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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Cash Equivalents

The fair value of the Company’s money market funds is based on the closing price of these assets as of the reporting date, which are included in cash equivalents. The Company’s money market funds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. The Company had no cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Notes Payable

The Company has elected to measure certain notes payable and related party notes payable at fair value. Specifically, the SPA Notes as they contain embedded liquidation premiums with conversion rights that represent embedded derivatives (see Note 7, Notes Payable and Note 8, Related Party Transactions). The Company used a binomial lattice model and discounted cash flow methodology to value the SPA Notes. The significant assumptions used in the models include the volatility of the Class A Common Stock, the Company’s expectations around the full ratchet trigger, the Company’s debt discount rate based on a CCC rating, annual dividend yield, and the expected life of the instrument. Fair value measurements associated with the notes payable represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value adjustments related to notes payables were recorded in Change in fair value measurements on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

SPA Warrants

The Company is required to measure the SPA Warrants at fair value. The Company uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to measure the fair value of the SPA Warrants, where the significant assumptions used include the volatility of the Company’s Class A Common Stock, the Company’s expectations around the full ratchet anti-dilution trigger, the contractual term of the SPA Warrants, the risk-free rate and annual dividend yield. Fair value measurements associated with the liability-classified warrants represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

SEPA

On November 23, 2022, the Company issued 3,288 Commitment Shares in satisfaction of the commitment fee agreed upon in the SEPA. The Company determined that SEPA represents a derivative financial instrument under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, which should be recorded at fair value at inception and each reporting date thereafter. The financial instrument was classified as a derivative asset with a fair value of zero as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Commitment to Issue Class A Common Stock

On July 18, 2021, the Company entered into an omnibus transaction services fee agreement and acknowledgement (“Agreement and Acknowledgement”) with RMG. Pursuant to the Agreement and Acknowledgement, the Company will issue 9,948 registered shares of Class A Common Stock to the parties upon effectiveness of the registration statement covering these shares. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s registration statement was not effective.

The Company used the probability-weighted expected return method (“PWERM”) to determine the fair value of the obligation to issue registered shares. The PWERM framework is a scenario-based methodology that estimates the fair value of the obligation based upon an analysis of future values of the settlement of the obligation to issue shares, assuming various outcomes. The probability weightings assigned to certain potential scenarios were based on management’s assessment of the probability of settlement of the liability in cash or shares and an assessment of the timing of settlement. In the equity settlement scenario, the obligation valuation was based on the Company’s share price as of each valuation date. In the cash settlement scenario, the obligation valuation was based the cash payment that equates to the share price times total shares to be issued, discounted to each valuation date.

Fair value measurements associated with the obligation to issue shares represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

On July 21, 2022, the Company amended its agreement with the service provider and delivered 9,948 unregistered shares of Class A Common Stock in satisfaction of its obligation. Upon its settlement, the carrying amount of the commitment equaled its initial carrying amount, therefore the Company classified the entire commitment to issue Class A Common Stock to additional paid-in capital (“APIC’) in the amount of $32.9 million.

Public and Private Warrants

Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed 95,740 Public Warrants and 2,478 Private Warrants from PSAC. The Company also issued 334 Private Warrants to settle related party notes of PSAC. The Public Warrants are indexed to the Company’s own stock and, as such, meet the scope exception in accordance with ASC 815-40 to be classified in equity. The Private Warrants are classified as liabilities and the fair value is included in Warrant Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company valued the Private Warrants using a binomial lattice model. Inherent in a binomial lattice model are assumptions related to risk free rate, annual dividend yield, expected warrant life, and volatility of the Company's stock. The Company estimated the fair value of the Private Warrants to be $0.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Changes in the fair value of the Private Warrants are recorded in Change in Fair Value Measurements in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Fair value measurements associated with the Private Warrants liabilities represent Level 3 valuations under the fair value hierarchy.

Transfer of Private Warrants to Unaffiliated Third Parties

During the year ended December 31, 2022 PSAC Sponsor transferred a total 2,348 Private Warrants to unaffiliated third-party purchasers on the open market. Upon such transfer, the transferred warrants became subject to identical terms to the Public Warrants underlying the units offered in the initial public offering of PSAC. Therefore, upon their transfer the Company classified the warrants to additional-paid-in-capital (“APIC”) at their fair value of $0.6 million the year ending December 31, 2022. There were no transfers during the year ending December 31, 2023.

Liabilities due to Insufficient Authorized Shares

From time to time, certain of the Company’s equity-linked financial instruments may be classified as derivative liabilities under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, due to the Company having insufficient authorized shares to fully settle the equity-linked financial instruments in shares. See Note 11, Stockholders' Equity.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following tables present financial assets and liabilities remeasured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (dollars in thousands):


	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities1	$	—	$	—	$	306
Notes payable1	—		—		86,712

1 Includes both related party and non-related party balances for the Company’s notes payable and warrant liabilities.


	December 31, 2022
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	92,833
Notes payable	—		—		26,008
Earnout shares liability	—		—		2,250
Share-based payment liabilities	—		—		3,977

There were not any transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value measurement hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2023. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, including cash, restricted cash, deposits, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and notes payable, other than the SPA Notes, approximate fair value because of their short-term nature or contractually defined value.

The following table summarizes the activity of Level 3 fair value measurements:


(in thousands)	Warrant Liabilities1		Notes Payable1		Earnout Shares Liability		Liability for Insufficient Authorized Shares Related to Stock Options and RSUs
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	92,833	$	26,008	$	2,250	$	3,977
Additions	41,080		213,776		—		—
Net disposal pursuant to Warrant Exchange	(16,506)		—		—		—
Exercises	(47,202)		—		—		—
Debt extinguishments	1,317		13,078		—		—
Change in fair value measurements	(71,216)		(28,934)		2,033		—
Payments of notes payable, including periodic interest			(1,167)		—		—
Stock-based compensation expense					—		4,065
Reclassification from liability to equity on February 28, 2023	—		—		(5,014)		(8,978)
Reclassification from equity to liability on April 21, 2023	—		—		2,112		2,979
Reclassification from liability to equity on August 25, 2023	—		—		(1,381)		(2,043)
Conversions of notes to Class A Common Stock			(136,049)		—		—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	306	$	86,712	$	—	$	—

1 Includes both related party and non-related party balances for the Company’s notes payable and warrant liabilities.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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