Fair Value of Financial Instruments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

13. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, which defines a single authoritative definition of fair value, sets out a framework for measuring fair value and expands on required disclosures about fair value measurements. The provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement relate to financial assets and liabilities as well as other assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis. The standard clarifies that fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on

assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the standard establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in active exchange markets, or interest in open-end mutual funds that allow a company to sell its ownership interest back at net asset value on a daily basis. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets, liabilities, or funds.

Level 2Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in less active dealer, or broker markets, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or quoted prices in markets that are not active. Level 2 instruments typically include U.S. Government and agency debt securities and corporate obligations. Valuations are usually obtained through market data of the investment itself as well as market transactions involving comparable assets, liabilities or funds.

Level 3Valuations for assets and liabilities that are derived from other valuation methodologies, such as option pricing models, discounted cash flow models or similar techniques, and not based on market exchange, dealer, or broker-traded transactions. Level 3 valuations incorporate certain assumptions and projections in determining the fair value assigned to such assets or liabilities.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about the financial or nonfinancial asset or liability.

Notes Payable

The Company has elected to measure certain notes payable and related party notes payable at fair value. Specifically, the SPA Notes as they contain embedded liquidation premiums with conversion rights that represent embedded derivatives (see Note 7, Notes Payable and Note 8, Related Party Transactions) and the Unsecured Convertible Notes as they can be exchanged into an SPA Note. The Company used a binomial lattice model and discounted cash flow methodology to value the SPA Notes. The significant assumptions used in the models include the volatility of the Class A Common Stock, the Company’s expectations around the full ratchet trigger, the Company’s debt discount rate based on a CCC rating, annual dividend yield, and the expected life of the instrument. Fair value measurements associated with the notes payable represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value adjustments related to notes payables were recorded in Change in fair value measurements on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

SPA Warrants

The Company has elected to measure the SPA Warrants at fair value. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to measure the fair value of the SPA Warrants, where the significant assumptions used include the volatility of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, the Company’s expectations around the full ratchet trigger, the contractual term of the SPA Warrants, the risk-free rate and annual dividend yield. Fair value measurements associated with the liability-classified warrants represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

Public and Private Warrants

Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed 95,740 Public Warrants and 2,478 Private Warrants from PSAC. The Company also issued 334 Private Warrants to settle related party notes of PSAC. The Public Warrants are indexed to the Company’s own stock and, as such, meet the scope exception in accordance with ASC 815-40 to be classified in equity. The Private Warrants are classified as liabilities and the fair value is included in Warrant Liabilities on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company valued the Private Warrants using a binomial lattice model. Inherent in a binomial lattice model are assumptions related to risk free rate, annual dividend yield, expected warrant life, and volatility of the Company's stock. The Company estimated the fair value of the Private Warrants to be $0.1 million as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Changes in the fair value of the Private Warrants are recorded in Change in Fair Value Measurements in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Fair value measurements associated with the Private Warrants liabilities represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

Liabilities due to Insufficient Authorized Shares

From time to time, certain of the Company’s equity-linked financial instruments may be classified as derivative liabilities under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, due to the Company having insufficient authorized shares to fully settle the equity-linked financial instruments in shares. See Note 11, Stockholders’ Equity.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following tables present financial liabilities remeasured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:

	June 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities1	$	—	$	—	$	301
Notes payable1	—		—		74,403

1 Includes both related party and non-related party balances for the Company’s notes payable and warrant liabilities.

	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	306
Notes payable	—		—		86,712

There were not any transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value measurement hierarchy during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 or the year ended December 31, 2023. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, including cash, restricted cash, deposits, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and certain notes payable approximate fair value because of their short-term nature or contractually defined value.

The following table summarizes the activity of Level 3 fair value measurements:

(in thousands)	Warrant Liabilities1		Notes Payable1
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	306	$	86,712
Additions	11		25,394
Exercises	—		—
Change in fair value measurements	(16)		(20,463)
Conversions of notes to Class A Common Stock	—		(17,240)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	301	$	74,403

1 Includes both related party and non-related party balances for the Company’s notes payable and warrant liabilities.