Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We generally calculate income taxes in interim periods by applying an estimated annual effective income tax rate to income or loss before income taxes and by calculating the tax effect of discrete items recognized during such periods. Our estimated annual effective income tax rate is based on our estimated full year income or loss and the related income taxes for each jurisdiction in which we operate. This rate can be affected by estimates of full year pre-tax income or loss and permanent differences.

The effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was (387.1%) and 86.1%, respectively. The effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was (254.3%) and (187.4%), respectively. The primary differences between our effective income tax rates and the federal statutory tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were due to the effects of non-deductible officers’ stock-based compensation expense, the valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets, state income taxes, benefits from research and development tax credits, and tax effects from our equity awards.

We consider all available positive and negative evidence in our assessment of the recoverability of our net deferred tax assets each reporting period. As of June 30, 2023, we determined that a valuation allowance against our net deferred tax

assets was no longer required primarily due to sustained tax profitability (pre-tax earnings or loss adjusted by permanent book to tax differences) beginning in 2022 through the first half of 2023, which was objective and verifiable evidence, and anticipated future earnings. Therefore, we believed it was more likely than not that we would achieve our forecasted three-year cumulative tax income results at the end of 2023.

When a change in valuation allowance is recognized during an interim period, the change in valuation allowance resulting from current year income is included in the annual effective tax rate and the release of valuation allowance supported by projections of future taxable income is recorded as a discrete tax benefit in the interim period. We released $55.9 million of our valuation allowance as a discrete tax benefit during the three months ended June 30, 2023. Our judgment regarding the need for a valuation allowance may reasonably change in future reporting periods due to many factors, including changes in the level of tax profitability that we achieve, changes in tax laws or regulations, and price fluctuations of our Class A common stock and its related future tax effects from our outstanding equity awards.