7		798
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual	31		93		39		2		92		44		15		10		326
Total other consumer	55,588		32,551		17,723		18,361		19,164		16,825		17,549		17		177,778
Total	$	3,481,250	$	2,447,552	$	1,630,538	$	1,094,274	$	779,687	$	2,496,108	$	1,614,995	$	18,124	$	13,562,528

(1)The amounts presented represent the amortized cost as of December 31, 2022 of revolving loans that were converted to term loans during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Asset Quality

The Company manages its loan portfolio with careful monitoring. As a general rule, loans more than 90 days past due with respect to principal and interest are classified as non-accrual loans. Exceptions may be made if management believes that collateral held by the Company is clearly sufficient and in full satisfaction of both principal and interest. The Company may also use discretion regarding other loans over 90 days delinquent if the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Non-accrual loans and loans that are more than 90 days past due but still accruing interest are considered non-performing loans.

Non-accrual loans may be returned to an accrual status when principal and interest payments are no longer delinquent, and the risk characteristics of the loan have improved to the extent that there no longer exists a concern as to the collectability of principal and interest. Loans are considered past due based upon the number of days delinquent according to their contractual terms.

A loan is expected to remain on non-accrual status until it becomes current with respect to principal and interest, the loan is liquidated, or the loan is determined to be uncollectible and is charged-off against the allowance for loan losses.

The following tables show the age analysis of past due loans as of the dates indicated:

	As of September 30, 2023
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 or More Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	1,030	$	—	$	465	$	1,495	$	3,070,855	$	3,072,350
Commercial real estate	—		—		—		—		5,393,227		5,393,227
Commercial construction	—		—		—		—		380,637		380,637
Business banking	4,536		1,846		1,539		7,921		1,083,895		1,091,816
Residential real estate	17,988		2,846		5,621		26,455		2,542,326		2,568,781
Consumer home equity	6,232		2,661		7,430		16,323		1,180,684		1,197,007
Other consumer	470		158		181		809		195,341		196,150
Total	$	30,256	$	7,511	$	15,236	$	53,003	$	13,846,965	$	13,899,968

	As of December 31, 2022
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 or More Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	1,300	$	385	$	2,074	$	3,759	$	3,128,769	$	3,132,528
Commercial real estate	—		—		—		—		5,151,363		5,151,363
Commercial construction	—		—		—		—		334,259		334,259
Business banking	6,642		845		3,517		11,004		1,084,234		1,095,238
Residential real estate	25,877		3,852		6,456		36,185		2,443,870		2,480,055
Consumer home equity	8,262		1,108		6,525		15,895		1,175,412		1,191,307
Other consumer	634		170		320		1,124		176,654		177,778
Total (1)	$	42,715	$	6,360	$	18,892	$	67,967	$	13,494,561	$	13,562,528

(1)The amounts presented in the table above represent the recorded investment balance of loans as of December 31, 2022.

The following table presents information regarding non-accrual loans as of the dates indicated:

	As of September 30, 2023						As of December 31, 2022
	Non-Accrual Loans With ACL		Non-Accrual Loans Without ACL (1)		Total Nonaccrual Loans		Non-Accrual Loans With ACL		Non-Accrual Loans Without ACL (1)		Total Nonaccrual Loans
	(In thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	4	$	466	$	470	$	3,270	$	10,707	$	13,977
Commercial real estate	25,797		—		25,797		—		—		—
Commercial construction	—		—		—		—		—		—
Business banking	5,422		14		5,436		5,844		1,653		7,497
Residential real estate	8,075		—		8,075		9,750		—		9,750
Consumer home equity	7,506		—		7,506		7,054		—		7,054
Other consumer	181		—		181		326		—		326
Total non-accrual loans	$	46,985	$	480	$	47,465	$	26,244	$	12,360	$	38,604

(1)The loans on non-accrual status and without an ACL as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were primarily comprised of collateral dependent loans for which the fair value of the underlying loan collateral exceeded the loan carrying value.

The amount of interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was not significant. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing.

It is the Company’s policy to reverse any accrued interest when a loan is put on non-accrual status and, generally, to record any payments received from a borrower related to a loan on non-accrual status as a reduction of the amortized cost basis of the loan. Accrued interest reversed against interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was not significant.

For collateral values for residential mortgage and home equity loans, the Company relies primarily upon third-party valuation information from certified appraisers and values are generally based upon recent appraisals of the underlying collateral, brokers’ opinions based upon recent sales of comparable properties, or estimated auction or liquidation values less estimated costs to sell. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had collateral-dependent residential mortgage and home equity loans totaling $0.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

For collateral-dependent commercial loans, the amount of the allowance for loan losses is individually assessed based upon the fair value of the collateral. Various types of collateral are used, including real estate, inventory, equipment, accounts receivable, securities and cash, among others. For commercial real estate loans, the Company relies primarily upon third-party valuation information from certified appraisers and values are generally based upon recent appraisals of the underlying collateral, brokers’ opinions based upon recent sales of comparable properties, estimated equipment auction or liquidation values, income capitalization, or a combination of income capitalization and comparable sales. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had collateral-dependent commercial loans totaling $27.8 million and $16.2 million, respectively.

Appraisals for all loan types are obtained at the time of loan origination as part of the loan approval process and are updated at the time of a loan modification and/or refinance and as considered necessary by management for impairment review purposes. In addition, appraisals are updated as required by regulatory pronouncements.

As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had no residential real estate held in other real estate owned (“OREO”). As of September 30, 2023, there was one residential real estate loan, which had a balance of $0.1 million, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process. As of December 31, 2022, there were no mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process. As of September 30, 2023, there were three consumer home equity loans, which had a total balance of $0.4 million, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process. As of December 31, 2022, there were no consumer home equity loans collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in-process.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The following table shows the amortized cost balance as of September 30, 2023 of loans modified during the periods noted below to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by the type of concession granted:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2023				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Amortized Cost Balance		% of Total Portfolio		Amortized Cost Balance		% of Total Portfolio
	(Dollars in thousands)
Interest Rate Reduction:
Business banking	$	—	—	%	$	46	0.00	%
Residential real estate	—		—	%	305		0.01	%
Consumer home equity	203		0.02	%	1,441		0.12	%
Total interest rate reduction	$	203	0.00	%	$	1,792	0.01	%
Other-than-Insignificant Delay in Repayment:
Business banking	$	21	0.00	%	$	21	0.00	%
Residential real estate	2,084		0.08	%	2,517		0.10	%
Consumer home equity	84		0.01	%	684		0.06	%
Total other-than-insignificant delay in repayment	$	2,189	0.02	%	$	3,222	0.02	%
Term Extension:
Business banking	—		—	%	259		0.02	%
Total term extension	$	—	—	%	$	259	0.00	%
Combination—Interest Rate Reduction & Other-than-Insignificant Delay in Repayment:
Business banking	$	—	—	%	$	90	0.01	%
Consumer home equity	428		0.04	%	603		0.05	%
Total combination—interest rate reduction & other-than-insignificant delay in repayment	$	428	0.00	%	$	693	0.00	%
Combination—Interest Rate Reduction & Term Extension:
Business banking	$	41	0.00	%	$	551	0.05	%
Consumer home equity	—		—	%	216		0.02	%
Total combination—interest rate reduction & term extension	$	41	0.00	%	$	767	0.01	%
Combination—Term Extension & Other-than-Insignificant Delay in Repayment:
Business banking	$	—	—	%	$	26	0.00	%
Residential real estate	—		—	%	141		0.01	%
Total combination—term extension & other-than-insignificant delay in repayment	$	—	—	%	$	167	0.00	%
Combination—Interest Rate Reduction, Term Extension & Other-than-Insignificant Delay in Repayment
Business banking	$	—	—	%	$	23	0.00	%
Residential real estate	—		—	%	83		0.00	%

Total combination—interest rate reduction, term extension & other-than-insignificant delay in repayment	$	—	—	%	$	106	0.00	%
Total by portfolio segment
Business banking	$	62	0.01	%	$	1,016	0.09	%
Residential real estate	2,084		0.08	%	3,046		0.12	%
Consumer home equity	715		0.06	%	2,944		0.25	%
Total	$	2,861	0.02	%	$	7,006	0.05	%

The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made during the three months ended September 30, 2023 to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

Loan Type	Financial Effect (1)
Interest Rate Reduction
Business banking	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 12.7% to 8.5%.
Consumer home equity	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 8.0% to 4.8%.
Other-than-Insignificant Delay in Repayment
Business banking	Deferred a weighted average of 6 payments. For the principal and interest deferral, the loan was re-amortized over an extended payment period resulting in reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrower.
Residential real estate	Deferred a weighted average of 8 principal and interest payments which were added to the end of the loan life.
Consumer home equity	Deferred a weighted average of 3 principal and interest payments which were added to the end of the loan life.
Term Extension
Business banking	Added a weighted-average 4.8 years to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers.

(1)Loans that were modified in more than one manner are included in each modification type corresponding to the type of modifications performed.

The following table describes the financial effect of the modifications made during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

Loan Type	Financial Effect (1)
Interest Rate Reduction
Business banking	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 9.8% to 7.4%.
Residential real estate	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 5.4% to 3.6%.
Consumer home equity	Reduced weighted-average contractual interest rate from 7.4% to 4.4%.
Other-than-Insignificant Delay in Repayment
Business banking	Deferred a weighted average of 2 payments. For principal and interest deferrals, the loans were re-amortized over an extended payment period resulting in reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers. For interest-only deferrals, interest accrued at the time of the modification was added to the end of the loan life.
Residential real estate	Deferred a weighted average of 8 principal and interest payments which were added to the end of the loan life.
Consumer home equity	Deferred a weighted average of 7 principal and interest payments which were added to the end of the loan life.
Term Extension
Business banking	Added a weighted-average 5.1 years to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers.
Residential real estate	Added a weighted-average 23.7 years to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers.
Consumer home equity	Added a weighted-average 17.2 years to the life of loans, which reduced monthly payment amounts for the borrowers.

(1)Loans that were modified in more than one manner are included in each modification type corresponding to the type of modifications performed.

As of September 30, 2023, no loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty modified during the nine months ended had a payment default during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Management closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table shows the age analysis of past due loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of September 30, 2023 that were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

	As of September 30, 2023
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 or More Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total
	(In thousands)
Business banking	$	20	$	—	$	—	$	20	$	997	$	1,017
Residential real estate	113		—		—		113		2,933		3,046
Consumer home equity	—		400		—		400		2,543		2,943
Total	$	133	$	400	$	—	$	533	$	6,473	$	7,006

As of September 30, 2023, there were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and which were modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant delay in repayment, or a term extension.

Troubled Debt Restructurings (“TDR”)

As described previously in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” the Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 which eliminated TDR accounting. Previously, in cases where a borrower experienced financial difficulty and the Company made certain concessionary modifications to contractual terms, the loan was classified as a TDR. The process through which management identified loans as TDR loans, the methodology employed to record any loan losses, and the calculation of any shortfall on collateral dependent loans is described within Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” within the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within the Company’s 2022 Form 10-K. The below disclosures regarding TDRs relate to prior periods and were included for comparative purposes.

The Company’s policy was to have any TDR loan which was on non-accrual status prior to being modified remain on non-accrual status for approximately six months subsequent to being modified before management considered its return to accrual status. If the TDR loan was on accrual status prior to being modified, it was reviewed to determine if the modified loan should remain on accrual status.

TDR loan information as of December 31, 2022 and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was prepared in accordance with GAAP effective for the Company as of December 31, 2022, or prior to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2022-02.

The following table shows the TDR loans on accrual and non-accrual status as of December 31, 2022:

	TDRs on Accrual Status			TDRs on Non-Accrual Status			Total TDRs
	Number of Loans	Balance of Loans		Number of Loans	Balance of Loans		Number of Loans	Balance of Loans
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	2	$	4,449	9	$	11,317	11	$	15,766
Business banking	11	4,124		22	2,101		33	6,225
Residential real estate	114	17,618		28	4,016		142	21,634
Consumer home equity	51	2,632		19	1,917		70	4,549
Other consumer	1	11		—	—		1	11
Total	179	$	28,834	78	$	19,351	257	$	48,185

At December 31, 2022, the outstanding recorded investment of loans that were new TDR loans during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $11.0 million. The amount of allowance for loan losses associated with the TDR loans was $1.8 million at December 31, 2022. There were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers who have been party to a TDR as of December 31, 2022.

The following table shows the modifications which occurred during the periods indicated and the change in the recorded investment subsequent to the modifications occurring:

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022					For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Number of Contracts	Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1)		Number of Contracts	Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	3	$	2,997	$	2,997	4	$	5,415	$	5,415
Business banking	9	284		284		20	854		862
Residential real estate	5	1,170		1,170		8	1,899		1,899
Consumer home equity	4	1,236		1,236		6	1,468		1,468
Total	21	$	5,687	$	5,687	38	$	9,636	$	9,644

(1)The post-modification balances represent the balance of the loan on the date of modification. These amounts may show an increase when modification includes capitalization of interest.

The following table shows the Company’s post-modification balance of TDRs listed by type of modification during the periods indicated:

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022		For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	(In thousands)
Extended maturity	—		997
Adjusted interest rate and extended maturity	123		535
Interest only/principal deferred	—		130
Covenant modification	—		2,418
Principal and interest deferred	2,343		2,343
Extended maturity and interest only/principal deferred	2,997		2,997
Other	224		224
Total	$	5,687	$	9,644

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were no loans that had been modified during the prior 12 months which had subsequently defaulted. The Company considers a loan to have defaulted when it reaches 90 days past due or is transferred to non-accrual. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, no amounts were charged-off on TDRs modified in the prior 12 months.

Loan Participations

The Company occasionally purchases commercial loan participations or participates in syndications through the SNC Program. These participations meet the same underwriting, credit and portfolio management standards as the Company’s other loans and are applied against the same criteria to determine the allowance for loan losses as other loans.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan participations:

	As of and for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023						As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Balance		Non-performing Loan Rate (%)		Gross Charge-offs		Balance		Non-performing Loan Rate (%)		Gross Charge-offs
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	1,097,747	—	%	$	—	$	1,024,131	0.83	%	$	—
Commercial real estate	439,872		—	%	—		422,042		0.00	%	—
Commercial construction	135,612		—	%	—		96,134		0.00	%	—
Business banking	108		—	%	—		51		0.00	%	3
Total loan participations	$	1,673,339	—	%	$	—	$	1,542,358	0.55	%	$	3