424B3 1 d154309d424b3.htm FORM 424B3 Form 424B3
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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
Registration No. 333-257768

 

LOGO

280,940,853 Shares of Class A Common Stock

Up to 25,065,665 Shares of Class A Common Stock Issuable Upon Exercise of the Warrants

Up to 8,113,999 Warrants

 

 

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale from time to time by the selling securityholders named in this prospectus (the “Selling Holders”) of (i) up to: (i) 25,000,000 shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Common Stock”) issued in connection with the PIPE Investment (as defined below) (the “PIPE Shares”); (ii) 12,713,750 shares of Class A Common Stock held by VG Acquisition Sponsor LLC (the “Founder Shares”); (iii) 5,113,551 shares of Class A Common Stock held by a Selling Holder; (iv) 229,999,553 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion (on a one-for-one basis) of shares of our Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class B Common Stock”) held by certain Selling Holders; (v) 8,113,999 warrants to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock originally issued in a private placement (the “Private Placement Warrants”) in connection with our initial public offering; and (vi) 8,113,999 shares of Class A common Stock that may be obtained by Selling Holders upon the exercise of Private Placement Warrants.

We are registering the securities for resale pursuant to the Selling Holders’ registration rights under certain agreements between us and the Selling Holders. Our registration of the securities covered by this prospectus does not mean that the Selling Holders will offer or sell any of the shares of Class A Common Stock or Private Placement Warrants. The Selling Holders may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of their shares of Class A Common Stock or Private Placement Warrants publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Class A Common Stock or Private Placement Warrants by the Selling Holders pursuant to this prospectus. We provide more information about how the Selling Holders may sell the shares or Private Placement Warrants in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”

In addition, this prospectus relates to the issuance by us of up to an aggregate of 25,065,665 shares of Class A Common Stock, which consists of (i) 16,951,666 shares of Class A Common Stock that are issuable upon the exercise of a like number of warrants (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”) originally issued in our initial public offering and (ii) 8,113,999 shares of Class A Common Stock that are issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants following their public resale by the Selling Holders. We will receive the proceeds from any exercise of any Warrants for cash. This prospectus also relates to the issuance by us and resale of 467,670 shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of options to purchase Class A Common Stock granted under the Incentive Equity Plan (as defined below) held by certain of our current and former employees and consultants.

Class A Common Stock and the Public Warrants are listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”), under the symbols “ME” and “MEUSW,” respectively. On July 7, 2021, the closing price of a share of Class A Common Stock was $10.00 and the closing price for our Public Warrants was $2.38.

 

 

We are an “emerging growth company” under federal securities laws and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Investing in our Class A Common Stock involves a high degree of risk. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 of this prospectus to read about factors you should consider before buying our securities.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

The date of this prospectus is July 15, 2021.

 


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

     ii  

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

     iii  

SUMMARY

     1  

RISK FACTORS

     12  

USE OF PROCEEDS

     51  

DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

     52  

MARKET INFORMATION FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY

     53  

UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

     54  

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

     64  

BUSINESS

     87  

MANAGEMENT

     127  

EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

     137  

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

     145  

PRINCIPAL SECURITYHOLDERS

     148  

SELLING HOLDERS

     152  

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

     160  

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

     173  

SECURITIES ACT RESTRICTIONS ON RESALE OF SECURITIES

     176  

MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS

     178  

LEGAL MATTERS

     185  

EXPERTS

     186  

CHANGE IN INDEPENDENT AUDITOR

     187  

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

     189  

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

     F-1  

 

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You should rely only on the information provided in this prospectus, as well as the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement. Neither we nor the Selling Holders have authorized anyone to provide you with different information. Neither we nor the Selling Holders are making an offer of these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any documents incorporated by reference is accurate as of any date other than the date of the applicable document. Since the respective dates of this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and similar terms refer to 23andMe Holding Co., a Delaware corporation formerly known as VG Acquisition Corp., and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to “VG Acquisition Corp.” or “VGAC” refer to the Company prior to the consummation of the Domestication and the Merger (as defined herein). “23andMe, Inc.” refers to 23andMe, Inc. prior to the Business Combination.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) using the “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, the Selling Holders may, from time to time, sell the securities offered by them described in this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by such Selling Holders of the securities offered by them described in this prospectus. This prospectus also relates to the issuance by us of the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of any Warrants. We will receive proceeds from any exercise of the Warrants for cash.

Neither we nor the Selling Holders have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. Neither we nor the Selling Holders take responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. Neither we nor the Selling Holders will make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

We may also provide a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement together with the additional information to which we refer you in the sections of this prospectus entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

 

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein may contain forward-looking statements as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of management. Although the Company believes that its plans, intentions, and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot assure you that it will achieve or realize these plans, intentions, or expectations. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning the Company’s possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events, or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. In some instances, these statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “forecasts,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “plans,” “scheduled,” “anticipates” or “intends” or the negatives of these terms or variations of them or similar terminology.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements which speak only as of the date hereof. You should understand that the following important factors, among others, could affect the Company’s future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the Company’s forward-looking statements:

 

   

the ability to recognize the anticipated benefits of the Merger (as defined herein), which may be affected by, among other things, competition and the ability of the combined business to grow and manage growth profitably;

 

   

expansion plans and opportunities, including future acquisitions or additional business combinations;

 

   

costs related to the Merger;

 

   

litigation, complaints, and/or adverse publicity;

 

   

the impact of changes in consumer spending patterns, consumer preferences, local, regional and national economic conditions, crime, weather, demographic trends, and employee availability;

 

   

privacy and data protection laws, privacy or data breaches, or the loss of data;

 

   

our financial and business performance following the Merger, including financial projections and business metrics;

 

   

developments and projections relating to the market for personal genetics products and services, and competition in the personal genetics market;

 

   

the receipt of Food and Drug Administration marketing approval for in vitro diagnostic products by our competitors;

 

   

the anticipated growth rates and market opportunities, including the continual enhancement of our database with the addition of new data from consenting customers;

 

   

our reliance on key sole suppliers and other third parties on which our business depends;

 

   

our inability to maintain and enhance our brand or expand our customer base;

 

   

the extent to which we are able to protect our intellectual property and not infringe on the intellectual property rights of others;

 

   

significant disruptions in service on our website, mobile applications, or in our computer or logistics systems, whether due to a failure with our information technology systems or that of a third-party vendor;

 

   

our ability to develop and successfully commercialize drugs as part of our Therapeutics business;

 

   

our dependence on our collaboration agreement with GlaxoSmithKline plc and our ability to enter into other collaboration agreements;

 

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our ability to comply with the extensive, complex, and evolving regulatory requirements applicable to the healthcare industry;

 

   

our use, and other processing of personally identifiable information, including health information, and our ability to comply with applicable federal, state, and foreign privacy and security regulations;

 

   

new or adverse regulatory developments affecting the use of genetic data or other aspects of the healthcare industry; and

 

   

the effect of COVID-19 on the foregoing, including its effect on the business and financial conditions of the Company.

These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this prospectus are more fully described in the “Risk Factors” section. The risks described in the “Risk Factors” section are not exhaustive. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor can the Company assess the impact of all such risk factors on its business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. The Company undertakes no obligations to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

 

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SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus or the documents incorporated by reference herein. Because it is a summary, it may not contain all of the information that may be important to you. To understand this offering fully, you should read this entire prospectus, the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and the documents incorporated by reference herein carefully, including the information set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” and our financial statements.

Overview of the Company

The Company is a mission-driven company dedicated to empowering consumers to live healthier lives. The Company believes that its premier database of genetic and phenotypic information crowdsourced from its millions of customers can revolutionize healthcare by providing insights into the origins and treatment of diseases and by speeding the discovery and development of novel therapies. The Company is committed to rigorous scientific, ethical, and privacy standards and to being the most trusted source of genetic information.

The Company pioneered direct-to-consumer genetic testing, giving consumers unique, personalized information about their genetic health risks, ancestry, and traits. The Company was the first direct-to-consumer genetic testing company to offer reports authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) on genetic health risks, carrier status, and pharmacogenetics, and it is the only company to have FDA authorization, clearance, or pre-market exemption for all of the carrier status, genetic health risk, cancer predisposition, and pharmacogenetics reports offered to consumers. As of March 31, 2021, over 55 health reports that meet FDA requirements were available to customers in the U.S. Our competitors had previously released products that were not cleared or approved by the FDA and required partnership with independent physicians, but in August 2020, one such competitor received premarket notification, also called 510(k) clearance, for their saliva collection kit and one of their genetic health risk reports, and in December 2020 another competitor received a 510(k) clearance for one of their health risk reports.

Our Consumer & Research Services business comprises our Personal Genome Service® (“PGS”) and research services. PGS provides customers with a full suite of genetic reports, including information on genetic ancestral origins, personal genetic health risks, and chances of passing on certain rare carrier conditions to their children, as well as reports on how genetics can impact responses to medications. PGS offers customers an engaging experience, including access to frequent updates to reports and product features, the ability to connect with genetic relatives, and opportunities to participate in research. The Company performs research services, using our vast database to discover insights into the genetic origins of disease and to identify promising drug targets. These services are performed under collaboration agreements with universities, research institutions and pharmaceutical companies, including our exclusive collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”).

Our Therapeutics business focuses on drug development, with a team committed to discovering and developing novel therapies to improve patient lives, and also includes out-licensing of intellectual property. The Company currently has development programs across several therapeutic areas, including oncology, immunology, neurology, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, many of which are within our collaboration with GSK. As of March 31, 2021, 39 novel drug targets were in the early stages of development by the Company in collaboration with GSK.

For more information about the Company, see “Information About the Company” and “The Company’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Background

VGAC was a blank check company incorporated on February 19, 2020 as a Cayman Islands exempted company for the purpose of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization,


 

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or similar business combination with one or more businesses. On October 6, 2020, VGAC consummated an initial public offering of 48,000,000 units at an offering price of $10.00 per unit, and a private placement with VG Acquisition Sponsor LLC, a Cayman Islands limited liability company (“Sponsor”) of 7,733,333 Private Placement Warrants at an offering price of $1.50 per private placement warrant. Each unit sold in the initial public offering and private placement consists of one Class A ordinary share and one-third of one redeemable warrant. On October 14, 2020, the underwriters of the initial public offering notified VGAC of their intent to partially exercise their over-allotment option. As such, on October 16, 2020, VGAC sold an additional 2,855,000 units, at a price of $10.00 per unit, and sold an additional 380,666 Private Placement Warrants to the Sponsor, at $1.50 per private placement warrant. Following the closing of the initial public offering and overallotment sale, an amount equal to $508,550,000 of the net proceeds from the initial public offering and the sale of the Private Placement Warrants was placed in the trust account.

On June 16, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), VGAC consummated its initial business combination (the “Merger” and the closing of the Merger, the “Closing”) pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated February 4, 2021, by and among VGAC, Chrome Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned direct subsidiary of VGAC (“Merger Sub”), and 23andMe, Inc. as subsequently amended by that certain First Amendment to the Merger Agreement, dated as of February 13, 2021, and that certain Second Amendment to the Merger Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2021 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”). 23andMe, Inc. is considered the Company’s accounting predecessor.

Pursuant to the Closing, VGAC filed a notice of deregistration with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies, together with the necessary accompanying documents, and filed a Charter and a certificate of corporate domestication with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, under which VGAC was domesticated and continued as a Delaware corporation, changing its name to “23andMe Holding Co.” (the “Domestication”).

As a result of and upon the effective time of the Domestication, among other things, (1) each of the then issued and outstanding shares of Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, of VGAC (the “VGAC Class A ordinary shares”), and Class B ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, of VGAC, automatically converted, on a one-for-one basis, into shares of Class A Common stock; (2) each then issued and outstanding warrant of VGAC (the “VGAC warrants”) automatically converted into a Warrant to acquire one share of Class A Common Stock; and (3) each of the then issued and outstanding units of VGAC that had not been previously separated into the underlying VGAC Class A ordinary shares and underlying VGAC warrants upon the request of the holder thereof, were canceled and entitled the holder thereof to one share of Class A Common Stock and one-third of one Warrant.

On the Closing Date, as contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Company consummated the Merger, whereby Merger Sub merged with and into 23andMe, Inc., the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased and 23andMe, Inc. became the surviving corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (together with the Merger and the Domestication, the “Business Combination”).

Immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, each share of 23andMe, Inc. preferred stock, which consisted of the shares of (i) Series A preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., (ii) Series B preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., (iii) Series C preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., (iv) Series D preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., (v) Series E preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., (vi) Series F preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., and (vii) Series F-1 preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc., converted into one share of Class B common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc. (the “23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock”) (such converted shares, the “23andMe, Inc. Converted Preferred Shares”).


 

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As a result of and upon the Closing, among other things, (i) each share of Class A common stock, par value $0.00001 per share, of 23andMe, Inc. (“23andMe, Inc. Class A Common Stock”) (other than dissenting shares) was canceled and converted into the right to receive the applicable portion of the merger consideration comprised of shares of Class A Common Stock, as determined pursuant to the Share Conversion Ratio (as defined below), (ii) each share of 23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock, including the 23andMe, Inc. Converted Preferred Shares, (other than dissenting shares) was canceled and converted into the right to receive the applicable portion of the merger consideration comprised of Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (the “Class B Common Stock”), as determined pursuant to the Share Conversion Ratio, and (iii) each restricted stock unit and outstanding option to purchase 23andMe, Inc. Class A Common Stock and 23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock (whether vested or unvested) was assumed by the Company and converted into comparable restricted stock units and options that are exercisable for shares of Class A Common Stock, as applicable, with a value determined in accordance with the Share Conversion Ratio (and, with regard to options that are intended to qualify as “incentive stock options” under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Code”), in a manner compliant with Section 424(a) of the Code). The “Share Conversion Ratio” is equal to 2.293698.

Holders of 16,667,061 VGAC Class A ordinary shares elected to have their shares redeemed in connection with the Business Combination. The foregoing description of the Business Combination does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by the full texts of the Merger Agreement, the First Amendment, and the Second Amendment, which are attached hereto as Exhibits 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, respectively, and are incorporated herein by reference.

At the Closing, certain investors (collectively, the “PIPE Investors”) pursuant to, and on the terms and subject to the conditions of, those certain subscription agreements (the “Subscription Agreements”) dated February 3, 2021, collectively subscribed for 25,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at $10.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $250,000,000 (the “PIPE Investment”). One of the PIPE Investors is an affiliate of the Sponsor that subscribed for 2,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and one of the PIPE Investors is an affiliate of the Company that subscribed for 2,500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock.

Immediately after giving effect to the Business Combination and the PIPE Investment, there were 92,655,484 shares of Class A Common Stock, 313,759,355 shares of Class B Common Stock, and 25,065,665 Warrants outstanding. Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants trade on Nasdaq under the symbols “ME” and “MEUSW,” respectively.

The rights of holders of Class A Common Stock are governed by our Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”), our amended and restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”) and the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). The rights of holders of Warrants are governed by the Warrant Agreement dated as of October 1, 2020, duly executed and delivered by the Company to Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, a New York corporation, as warrant agent. See the section entitled “Description of Securities.”

Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves substantial risk. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in the section entitled “Risk Factors,” alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. Important factors and risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

 

   

Consumer and Research Services Business Risks

 

   

The market for personal genetics products and services has experienced a recent overall decline, which corresponds with the recent and significant decreases in our revenues. If this trend continues or worsens, it would adversely affect our business and results of operations.


 

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Competition in the personal genetics market presents an ongoing threat to the success of our business.

 

   

If our competitors receive further FDA marketing approval for in vitro diagnostic products, our business could be adversely affected.

 

   

The sizes of the markets and forecasts of market growth for the demand of our products and services, including our research services and other key potential success factors are based on a number of complex assumptions and estimates, and may be inaccurate.

 

   

We rely on key sole suppliers to manufacture and perform services used by customers who purchase our PGS. Our reliance on limited contracted manufacturing and supply chain capacity could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand.

 

   

Our business significantly depends upon the strength of our brand, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to expand our customer base may be impaired and our business and operating results may be harmed

 

   

We have a limited history introducing new products and services to our customers. If our efforts to attract new customers and engage existing customers with enhanced products and services, including our subscription service released in late 2020, are unsuccessful or if such efforts are more costly than we expect, our business may be harmed.

 

   

Revenue derived from our kit sales is dependent on seasonal holiday demand and the timing of Amazon Prime Day, which could lead to significant quarterly fluctuations in revenue and results of operations.

 

   

We plan to expand operations abroad where we have limited operating experience and may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could impact our financial results.

 

   

Our pricing strategies may not meet customers’ price expectations or may adversely affect our revenues.

 

   

Any significant disruption in service on our website, mobile applications, or in our computer or logistics systems, whether due to a failure with our information technology systems or that of a third-party vendor, could harm our reputation and may result in a loss of customers.

 

   

Use of social media and email may adversely affect our reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties.

 

   

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to extend our presence in the personal genetics market, provide customers with a high level of service at a competitive price, achieve sufficient sales volume to realize economies of scale, and create innovative new features, products, and services to offer to our customers. Our failure to achieve any of these outcomes would adversely affect our business.

 

   

Our Consumer and Research Services business relies on the continual growth of our database of information provided by customers who consent to participate in our research. If the number of our consenting customers declines or fails to grow, our research services revenue may be adversely affected, and our database may become less effective in facilitating our ability to identify new drug targets and to create new features, products and services to offer to our customers.

 

   

Our Consumer and Research Services business will require us to continue to improve and develop new data mining technologies and innovations in the use of genotypic and phenotypic data.


 

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Although we believe that our genetics-powered target discovery platform has the potential to identify more promising drugs than traditional methods, our focus on using our genetics-powered platform to discover targets with therapeutic potential may not result in the discovery of commercially viable drug targets for us or our collaborators.

 

   

Media reports have in the past reported on consumer privacy concerns and the use of genetic information accessed from other genetic databases by law enforcement and governmental agencies. These reports may decrease the overall consumer demand for personal genetic products and services, including ours.

 

   

Therapeutics Business Risks

 

   

We expect to make significant investments in our continued efforts to develop new therapies as part of our Therapeutics business; these efforts may not be successful. As an organization, we do not have any experience in successful drug development or commercialization and our failure to execute on successful drug development or commercialization would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 

   

Even if we or our drug discovery collaborators are able to develop drugs that demonstrate potential in preclinical studies, we or they may not succeed in demonstrating safety and efficacy of drugs in human clinical trials.

 

   

If we fail to succeed in our drug development efforts, or to develop and commercialize additional products and services, our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired.

 

   

Our Therapeutics business faces substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than we can.

 

   

Our long-term success will depend, in part, upon our ability to develop, receive regulatory approval for, and commercialize our drugs.

 

   

Our drugs are in preclinical or clinical development, which is a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain outcomes and the potential for substantial delays. We cannot give any assurance that any of our drugs will receive regulatory approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized.

 

   

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

 

   

Use of our therapeutic drugs could be associated with side effects, adverse events or other properties or safety risks, which could delay or halt their clinical development, prevent their regulatory approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon a drug, limit their commercial potential, if approved, or result in other significant negative consequences that could severely harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

 

   

Our use of third parties to manufacture and develop our drugs for preclinical studies and clinical trials may increase the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our drugs, products, or necessary quantities of such materials on time or at an acceptable cost.

 

   

As an organization, we have no experience designing or implementing clinical trials. Failure to adequately design a trial, or incorrect assumptions about the design of the trial, could adversely affect our ability to initiate the trial, enroll patients, complete the trial, or obtain regulatory approval on the basis of the trial results, as well as lead to increased or unexpected costs.


 

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If, in the future, we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market any approved drug by a regulatory agency, we may not be successful in commercializing those drugs if and when they are approved.

 

   

General Business Risks

 

   

We may be subject to legal proceedings and litigation, which are costly to defend and could materially harm our business and results of operations.

 

   

Ongoing litigation could have a significant negative impact on us.

 

   

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union could have an adverse impact on our business.

 

   

Our business and future operating results may be adversely affected by catastrophic or other events outside of our control.

 

   

We may need additional capital, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available at acceptable terms or at all.

 

   

Our research and development initiatives and business depend on our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled scientists and other specialized individuals. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and other specialized individuals in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science and technology businesses.

 

   

We face risks related to epidemics and other outbreaks of communicable diseases, including the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

 

   

We may enter new business areas, such as primary care and diagnostics/behavior modification, where we do not have any experience. If we were to enter new business areas, we would likely face competition from entities more familiar with those businesses, and our efforts may not succeed.

 

   

We may make acquisitions to expand our business, and if any of those acquisitions are unsuccessful, our business may be harmed.

 

   

Risks Related to Our Collaborations

 

   

Our Therapeutics business is substantially dependent on our collaboration with GSK for the development and commercialization of any drugs discovered during the discovery term of the agreement. If we, GSK and any future collaborators are unable to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval for, or commercialize any drugs, or experience delays in doing so, our business may be materially harmed. We may engage and depend on other third parties for the development and commercialization of drugs and therapeutic programs discovered following the expiration of the GSK agreement or outside its scope. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on our investment in our Therapeutic business.

 

   

GSK and any other potential drug discovery collaborators will have significant discretion in determining when to make announcements, if any, about the status of our collaborations, including results from clinical trials, and timelines for advancing collaborative programs. As a consequence, the price of the Class A Common Stock may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected clinical trial results or data relative to our research and development programs.

 

   

We may seek to establish additional collaborations in the future, and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.


 

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Our collaborators may not achieve projected discovery and development milestones and other anticipated key events in the expected timelines or at all, which could have an adverse impact on our business.

 

   

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation

 

   

Our products and services are subject to extensive regulation by various U.S. federal and state agencies and compliance with existing or future regulations could result in unanticipated expenses, or limit our ability to offer our products and services.

 

   

We will face legal, reputational, and financial risks if we fail to protect our customer data from security breaches or cyberattacks. Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, or any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, could adversely affect our business.

 

   

We plan to expand operations abroad where we have limited operating experience where we may be subject to increased regulatory risks and local competition. If we are unsuccessful in any efforts to expand internationally, our business may be harmed.

 

   

Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Legal Proceedings

 

   

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.

 

   

We may be unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for therapeutic drugs we develop.

 

   

We may be unable to obtain sufficiently broad protection, or we may lose patent protection.

 

   

Litigation with respect to our intellectual property rights or our commercial activities could result in unanticipated expenses and, if resolved unfavorably, could harm our business.

 

   

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

 

   

Changes in patent law in the U.S. and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products and services.

 

   

Issued patents covering our products and services could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

 

   

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

 

   

We may not be able to protect and enforce our trademarks.

 

   

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

 

   

If we become involved in patent litigation or other proceedings related to a determination of rights, we could incur substantial costs and expenses, substantial liability for damages or be required to stop our development and commercialization efforts of our products and services.

 

   

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products and services for an adequate amount of time.

 

   

We may not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for our drugs.

 

   

We may not be successful in obtaining, through acquisitions or otherwise, accessory rights to our drugs.


 

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We utilize open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software and source code.

 

   

Risks Relating to Financial Reporting and Results of Operations

 

   

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and, if our remediation of this material weakness is not effective, or if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our ability to produce accurate and timely consolidated financial statements could be impaired. This could adversely affect investor confidence in the Company and, as a result, the value of our Class A Common Stock.

 

   

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of research analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

 

   

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to limitations.

 

   

Our warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in fair value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.

 

   

We have incurred significant losses since inception, we expect to incur losses in the future, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

 

   

We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

 

   

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.

 

   

We are subject to changing laws and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance, and public disclosure that have increased our costs and the risk of non-compliance.

 

   

Additional Risks Relating to Ownership of Company Securities

 

   

The price of Class A Common Stock and our warrants may be volatile.

 

   

Warrants will become exercisable for Class A Common Stock, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

 

   

The Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of the warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.

 

   

We may redeem your unexpired warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your warrants worthless.

 

   

Our dual-class structure may impact the stock price of Class A Common Stock.

 

   

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to “emerging growth companies,” this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

 

   

We may incur debt or assume contingent or other liabilities or dilute our stockholders in connection with acquisitions or strategic alliances.

 

   

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for Class A Common Stock to decline.

 

   

Nasdaq may delist our securities from trading on its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.


 

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Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on Class A Common Stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

 

   

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

 

   

Delaware law and our governing documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

 

   

Our Charter designates a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, stockholders, employees, or agents.

Additional Information

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 223 N. Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94086, and the Company’s phone number is (650) 938-6300. Our website address is www.23andMe.com. Information contained on our website or connected thereto does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus or the registration statement of which it is a part.


 

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THE OFFERING

 

Issuer    23andMe Holding Co.
Shares of Class A Common Stock offered by the Selling Holders    Up to 280,940,853 shares of Class A Common Stock, consisting of 8,113,999 shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Private Placement Warrants, 25,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issued in connection with the PIPE Investment, 12,713,750 shares of Class A Common Stock held by the Sponsor, 5,113,551 shares of Class A common stock held by a Selling Holder, and 229,999,553 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion (on a one-for-one basis) of shares of Class B Common Stock.
Warrants Offered by the Selling Holders    Up to 8,113,999 Private Placement Warrants
Shares of Class A Common Stock offered by the Company    25,533,335 shares of Class A Common Stock, consisting of 16,951,666 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants, 8,113,999 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants following their public resale by the Selling Holders, and 467,670 shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of options to purchase Class A Common Stock.
Shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding prior to exercise of all Warrants    92,672,510 shares of Class A Common Stock (as of June 30, 2021). 3,814,125 of these shares of Class A Common Stock constitute Earn-Out Shares, which will no longer be subject to lock-up restrictions upon the achievement of certain stock price thresholds or, if earlier, certain liquidation events.
Shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding assuming exercise of all Warrants    118,205,845 (based on total shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding as of June 30, 2021).
Use of Proceeds    We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Class A Common Stock by the Selling Holders. We will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $288,255,148 from the exercise of the Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Warrants for cash. We expect to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds.”
Redemption    The Warrants are redeemable in certain circumstances. See “Description of Securities — Redeemable Warrants” for further discussion.
Market for Class A Common Stock and Warrants    Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently traded on Nasdaq under the symbols “ME” and “MEUSW,” respectively.

 

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Risk Factors    See “Risk Factors” and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider before investing in our securities.

For additional information concerning the offering, see “Plan of Distribution.”


 

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves risks. Before you make a decision to buy our securities, in addition to the risks and uncertainties discussed above under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” you should carefully consider the specific risks set forth herein. If any of these risks actually occur, it may materially harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. As a result, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additionally, the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or in any document incorporated by reference herein or therein are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may become material and adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Our Business

Consumer and Research Services Business Risks

The market for personal genetics products and services has experienced a recent overall decline, which corresponds with the recent and significant decreases in our revenues. If this trend continues or worsens, it would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our revenue model has historically been derived principally from customers who purchase our Personal Genome Service® (“PGS”). For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, PGS revenue accounted for 81%, 89% and 96% of revenues, respectively. We have recently experienced significant decreases in revenues. In fiscal 2021, our total revenues decreased by over 20% as compared to fiscal year 2020. There is no assurance that our business model will be successful or that it will generate increased revenues or become profitable as a result of marketing our current PGS products or any future products or services. We may be forced to make significant changes to our anticipated pricing, sales and revenue model to compete with our competitors’ offerings, and even if such changes are implemented, there is no guarantee that they will be successful. If the current market trend continues or worsens, or we are unable to adjust our approach to meet market demands, our revenues and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Competition in the personal genetics market presents an ongoing threat to the success of our business.

The number of companies entering the personal genetics market with offerings similar to our PGS continues to increase. We believe that our ability to compete depends upon many factors both within and beyond our control, including the following:

 

   

the size of our customer base;

 

   

the timing and market acceptance of products and services, including the developments and enhancements to those products and services, offered by us or our competitors;

 

   

customer service and support efforts;

 

   

selling and marketing efforts;

 

   

ease of use, performance, price and reliability of solutions developed either by us or our competitors; and

 

   

our brand strength relative to our competitors.

We also face competition from other companies attempting to capitalize on the same, or similar, opportunities as it is, including from existing diagnostic, laboratory services and other companies entering the personal genetics market with new offerings such as direct access and/or consumer self-pay tests and genetic interpretation services. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories and greater

 

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financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly or efficiently than we can to new or emerging technologies. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts, undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns and adopt more aggressive pricing policies, which may allow them to build larger customer bases than we have. Our competitors may develop products or services that are similar to our products and services or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products and services. This could attract customers away from our services and reduce our market share.

If our competitors receive further FDA marketing approval for in vitro diagnostic products, our business could be adversely affected.

We were the first direct-to-consumer genetic testing company to include FDA-authorized genetic health risk, carrier status and pharmacogenetic reports. Our competitors had previously released products that were not cleared or approved by the FDA and required partnership with independent physicians, but in August 2020, one of our competitors received premarket notification, also called 510(k) clearance, for their saliva collection kit and one of their genetic health risk reports, and in December 2020 another competitor received a 510(k) clearance for one of their health risk reports. Following these FDA clearances, our competitors can now market those cleared reports directly to consumers rather than relying on clinician network partners. If our competitors receive further FDA approvals, our business could be adversely affected.

The sizes of the markets and forecasts of market growth for the demand of our products and services, including our research services and other key potential success factors are based on a number of complex assumptions and estimates, and may be inaccurate.

We estimate annual total addressable markets and forecasts of market growth for our PGS. We have also developed a standard set of key performance indicators in order to enable us to assess the performance of our business in and across multiple markets, and to forecast future revenue. These estimates, forecasts and key performance indicators are based on a number of complex assumptions, internal and third-party estimates and other business data, including assumptions and estimates relating to our ability to generate revenue from the development of new workflows. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates and key performance indicators are reasonable, there are inherent challenges in measuring or forecasting such information. As a result, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct and the conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors and indicators. Consequently, our estimates of the annual total addressable market and our forecasts of market growth and future revenue from our products and services, including our research services may prove to be incorrect, and our key business metrics may not reflect our actual performance. For example, if the annual total addressable market or the potential market growth for our products and services is smaller than we have estimated or if the key business metrics we utilize to forecast revenue are inaccurate, it may impair our sales growth and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We rely on key sole suppliers to manufacture and perform services used by customers who purchase our PGS. Our reliance on limited contracted manufacturing and supply chain capacity could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand.

We do not have manufacturing capabilities and do not plan to develop such capacity in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, we rely on third-party suppliers to provide materials (such as our saliva collection kits, bead chips, reagents or other materials and equipment used in our laboratory operations) and services (such as our laboratory processing services). Currently, we rely on a sole supplier to manufacture our saliva collection kits used by customers who purchase our PGS. Change in the supplier or design of certain of the materials which we rely on, in particular the bead chip and saliva collection kit, could result in a requirement that we seek additional premarket review from the FDA before making such a change. We also are required to validate any new

 

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laboratory or laboratories in accordance with FDA standards prior to utilizing their services for our U.S. customers. We cannot be certain that we will be able to secure alternative laboratory processing services, materials and equipment, and bring such alternative materials and equipment on line and revalidate them without experiencing interruptions in our workflow, or that any alternative materials will meet our quality control and performance requirements of our contracted laboratory.

Although we maintain relationships with suppliers with the objective of ensuring that we have adequate supply for the delivery of our services, increases in demand for such items can result in shortages and higher costs. Our suppliers may not be able to meet our delivery schedules, we may lose a significant or sole supplier, a supplier may not be able to meet performance and quality specifications and we may not be able to purchase such items at a competitive cost. Further, we may experience shortages in certain items as a result of limited availability, increased demand, pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or other outbreaks of contagious diseases, weather conditions and natural disasters, as well as other factors outside of our control. Our freight costs may increase due to factors such as limited carrier availability, increased fuel costs, increased compliance costs associated with new or changing government regulations, pandemics (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) or other outbreaks of contagious diseases and inflation. Higher prices for natural gas, propane, electricity and fuel also may increase our production and delivery costs. The prices charged for our products may not reflect changes in our packaging material, freight, tariff and energy costs at the time they occur, or at all.

In order for other parties to perform manufacturing and participate in our supply chain, we sometimes must transfer technology to the other party, which can be time consuming and may not be successfully accomplished without considerable cost and expense, or at all. We will have to depend on these other parties to perform effectively on a timely basis and to comply with regulatory requirements. If for any reason they are unable to do so, and as a result we are unable to manufacture and supply sufficient quantities of our products on acceptable terms, or if we should encounter delays or other difficulties with the third parties on which we rely for our supply chain, our business, prospects, operating results, and financial condition may be materially harmed.

Our business significantly depends upon the strength of our brand, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to expand our customer base may be impaired and our business and operating results may be harmed.

We believe that the brand identity that we have developed has significantly contributed to the success of our business. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the “23andMe” brand is a significant factor in expanding our customer base and current and future business opportunities. Maintaining and enhancing our brand may require us to make substantial investments and these investments may not be successful. If we fail to promote and maintain the “23andMe” brand, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. We anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand may become increasingly difficult and expensive.

We have a limited history introducing new products and services to our customers. If our efforts to attract new customers and engage existing customers with enhanced products and services, including our subscription service released in late 2020, are unsuccessful or if such efforts are more costly than we expect, our business may be harmed.

Our success depends on our ability to attract new customers and engage existing customers in a cost-effective manner. In order to acquire and engage customers, we must, among other things, promote and sustain our platform and provide high-quality products, user experiences, and service. If customers do not perceive our PGS and PGS reports to be reliable and of high quality, if we fail to introduce new and improved products and services, or if we introduce new products or services that are not favorably received by the market, we may not be able to attract or retain customers. For example, the increased growth of our subscription service, 23andMe+, depends upon how compelling this offering is to our customers. Many of our 23andMe+ subscribers may initially access the subscription service for a discount. While we strive to demonstrate the value of our subscription

 

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service to our customers, and encourage eligible customers to become paid subscribers of 23andMe+, these customers may not convert to a fully paid subscription to 23andMe+ after they take advantage of our promotions. Moreover, if we are unable to keep existing customers engaged, including by their participation in research and responses to questionnaires, our ability to grow our database and discover new insights about the relationship between genetics and disease will be compromised. If we are unable to attract new customers or engage existing customers, including as subscribers of 23andMe+, our revenue and our operating results may grow slower than expected or decline.

Our marketing efforts currently include various initiatives and consist primarily of digital marketing on a variety of social media channels, such as Facebook, search engine optimization on websites, such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo!, various branding strategies, and mobile “push” notifications and email. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we spent $43.2 million, $110.5 million, and $190.8 million on sales and marketing, representing 18%, 36% and 43% of our revenue, respectively. We anticipate that sales and marketing expenses will continue to represent a significant percentage of our overall operating costs for the foreseeable future. We have historically acquired a significant number of our users through digital advertising on platforms and websites owned by Facebook and Google, which may terminate their agreements with us at any time. Our investments in sales and marketing may not effectively reach potential customers, potential customers may decide not to buy our products or services, or customer spend for our products and services may not yield the intended return on investment, any of which could negatively affect our financial results.

Many factors, some of which are beyond our control, may reduce our ability to acquire, maintain and further engage with customers, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section and the following:

 

   

system updates to app stores and advertising platforms such as Facebook and Google, including adjustments to algorithms that may decrease user engagement or negatively affect our ability to reach a broad audience;

 

   

changes in advertising platforms’ pricing, which could result in higher advertising costs;

 

   

changes in digital advertising platforms’ policies, such as those of Facebook and Google, that may delay or prevent us from advertising through these channels, which could result in reduced traffic to and sales on our platform;

 

   

changes in search algorithms by search engines;

 

   

inability of our email marketing messages to reach the intended recipients’ inbox;

 

   

ineffectiveness of our marketing efforts and other spend to continue to acquire new customers and maintain and increase engagement with existing customers;

 

   

decline in popularity of, or governmental restrictions on, social media platforms where we advertise;

 

   

the development of new search engines or social media sites that reduce traffic on existing search engines and social media sites; and

 

   

consumer behavior changes as a result of COVID-19.

In addition, we believe that many of our new customers originate from word-of-mouth and other non-paid referrals from existing customers, including purchases of kits for gift giving, so we must ensure that our existing customers remain loyal and continue to derive value from our service in order to continue receiving those referrals. If our efforts to satisfy our existing customers are not successful, we may not be able to attract new customers. Further, if our customer base does not continue to grow, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenses than we currently anticipate in order to attract new customers. A significant decline in our customer base would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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Revenue derived from our kit sales is dependent on seasonal holiday demand and the timing of Amazon Prime Day, which could lead to significant quarterly fluctuations in revenue and results of operations.

Our kit sales are dependent on seasonal holiday demand, as well as the timing of Amazon Prime Day, which has varied in recent years. We generate a significant amount of our PGS revenue during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year, due to seasonal holiday demand and to the fact that kits that are ordered during the holiday season (which occurs during the third quarter of our fiscal year) are recognized as revenue when the customer sends in their kit to the laboratory to be processed and genetic reports are delivered to the customer, which typically for holiday purchases tends to occur in the fourth fiscal quarter. For example, in fiscal 2021, 2020 and 2019, fourth quarter PGS revenue represented 39%, 31% and 35% of our total revenue, respectively. Our promotional activity is also higher in the third fiscal quarter, which may reduce gross margin during this period. Purchasing patterns of kit sales also are aligned with other gift-giving and family-oriented holidays such as Mother’s Day and Father’s Day, as well as with Amazon Prime Day, which may change from year to year.

This seasonality causes our operating results to vary considerably from quarter to quarter. Additionally, any decrease in sales or profitability during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year could have a disproportionately adverse effect on our results of operations, which could, in turn, cause the value of our Class A Common Stock to fluctuate or decrease. This seasonality also could become more pronounced and may cause our operating results to fluctuate more widely.

We also may experience an increase in lab processing times and costs associated with shipping orders due to freight surcharges due to peak capacity constraints and additional long-zone shipments necessary to ensure timely delivery for the holiday season. Such delays could lead to an inability to meet advertised estimated lab processing times, resulting in customer dissatisfaction or reputational damage. If too many customers access our website within a short period of time, we may experience system interruptions that make our website unavailable or prevent us from efficiently fulfilling orders, which may reduce the volume of kits sold. Also, third-party delivery and direct ship vendors may be unable to deliver merchandise on a timely basis.

We plan to expand operations abroad where we have limited operating experience and may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could impact our financial results.

Our PGS is available in the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom (the “UK”), and in certain other markets globally. We plan to pursue international expansion of our business operations and we may expand our offering in existing international markets or enter new international markets where we have limited or no experience in marketing, selling and deploying our product and services. If we fail to deploy or manage our operations in these countries successfully, our business and operations may suffer. In addition, we are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, including:

 

   

political, social and/or economic instability;

 

   

risks related to governmental regulations in foreign jurisdictions and unexpected changes in regulatory requirements and enforcement;

 

   

fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

 

   

higher levels of credit risk and payment fraud;

 

   

enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;

 

   

burdens of complying with a variety of foreign laws;

 

   

reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

 

   

difficulties in staffing and managing global operations and the increased travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with multiple international locations and subsidiaries;

 

   

different regulations and practices with respect to employee/employer relationships, existence of workers’ councils and labor unions, and other challenges caused by distance, language, and cultural differences, making it harder to do business in certain international jurisdictions;

 

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compliance with statutory equity requirements; and

 

   

management of tax consequences and compliance.

If we are unable to manage the complexity of global operations successfully, our financial performance and operating results could suffer.

Our pricing strategies may not meet customers’ price expectations or may adversely affect our revenues.

Our pricing strategies have had, and may continue to have, a significant impact on our revenue. From time to time, we offer discounted prices as a means of attracting customers. Such offers and discounts, however, may reduce our revenue and margins. In addition, our competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies are beyond our control and can significantly affect the results of our pricing strategies. If our pricing strategies, which may evolve over time, fail to meet our customers’ price expectations or fail to result in increased margins, or if we are unable to compete effectively with our competitors if they engage in aggressive pricing strategies or other competitive activities, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Any significant disruption in service on our website, mobile applications, or in our computer or logistics systems, whether due to a failure with our information technology systems or that of a third-party vendor, could harm our reputation and may result in a loss of customers.

Customers purchase our PGS and access its services through our website or our mobile applications. Our reputation and ability to attract, retain and serve our customers is dependent upon the reliable performance of our website, mobile applications, network infrastructure and content delivery processes. Interruptions in any of these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins, could affect the security or availability of our website or mobile applications, including our databases, and prevent our customers from accessing and using our services.

Our systems and operations are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, earthquake and similar events. In addition, our headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area which over the past several years has been subject to planned power outages to reduce the risk of wildfire, and these power outages can last for several days, which may limit or curtail certain operations. In the event of any catastrophic failure involving our website, we may be unable to serve our web traffic. The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could result in damage to our systems or could cause them to fail completely, and our insurance may not cover such risks or may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur.

Additionally, our business model is dependent on our ability to deliver kits to customers and have kits processed and returned to us. This requires coordination between our logistics providers and third-party shipping services. Operational disruptions may be caused by factors outside of our control such as hostilities, political unrest, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, pandemics and public health emergencies, such as COVID-19, affecting the geographies where our operations and customers are located. We may not be effective at preventing or mitigating the effects of such disruptions, particularly in the case of a catastrophic event. In addition, operational disruptions may occur during the holiday season, causing delays or failures in deliveries of PGS kits. Any such disruption may result in lost revenues, a loss of customers and reputational damage, which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Use of social media and email may adversely affect our reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties.

We use social media and email as part of our approach to marketing. As laws and regulations rapidly evolve to govern the use of these channels, the failure by us, our employees or third parties acting on our behalf or at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these channels could adversely affect our

 

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reputation or subject us to fines, other penalties, or lawsuits. Although we continue to update our practices as these laws change over time, we may be subject to lawsuits alleging our failure to comply with such laws. In addition, our employees or third parties acting on our behalf or at our direction may knowingly or inadvertently use social media, including through advertisements, in ways that could lead to the loss or infringement of intellectual property, as well as the public disclosure of proprietary, confidential, or sensitive personal information of our business, employees, users, or others. Any such inappropriate use of social media and emails could also cause reputational damage.

Our customers may engage with us online through social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, by providing feedback and public commentary about all aspects of our business. Information concerning us, whether accurate or not, may be posted on social media platforms at any time and may have a disproportionately adverse impact on our brand, reputation, or business. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to extend our presence in the personal genetics market, provide customers with a high level of service at a competitive price, achieve sufficient sales volume to realize economies of scale, and create innovative new features, products, and services to offer to our customers. Our failure to achieve any of these outcomes would adversely affect our business.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to extend our presence in the personal genetics market, provide customers with a high level of service at a competitive price, achieve sufficient sales volume to realize economies of scale, and create innovative new features, products and services to offer to our customers. The growth and expansion of our business and service offerings places a continuous significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources. We are required to manage multiple relationships with various strategic suppliers, customers and other third parties, including our collaborator, GSK, and regulatory agencies and advisors. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to implement and improve our operational, financial and management information systems and to expand, train and manage our employee base. We further must continue to work to scale our own operations and our supplier operations to meet increases in demand for our services. In the event of further growth of our operations or in the number of our third-party relationships, our supply, systems, procedures or internal controls may not be adequate to support our operations and our management may not be able to manage any such growth effectively.

Our current and future expense levels are, to a large extent, fixed and are largely based on our investment plans and our estimates of future revenue. Because the timing and amount of revenue from our PGS is difficult to forecast when revenue does not meet our expectations we may not be able to adjust our spending promptly or reduce our spending to levels commensurate with our revenue.

Even if we are able to successfully scale our infrastructure and operations, we cannot ensure that demand for our services will increase at levels consistent with the growth of our infrastructure. If we fail to generate demand commensurate with this growth or if we fail to scale our infrastructure sufficiently in advance to meet such demand, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, which may affect our ability to attract personnel or retain or motivate existing personnel.

Our Consumer and Research Services business relies on the continual growth of our database of information provided by customers who consent to participate in our research. If the number of our consenting customers declines or fails to grow, our research services revenue may be adversely affected, and our database may become less effective in facilitating our ability to identify new drug targets and to create new features, products and services to offer to our customers.

Our Consumer and Research Services business is based on our ongoing analysis of the continually growing quantity of data in our proprietary database of genotypic and phenotypic information provided by customers who

 

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have consented to participate in our research programs. To date, more than 80% of our customers have consented to participate in our research programs. If this percentage were to decline, or if consenting customers were to decide to opt out of our research programs, such that we cannot continue to grow our database, the utility and value of our database would be adversely affected.

Our Consumer and Research Services business will require us to continue to improve and develop new data mining technologies and innovations in the use of genotypic and phenotypic data.

Our research services business uses our database and data mining tools and technologies to analyze the impacts of genetics on the sources and risks of disease, and to identify potential promising drug targets. If we do not continue to improve and develop new data mining technologies and innovations in our use of genotypic and phenotypic data, and to attract and retain skilled scientists to analyze our data, our business would be adversely affected.

Although we believe that our genetics-powered target discovery platform has the potential to identify more promising drugs than traditional methods, our focus on using our genetics-powered platform to discover targets with therapeutic potential may not result in the discovery of commercially viable drug targets for us or our collaborators.

Our scientific approach focuses on using our propriety genotypic and phenotypic database to identify potential drug targets and predict their key properties without conducting time-consuming and expensive physical experiments. Our proprietary data mining techniques underpin our target identification collaborations and our own internal target identification programs. While we believe that our research platform has been successful to date in identifying promising drug targets, we have no assurance that our early success will continue or lead to future success in identifying such targets.

Media reports have in the past reported on consumer privacy concerns and the use of genetic information accessed from other genetic databases by law enforcement and governmental agencies. These reports may decrease the overall consumer demand for personal genetic products and services, including ours.

We receive a high degree of media coverage. Unfavorable publicity or consumer perception of our product and service offerings, including consumer privacy concerns related to any of our past, existing or future collaborations, could adversely affect our reputation, resulting in a negative impact on the size of our customer base, the loyalty of our customers, the percentage of our customers that consent to participate in our research program, and our ability to attract new customers.

Therapeutics Business Risks

We expect to make significant investments in our continued efforts to develop new therapies as part of our Therapeutics business; these efforts may not be successful. As an organization, we do not have any experience in successful drug development or commercialization and our failure to execute on successful drug development or commercialization would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Drug development is expensive, takes years to complete, and can have uncertain outcomes. Failure can occur at any stage of development. We expect to incur significant expenses to advance our therapeutic development efforts, which may be unsuccessful. Developing new drugs is a speculative, risky and highly competitive endeavor. Drugs which may initially show promise may fail to achieve the desired results in development and clinical studies and may ultimately not prove to be safe and effective or meet expectations for clinical utility. We may need to alter our offerings in development and repeat clinical studies before we develop a potentially successful drug. If, after development, a drug appears successful, we or our collaborators will still need to obtain FDA and other regulatory approvals before we can market it. The FDA’s approval pathways are likely to involve significant time, as well as additional research, development and clinical study expenditures.

 

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The FDA may not clear, authorize or approve any drug we develop. Even if we develop a drug that receives regulatory clearance, authorization or approval, we or our collaborators would need to commit substantial resources to commercialize, sell and market it before it could be profitable, and the drug may never be commercially successful. Additionally, development of any product or service may be disrupted or made less viable by the development of competing products or services. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing drugs, we are unable to predict whether or when our Therapeutics business may successfully commercialize a drug target.

New potential products and services may fail at any stage of development or commercialization and if we determine that any of our current or future products or services are unlikely to succeed, we may abandon them without any return on our investment. If we are unsuccessful in developing additional products or services, our potential for growth may be impaired.

Even if we or our drug discovery collaborators are able to develop drugs that demonstrate potential in preclinical studies, we or they may not succeed in demonstrating safety and efficacy of drugs in human clinical trials.

Even if we or our drug discovery collaborators are able to develop drugs that demonstrate potential in preclinical studies, we or they may not succeed in demonstrating safety and efficacy of drugs in human clinical trials. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their drugs performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their drugs.

If we fail to succeed in our drug development efforts, or to develop and commercialize additional products and services, our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired.

Our Therapeutics business is focused on leveraging our proprietary genotypic and phenotypic database in order to speed the development of successful new drugs. However, we may never succeed in developing a viable drug target. There are many lengthy and complex processes that all must yield successful results in order for us to ultimately succeed in developing and commercializing a drug. There are numerous stages of the drug development process, from initial target identification and validation, through various stages of rigorous preclinical research, to the selection of a lead drug which is suitable for human clinical testing. Once a clinical drug is selected, there are several stages of clinical testing it must undergo, each dependent upon success in the prior stage. This is a long and costly process that will require significant time and resources and, if not successful, for any number of reasons that we cannot anticipate, would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, external competition by other therapeutic companies can adversely affect our expected market share and revenues of our drugs.

Developing new products and services requires substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any products or services are ultimately commercialized. We may pursue what we believe is a promising opportunity only to discover that certain of our risk or resource allocation decisions were incorrect or insufficient, or that individual products, services or our science in general has technology or biology risks that were previously unknown or underappreciated. In the event material decisions in any of these areas turn out to be incorrect or sub-optimal, we may experience a material adverse impact on our business and ability to fund our operations.

Our Therapeutics business faces substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing drugs before or more successfully than we can.

We have not yet developed and commercialized, and may never successfully develop or commercialize, a drug target. Our Therapeutics business faces substantial competition from larger, more established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with marketed products that have been accepted by the medical

 

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community, patients, and third-party payors, as well as smaller companies in our industry that have successfully identified and developed drugs. Our ability to compete in this industry may be affected by the previous adoption of such products by the medical community, patients, and third-party payors.

We recognize that other companies, including larger pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, may be developing or have plans to develop drugs and therapies that may compete with ours. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and human resources than we have. In addition, many of our competitors have significantly greater experience than we have in undertaking preclinical studies and human clinical trials of drugs, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of drugs for use in healthcare and manufacturing, and marketing and selling approved drugs. Our competitors may discover, develop or commercialize drugs or other novel technologies that are more effective, safer or less costly than any that we are developing. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their drugs more rapidly than we may obtain approval for any drug that we develop.

We anticipate that the competition with our drugs and therapies will be based on a number of factors, including product efficacy, safety, availability, and price. The timing of market introduction of any successful drug and competitive drugs will also affect competition among products. We expect the relative speed with which we can develop drugs, complete the clinical trials and approval processes, and supply commercial quantities of such drugs to the market to be important competitive factors. Our competitive position will also depend upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, to obtain patent protection or otherwise develop proprietary products or processes, and protect our intellectual property, and to secure sufficient capital resources for the period between target identification and commercial sales of the resulting drug product.

Our long-term success will depend, in part, upon our ability to develop, receive regulatory approval for, and commercialize our drugs.

In the U.S., our drugs and the activities associated with their development, including testing, manufacture, recordkeeping, storage and approval, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA. Generally, failure to obtain regulatory approval for a drug will prevent us from commercializing such target. We have limited resources for use in preparing, filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals and expect to rely on third-party contract research organizations and consultants to assist us in this process. The FDA and other comparable regulatory agencies in foreign countries impose substantial and rigorous requirements for the development, production, marketing authorization and commercial introduction of drugs. These requirements include pre-clinical, laboratory and clinical testing procedures, sampling activities, clinical trials and other costly and time-consuming procedures. In addition, regulation is not static, and regulatory authorities, including the FDA evolve in their staff interpretations and practices and may impose more stringent or different requirements than currently in effect, which may adversely affect our planned and ongoing development and/or our sales and marketing efforts.

Developing and obtaining regulatory approval for drugs is a lengthy process, often taking a number of years, is uncertain and is expensive. All of the drugs that we are developing, or may develop in the future, require research and development, pre-clinical studies, nonclinical testing and clinical trials prior to seeking regulatory approval and commencing commercial sales. In addition, we may need to address a number of technological challenges in order to complete development of our drugs. As a result, the development of drugs may take longer than anticipated or not be successful at all. There can be no assurance that the FDA will ever permit us to market any new drug that we develop. Even if regulatory approval is granted, such approval may include significant limitations on indicated uses, which could materially and adversely affect the prospects of any new therapeutic.

In order to market any drugs outside of the U.S., we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and effectiveness. Clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not mean that regulatory approval will be obtained in any other country. Approval processes vary among

 

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countries and can involve additional drug testing and validation and additional or different administrative review periods from those in the U.S., including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions.

Seeking foreign regulatory approval could result in difficulties and costs and require additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials, which could be costly and time-consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our drugs in those countries. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We do not have any drugs approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approval in international markets is delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our drugs will be harmed.

Our drugs are in preclinical or clinical development, which is a lengthy and expensive process with uncertain outcomes and the potential for substantial delays. We cannot give any assurance that any of our drugs will receive regulatory approval, which is necessary before they can be commercialized.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our drugs, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the drugs in humans. To date, we have focused our collaborative efforts and significant financial resources on developing new drugs. We cannot be certain that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. Our inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us and negatively impact our ability to generate revenue. Our future success is dependent on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and then successfully commercialize drugs. We currently have no drugs approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from sales of drugs, and we may never be able to develop or successfully commercialize a marketable drug. The results of early-stage clinical trials and preclinical studies may not be predictive of future results. Initial data in clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained when these trials are completed or in later stage trials.

All of our identified drugs require additional development, management of preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing activities, and regulatory approval. In addition, we will need to obtain adequate manufacturing supply, build a commercial organization, commence marketing efforts, and obtain reimbursement before we generate any significant revenue from commercial product sales, if ever. Many of our drugs are in early-stage research or translational phases of development, and the risk of failure for these programs is high. We cannot be certain that any of our drugs will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Further, our drugs may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful in clinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for our drugs, we and our subsidiaries may not be able to continue operations.

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

While our proprietary database is our primary source for identifying and qualifying trial participants to participate in clinical studies, such identification and qualification is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical studies depends on the speed at which we can recruit trial participants to participate in testing our drugs. Delays in enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our drugs. If trial participants are unwilling to participate in our studies because of negative publicity of our trials or other trials of similar drugs, or those related to a specific therapeutic area, or for other reasons, including competitive clinical studies for similar patient populations, the timeline for recruiting trial participants, conducting studies, and obtaining regulatory approval of potential drugs may be delayed. We also may face

 

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delays as a result of unforeseen global circumstances as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Any delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our drug development, delays in testing the effectiveness of our drugs, or termination of the clinical studies altogether.

Use of our therapeutic drugs could be associated with side effects, adverse events or other properties or safety risks, which could delay or halt their clinical development, prevent their regulatory approval, cause us to suspend or discontinue clinical trials, abandon a drug, limit their commercial potential, if approved, or result in other significant negative consequences that could severely harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Undesirable or unacceptable side effects caused by our drugs, including drugs that are part of our collaboration with GSK, could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Results of clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects or unexpected characteristics. Even if any of our current or future therapeutic drugs receive regulatory approval, it may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success, in which case we may not generate significant revenues or become profitable.

Our use of third parties to manufacture and develop our drugs for preclinical studies and clinical trials may increase the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our drugs, products, or necessary quantities of such materials on time or at an acceptable cost.

We have no experience in drug formulation or manufacturing and we lack the resources and expertise to formulate or manufacture our own therapeutic drugs internally. Therefore, we rely on third-party expertise to support us in this area. We have entered into a contract with a third-party manufacturer to manufacture our drugs, and we intend to enter into contracts with third-party manufacturers to supply, store and distribute supplies of our drugs for our clinical trials. If any of our drugs receives FDA approval, we expect to rely on third-party contractors to manufacture our drugs. We have no current plans to build internal manufacturing capacity for any drug, and we have no long-term supply arrangements.

Our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to potential risks, such as the following:

 

   

We may be unable to contract with third-party manufacturers on acceptable terms, or at all, because the number of potential manufacturers is limited. Potential manufacturers of any drug that is approved will be subject to FDA compliance inspections and any new manufacturer would have to be qualified to produce our drugs;

 

   

Our third-party manufacturers might be unable to formulate and manufacture our drugs in the volume and of the quality required to meet our clinical and commercial needs, if any;

 

   

Our third-party manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials through completion or to successfully produce, store and distribute our commercial products, if approved;

 

   

Drug manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and other government agencies to ensure compliance with current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) and other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We do not have direct control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards, but we may ultimately be responsible for any of their failures;

 

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If any third-party manufacturer makes improvements in the manufacturing process for our products, we may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to such improvements; and

 

   

A third-party manufacturer may gain knowledge from working with us that could be used to supply one of our competitors with a product that competes with ours.

If our contract manufacturers or other third parties fail to deliver our drugs for clinical investigation and, if approved, for commercial sale on a timely basis, with sufficient quality, and at commercially reasonable prices, we may be required to delay or suspend development and commercialization of our drugs. For example, our clinical trials must be conducted with product that complies with cGMP. Failure to comply may require us to repeat or conduct additional preclinical and/or clinical trials, which would increase our development costs and delay the regulatory approval process and our ability to generate and grow revenues.

In addition, any significant disruption in our supplier relationships could harm our business. We source key materials from third parties, either directly through agreements with suppliers or indirectly through our manufacturers who have agreements with suppliers. There are a small number of suppliers for certain capital equipment and key materials that are used to manufacture our drugs. Such suppliers may not sell these key materials to our manufacturers at the times we need them or on commercially reasonable terms. We do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition of these key materials by our manufacturers. Moreover, we currently do not have agreements for the commercial production of a number of these key materials which are used in the manufacture of our drugs. Any significant delay in the supply of a drug or its key materials for an ongoing clinical study could considerably delay completion of our clinical studies, drug testing and potential regulatory approval of our drugs. If our manufacturers or we are unable to purchase these key materials for our drugs after regulatory approval, the commercial launch of our drugs could be delayed or there could be a shortage in supply, which would impair our ability to generate revenues from the sale of our drugs, if approved.

Each of these risks, if realized, could delay or have other adverse impacts on our clinical trials and the approval and commercialization of our drugs, potentially resulting in higher costs, reduced revenues or both.

As an organization, we have no experience designing or implementing clinical trials. Failure to adequately design a trial, or incorrect assumptions about the design of the trial, could adversely affect our ability to initiate the trial, enroll patients, complete the trial, or obtain regulatory approval on the basis of the trial results, as well as lead to increased or unexpected costs.

The design and implementation of clinical trials is a complex process. We have no experience implementing or designing clinical trials, and we may not successfully or cost-effectively design and implement clinical trials that achieve our desired clinical endpoints efficiently, or at all. A clinical trial that is not well-designed may delay or even prevent initiation of the trial, can lead to increased difficulty in enrolling patients, may make it more difficult to obtain regulatory approval for the drug on the basis of the study results, or, even if a drug is approved, could make it more difficult to commercialize the product successfully or obtain reimbursement from third-party payors. Additionally, a trial that is not well-designed could be inefficient or more expensive than it otherwise would have been, or we may incorrectly estimate the costs to implement the clinical trial, which could lead to a shortfall in funding.

If, in the future, we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market any approved drug by a regulatory agency, we may not be successful in commercializing those drugs if and when they are approved.

We currently have no sales, marketing or distribution capabilities and have no experience in marketing drugs. We do not currently have an in-house marketing organization or sales force, but may develop such organization and sales force in the future, which will require significant capital expenditures, management resources and time. We will have to compete with other healthcare companies to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel.

 

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In addition to establishing internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we intend to optimistically pursue collaborative arrangements regarding the sales and marketing of our products, however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain such collaborative arrangements, or if we are able to do so, that we will have effective sales forces. Any revenue we receive will depend upon the efforts of such third parties, which may not be successful. We may have little or no control over the marketing and sales efforts of such third parties and our revenue from product sales may be lower than if we had commercialized our drug ourselves. We also face competition in our search for third parties to assist us with the sales and marketing efforts of our drugs.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop in-house sales and distribution capabilities or establish or maintain relationships with third-party collaborators to commercialize any product in the U.S. or overseas.

General Business Risks

We may be subject to legal proceedings and litigation, which are costly to defend and could materially harm our business and results of operations.

We may be party to lawsuits and legal proceedings in the normal course of business. These matters are often expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. We may face allegations, lawsuits, and regulatory inquiries, audits, and investigations regarding data privacy, security, labor and employment, consumer protection, practice of medicine, and intellectual property infringement, including claims related to privacy, patents, publicity, trademarks, copyrights, and other rights. A portion of the technologies we use incorporates open source software, and we may face claims claiming ownership of open source software or patents related to that software, rights to our intellectual property or breach of open source license terms, including a demand to release material portions of our source code or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. We may also face allegations or litigation related to our acquisitions, securities issuances or business practices, including public disclosures about our business. Litigation and regulatory proceedings, and particularly the healthcare regulatory and class action matters we could face, may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict. Certain of these matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages and include claims for injunctive relief. Additionally, our litigation costs could be significant. Adverse outcomes with respect to litigation or any of these legal proceedings may result in significant settlement costs or judgments, penalties and fines, or require us to modify our solution or require us to stop offering certain features, all of which could negatively impact our acquisition of customers and revenue growth. We may also become subject to periodic audits, which could likely increase our regulatory compliance costs and may require us to change our business practices, which could negatively impact our revenue growth. Managing legal proceedings, litigation and audits, even if we achieve favorable outcomes, is time-consuming and diverts management’s attention from our business.

The results of regulatory proceedings, litigation, claims, and audits cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining reserves for pending litigation and other legal, regulatory and audit matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if these matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Ongoing litigation could have a significant negative impact on us.

On December 10, 2019, Celmatix Inc. (“Celmatix”) filed a complaint in New York state court against us alleging that we breached the research agreement entered into between Celmatix and us in 2015 and tortiously interfered with Celmatix’s fundraising efforts and alleging that it believed it incurred damages of $100 million. On February 14, 2020, we filed our answer and counterclaims against Celmatix, among other things, for failure to make payments due to us. We believe the claims made against us to be without merit and are defending this lawsuit vigorously.

 

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Regardless of the outcome of any litigation, the litigation itself can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. The ultimate resolution of the litigation with Celmatix could also adversely affect our business and financial position.

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union could have an adverse impact on our business.

The changes to the trading relationship between the UK and European Union (“EU”) resulting from the UK’s exit from the EU on January 31, 2020 (commonly referred to as “Brexit”) may result in additional regulatory requirements for us to market our products and services in the UK and an increased cost of goods imported into and exported from the UK. Additional currency volatility could result in a weaker British pound, which increases the cost of goods imported into the UK from sales to UK-based customers. Agreements regarding tariff, trade, regulatory and other aspects of the UK’s future relationship with the EU and its member status were reached on December 24, 2020. The UK parliament approved the agreements on December 30, 2020 and the European Parliament will approve the agreement in 2021. As such, on January 1, 2021 provisional application of the agreement took effect and the new rules entered into force. Our business in the UK may be adversely impacted by ongoing uncertainty, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, changes in trade policies, or changes in tax, data privacy or other laws. Any of these effects, among others, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our business and future operating results may be adversely affected by catastrophic or other events outside of our control.

We conduct our research and development in our facilities located in South San Francisco, California and Sunnyvale, California. Any damage to our facilities or the servers we rely on for our database would be costly and could require substantial lead-time to repair or replace. Our business and operating results may be harmed due to interruption of our research and development by events outside of our control, including earthquakes and fires. Other possible disruptions may include power loss and telecommunications failures. In the event of a prolonged disruption, we may lose customers and we may be unable to regain those customers thereafter. Our insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

We may need additional capital, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available at acceptable terms or at all.

As of March 31, 2021, our principal source of liquidity was cash of $282.5 million, which was held for working capital purposes. Since our inception, we have generated significant operating losses as reflected in our accumulated deficit and negative cash flows from operations. We had an accumulated deficit of $977.2 million as of March 31, 2021.

Although we currently anticipate that our available funds and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our near-term cash needs, we may require additional financing. Our ability to obtain financing may depend on, among other things, our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of Class A Common Stock, and our stockholders may experience dilution.

 

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Our research and development initiatives and business depend on our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled scientists and other specialized individuals. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and other specialized individuals in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science and technology businesses.

We currently depend on the continued services and performance of our highly qualified key personnel, and, in particular, Anne Wojcicki, our CEO and co-founder. The loss of Ms. Wojcicki or other key personnel, including key members of management as well as our research, therapeutics, regulatory, product development and other personnel, could disrupt our operations and have an adverse effect on our ability to continue operating or grow our business.

Our research and development initiatives and Therapeutics business depend on our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled scientists and other specialized individuals. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and other specialized individuals in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science and technology businesses, particularly near our therapeutics laboratory facilities located in South San Francisco, California. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel. Recruiting, training and retention difficulties can limit our ability to support our research and development and commercialization efforts. All of our employees are at-will, which means that either we or the employee may terminate their employment at any time. In addition, we rely on consultants, contractors and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist it in formulating our research and development, regulatory and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may provide services to other organizations and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. The loss of the services of one or more of our current consultants or advisors could impede the achievement of our research, development, regulatory and commercialization objectives.

Certain other areas of our operations require employing highly specialized individuals, which makes our recruiting efforts more challenging. If we do not succeed in attracting excellent personnel or retaining or motivating existing personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively.

We face risks related to epidemics and other outbreaks of communicable diseases, including the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our operations, business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by epidemics and other outbreaks of communicable diseases, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, and by the economic and operational disruptions caused by the attempts of governmental entities to contain or flatten the spread of the disease. The continued spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. and in California, where we are headquartered, could materially and adversely affect our operations, including without limitation, disruptions of our ability to test and process DNA samples, reduced consumer demand for our personal genetic testing services, disruptions in the operations of our suppliers and partners, negative effects on our research and development initiatives and on our recruitment and retention efforts, the continued productivity and health of our employees, and curtailment of business travel and other business activities that may be necessary or helpful to our operations. These factors and resultant uncertainties may have a material adverse effect on our revenue, liquidity and any financing activities that we may undertake. The duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the efforts being made to contain it or to flatten the spread of the disease cannot be predicted with any accuracy, and this uncertainty creates additional risk factors affecting the economy generally, as well as our business. Additionally, the presence or absence of government stimulus funding programs has had and may continue to have an impact on consumer discretionary spending and, consequently, purchases of PGS kits. Without timely and robust government stimulus funding programs, consumers may have less money to spend on discretionary items such as our PGS products, which could harm our business and results of operations. Furthermore, our operations,

 

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business and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by a continued economic downturn and its effects on financial markets as well as by the direct impacts of the pandemic on our employees, customers, suppliers and other third parties on which we rely.

We may enter new business areas, such as primary care and diagnostics/behavior modification, where we do not have any experience. If we were to enter new business areas, we would likely face competition from entities more familiar with those businesses, and our efforts may not succeed.

In the future, we may expand our operations into business areas such as primary care and diagnostics/behavior modification, where we do not have any experience. These areas would be new to our product development, sales and marketing personnel, and we cannot be assured that the markets for these products and services will develop or that we will be able to compete effectively or will generate significant revenues in these new areas making our success in this area difficult to predict. Many companies of all sizes, including major pharmaceutical companies and specialized biotechnology companies, are engaged in redesigning approaches to medical care and diagnostic medicine. Competitors operating in these potential new business areas may have substantially greater financial and other resources, larger research and development staff and more experience in these business areas. There can be no assurances that if we undertake new business areas, that the market will accept our offerings, or that such offerings will generate significant revenues for us.

We may make acquisitions to expand our business, and if any of those acquisitions are unsuccessful, our business may be harmed.

We may choose to expand our current business through the acquisition of other businesses, products or technologies, or through strategic alliances. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including the following:

 

   

The possibility that we will pay more than the value we derive from the acquisition which could result in future non-cash impairment charges, and incremental operating losses;

 

   

Difficulties in integration of the operations, technologies and products of the acquired companies, which may require significant attention of our management that otherwise would be available for the ongoing development of our business;

 

   

The assumption of certain known and unknown liabilities of the acquired companies;

 

   

Difficulties in retaining key relationships with employees, customers, collaborators, vendors and suppliers of the acquired company; and

 

   

In the case of acquisitions outside of the jurisdictions we currently operate in, the need to address the particular economic, currency, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries, particularly those related to our collection of sensitive data, regulatory approvals, and tax management, which may result in significant additional costs or management overhead for our business.

Any of these factors could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations or financial position.

 

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Risks Related to Our Collaborations

Our Therapeutics business is substantially dependent on our collaboration with GSK for the development and commercialization of any drugs discovered during the discovery term of the agreement. If we, GSK and any future collaborators are unable to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval for, or commercialize any drugs, or experience delays in doing so, our business may be materially harmed. We may engage and depend on other third parties for the development and commercialization of drugs and therapeutic programs discovered following the expiration of the GSK agreement or outside its scope. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on our investment in our Therapeutic business.

In July 2018, we entered into a collaboration agreement with GSK focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of drugs that are identified utilizing our proprietary databases and data mining technologies (the “GSK Agreement”). Under the GSK Agreement, GSK is our exclusive collaborator for drug discovery programs for a four-year period, which may be extended for a fifth year by GSK. Under the GSK Agreement, we and GSK jointly research potential drugs based on reports generated from our proprietary databases and using our proprietary data mining technologies. Once promising drugs are identified through these joint efforts, we and GSK share equally in the costs of discovery, development, and commercialization of any resultant drugs. Both parties have the right to opt out or reduce their share of the funding upon the occurrence of certain specified development milestones, in which case such party would no longer be entitled to share equally in the results of a successful collaboration, but instead would receive certain royalty payments on sales of the resultant drugs, depending on the timing and extent to which such party has reduced its funding or opted out. If GSK were to exercise any of the rights described in the prior sentence, and we elected to continue development, we would be required to supply any necessary funding to continue the development of the applicable drug. In addition, if we were to opt out of a program, GSK has the right to unilaterally decide to terminate the program or fail to develop a drug product, in which case we would not receive any royalty payments. In addition, substantially all of our research services revenue is derived from the required payments for research services under the GSK Agreement. When the discovery term of the GSK Agreement terminates, there can be no assurance that we will be able to generate research services revenue from other sources. While the GSK Agreement may not be terminated for convenience, GSK has the ability to terminate the GSK Agreement if certain conditions are met. If GSK were to terminate the GSK Agreement, to reduce its funding or opt out of any drugs thereunder, or to shift its research and development focus so as to deemphasize any programs under the GSK Agreement, our revenues, operating results and our ability to fund and advance drug programs and conduct our Therapeutics business would be adversely affected. We cannot provide any assurance with respect to the success of any research, development or commercialization efforts pursuant to the GSK Agreement.

Our current collaboration with GSK poses, and potential additional collaborations involving drug development activities outside of the GSK Agreement with GSK pose, the following risks to us:

 

   

collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations;

 

   

collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;

 

   

collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of any drugs that achieve regulatory approval or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs or license arrangements based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus or available funding, or external factors, such as a strategic transaction that may divert resources or create competing priorities;

 

   

collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a drug, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a drug for clinical testing;

 

   

collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our drugs;

 

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drugs discovered in collaboration with us may be viewed by our collaborators as competitive with their own drugs, which may cause collaborators to cease to devote resources to the commercialization of our drug;

 

   

collaborators may fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the development, manufacture, distribution or marketing of a drug candidate or product;

 

   

collaborators may not properly enforce, maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in a way that gives rise to actual or threatened litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation, or other intellectual property proceedings;

 

   

collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;

 

   

disputes may arise between a collaborator and us that cause the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of the drug, or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;

 

   

if a present or future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our drug development or commercialization program under such collaboration could be delayed, diminished or terminated;

 

   

collaboration agreements may restrict our right to independently pursue new drugs. For example, under the GSK Agreement, we are prohibited from, directly or indirectly, identifying, developing, manufacturing or commercializing drugs, unless GSK has opted-out of the program or the program pre-existed the date of the Collaboration; and

 

   

collaborations may be terminated by the collaborator, and, if terminated, we may suffer reputational harm, find it more difficult to attract new collaborators and be required to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable drugs.

GSK and any other potential drug discovery collaborators will have significant discretion in determining when to make announcements, if any, about the status of our collaborations, including results from clinical trials, and timelines for advancing collaborative programs. As a consequence, the price of the Class A Common Stock may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected clinical trial results or data relative to our research and development programs.

Our drug discovery collaborators have significant discretion in determining when to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including about preclinical and clinical developments and timelines for advancing the collaborative programs. While as a general matter we intend to periodically report on the status of our collaborations, our drug discovery collaborators, and in particular, our privately-held collaborators, may wish to report such information more or less frequently than we intend to or may not wish to report such information at all. The price of our Class A Common Stock may decline as a result of the public announcement of unexpected results or developments in our collaborations, or as a result of our collaborators withholding such information.

We may seek to establish additional collaborations in the future, and, if we are not able to establish them on commercially reasonable terms, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our Therapeutics business and the potential commercialization of any drugs will require substantial additional cash to fund expenses. If the GSK Agreement is terminated, or following its expiration, we may decide to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for drug development, manufacture and commercialization activities. These collaborations may not be successful, which would adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Under the GSK Agreement, we have been granted exclusive rights to GSK with respect to the identification, development and commercialization of drugs until fiscal 2023 and, if GSK exercises its option to extend, until

 

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fiscal 2024, subject to certain limited exceptions. During the discovery term of the GSK Agreement, we are restricted from granting similar rights to other parties. This exclusivity currently limits our ability to enter into strategic drug discovery collaborations with other third parties. To the extent we seek additional collaboration opportunities in the future, we will face significant competition. Collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. In addition, there have been a significant number of business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators. We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to successfully enter into collaborations in the future, we may have to curtail our drug discovery and development activities including reducing or delaying individual development programs, potential commercialization plans, or any sales or marketing activities for a drug. We may also have to increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to further develop our drugs or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

Our collaborators may not achieve projected discovery and development milestones and other anticipated key events in the expected timelines or at all, which could have an adverse impact on our business.

Our current drug discovery collaborators, from whom we are entitled to receive milestone payments upon achievement of various development, regulatory, and commercial milestones as well as royalties on commercial sales, if any, under the collaboration agreements that we have entered into with them, face numerous risks in the development of drugs, including the conduct of preclinical and clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approval, and achieving product sales. In addition, the amounts we are entitled to receive upon the achievement of such milestones tend to be smaller for near-term development milestones and increase if and as a collaborative drug advances through regulatory development to commercialization and will vary depending on the level of commercial success achieved, if any. We do not anticipate receiving significant milestone payments from many of our drug discovery collaborators for several years, if at all, and our drug discovery collaborators may never achieve milestones that result in significant cash payments to us. Accordingly, our business could be adversely affected if projected discovery and development milestones are not achieved.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation

Our products and services are subject to extensive regulation by various U.S. federal and state agencies and compliance with existing or future regulations could result in unanticipated expenses, or limit our ability to offer our products and services.

On November 22, 2013, we received a warning letter from the FDA to discontinue marketing our health-related genetic test in the U.S. until we received FDA marketing authorization for the device. We were allowed to continue to offer genetic ancestry services in the U.S.

In June 2014, we submitted a 510(k) seeking premarket clearance for our Bloom Syndrome carrier test. On February 19, 2015, FDA granted marketing authorization pursuant to its de novo review standard for our Bloom Syndrome carrier test. FDA also determined that certain of our other similar autosomal recessive carrier reports were exempt moderate risk reports, which subject to special controls, could be marketed by us without further premarket review. In October 2015, we began marketing our new Personal Genome Service in the U.S., which includes detailed reports on carrier status, pursuant to our FDA authorization and exemption, as well as research reports and reports on wellness, traits and ancestry, which we believe do not require premarket authorization.

 

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We continued to submit additional requests to the FDA seeking authorization to market certain Genetic Health Risk (“GHR”) reports. On April 6, 2017, the FDA granted marketing authorization pursuant to its de novo review standard for our GHR reports for ten disease conditions. The FDA also determined that certain of our other similar genetic health risk reports were exempt low-to-moderate risk reports, which subject to certain special controls, could be marketed by us without further premarket review. On March 6, 2018, the FDA granted marketing authorization pursuant to its de novo review standard for our Genetic Health Risk report for BRCA1/BRCA2 (Selected Variants). On January 22, 2019, we received FDA clearance for a Genetic Health Risk report for MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. On October 31, 2018, the FDA granted marketing authorization pursuant to its de novo review standard for our Pharmacogenetic reports, including our Pharmacogenetics report for CYP2C19. On August 17, 2020, the FDA granted a 510(k) clearance for our Pharmacogenetics report for CYP2C19, modifying the labeling of the report authorized in 2018 to remove the need for confirmatory testing, allowing us to report interpretive drug information for two medications.

We may be required to seek FDA-premarket review of other products and services, including reports that we do not currently believe require premarket authorization. For any such review, we are required to conduct extensive analytical validation and user comprehension studies to demonstrate the accuracy of our test results and that they are appropriate for sale directly to consumers. This process will likely be costly, time-consuming and uncertain. Delays in receipt of, or failure to obtain, authorizations or clearances could materially delay or prevent us from commercializing new products and services or result in substantial additional costs. We may not be able to obtain FDA authorization for all of our products and services.

We will face legal, reputational, and financial risks if we fail to protect our customer data from security breaches or cyberattacks. Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, or any actual or perceived failure by us to comply with such laws and regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy or the protection or transfer of data relating to individuals, could adversely affect our business.

We receive and store a large volume of personally identifiable information, genetic information, and other data relating to our customers, as well as other personally identifiable information and other data relating to individuals such as our employees. Security breaches, employee malfeasance, or human or technological error could lead to potential unauthorized disclosure of our customers’ personal information. Even the perception that the privacy of personal information is not satisfactorily protected or does not meet regulatory requirements could inhibit sales of our solutions and any failure to comply with such laws and regulations could lead to significant fines, penalties or other liabilities.

A security compromise of our information systems or of those of businesses with whom we interact that results in confidential information being accessed by unauthorized or improper persons could harm our reputation and expose us to regulatory actions, customer attrition, remediation expenses, disruption of our business, and claims brought by our customers or others for breaching contractual confidentiality and security provisions or data protection laws. Monetary damages imposed on us could be significant and not covered by our liability insurance. Techniques used by bad actors to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems evolve frequently and may not immediately produce signs of intrusion, and we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, a security breach could require that we expend substantial additional resources related to the security of our information systems and providing required breach notifications, diverting resources from other projects and disrupting our businesses. If we experience a data security breach, our reputation could be damaged and we could be subject to additional litigation, regulatory risks and business losses.

Numerous local, municipal, state, federal, and international laws and regulations address privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of certain types of data, including the California Online Privacy Protection Act, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the

 

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Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, or the TCPA, Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, and effective as of January 1, 2020, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”). These laws, rules, and regulations evolve frequently and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation, and changes in enforcement, and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. For example, the CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, among other things, requires new disclosures to California consumers and affords such consumers new abilities to opt out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per violation. Aspects of the CCPA and its interpretation and enforcement remain uncertain. The effects of this legislation potentially are far-reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. The CCPA has been amended on multiple occasions. For example, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) recently was approved by California voters and significantly modifies the CCPA, potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply. The CPRA does not become operative until January 1, 2023 (and then applies only to consumer data collected on or after January 1, 2022, (the “lookback period”), with enforcement beginning July 1, 2023. While the CCPA will remain operative and enforceable from now until July 1, 2023, we will continue to monitor developments related to the CPRA. The effects of this legislation potentially are far-reaching, however, and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. Additionally, many laws and regulations relating to privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of certain types of data are subject to varying degrees of enforcement and new and changing interpretations by courts. The CCPA and other changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection, breach notifications, and information security, particularly any new or modified laws or regulations, or changes to the interpretation or enforcement of such laws or regulations, that require enhanced protection of certain types of data or new obligations with regard to data retention, transfer, or disclosure, could greatly increase the cost of providing our platform, require significant changes to our operations, or even prevent us from providing our platform in jurisdictions in which we currently operate and in which we may operate in the future.

We also are required to comply with increasingly complex and changing data security and privacy regulations in the UK, the EU and in other jurisdictions in which we conduct business that regulate the collection, use and transfer of personal data, including the transfer of personal data between or among countries. For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), now also enacted in the UK (“UK GDPR”), has imposed stringent compliance obligations regarding the handling of personal data and has resulted in the issuance of significant financial penalties for noncompliance. Further, in July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union released a decision in the Schrems II case (Data Protection Commission v. Facebook Ireland, Schrems), declaring the EU-US Privacy Shield invalid and calling into question data transfers carried out under the European Commission’s Standard Contractual Clauses. As a result of the decision, we may face additional scrutiny from EU regulators in relation to the transfer of personal data from the EU to the US. Noncompliance with the GDPR can trigger fines of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. In the U.S., there have been proposals for federal privacy legislation and many new state privacy laws proposed, including laws specific to genetic testing companies. Other countries have enacted or are considering enacting data localization laws that require certain data to stay within their borders. We may also face audits or investigations by one or more domestic or foreign government agencies or our customers pursuant to our contractual obligations relating to our compliance with these regulations. Complying with changing regulatory requirements requires us to incur substantial costs, exposes us to potential regulatory action or litigation, and may require changes to our business practices in certain jurisdictions, any of which could materially adversely affect our business operations and operating results.

Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security, it is possible that our interpretations of the law, practices, or platform could be inconsistent with, or fail or be alleged to fail to meet all requirements of, such laws, regulations, or obligations. Our failure, or the failure by our third-party providers on our platform, to comply with applicable laws or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access to, or use or release of personally identifiable

 

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information or other data relating to our customers, or other individuals, or the perception that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise have occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing customers from using our platform, or result in fines, investigations, or proceedings by governmental agencies and private claims and litigation, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We plan to expand operations abroad where we have limited operating experience where we may be subject to increased regulatory risks and local competition. If we are unsuccessful in any efforts to expand internationally, our business may be harmed.

Regulations exist or are under consideration in countries outside the U.S., which limit or prevent the sale of direct to consumer genetic tests. Some countries, including Australia, require premarket review by their regulatory body similar to that required in the U.S. by FDA. Some countries, including Australia, Germany, France and Switzerland require a physician prescription for genetic tests providing health information, thus limiting our offering in those countries to an ancestry-only test. Other countries require mandatory genetic counseling prior to genetic testing. These regulations limit the available market for our products and services and increase the costs associated with marketing the products and services where we are able to offer our products. Legal developments in the EU have created a range of new compliance obligations regarding transfers of personal data from the European Union to the U.S., including GDPR and UK GDPR, which applies to certain of our activities related to services that we offer or may offer to individuals located in the EU. Significant effort and expense will continue to be required to ensure compliance with the GDPR and UK GDPR, and could cause us to change our business practices. Moreover, requirements under the GDPR and UK GDPR may change periodically or may be modified by the EU/UK and/or national law. The GDPR and UK GDPR impose stringent compliance obligations regarding the handling of personal data and have resulted in the issuance of significant financial penalties for noncompliance, including possible fines of up to 4% of global annual turnover for the preceding financial year or €20 million/£17.5 million (whichever is higher) for the most serious violations.

The EU adopted the IVD Directive Regulation (“IVDR”) which increased the regulatory requirements applicable to IVDs in the EU and requires that we classify and obtain pre-market approval from an independent certified notified body for our Personal Genome Service health reports, which will be subject to the IVDR as of May 25, 2022. We must also achieve and maintain International Standards Organization (ISO) certification of our Quality Management Systems. If we are not able to achieve or maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our health reports and/or may be subject to enforcement by EU Competent Authorities, bodies with authority to act on behalf of the government of the applicable EU Member State, or other nations which adopt IVDR standards, to ensure that the requirements of the directive or regulation are met.

Additionally, in September 2020 the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) announced regulations requiring a new United Kingdom Conformity Assessed mark (“UKCA”) applicable to medical devices, including testing products and services like our Personal Genome Service health reports, to be placed on the market beginning January 1, 2021 or for products already on the market, to be maintained on the market after June 30, 2023 which requires that a Declaration of Conformity be obtained based on technical files for all products to which the UKCA applies. Aspects of the UKCA took effect January 1, 2021 and require that medical devices be registered with MHRA. In addition to registration requirements, manufacturers of medical devices based outside of the United Kingdom, including us, must designate a United Kingdom Responsible Person to maintain documents supporting the UKCA and Declaration of Conformity and respond to inquiries from MHRA. If we are not able to achieve or maintain regulatory compliance we may not be permitted to market our health reports and/or may be subject to enforcement action by MHRA.

 

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If we fail to comply with any of these regulations, we could become subject to enforcement actions or the imposition of significant monetary fines, other penalties, or claims, which could harm our operating results or our ability to conduct our business.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Legal Proceedings

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished, and our business may be adversely affected.

We depend on our proprietary technology, intellectual property and services for our success and ability to compete. We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of confidentiality and other agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships and who may have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, as well as trademark, copyright, patent and trade secret protection laws, to protect our proprietary rights. Although we enter into these confidentiality and other agreements, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose information before a patent application is filed, and jeopardize our ability to seek patent protection. In addition, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our inventions and the prior art allow our inventions to be patentable over the prior art. Since publications in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications do not publish until 18 months after filing, we are never certain that we are the first to make the inventions claimed in any of our patents or that we are the first to file for patent protection of such patents. We have filed various applications for certain aspects of our intellectual property in the U.S. and other countries. However, third parties may knowingly or unknowingly infringe our proprietary rights, third parties may challenge proprietary rights held by us, pending and future patent, copyright, trademark and other applications may not be approved and we may not be able to prevent infringement without incurring substantial expense. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent, as do the laws of the U.S.

If the protection of our proprietary rights is inadequate to prevent use or appropriation by third parties, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to more effectively mimic our service and methods of operations. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, attempts may be made to copy or reverse engineer aspects of our products or services, or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Accordingly, we may be unable to protect our proprietary rights against unauthorized third party copying or use. Furthermore, policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property would be difficult for us. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation and/or any of the events above could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations.

We may be unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for therapeutic drugs we develop.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the U.S. and other countries for our proprietary therapeutic drugs and other technologies. Since the development of our therapeutic drugs is at an early stage, our intellectual property portfolio is also at an early stage. We have filed and intend to file patent applications. However, there are no assurances that any such patent application will issue as a granted patent. Any failure to file a non-provisional application within one year of a provisional patent application may cause us to lose the ability to obtain patent protection for the inventions disclosed in the provisional patent application.

In addition, in some cases, we may not be able to obtain issued claims covering compositions relating to our programs and therapeutic drugs, as well as other technologies important to our business. Instead, we may rely on

 

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patent applications covering a method of use and/or method of manufacture for protection of such programs and therapeutic drugs. There is no assurance that any such patent application will issue as a granted patent, and even if they are granted, the claims may not be sufficient to prevent third parties from utilizing our technology. Any failure to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to our programs and therapeutic drugs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may be unable to obtain sufficiently broad protection, or we may lose patent protection.

As patent prosecution of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of litigation in recent years, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in granted patents that protect our drugs which would render us unable to prevent others from commercializing our drugs. The coverage of patent claims may be significantly reduced during patent prosecution before the patent is granted and the scope can also be reinterpreted after grant, which may not provide us meaningful protection, may not allow us to exclude competitors or may not provide us with any competitive advantage.

Litigation with respect to our intellectual property rights or our commercial activities could result in unanticipated expenses and, if resolved unfavorably, could harm our business.

Companies in the genetics, pharmaceutical, medical device, Internet, technology and online payment industries own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have, in the past, received notice from patent holders and other parties alleging that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. As we face increasing competition and become increasingly high profile, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Our technologies and services may not be able to withstand any third-party claims or rights against their use. We may in the future be subject to litigation on the foregoing grounds or other grounds. The costs of supporting such litigation are considerable, and there can be no assurances that a favorable outcome will be obtained. We may be required to settle such litigation on terms that are unfavorable to us. Similarly, if any litigation to which we may be a party fails to settle and we go to trial, we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment, which may not be reversible upon appeal. The terms of such a settlement or judgment may require us to cease some or all of our operations or require the payment of substantial amounts to the other party.

With respect to any intellectual property rights claim, we may have to seek a license to continue practices found to be in violation of a third party’s rights, which may not be available on reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. A license to continue such practices may not be available to us at all. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology or practices or discontinue such practices. The development of alternative non-infringing technology or practices could require significant effort and expense. Our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected as a result.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our products and services in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the U.S., or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the U.S. or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export infringing

 

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products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the U.S. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Changes in patent law in the U.S. and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products and services.

Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the U.S. or other countries or regions may diminish the value of our intellectual property. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. In the U.S., prior to March 16, 2013, assuming that other requirements for patentability were satisfied, the first to invent the claimed invention was entitled to the patent, while outside the U.S., the first to file a patent application was entitled to the patent. On or after March 16, 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“America Invents Act”), enacted on September 16, 2011, the U.S. transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that other requirements for patentability are satisfied, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. As such, a third party that files a patent application in the USPTO before us could be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the U.S. and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either file any patent application related to our products or services or invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications.

The America Invents Act also includes a number of significant changes that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and also may affect patent litigation. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Therefore, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our owned or in-licensed patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our owned or in-licensed issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have also narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the

 

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federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Issued patents covering our products and services could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability and some of our patents or patent applications, including licensed patents, may be challenged, in courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. We or our collaborators may be subject to a third-party preissuance submission of prior art to the USPTO or be involved in opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference or other similar proceedings challenging our or our collaborators’ patent rights. An adverse decision in any such submission, proceeding, or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate or render unenforceable, such patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our drugs or other technologies and compete directly with us, without payment to us or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Additionally, if we and our licensing partners initiate or become involved in legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products or technologies, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the U.S., counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including patent eligible subject matter, lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. In addition, the U.S. now awards patent priority to the first party to file a patent application, and others may submit patent claims covering our inventions prior to us. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. A successful third-party challenge to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Furthermore, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future products and services.

We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our drug pipeline, products and services. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until approximately 18 months after filing or, in some cases, not until such patent applications issue as patents. We might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications and we might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions. To determine the priority of these inventions, we may have to participate in interference proceedings, derivation proceedings or other post-grant proceedings declared by the USPTO. The outcome of such proceedings is uncertain, and other patent applications may have priority over our patent applications. Such proceedings could also result in substantial costs to us and divert our management’s attention and resources.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We employ, and expect to employ in the future, individuals who were previously employed at universities or other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers or other third parties, or to claims that we have improperly used or obtained such trade secrets. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in

 

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addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. A loss of key research personnel work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize potential products and services, which could harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect and enforce our trademarks.

We have not yet registered certain of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, although we have registered 23andMe, Inc., 23andMe, and other 23andMe logos and product and service names in the U.S., the EU and a number of other countries and are seeking to register additional trademarks. As we apply to register our unregistered trademarks in the U.S. and other countries, our applications may not be allowed for registration in a timely fashion or at all, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. In addition, opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademark applications and registrations, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. In certain countries outside of the U.S., trademark registration is required to enforce trademark rights. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. Ownership disputes may arise, for example, from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our future products and services.

Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims by a third party challenging inventorship of our or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, intellectual property that is important to our product or services. Alternatively, we may need to obtain one or more additional licenses from the third party which will be time-consuming and expensive and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we become involved in patent litigation or other proceedings related to a determination of rights, we could incur substantial costs and expenses, substantial liability for damages or be required to stop our development and commercialization efforts of our products and services.

There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the U.S., involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the life sciences, clinical diagnostics and drug discovery industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, declaratory judgment litigation and adversarial proceedings before the USPTO, including interferences, derivation proceedings, ex parte reexaminations, post-grant review and inter partes review, as well as corresponding proceedings in foreign courts and foreign patent offices.

We may, in the future, become involved with litigation or actions at the USPTO or foreign patent offices with various third parties. We expect that the number of such claims may increase as our industry expands, more patents are issued, the number of products or services increases and the level of competition in our industry increases. Any infringement claim, regardless of its validity, could harm our business by, among other things,

 

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resulting in time-consuming and costly litigation, diverting management’s time and attention from the development of our business, requiring the payment of monetary damages (including treble damages, attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses) or royalty payments.

It may be necessary for us to pursue litigation or adversarial proceedings before the patent office in order to enforce our patent and proprietary rights or to determine the scope, coverage and validity of the proprietary rights of others. The outcome of any such litigation might not be favorable to us, and even if we were to prevail, such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

As we move into new markets and expand our products or services offerings, incumbent participants in such markets may assert their patents and other proprietary rights against us as a means of slowing our entry into such markets or as a means to extract substantial license and royalty payments from us. In addition, future litigation may involve patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product or service revenue and against whom our own patents may provide little or no deterrence or protection.

Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our current or future products, technologies and services may infringe. We cannot be certain that we have identified or addressed all potentially significant third-party patents in advance of an infringement claim being made against us. In addition, similar to what other companies in our industry have experienced, we expect our competitors and others may have patents or may in the future obtain patents and claim that making, having made, using, selling, offering to sell or importing our products or services infringes these patents. Defense of infringement and other claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of management and employee resources from our business. Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our ability to develop, commercialize and sell products or services and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including treble damages, attorney’s fees, costs and expenses if we are found to have willfully infringed. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay damages and ongoing royalties and obtain one or more licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from selling certain products or services. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on acceptable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all, or these licenses may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. In addition, we could encounter delays in product or service introductions while we attempt to develop alternative products or services to avoid infringing third-party patents or proprietary rights. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could prevent us from commercializing products or services, and the prohibition of sale of any of our products or services could materially affect our business and our ability to gain market acceptance for our products or services.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our Class A Common Stock.

In addition, our agreements with some of our customers, suppliers or other entities with whom we do business require us to defend or indemnify these parties to the extent they become involved in infringement claims, including the types of claims described above. We could also voluntarily agree to defend or indemnify third parties in instances where we are not obligated to do so if we determine it would be important to our business relationships. If we are required or agree to defend or indemnify third parties in connection with any infringement claims, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition.

 

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Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products and services for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the U.S., if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our products and services are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new products and services, patents protecting such products and services might expire before or shortly after such products and services are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

We may not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for our drugs.

Depending upon the timing, duration and details of any FDA marketing approval of any drugs, our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Act), which permits a maximum of 5 years of patent term extension as compensation for patent term lost during FDA regulatory review. The extended patent term must not extend 14 years beyond the date of product approval, and may be used to extend only one patent and may be only used to extend a patent with claims covering the approved drug, a method of using it or a method of manufacturing the drug. Similar extensions are available in other foreign jurisdictions outside of the U.S., such as Supplemental Patent Certificates in Europe. Such extensions may not be granted in situations where there is a failure to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review phase, failure to apply within the deadline, failure to apply prior to expiration of the relevant patent, or failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. In addition, the term of patent extension that is granted may be less than is requested. Failure to obtain patent term extension, allows our competitors to obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and may harm our business and financial and growth prospects.

We may not be successful in obtaining, through acquisitions or otherwise, accessory rights to our drugs.

As other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and academic entities are competing with us, they may have patents or have filed and are likely filing patent applications potentially relevant to our business. We may find it necessary to obtain licenses to such patents from such third parties to avoid infringing on these third-party patents. The licensing of these third-party patents may be competitive and if we are unable to successfully obtain such rights, we may have to abandon development of the drug which may affect our business and financial and growth prospects.

We utilize open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software and source code.

We use open source software in our proprietary software and will use open source software in the future. Companies that incorporate open source software into their proprietary software and products have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the use of open source software and compliance with open source license terms. Some licenses governing the use of open source software contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software, and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. By the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software, and to make our proprietary software available under open source licenses to third parties at no cost, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in certain manners. Although we monitor our use of open source software, we cannot assure you that all open source software is reviewed prior to use in our software, that our developers have not incorporated open source software into our proprietary software, or that they will not do so in the future. Additionally, the terms of

 

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many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts. There is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our proprietary software. Companies that incorporate open source software into their products have, in the past, faced claims seeking enforcement of open source license provisions and claims asserting ownership of open source software incorporated into their proprietary software. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that we have not complied with the conditions of an open source license, we could incur significant legal costs defending ourselves against such allegations. In the event such claims were successful, we could be subject to significant damages or be enjoined from the distribution of our proprietary software. In addition, the terms of open source software licenses may require us to provide software that we develop using such open source software to others on unfavorable license terms. As a result of our current or future use of open source software, we may face claims or litigation, be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our proprietary software, discontinue making our proprietary software available in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, discontinue certain aspects or functionality of our PGS, or take other remedial action. Any such re-engineering or other remedial efforts could require significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to successfully complete any such re-engineering or other remedial efforts. Further, in addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Financial Reporting and Results of Operations

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting and, if our remediation of this material weakness is not effective, or if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our ability to produce accurate and timely consolidated financial statements could be impaired. This could adversely affect investor confidence in the Company and, as a result, the value of our Class A Common Stock.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified was a lack of sufficient resources in our finance function to meet our financial reporting requirements. This material weakness resulted in insufficient management review of journal entries, account reconciliations, and review of financial statements. We have taken steps to enhance our internal control environment, including dedicating additional resources to our finance function. Although we plan to complete this remediation process as quickly as possible, we cannot estimate at this time how long it will take.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over our financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect. Starting with fiscal year 2022, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act may require us to include in our annual reports on Form 10-K an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, also starting with fiscal year 2022, we may be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to and report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting when we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company,” pursuant to the JOBS Act. If we are unable to conclude that we has effective internal control over financial reporting, or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide an attestation and an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, investors might lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could result in a decrease in the value of our securities.

 

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Our quarterly operating  results may fluctuate significantly.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly due to seasonality and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, including negative publicly relating to our products and services, changes on customer preferences, and competitive conditions, resulting in a decline in the price of our Class A Common Stock. Any fluctuation in our operating results, especially if below the expectations of securities analysts, could adversely affect the market price of our securities. Any reduction in the market price of our securities could make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of shares of Class A common stock or other securities.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to limitations.

As of March 31, 2021, we had approximately $733.3 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income, which will begin to expire in 2026. Realization of any tax benefit from our carryforwards is dependent on our ability to generate future taxable income and the absence of certain “ownership changes” of our Class A Common Stock. An “ownership change,” as defined in the applicable federal income tax rules, could place significant limitations, on an annual basis, on the amount of our future taxable income that may be offset by our carryforwards. Such limitations, in conjunction with the net operating loss expiration provisions, could effectively eliminate our ability to utilize a substantial portion of our carryforwards. We have not conducted a study to determine whether an “ownership change” has occurred since March 31, 2021 or if: (i) the Merger will result in an “ownership change,” (ii) we have incurred one or more “ownership changes,” or (iii) the issuance of shares of our Class A Common Stock (including due to this offering) results in an “ownership change,” and if such an ownership change is deemed to have occurred, our ability to use our carryforwards may be limited. In addition, the change in ownership resulting from the Business Combination may make it more likely that we will be deemed to have undergone an “ownership change” that may have the effect of limiting our ability to use our carryforwards. Other issuances of shares of our Class A Common Stock which could cause an “ownership change” include the issuance of shares of Class A Common Stock upon future conversion or exercise of outstanding options and warrants or future Class A Common Stock offerings. If we have experienced or do experience an ownership change at any time since our formation, use of our net operating loss carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 or 383 of the Code. Such a limitation would be determined by first multiplying the value of our outstanding shares at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term, tax-exempt rate. A current estimate of the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate is 1%. In addition, the Code regulations allow the annual limitation to be increased by certain adjustments, which, for us, would primarily relate to recognized built-in gains on appreciated assets during the five-year recognition period beginning on the ownership change date.

Our Warrants are accounted for as liabilities and the changes in fair value of our warrants could have a material effect on our financial results.

On April 12, 2021, the SEC issued a statement (the “Statement”) discussing the accounting implications of certain terms that are common in warrants issued by special purpose acquisition companies. In light of the Statement and guidance in ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity,” VGAC’s management evaluated the terms of the Warrant Agreement entered into in connection with its initial public offering and concluded that its Warrants include provisions that, based on the Statement, preclude the Warrants from being classified as components of equity. As a result, we have classified the Warrants as liabilities. Under this accounting treatment, we are required to measure the fair value of the Warrants at the end of each reporting period and recognize changes in the fair value from the prior period in our operating results for the current period. As a result of the recurring fair value measurement, our financial statements and results of operations may fluctuate quarterly based on factors which are outside our control. We expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses due to the quarterly valuation of our Warrants and that such gains or losses could be material.

 

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We have incurred significant losses since inception, we expect to incur losses in the future, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we incurred net losses of $183.6 million, $250.9 million and $183.5 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $977.2 million. We expect to incur substantial operating losses in future periods.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue to expand therapeutic research and development efforts, develop drugs with collaborators or on our own, enhance our existing consumer products, services and business model, broaden our customer base, work with the FDA and other regulatory agencies, and hire additional employees to support our growth. Historically, we have devoted most of our financial resources to the research and development of our PGS, as well as our Therapeutics business, which we launched in April 2015. The discovery and development of safe and effective therapies is a complex and uncertain process, which takes many years and involves significant costs. We may not succeed in increasing our revenues, which historically have been reliant on sales of our PGS, in a manner that will be sufficient to offset these higher expenses. Any failure to increase our revenues as we implement initiatives to grow our business could prevent us from achieving profitability. We cannot be certain that we will be able to achieve profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we are unable to address these risks and difficulties as we encounter them, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

We have incurred and will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

As a public company, we are subject to enhanced internal controls standards have incurred and will continue to incur increased legal, accounting and other costs not incurred as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq regulate the corporate governance practices of public companies. Compliance with these requirements has increased and will continue increase our expenses and make some activities more time-consuming than they have been in the past when we were a private company. Such additional costs going forward could negatively affect our financial results.

Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. Any change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change.

We are subject to changing laws and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance, and public disclosure that have increased our costs and the risk of non-compliance.

We are subject to rules and regulations by various governing bodies, including, for example, the SEC, which are charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded, and to new and evolving regulatory measures under applicable law. Our efforts to comply with new and changing laws and regulations have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention.

Moreover, because these laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance becomes available. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices. If we fail to address and comply with these regulations and any subsequent changes, we may be subject to penalty and our business may be harmed.

 

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Additional Risks Relating to Ownership of Company Securities

The price of Class A Common Stock and our warrants may be volatile.

The price of Class A Common Stock and our warrants may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

 

   

changes in the industries in which we and our customers operate;

 

   

variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;

 

   

material and adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the markets and the broader global economy;

 

   

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual results of operation;

 

   

publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;

 

   

the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements, and our filings with the SEC;

 

   

our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market;

 

   

additions and departures of key personnel;

 

   

changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

 

   

commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving us;

 

   

changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of additional debt;

 

   

the volume of shares of Class A Common Stock available for public sale;

 

   

sales of shares of Class A Common Stock by the PIPE Investors; and

 

   

general economic and political conditions such as recessions, interest rates, fuel prices, foreign currency fluctuations, international tariffs, social, political, and economic risks, and acts of war or terrorism.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of Class A Common Stock and our warrants regardless of our operating performance.

Warrants will become exercisable for Class A Common Stock, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

Outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 25,065,665 shares of Class A Common Stock will become exercisable in accordance with the terms of the warrant agreement governing those securities 30 days after the completion of the Business Combination or July 16, 2021. The exercise price of these warrants will be $11.50 per share. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of Class A Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of Class A Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the prevailing market prices of Class A Common Stock. However, there is no guarantee that the Public Warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the warrants may expire worthless. See below risk factor, “The Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of the warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment.”

 

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The Public Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless and the terms of the Warrants may be amended in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding public warrants approve of such amendment.

The Warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision or correct any mistake, but requires the approval by the holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the Public Warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the Public Warrants with the consent of at least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the Warrants, convert the Warrants into cash, shorten the exercise period, or decrease the number of shares of Class A Common Stock purchasable upon exercise of a Warrant.

We may redeem your unexpired warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your warrants worthless.

We have the ability to redeem outstanding warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the last reported sales price of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share subdivisions, share dividends, rights issuances, subdivisions, reorganizations, recapitalizations, and the like) for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date we send the notice of redemption to the warrantholders. If and when the warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding warrants could force you to: (i) exercise your warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so; (ii) sell your warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your warrants; or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of your warrants.

In addition, we may redeem your warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration at a price of $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption provided that holders will be able to exercise their warrants prior to redemption for a number of Class A Common Stock determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of Class A Common Stock. The value received upon exercise of the warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the warrants. None of the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by us, subject to certain circumstances, so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees.

Our dual-class structure may impact the stock price of Class A Common Stock.

We cannot predict whether our dual-class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of Class A Common Stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. In July 2017, FTSE Russell and S&P Dow Jones announced that they would cease to allow most newly-public companies utilizing dual or multi-class capital structures to be included in their indices. Affected indices include the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400, and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500. Beginning in 2017, MSCI, a leading stock index provider, opened public consultations on their treatment of no-vote and multi-class structures and temporarily barred new multi-class listings from certain of its indices; however, in October 2018, MSCI announced its decision to include equity securities “with unequal voting structures” in its indices and to launch a new index that specifically includes

 

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voting rights in its eligibility criteria. Under the announced policies, our dual-class capital structure makes us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not invest in Class A Common Stock. These policies are still fairly new and it is unclear what effect, if any, they will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from the indices, but it is possible that they may depress these valuations compared to those of other similar companies that are included. Because of our dual-class structure, we will likely be excluded from certain of these indices and we cannot assure you that other stock indices will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make shares of Class A Common Stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of shares of Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to “emerging growth companies,” this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any September 30th before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following March 31st. We expect that we will remain an emerging growth company until March 31, 2022. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We may incur debt or assume contingent or other liabilities or dilute our stockholders in connection with acquisitions or strategic alliances.

We may issue equity securities to pay for future acquisitions or strategic alliances, which could be dilutive to existing stockholders. We may also incur debt or assume contingent or other liabilities in connection with

 

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acquisitions and strategic alliances, which could impose restrictions on our business operations and harm our operating results. Further, any additional equity financing, debt financing, or credit facility used for such acquisitions may not be on favorable terms, and any such financing or facility may place restrictions on our business. In addition, to the extent that the economic benefits associated with any of our acquisitions diminish in the future, we may incur incremental operating losses, and we may be required to record additional write downs of goodwill, intangible assets or other assets associated with such acquisitions, which would adversely affect our operating results.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for Class A Common Stock to decline.

The sale of shares of Class A Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of Class A Common Stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

As any restrictions on resale end, the market price of the Class A Common Stock could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of Class A Common Stock or other securities.

In addition, Class A Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, lock-up provisions, and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. The aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our Incentive Equity Plan is 96,766,864. The Compensation Committee of the Board may determine the exact number of shares to be reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans at its discretion. We will file one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of Class A Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to our Equity Incentive Plan. Any such Form S-8 registration statements will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

Nasdaq may delist our securities from trading on its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our securities and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

Currently, Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are publicly traded on Nasdaq under the symbols ME and MEUSW, respectively. We cannot assure you that our securities will continue to be listed on Nasdaq. In order to continue listing our securities on Nasdaq, we will be required to maintain certain financial, distribution and stock price levels. Generally, we will be required to maintain a minimum amount in stockholders’ equity (generally $2,500,000 for companies trading on The Nasdaq Global Select Market) and a minimum number of holders of our securities (generally 300 public holders).

If Nasdaq delists our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

 

   

a limited availability of market quotations for our securities;

 

   

reduced liquidity for our securities;

 

   

a determination that the Class A Common Stock is a “penny stock” which will require brokers trading in Class A Common Stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities;

 

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a limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

 

   

a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Since Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed on Nasdaq, they are covered securities. Although the states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. If we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.

Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on Class A Common Stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on shares of the Class A Common Stock will be at the sole discretion of our Board. Our Board may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax, and regulatory restrictions, implications on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as our Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is limited by covenants of our existing and outstanding indebtedness and may be limited by covenants of any future indebtedness we incur. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in Class A Common Stock unless you sell the Class A Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our stock or our sector, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for Class A Common Stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about the us or our business. We will not control these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who do cover us downgrade our stock or industry, or the stock of any of our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Delaware law and our governing documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our governing documents and the DGCL contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by the Board and therefore depress the trading price of Class A Common Stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of the Board or taking other corporate actions. Among other things, our governing documents include provisions regarding:

 

   

a classified board of directors;

 

   

the dual-class structure that provides for Class B Common Stock being entitled to ten votes per share;

 

   

the ability of the Board to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

 

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the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers;

 

   

the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may only be called by a majority of the entire Board, the Chairman of the Board, or our Chief Executive Officer, which could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

 

   

controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of Board and stockholder meetings;

 

   

the ability of the Board to amend the Bylaws, which may allow the Board to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the Bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and

 

   

advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to the Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in the Board, and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in the Board or management, that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests.

In addition, the Charter includes a provision substantially similar to Section 203 of the DGCL, which may prohibit certain stockholders holding 15% or more of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations with VGAC for a specified period of time.

Our Charter designates a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, stockholders, employees, or agents.

Our Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, employee, or agent of the Company to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our Charter or Bylaws (as either may be amended from time to time), or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The forgoing provisions do not apply to any claims arising under the Securities Act and, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any action asserting a claim arising under the Securities Act.

These choice of forum provisions in our Charter may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the Class A Common Stock and Warrants offered by the Selling Holders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the Selling Holders for their respective accounts. The Company will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.

The Company will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $288,255,148 from the exercise of the Warrants, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Warrants for cash. The Company expects to use the net proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants for general corporate purposes. The Company will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants. There is no assurance that the holders of the Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of such Warrants.

The Selling Holders will pay any underwriting fees, discounts and selling commissions incurred by such Selling Holders in disposing of their Class A Common Stock. Pursuant to a registration rights agreement entered into by the Company, Sponsor and certain other stockholders of the Company, the Company will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the Class A Common Stock covered by this prospectus, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of counsel and independent registered public accountants.

 

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DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

The offering price of the shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the Warrants offered hereby is determined by reference to the exercise price of the Warrants of $11.50 per share. The Public Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “MEUSW.”

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which shares of Class A Common Stock may be sold by the Selling Holders under this prospectus.

 

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MARKET INFORMATION FOR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Market Information

Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on the Nasdaq under the symbols “ME” and “MEUSW,” respectively. Prior to the consummation of the Merger, VGAC Class A ordinary shares and VGAC warrants were listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “VGACU,” “VGAC,” and “VGACW,” respectively. As of June 30, 2021, there were 92,672,510 holders of record of Class A Common Stock and 16,951,666 holders of record of our Public Warrants.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on Class A Common Stock or the Warrants to date. The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) may from time to time consider whether or not to institute a dividend policy. It is our present intention to retain any earnings for use in our business operations and accordingly, we do not anticipate the Board declaring any dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our Board. Further, our ability to declare dividends will also be limited by restrictive covenants contained in our debt agreements.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Incentive Equity Plan and ESPP

On June 10, 2021, at an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders of VGAC (the “Shareholder Meeting”), the shareholders of VGAC considered and approved the 23andMe Holding Co. 2021 Incentive Equity Plan (the “Incentive Equity Plan”) and the 23andMe Holding Co. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The Incentive Equity Plan and the ESPP became effective on the Closing Date.

The Incentive Equity Plan authorizes the issuance or transfer of up to 136,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock. This authorized amount represents the sum of (i) approximately 17% of the fully diluted capitalization of the Company after giving effect to the Merger (which 17% includes the number of shares of Class A Common Stock necessary to permit the exercise of all unvested options to acquire 23andMe, Inc. Class A common stock and 23andMe, Inc. Class B common stock that were assumed in connection with the Merger), plus (ii) the number of shares of Class A Common Stock necessary to permit the exercise of all vested options to acquire 23andMe, Inc. Class A common stock and 23andMe, Inc. Class B common stock that were assumed in connection with the Merger. Additionally, the Incentive Equity Plan contains an evergreen provision, pursuant to which, commencing with the first business day of each calendar year beginning in 2022, the aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock that may be issued or transferred under the Incentive Equity Plan shall be increased by a number equal to the least of (x) 22,839,019 million shares of Class A Common Stock, (y) 3.0% of the aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, taken together, outstanding as of the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year, or (z) such lesser number of shares of Class A Common Stock as may be determined by the Compensation Committee (as defined below).

The ESPP reserves for issuance 2% of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, taken together, outstanding as of the Closing Date. The ESPP provides that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance thereunder will automatically increase on January 1, 2023 and each January 1 thereafter by an amount equal to 1% of the aggregate number of shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31; provided, however, in no event will any annual increase exceed 5,000,000 shares or such lesser number of shares determined by the Board in its discretion.

 

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X as amended by the final rule, Release 33-10786 “Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses” and present the historical financial statements of VG Acquisition Corp. (“VGAC”) and 23andMe, Inc., adjusted to reflect the Business Combination. VGAC and 23andMe, Inc. shall collectively be referred to herein as the “Companies.” VGAC, subsequent to the Business Combination, and on a consolidated basis with 23andMe, Inc., shall be referred to herein as the “Company.”

The unaudited pro forma combined balance sheet as of March 31, 2021 combines the historical consolidated balance sheet of VGAC as of March 31, 2021 with the historical consolidated balance sheet of 23andMe, Inc. as of March 31, 2021 on a pro forma basis as if the Business Combination and the other events contemplated by the Merger Agreement, summarized below, had been consummated on March 31, 2021.

Prior to the Business Combination, VGAC and 23andMe, Inc. had different fiscal years. VGAC’s fiscal year ended on December 31, whereas the fiscal year of 23andMe (prior to the Business Combination) and the Company (following the Business Combination) ends on March 31. The unaudited pro forma combined statement of operations for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 combines the historical unaudited statement of operations of VGAC for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 with the historical audited consolidated statement of operations of 23andMe, Inc. for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021. VGAC’s financial results for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 have been derived by adding its unaudited results of operations for the nine months ended December 31, 2020 to its unaudited results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The unaudited pro forma combined statement of operations for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 has been prepared utilizing period ends that differ by less than 93 days, as permitted by Rule 11-02 Regulation S-X. The unaudited pro forma combined consolidated statement of operations are presented on a pro forma basis as if the Business Combination and the other events contemplated by the Merger Agreement, as summarized below, had been consummated on April 1, 2020.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information was derived from the following historical financial statements and the accompanying notes:

 

   

the (a) historical unaudited financial statements of VGAC as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2021, and (b) historical unaudited consolidated financial statements of VGAC for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, which were derived from the accounting records used to prepare the historical audited consolidated financial statements of VGAC as of and for the period from February 19, 2020 (Inception) through December 31, 2020 and

 

   

The historical audited consolidated financial statements of 23andMe, Inc. as of and for the year ended March 31, 2021.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial statements have been presented for illustrative purposes only and do not necessarily reflect what the Company’s financial condition or results of operations would have been had the Business Combination occurred on the dates indicated. Further, the unaudited pro forma combined financial information also may not be useful in predicting the future financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The actual financial position and results of operations may differ significantly from the pro forma amounts reflected herein due to a variety of factors. The unaudited pro forma adjustments represent management’s estimates based on information available as of the date of these unaudited pro forma combined financial statements and are subject to change as additional information becomes available and analyses are performed.

Business Combination

On February 4, 2021, VGAC, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Chrome Merger Sub, Inc. (“Merger Sub”), entered into the Merger Agreement, with 23andMe, Inc. The Business Combination was completed on June 16, 2021.

 

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(i) VGAC became a Delaware corporation (the “Domestication”) and, in connection with the Domestication,

(A) VGAC’s name changed to “23andMe Holding Co.” (referred to as the “Company” following the Business Combination),

(B) each then-issued and outstanding Class A ordinary share of VGAC converted automatically into one share of Class A Common Stock of 23andMe Holding Co. (the “Company Class A Common Stock”),

(C) each then-issued and outstanding Class B ordinary share of VGAC converted automatically into one share of Company Class A Common Stock, and

(D) each then-issued and outstanding common warrant of VGAC converted automatically into one warrant to purchase one share of Company Class A Common Stock; and

(ii) following the Domestication, VGAC Merger Sub merged with and into 23andMe, Inc., with 23andMe, Inc. as the surviving company in the merger and, after giving effect to such merger, continuing as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). The Domestication, the Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement are hereinafter referred to as the “Business Combination.”

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company adopted a dual class stock structure pursuant to which:

(i) the Class A ordinary shares and the Class B ordinary shares of VGAC outstanding prior to the Business Combination were converted into Class A Common Stock, have one vote per share, and

(ii) the shares of 23andMe, Inc. Class A Common Stock outstanding prior to the Business Combination were exchanged, at the Share Conversion Ratio set forth in the Merger Agreement, for shares of Class A Common Stock, which have one vote per share, and the Class B Common shares of 23andMe, Inc. outstanding prior to the Business Combination were exchanged, at the Share Conversion Ratio set forth in the Merger Agreement, for shares of Class B Common Stock, which have 10 votes per share. Shares of Class B Common Stock are subject to automatic conversion to a like number of shares of Class A Common Stock upon any transfers (except for certain permitted transfers).

 

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA COMBINED BALANCE SHEET

AS OF MARCH 31, 2021

(in thousands)

 

     VGAC
(Historical)
     23andMe
(Historical)
     Transaction
Accounting
Adjustments
         Pro Forma
Combined
 

ASSETS

             

Current assets:

             

Cash

   $ 81      $ 282,489      $ 508,732     (A)    $ 810,103  
           (17,799   (B)   
           (38,737   (D)   
           (1,927   (K)   
           244,000     (C)   
           (166,736   (L)   

Restricted cash

     —          1,399        —            1,399  

Accounts receivable, net

     —          2,481        —            2,481  

Inventories

     —          6,239        —            6,239  

Deferred costs of revenue

     —          5,482        —            5,482  

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

     377        15,485        (3,971   (D)      11,891  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

      

 

 

 

Total current assets

     458        313,575        523,562          837,595  

Investments and cash held in Trust Account

     508,732        —          (508,732   (A)      —    

Property and equipment, net

     —          60,884        —            60,884  

Operating lease right-of-use assets

     —          63,122        —            63,122  

Restricted cash, noncurrent

     —          6,974        —            6,974  

Internal-use software, net

     —          6,889        —            6,889  

Other assets

     —          654        —            654  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

      

 

 

 

TOTAL ASSETS

   $ 509,190      $ 452,098      $ 14,830        $ 976,118  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

      

 

 

 

LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

             

Current Liabilities:

             

Accounts payable

   $ —      $ 12,271      $ —          $ 12,271  

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

     1,627        31,953        (1,627   (K)      31,953  

Deferred revenue

     —          71,255        —            71,255  

Operating lease liabilities

     —          6,140        —            6,140  

Current liabilities—Advances from related party

     300        —          (300   (K)      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

      

 

 

 

Total current liabilities

     1,927        121,619        (1,927        121,619  

Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent

     —          87,582        —            87,582  

Other liabilities

     —          1,165        —            1,165  

Warrant liability

     44,402        —          —            44,402  

Deferred underwriting fee payable

     17,799        —          (17,799   (B)      —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

      

 

 

 

Total liabilities

     64,128        210,366        (19,726        254,768  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

      

 

 

 

Class A subject to possible redemption

     440,062        —          (440,062   (E)      —    

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

     —          837,351        (837,351   (F)      —    

Stockholders’ equity (deficit):

             

VGAC Class A Ordinary Shares

     1        —          4     (E)      —    
           (5   (H)   

 

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     VGAC
(Historical)
    23andMe
(Historical)
    Transaction
Accounting
Adjustments
         Pro Forma
Combined
 

VGAC Class B Ordinary Shares

     1       —         (1   (H)      —    

Class A common stock

     —         —         250     (C)      927  
         636     (H)   
         208     (I)   
         (167   (L)   

Class B common stock

     —         —         1     (F)      3,138  
         3,137     (G)   

Additional paid-in capital

     30,305       381,619       440,058     (E)      1,694,523  
         837,350     (F)   
         (3,137   (G)   
         (630   (H)   
         (208   (I)   
         (25,307   (J)   
         (42,708   (D)   
         243,750     (C)   
         (166,569   (L)   

Accumulated deficit

     (25,307     (977,238     25,307     (J)      (977,238
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

      

 

 

 

Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)

     5,000       (595,619     1,311,969          721,350  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

      

 

 

 

TOTAL LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK, AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

   $ 509,190     $ 452,098     $ 14,830        $ 976,118  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

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UNAUDITED PRO FORMA COMBINED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2021

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

 

    Nine
Months
Ended
December 31,
2020
    Three
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
    Twelve
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
    Twelve
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
                Twelve
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
 
    VGAC
(Historical)
    VGAC
(Historical)
    VGAC
(Historical)
    23andMe
(Historical)
    Transaction
Accounting
Adjustments
          Pro Forma
Combined
 

Revenue

  $ —       $ —       $ —       $ 243,920     $ —         $ 243,920  

Cost of revenue

    —         —         —         126,914       —           126,914  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

Gross profit

    —         —         —         117,006       —           117,006  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

Operating expenses:

            —        

Research and development

    —         —         —         159,856       —           159,856  

Sales and marketing

    —         —         —         43,197       —           43,197  

General and administrative

    960       2,674       3,634       99,149       —           102,783  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

    960       2,674       3,634       302,202       —           305,836  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

Loss from Operations

    (960     (2,674     (3,634     (185,196     —           (188,830

Interest and other income, net

    95       87       182       1,577       (182     (AA     1,577  

Change in fair value of warrant liability

    (47,728     25,883       (21,845     —         —           (21,845
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

Net and comprehensive income (loss)

  $ (48,593   $ 23,296     $ (25,297   $ (183,619   $ (182     $ (209,098
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

Weighted average shares of VGAC Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding – basic and diluted

    50,592,471       50,855,000       50,725,960          

Net income per share of VGAC Class A Ordinary Shares – basic and diluted

  $ 0.00     $ 0.00     $ 0.00          

Weighted average shares of VGAC Class B Ordinary Shares outstanding – basic and diluted

    12,713,750       12,713,750       12,713,750          

Net income (loss) per share of VGAC Class B Ordinary Shares – basic and diluted

  $ (3.83   $ 1.83     $ (2.00        

Weighted average shares of 23andMe Class A Common Stock outstanding – basic and diluted

          8,771,824           92,655,484  

Net loss per share of 23andMe Class A Common Stock – basic and diluted

        $ (4.23       $ (0.51

 

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    Nine
Months
Ended
December 31,
2020
    Three
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
    Twelve
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
    Twelve
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
                Twelve
Months
Ended
March 31,
2021
 
    VGAC
(Historical)
    VGAC
(Historical)
    VGAC
(Historical)
    23andMe
(Historical)
    Transaction
Accounting
Adjustments
          Pro Forma
Combined
 

Weighted average shares of 23andMe Class B Common Stock outstanding – basic and diluted

          34,678,002                      313,759,355  

Net loss per share of 23andMe Class B Common Stock- basic and diluted

        $ (4.23       $ (0.51

NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA COMBINED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Note 1 – Description of the Business Combination

On February 04, 2021, VGAC, together with Merger Sub, entered into the Merger Agreement with 23andMe, Inc. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into 23andMe, Inc., with 23andMe, Inc. surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of VGAC. At Closing, VGAC changed its name to 23andMe Holding Co. (the “Company”). Following the Closing, (a) the Company owns all the equity interests of 23andMe, Inc. and (b) the former equity holders of 23andMe, Inc. hold a portion of the outstanding Company Class A Common Stock and all of the outstanding Company Class B Common Stock.

The aggregate consideration for the Business Combination included common stock consideration, after giving effect to the Share Conversion Ratio, as follows:

 

(in thousands, except for share amounts)

      

Class A and Class B Common Stock transferred at Closing

     334,513,150  

Value Per Share (1)

   $ 10.00  
  

 

 

 

Total Common Stock Consideration

   $ 3,345,132  
  

 

 

 

 

(1)

The value of 23andMe, Inc. common stock transferred at closing is assumed to be $10.00 per share. The Business Combination is expected to be accounted for as a reverse recapitalization and therefore any change in the trading price of VGAC between the signing of the Merger Agreement and the Closing is not expected to impact the pro forma financial statements because the net assets of VGAC acquired at Closing were recorded at their carrying values.

The unaudited pro forma combined information contained herein reflects VGAC’s shareholders approval of the Merger Transaction on June 10, 2021, and that VGAC’s public shareholders holding 16,667,061 VGAC Class A ordinary shares elected to redeem their shares prior to the Closing. The following summarizes the pro forma Common Stock of the Company issued and outstanding immediately after the Business Combination, after giving effect to the Share Conversion Ratio:

 

     Pro Forma
Combined
     %  

VGAC Shareholders

     34,187,939        8.4

Sponsor (1)

     12,713,750        3.1

PIPE Investors

     25,000,000        6.2

23andMe Class A Stockholders (2)

     20,753,795        5.1

23andMe Class B Stockholders (2) (3)

     313,759,355        77.2
  

 

 

    

Pro Forma Common Stock

     406,414,839     
  

 

 

    

 

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(1)

Includes 3,814,125 shares held by the Sponsor that are subject to a lockup for seven years as of the Closing. The lockup has an early release effective (i) with respect to 50% of the shares upon the closing price of the Class A Common Stock equaling or exceeding $12.50 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period and (ii) with respect to the other 50% of the shares, upon the closing price of the Class A Common Stock equaling or exceeding $15.00 per share for any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period. The remaining 8,899,625 shares cannot be transferred (subject to certain limited exceptions) until the earlier to occur of (i) one year after the completion of the Business Combination or (ii) the date following the completion of the Business Combination on which the Company completes a liquidation, merger, share exchange or other similar transaction that results in all of the shareholders having the right to exchange their ordinary shares for cash, securities or other property. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the closing price of the Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Business Combination, 8,899,625 of the Founder Shares will be released from the lock-up.

 

(2)

Shares of Class B Common Stock carry ten votes per share whereas shares of Class A Common Stock have one vote per share. The Class B Common Stock is subject to automatic conversion to Class A Common Stock upon any transfers of Class B Common Stock (except for certain permitted transfers).

 

(3)

Includes 91,198,378 shares of 23andMe, Inc. redeemable convertible preferred stock, which converted into shares of 23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock immediately prior to the Closing and were exchanged for Class B Common Stock at the Share Conversion Ratio pursuant to the Merger.

Note 2 — Basis of the Pro Forma Presentation

The Business Combination is expected to be accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). VGAC will be treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes and 23andMe has been determined to be the accounting acquirer. Accordingly, the Business Combination will be treated as the equivalent of 23andMe issuing stock for the net assets of VGAC, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of the Company are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination are those of 23andMe, Inc.

23andMe, Inc. was determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

 

   

The prior stockholders of 23andMe, Inc. hold a relative majority of the voting power of the Company;

 

   

At Closing, the Board comprised seven members, of whom six individuals were designated by 23andMe, Inc.;

 

   

The senior managers of 23andMe, Inc. comprise the senior management roles of the Company and are responsible for the day-to-day operations;

 

   

The Company assumed the 23andMe name; and

 

   

The intended strategy and operations of the Company will continue the strategy of 23andMe, Inc.

The unaudited pro forma combined balance sheet as of March 31, 2021 assumes that the Business Combination occurred on March 31, 2021. The unaudited pro forma combined statements of operations for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 present pro forma effect to the Business Combination as if it had been completed on April 1, 2020.

 

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The unaudited pro forma combined financial information was derived from the following historical financial statements and the accompanying notes:

 

   

the (a) historical unaudited financial statements of VGAC as of and for the three months ended March 31,2021, and (b) historical unaudited consolidated financial statements of VGAC for the nine months ended December 31, 2020, which were derived from the accounting records used to prepare the historical audited consolidated financial statements of VGAC as of and for the period from February 19, 2020 (Inception) through December 31, 2020 and,

 

   

The historical audited consolidated financial statements of 23andMe, Inc. as of and for the year ended March 31, 2021.

Management has made significant estimates and assumptions in its determination of the pro forma adjustments. As the unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared based on these preliminary estimates, the final amounts recorded may differ materially from the information presented.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information does not give effect to any anticipated synergies, operating efficiencies, tax savings, or cost savings that may be associated with the Business Combination.

The pro forma adjustments reflecting the consummation of the Business Combination are based on certain currently available information and certain assumptions and methodologies that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The unaudited pro forma adjustments, which are described in the accompanying notes, may be revised as additional information becomes available and is evaluated. Therefore, it is likely that the actual adjustments will differ from the pro forma adjustments and it is possible the difference may be material. The Company believes that its assumptions and methodologies provide a reasonable basis for presenting all of the significant effects of the Business Combination based on information available to management at this time and that the pro forma adjustments give appropriate effect to those assumptions and are properly applied in the unaudited pro forma combined financial information.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information is not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operations and financial position would have been had the Business Combination taken place on the dates indicated, nor are they indicative of the future consolidated results of operations or financial position of the post-combination company. They should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and notes thereto of the Company.

Note 3—Accounting Policies

As part of the preparation of these unaudited pro forma combined financial statements, certain reclassifications were made to align VGAC’s and 23andMe, Inc.’s financial statement presentation, each as identified in Note 4 below. Following completion of the Business Combination, the Company’s e management will perform a comprehensive review of VGAC’s and 23andMe, Inc.’s accounting policies. As a result of such review, management may identify differences between the accounting policies of the two entities which, when conformed, could have a material impact on the financial statements of the Company. Based on its initial analysis, the Company has not identified any presentation differences that would have a material impact on the unaudited pro forma combined financial information.

Note 4—Pro Forma Adjustments

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared to illustrate the effect of the Business Combination and has been prepared for informational purposes only.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information has been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X as amended by the final rule, Release No. 33-10786 “Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses.” Release No. 33-10786 replaces the existing pro forma adjustment criteria with simplified requirements to depict the accounting for the transaction (“Transaction Accounting

 

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Adjustments”) and present the reasonably estimable synergies and other transaction effects that have occurred or are reasonably expected to occur (“Management’s Adjustments”). The Company has elected not to present Management’s Adjustments and will only be presenting Transaction Accounting Adjustments in the following unaudited pro forma combined financial information.

VGAC and 23andMe, Inc. did not have any historical relationship prior to the Business Combination. Accordingly, no pro forma adjustments were required to eliminate activities between the companies.

The pro forma combined provision for income taxes does not necessarily reflect the amounts that would have resulted had the post-combination company filed consolidated income tax returns during the periods presented.

The pro forma basic and diluted earnings per share amounts presented in the unaudited pro forma combined statements of operations are based upon the number of the post-combination company’s shares outstanding, assuming the Business Combination occurred on April 1, 2020.

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Balance Sheet

The adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma combined balance sheet as of March 31, 2021 are as follows:

 

  (A)

The reclassification of $508.7 million of cash held in the VGAC Trust Account that becomes available at Closing.

 

  (B)

The settlement of $17.8 million of VGAC’s deferred underwriting fees payable.

 

  (C)

In connection with the signing of the Merger Agreement, VGAC entered into subscription agreements with certain investors (the “PIPE Investors”). Pursuant to the Subscription Agreements, the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and VGAC agreed to issue and sell to such investors 25.0 million shares of Class A Common Stock with par value of $0.0001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of $250.0 million to be offset by the PIPE fee of $6.0 million. The costs related to the issuance of the PIPE Investment are adjusted against additional paid in capital.

 

  (D)

The settlement of approximately $42.7 million of transaction costs at close in connection with the merger, offset by $4.0 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

 

  (E)

The reclassification of VGAC Class A ordinary shares subject to possible redemption to permanent equity at $0.01 par value.

 

  (F)

The conversion of 23andMe, Inc. redeemable convertible preferred stock into shares of 23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock, which shares were cancelled and converted into the right to receive shares of Class B Common Stock pursuant to the Share Conversion Ratio concurrent with the Closing.

 

  (G)

The conversion of 23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock into the Class B Common Stock pursuant to the Share Conversion Ratio concurrent with the Closing.

 

  (H)

The recapitalization of VGAC Class A and Class B ordinary shares converted into 63,568,750 shares of Class A Common Stock.

 

  (I)

The cancellation and conversion of 23andMe, Inc. Class A Common Stock into the right to receive shares of Class A Common Stock pursuant to the Share Conversion Ratio concurrent with the Closing.

 

  (J)

The reclassification of VGAC’s historical accumulated deficit to additional paid in capital as part of the merger.

 

  (K)

The settlement of the VGAC’s historical liabilities that will be settled at transaction close.

 

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  (L)

The redemption of 16,667,061 shares of VGAC Class A ordinary shares redeemed for $166.7 million allocated to common stock and additional paid-in capital, using a par value of $0.01 per share at a redemption price of approximately $10.00 per share.

Transaction Accounting Adjustments to Unaudited Pro Forma Combined Statements of Operations

The pro forma adjustments included in the unaudited pro forma combined statements of operations for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 are as follows:

 

  (AA)

Represents pro forma adjustment to eliminate interest income and unrealized gains (loss) on marketable securities related to the trust account.

Note 5—Loss per Share

Represents the net loss per share calculated using the historical weighted average shares outstanding, and the issuance of additional shares in connection with the Business Combination, assuming the shares were outstanding since April 1, 2020. As the Business Combination is being reflected as if it had occurred at the beginning of the periods presented, the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding for basic and diluted net loss per share assumes that the shares issuable relating to the Business Combination have been outstanding for the entire periods presented.

The unaudited pro forma combined financial information for the year ended March 31, 2021 has been prepared based on the following information:

 

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

   Year Ended
March 31, 2021
 

Pro forma net loss

   $ (209,098

Weighted average shares outstanding of Class A Common Stock

     92,655,484  

Net loss per share (Basic and Diluted) attributable to 23andMe Class A Common Stockholders

   $ (0.51

Weighted average shares outstanding of Class B Common Stock

     313,759,355  

Net loss per share (Basic and Diluted) attributable to 23andMe Class B Common Stockholders

   $ (0.51

Following the Closing, the following outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of pro forma diluted net loss per share for all the periods and scenarios presented above because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

 

VGAC warrants to purchase shares of 23andMe Class A Common Stock (1)

     25,065,665  

23andMe, Inc. Class A Options that converted into a right to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock(2)

     7,898,294  

23andMe, Inc. Class B Options that converted into a right to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock(2)

     21,476,732  
  

 

 

 

Total

     54,440,691  
  

 

 

 

 

(1)

One whole warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. The Company’s warrants are anti-dilutive on a pro forma basis and have been excluded from the diluted number of the Company’s shares outstanding at Closing.

 

(2)

All outstanding 23andMe, Inc. options at Closing, whether vested or unvested, and whether for 23andMe, Inc. Class A Common Stock or for 23andMe, Inc. Class B Common Stock, converted into options to purchase a number of shares of Class A Common Stock, determined in accordance with the Share Conversion Ratio.

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help you understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus. In connection with the Business Combination, 23andMe, Inc. was determined to be the accounting acquirer.

In addition to historical financial analysis, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, as described under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements.” Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, risks and uncertainties, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” included elsewhere (or incorporated by reference) in this Registration Statement on Form S-1. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “23andMe, Inc.,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and “the Company” are intended to mean the business and operations of 23andMe, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

Overview

Our mission is to help people access, understand and benefit from the human genome.

We pioneered direct-to-customer genetic testing through our Personal Genome Service® (“PGS”) products and services. Our PGS business provides customers with a full suite of genetic reports, including information on customers’ genetic ancestral origins, personal genetic health risks, and chances of passing on certain rare carrier conditions to their children, as well as reports on how genetics can affect responses to medications. We believe that by providing customers with direct access to their genetic information, we can empower them to make better decisions by arming them with information about their risks of developing certain diseases or conditions and by highlighting opportunities for prevention and mitigation of disease. We provide customers with an engaging experience, including access to frequent updates to their genetic health and ancestry reports and new product features, the ability to connect with genetic relatives, and, as of October 2020, a subscription option for extended health insights. Customers have the option to participate in our research programs and to date, over 80% of our customers have done so. We analyze consenting customers’ genotypic and phenotypic data to discover new insights into genetics.

Our Therapeutics business focuses on the use of genetic insights to validate and develop novel therapies to improve patients’ lives. We currently have research programs across several therapeutic areas, including oncology, respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases. In July 2018, we signed an exclusive agreement with an affiliate of GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”) to leverage genetic insights to validate, develop and commercialize promising drugs, which we refer to as the GSK Agreement. This multi-year collaboration is expected to validate novel drug targets, enable rapid progression of clinical programs, and bring useful new drugs to market.

We operate in two reporting segments: Consumer & Research Services and Therapeutics. The Consumer & Research Services segment consists of our PGS business, as well as research services that we perform under agreements with third parties, including the GSK Agreement, relating to the use of our genotypic and phenotypic data to identify promising drug targets. The Therapeutics segment consists of revenues from the out-licensing of intellectual property associated with identified drug targets and expenses related to drug candidates under clinical development. Substantially all our revenues are derived from our Consumer & Research Services segment.

 

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The table below reflects our revenue for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands):

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020      2019  

Consumer & Research Services Revenue

   $ 243,866      $ 299,907      $ 437,919  

Therapeutics Revenue

     54        5,556        2,981  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Revenue

   $ 243,920      $ 305,463      $ 440,900  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

The table below reflects our two segments’ Adjusted EBITDA (as defined below) for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in thousands).

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020      2019  

Consumer & Research Services

        

Adjusted EBITDA*

   $ 12,796      $ (65,845    $ (85,822

Therapeutics

        

Adjusted EBITDA*

   $ (58,734    $ (52,883    $ (31,776

 

*

Adjusted EBITDA is the measure of segment profitability reported to our Chief Executive Officer, the Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”). We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before net interest expense (income), other expense (income), depreciation and amortization of fixed assets, amortization of internal use software, non-cash stock-based compensation expense, and expenses related to restructuring and other charges, if applicable, for the period. See “—Adjusted EBITDA” below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss.

Recent Developments

COVID-19 Impact

We are closely monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in all aspects of our business. We rely entirely on third-party vendors in our PGS supply chain, including our PGS kit and array manufacturers, order fulfillment vendor, and our DNA-processing lab vendor. These vendors have independent responses to managing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we have not experienced any disruptions in our ability to fulfill and process PGS orders to date. In our Therapeutics segment, the advancement of our programs requires that our scientists have physical access to our laboratory facilities on a continuing basis, and we have implemented health and safety protocols and procedures to keep our laboratory facilities operating during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We have taken other measures in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including closing our offices and implementing a work from home policy for most of our workforce, suspending employee travel and in-person meetings at our facilities, and amplifying monitoring of our inventory levels and supply chain. We may take further actions that alter our business operations that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, and stockholders or as may be required by federal, state, or local authorities.

To help our customers and others during the ongoing pandemic, we created an online COVID-19 Information Center, which contains data from the US Centers for Disease Control and our own COVID-19 research study that evaluated genetic differences in both susceptibility and severity of the disease. The site includes data from both sources, offers people a place to learn more about the virus, and highlights conditions that carry added risks.

 

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Key Factors Affecting Results of Operations

We believe that our performance and future success depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and included (or incorporated by reference) in the section of this Registration Statement on Form S-1 titled “Risk Factors.”

New Customer Acquisition

Our ability to attract new customers is a key factor for the future growth of our PGS business and our database. Our historical financial performance has largely been driven by, and in the future will continue to be affected by, the rate of sales of our PGS kits. Revenue from our PGS business, primarily composed of kit sales, represented approximately 81%, 89% and 96% of our total revenues for the fiscal years ended 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In addition, kit sales are a source of subscribers to our new subscription service. We expect kit sales and our new subscription service to grow as we increase awareness of our current and new offerings in existing markets, expand into new ones, and enhance our subscription service with new features.

Purchasing patterns of our kits are largely influenced by product innovation, marketing spend and varying levels of price discounting on our products. These promotional windows have typically aligned with gift-giving portions of the year, with an emphasis on the holiday period, other gift-giving and family-oriented holidays such as Mother’s Day and Father’s Day, and Amazon Prime Day, which may change from year to year. Historically, we have experienced higher revenue in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year compared to other quarters. Over time, we expect the seasonality of our business to continue, with pronounced increases in revenue recognized in the fourth quarter. We generally incur higher sales and marketing expenses during holiday promotional periods, which have included, among others, Mother’s Day, Father’s Day and the November-December holidays. The following table sets forth our PGS revenue by quarter for the most recent three fiscal years.

 

     Q1     Q2     Q3     Q4     Full Year  

FY’21 PGS Revenue (000s)

   $ 34.7     $ 40.6     $ 44.1     $ 78.1     $ 197.5  

% of Year

     18     21     22     39     100

FY’20 PGS Revenue (000s)

   $ 66.1     $ 64.1     $ 57.0     $ 84.4     $ 271.6  

% of Year

     24     24     21     31     100

FY’19 PGS Revenue (000s)

   $ 119.5     $ 80.8     $ 75.8     $ 149.5     $ 425.5  

% of Year

     28     19     18     35     100

Engagement of Research Participants

Our ability to conduct research and grow our database depends on our customers’ willingness to consent to participate in our research. Historically, approximately 80% of our customers have consented to participate in research. These customers permit us to use their de-identified data in our research and many of them regularly respond to our research surveys, providing us with phenotypic data in addition to the genetic data from their DNA samples. We analyze this genotypic and phenotypic data and conduct genome-wide association studies and phenome-wide association studies, which enable us to determine whether particular genetic variants affect the likelihood of individuals developing certain diseases.

Our customers can withdraw their consent at any time. If a significant number of our customers were to withdraw their consent, or if the percentage of consenting customers were to decline significantly in the future, our ability to conduct research successfully could be diminished, which could adversely affect our business.

Drug Target Productivity of Our Genetics Database

Our genetics database underpins our research programs and enables us to identify drug targets with novel genetic evidence. To date, we have identified over 40 drug targets. We expect the current productivity of

 

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our genetics database to continue based on the increasing amounts of data that we expect to result from increased kit sales and customer engagement. Any significant decline in such productivity would have a negative impact on our ability to identify drug targets and ultimately to develop and commercialize new drugs.

Development of Drug Candidates

Our ability to successfully identify and develop drug candidates will determine the success of our Therapeutics business over time. Developing drug candidates with novel genetic evidence requires a significant investment of resources over a prolonged period of time, and a core part of our strategy is to continue making sustained investments in this area. We currently have over 40 programs in our pipeline.

A majority of the product candidates in our pipeline are still in preclinical stage. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant research and development costs for preclinical studies and clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will continue to constitute a significant portion of our expenses in future periods.

Collaborations

Substantially all of our research services revenues are generated from the GSK Agreement, which expires in fiscal 2023 unless extended by GSK into fiscal 2024. Additionally, all of our Therapeutics revenue for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were derived from our agreements with GSK and Almirall.

Our ability to enter into new collaboration agreements will affect our research services revenues. If we are unable to enter into additional collaboration agreements, our future research services revenue may decline.

Ability to Commercialize Our Therapeutics Products

Our ability to generate revenue from our product candidates depends on our and our collaborators’ ability to successfully complete clinical trials for our product candidates and receive regulatory approval, particularly in the United States, Europe, and other major markets.

We believe that our broad portfolio of product candidates with both novel and validated targets enhances the likelihood that our research and development efforts will yield successful product candidates. Nonetheless, we cannot be certain if any of our product candidates will receive regulatory approvals. Even if such approvals are granted, we will thereafter need to establish manufacturing and supply arrangements and engage in extensive marketing efforts and incur expenses prior to generating any revenue from such products. The ultimate commercial success of our products will depend on their acceptance by patients, the medical community and third-party payors and their ability to compete effectively with other therapies in the market.

The competitive environment is also an important factor with the commercial success of our product candidates, and our ability to successfully commercialize a product candidate will depend on whether there are competing product candidates in development or already marketed by other companies.

Expansion into New Categories

We launched our 23andMe+ subscription service in October 2020. We expect to expand into new categories with additional consumer offerings. Category expansion would allow us to increase the number of engaged customers who purchase or subscribe for additional products and services.

Success of our subscription service will depend upon our ability to acquire and retain subscribing customers over an extended period. Retention of customers will be based on the perceived value of the premium content and features they receive. If we are unable to provide sufficiently compelling new content and features, subscribers may not renew.

 

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Investments in Growth and Innovation

We expect to continue investing in our business to capitalize on market opportunities and the long-term growth of our company. We intend to make significant investments in therapeutics research and development efforts and in marketing to acquire new customers and drive brand awareness, and also expect to incur software development costs as we work to enhance our existing products, expand the depth of our subscription service and design new offerings. In addition, we expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company. The expenses we incur may vary significantly by quarter depending, for example, on when significant hiring takes place, and as we focus on building out different aspects of our business.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of 23andMe Holding Co. as of March 31, 2021 and 2020 and for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 include the accounts of 23andMe Holding Co. and its consolidated subsidiary, and were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Key Business Metrics

We monitor the following key metrics to help us evaluate our business, identify trends, formulate business plans and make strategic decisions. We believe the following metrics are useful in evaluating our business:

 

   

Customers. When we refer to our “Customers,” this means individuals who have registered a kit on our website. We view Customers as an important metric to assess our financial performance because each Customer has registered a kit and has engaged with us by providing us with their DNA sample. These Customers may be interested in purchasing additional PGS products and services or in becoming subscribers to our new 23andMe+ subscription service, especially if they consent to participate in our research. We had 11.3 million Customers as of March 31, 2021.

 

   

Consenting Customers. “Consenting Customers” are Customers who have affirmatively opted in to participate in our research program. Consenting Customers are critical to our research programs and to the continuing growth of our database, which we use to identify drug targets and to generate new and interesting additional ancestry and health reports. Moreover, Consenting Customers respond to our research surveys, providing useful phenotypic data about their traits, habits and lifestyles, which we analyze using de-identified data to determine whether a genetic variant makes an individual more or less likely to develop certain diseases. A Consenting Customer is likely to be more engaged with our brand, which may lead to the purchase of our 23andMe+ subscription service and to participation in further research studies, helping us to advance our research. Approximately 80% of our Customers are Consenting Customers who have elected to participate in our research program.

 

   

Subscribers. This metric represents the number of subscribers who have signed up for our 23andMe+ subscription service, which was launched in October 2020. We believe that 23andMe+ will position us for future growth, as the annual membership model represents a previously untapped source of recurring revenue. We are continually investing in new reports and features to provide to subscribers as part of the 23andMe+ membership, which we believe will enhance customer lifetime value as customers can make new discoveries about themselves. We believe that this, in turn, will help to scale our customer acquisition costs and create expanding network effects. As of March 31, 2021, our 23andMe+ membership base has grown to approximately 125,000 subscribers.

 

   

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is the measure of segment profitability reported to our Chief Executive Officer, the CODM. See “—Adjusted EBITDA” below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss.

 

   

Validated Drug Targets. We have seen a rapid acceleration in the discovery of genetically identified and biologically validated disease targets from the database and anticipate continued growth in the

 

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future. As of March 31, 2019, we had genetically identified and biologically validated five disease targets. As of March 31, 2020, that number increased, and we had genetically identified and biologically validated nine disease targets. As of March 31, 2021, we had genetically identified and biologically validated nineteen disease targets.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when we transfer promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Our consolidated revenue is composed primarily of sales of PGS kits to customers, as well as revenues from target discovery activities as part of our research collaborations through our Consumer & Research Services segment. Additionally, revenue is generated through our collaboration agreements in our Therapeutics segment primarily as a result of the out-licensing of intellectual property to collaboration partners.

See “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” and “—Revenue Recognition” below for a more detailed discussion of our revenue recognition policy.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue for PGS primarily consists of cost of raw materials, lab processing fees, personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, shipping and handling, and allocated overhead. Cost of revenue for research services primarily consists of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, and allocated overhead. We expect cost of revenue to increase in the foreseeable future in absolute dollars but gradually decrease as a percentage of revenue over the long term.

Our gross profit represents total revenue less our total cost of revenue, and our gross margin is our gross profit expressed as a percentage of our total revenue. Our gross profit and gross margin have been and will continue to be affected by a number of factors, including the volume of PGS kits sold, the prices we charge for our PGS products and research services, the fees we incur for lab processing PGS kits and revenues from our collaboration agreements. We expect our Consumer & Research Services gross margin to increase over the long term as subscription revenues become a higher percentage of revenue mix, although our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period. Substantially all our research services revenue is currently derived from the GSK Agreement. If we are unable to add new research services agreements, our research services revenue may decline substantially following the expiration of the GSK Agreement.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses primarily consist of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel-related expenses, which include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, is the most significant component of research and development and general and administrative expenses. Advertising and brand-related spend and personnel related expenses represent the primary components of sales and marketing expenses. Operating expenses also include allocated overhead costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses support our efforts to add new services, to add new features to our existing services, and ensure the reliability and scalability of our services. Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation associated with our research and development personnel, collaboration expenses, laboratory services and supplies costs, third-party data services, and allocated overhead.

 

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We plan to continue to invest in personnel to support our research and development efforts. We intend to make significant investments in therapeutics research and development efforts as we ramp up our clinical trials and the GSK collaboration. We expect that research and development expenses will increase on an absolute dollar basis in the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in our products, pipeline and infrastructure for long-term growth. In addition, our research and development expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period due to the timing and amount of these expenses.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of advertising costs, personnel-related expenses, and outside services. Outside services are primarily related to sales consultants that support sales of PGS kits.

Advertising costs consist primarily of direct expenses related to television and radio advertising, including production and branding, paid search, online display advertising, direct mail, and affiliate programs. Advertising production costs are expensed the first time the advertising takes place, and all other advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Deferred advertising costs primarily consist of vendor payments made in advance to secure media spots across varying media channels, as well as production costs incurred before the first time the advertising takes place. Deferred advertising costs are expensed on the first date the advertisements occur.

We expect our sales and marketing expenses to gradually decrease as a percentage of revenue over the long term, although our sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period due to promotional strategies that drive the timing and amount of these expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related expenses associated with corporate management, including our CEO office, finance, legal, compliance, regulatory and other administrative personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include professional fees for external legal, accounting and other consulting services, as well as credit card processing fees related to PGS kit sales.

We expect general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we increase headcount with the growth of our business. We also expect general and administrative expenses to increase in the near term as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses associated with compliance with SEC rules and regulations, and related increases in legal, audit, insurance, investor relations, professional services and other administrative expenses. However, we anticipate general and administrative expenses to gradually decrease as a percentage of revenue over the long term, although it may fluctuate as a percentage of total revenue from period to period due to the timing and amount of these expenses.

Restructuring and Other Charges

Restructuring and other charges consists of costs directly associated with exit or disposal activities. Such costs include employee severance and termination benefits, contract termination fees and penalties, impairment associated with long-lived assets, and other exit or disposal costs.

Interest and Other Income, Net

Interest and other income, net primarily consists of interest income earned on our cash deposits, and other non-operating income and expenditures.

 

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Results of Operations

Comparisons for fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the dollar and percentage change between the two periods (dollars in thousands):

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020      $ Change      % Change  

Revenue

   $ 243,920      $ 305,463      $ (61,543      (20 )% 

Cost of revenue(1)(2)

     126,914        168,031        (41,117      (24 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Gross profit

     117,006        137,432        (20,426      (15 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Operating expenses:

           

Research and development(1)(2)

     159,856        181,276        (21,420      (12 )% 

Sales and marketing(1)(2)

     43,197        110,519        (67,322      (61 )% 

General and administrative(1)(2)(3)

     99,149        59,392        39,757        67

Restructuring and other charges(1)

     —          44,692        (44,692      (100 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Total operating expenses

     302,202        395,879        (93,677      (24 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Loss from operations

     (185,196      (258,447      73,251        (28 )% 

Interest and other income, net

     1,577        7,584        (6,007      (79 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Net loss

   $ (183,619    $ (250,863    $ 67,244        (27 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

(1)

Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020  

Cost of revenue

   $ 858      $ 733  

Research and development

     21,771        16,524  

Sales and marketing

     4,081        3,988  

General and administrative

     59,986        18,932  

Restructuring and other charges

     —          881  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

   $ 86,696      $ 41,058  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Includes stock-based compensation expense related to secondary sale transactions as follows:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020  

Cost of revenue

   $ 2      $ 15  

Research and development

     48        2,510  

Sales and marketing

     9        360  

General and administrative

     1,670        895  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

   $ 1,729      $ 3,780  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021     2020  
     (as a percentage of total revenue)  

Revenue

     100     100

Cost of revenue

     52     55

Gross profit

     48     45

Operating expenses:

    

Research and development

     65     59

Sales and marketing

     18     36

General and administrative

     41     19

Restructuring and other charges

     0     15

Total operating expenses

     124     129

Loss from operations

     (76 )%      (84 )% 

Interest and other income, net

     1     2

Net loss

     (75 )%      (82 )% 

Revenue

Total revenue decreased by $61.5 million, or 20%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was due primarily to a decrease in consumer services revenue of $74.1 million, driven mainly by a reduction in the volume of PGS kit sales. This decrease resulted from a decline in consumer demand, reductions in advertising and brand-related expenditures due to our strategic decisions during fiscal year 2021 to decrease our marketing spending and discounting in an effort to reduce our losses, and further reductions in these expenditures due to our uncertainty about the impact of the pandemic on our business, along with our strategic decision to consolidate the sales channel network by terminating certain retail contracts at the end of fiscal year 2020. Additionally, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, we realized minimal collaboration revenue in our Therapeutics segment, compared to revenues of $5.6 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 from out-licensing of intellectual property under our agreements with GSK and Almirall. These reductions in consumer service and collaboration revenues were partially offset by an $18.1 million increase in research services revenue due to the number of hours spent by our personnel on target discovery activities during the period under the GSK Agreement.

Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Total cost of revenue decreased by $41.1 million, or 24%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The decrease in cost of revenue was due primarily to a $45.7 million reduction in costs related to consumer services revenue, driven mainly by a reduction in the volume of PGS kits sold during fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. This decrease was partially offset by a $4.6 million year-over-year increase in costs associated with drug target discovery activities under the GSK collaboration.

Our gross profit declined by $20.4 million, or 15%, to $117.0 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 from $137.4 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the decrease in consumer services revenue.

Our gross margin improved year over year, from 45% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to 48% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, due to increased revenue from research services, which generates a higher gross margin than our consumer services revenue, as well as operating efficiencies.

 

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Research and Development Expenses

 

     Year Ended
March 31,
2021
     Year Ended
March 31,
2020
     $ Change      % Change  
     ($ millions)                

Personnel-related expenses (salaries, benefits & stock-based compensation)

   $ 85.5      $ 89.5      $ (4.0      (4 )% 

Lab-related research services

     34.3        40.2        (5.9      (15 )% 

Facilities

     20.0        23.2        (3.2      (14 )% 

Depreciation, equipment and supplies

     12.7        13.8        (1.1      (8 )% 

Other

     7.4        14.6        (7.2      (49 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 159.9      $ 181.3      $ (21.4      (12 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

Research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 amounted to $159.9 million, compared to $181.3 million for fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, representing a decrease of $21.4 million or 12%. The decrease in research and development expenses is primarily attributable to the $7.2 million decrease in other research and development expenses due to lower allocated overhead to Therapeutics resulting from savings due to our restructuring during fiscal year ending March 31, 2020. In addition, lab-related research services decreased $5.9 million, resulting from opting out of funding for a research program with GSK and termination of an internal program. Personnel-related expenses decreased $4.0 million and facilities expenses decreased $3.2 million due to decreased headcount in non-Therapeutics segment. We also had a $1.1 million decrease in depreciation, equipment and supplies, which was mainly driven by cloud computing service savings, partially offset by amortization of capitalized internal-use software.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 amounted to $43.2 million, compared to $110.5 million for fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, representing a decrease of $67.3 million, or 61%. Sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 consisted primarily of advertising and brand-related spend in our marketing programs of $16.2 million, personnel-related expenses of $14.5 million, outside services and supplies of $6.8 million, and facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $5.7 million. Sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 consisted primarily of advertising and brand-related spend in our marketing program of $71.9 million, personnel-related expenses of $20.3 million, outside services and supplies of $10.3 million, and facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $8.0 million.

The decrease in sales and marketing expenses was primarily driven by $55.7 million reductions in advertising and brand-related spend in our marketing programs and a decrease in headcount in our sales and marketing function resulting in $5.7 million decrease in personnel expenses, as we made strategic decisions during fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to decrease our marketing spending for PGS kit sales in an effort to reduce our costs. This decrease in marking spending also resulted in a $3.3 million decrease in outside services and a $2.4 million decrease in facilities expenses and other overhead allocation.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 amounted to $99.1 million, which consisted primarily of personnel-related expenses of $75.6 million, of which $40.4 million is related to the incremental stock-based compensation expense resulting from the accelerated vesting of certain common shares previously purchased by our CEO upon the exercise of options. In addition, general and administrative expenses include facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $8.5 million, outside services and other expenses of $11.0 million, as well as $4.0 million of other operating expenses primarily credit card processing fees related to PGS kit sales.

 

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General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 amounted to $59.4 million, which consisted primarily of personnel-related expenses of $36.1 million. In addition, general and administrative expenses include facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $9.7 million, outside services and other expenses of $8.7 million, as well as $4.9 million of other operating expenses primarily credit card processing fees related to PGS kit sales.

Total general and administrative expenses increased by $39.8 million, or 67%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase in general and administrative expense was due primarily to an increase of $39.2 million during fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 in personnel-related expenses that were mainly due to $40.4 million stock-based compensation expense adjustments arising from the accelerated vesting of certain unvested options held by our CEO, offset by $1.2 million decrease in other personnel-related expenses. We also incurred a $2.7 million increase in outside services and other expenses during fiscal year 2021. These increases were partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in facilities expenses and other overhead allocation and a $0.9 million decrease in other operating expenses consisting primarily of credit card processing fees related to the decrease in PGS kit sales.

Restructuring and Other Charges

We did not record any restructuring and other charges during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Restructuring and other charges for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 amounted to $44.7 million, which consisted primarily of impairment of long-lived assets of $33.9 million associated with the cease-use of our Phoenix, Arizona operating facility and the decision to sublease a significant portion of our Sunnyvale, California headquarters facility, employee severance and termination benefits of $5.5 million, contract termination fees and penalties of $3.0 million, a $1.5 million inventory write-off and $0.8 million in return-related fees as we consolidated the sales channel network by terminating certain retail contracts.

Interest and Other Income, Net

Interest and other income, net decreased by $6.0 million, or 79%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, from $7.6 million in fiscal year 2020 to $1.6 million in fiscal year 2021. The decrease in interest and other income was primarily driven by the $6.0 million decrease in interest income due to the decreases in global interest rates.

Comparisons for fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the dollar and percentage change between the two periods (dollars in thousands):

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2020      2019      $ Change      % Change  

Revenue

   $ 305,463      $ 440,900      $ (135,437      (31 )% 

Cost of revenue(1)(2)

     168,031        248,010        (79,979      (32 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Gross profit

     137,432        192,890        (55,458      (29 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Operating expenses:

           

Research and development(1)(2)

     181,276        140,532        40,744        29

Sales and marketing(1)(2)

     110,519        190,848        (80,329      (42 )% 

General and administrative(1)(2)

     59,392        50,293        9,099        18

Restructuring and other charges(1)

     44,692        —          44,692        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

     395,879        381,673        14,206        4
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Loss from operations

     (258,447      (188,783      (69,664      37

Interest and other income, net

     7,584        5,250        2,334        44
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Net loss

   $ (250,863    $ (183,533    $ (67,330      37
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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(1)

Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2020      2019  

Cost of revenue

   $ 733      $ 740  

Research and development

     16,524        13,789  

Sales and marketing

     3,988        3,616  

General and administrative

     18,932        12,154  

Restructuring and other charges

     881        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

   $ 41,058      $ 30,299  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(2)

Includes stock-based compensation expense related to secondary sale transactions as follows:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2020      2019  

Cost of revenue

   $ 15      $ 4  

Research and development

     2,510        2,282  

Sales and marketing

     360        702  

General and administrative

     895        4,204  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

   $ 3,780      $ 7,192  
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2020     2019  
     (as a percentage of total revenue)  

Revenue

     100     100

Cost of revenue

     55     56

Gross profit

     45     44

Operating expenses:

    

Research and development

     59     32

Sales and marketing

     36     43

General and administrative

     19     11

Restructuring and other charges

     15     0
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

     129     86
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss from operations

     (84 )%      (42 )% 

Interest and other income, net

     2     1
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss

     (82 )%      (41 )% 
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Revenue

Total revenue decreased by $135.4 million, or 31%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The decrease was due primarily to a decrease in consumer services revenue of $153.9 million, driven mainly by a reduction in the volume of PGS kit sales resulting from a decline in consumer demand that resulted from reductions in advertising and brand-related expenditures, as we made strategic decisions during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to decrease our marketing spending and discounting in an effort to reduce our losses. This reduction was partially offset by an $18.5 million year-over-year increase in revenue related to the GSK and Almirall collaborations.

 

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Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Total cost of revenue decreased by $80.0 million, or 32%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in cost of revenue was due primarily to an $88.1 million reduction in costs related to consumer services revenue, driven mainly by a reduction in the volume of PGS kits sold during fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. This decrease was partially offset by an $8.1 million year-over-year increase in costs associated with drug target discovery activities under the GSK collaboration commencing July 2018.

Our gross profit declined by $55.5 million, or 29%, to $137.4 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 from $192.9 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the decrease in revenue.

Our gross margin improved year over year, from 43.7% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to 45.0% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, due to operating efficiencies in lab processing and increased revenue from research services, which generates a higher gross margin than our consumer services revenue.

Research and Development Expenses

 

     Year Ended
March 31,
2020
     Year Ended
March 31,
2019
     $ Change      % Change  
     ($ millions)                

Personnel-related expenses (salaries, benefits & stock-based compensation)

   $ 89.5      $ 74.4      $ 15.1        20

Lab-related research services

     40.2        22.9        17.3        76

Facilities

     23.2        15.0        8.2        55

Depreciation, equipment and supplies

     13.8        10.7        3.1        29

Other

     14.6        17.5        (2.9      (17 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 181.3      $ 140.5      $ 40.8        29
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 amounted to $181.3 million, compared to $140.5 million for fiscal ended March 31, 2019, representing an increase of $40.8 million or 29%. The increase was primarily attributable to $17.3 million in additional lab-related research service costs from the ramp up of our GSK collaboration, including drug target discovery projects, and our internal Therapeutics’ programs. The increase also resulted from an increase of $15.0 million in personnel-related expenses, including a $3.0 million increase in non-cash stock-based compensation, mainly driven by increased Therapeutics’ headcount to support both GSK collaboration and internal projects. The increase of $8.2 million in facilities mainly resulted from moving our headquarters to Sunnyvale with some increase attributed to the expansion of our South San Francisco lab/office. We also had a $3.1 million net increase in depreciation, equipment, and supplies, mainly driven by increased cloud computing services and increased facilities’ depreciation, partially offset by an increase in capitalization of internal-use software. Lower allocated overhead costs resulted in $2.9 million decrease in Other.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 amounted to $110.5 million, compared to $190.9 million for fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, representing a decrease of $80.4 million. The fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 sales and marketing expenses consisted primarily of advertising and brand-related spend in our marketing program of $71.9 million, personnel-related expenses of $20.3 million, outside services and supplies of $10.3 million, and facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $8.0 million. The fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 sales and marketing expenses consisted primarily of advertising and brand-related spend in our marketing program of $154.8 million, personnel-related expenses of $19.8 million, outside services and supplies of $10.3 million, and facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $5.9 million.

 

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The decrease in sales and marketing expense was due to an $82.8 million reduction in advertising and brand-related spend in our marketing program, based on targeted advertising spend. This decrease was partially offset by a $1.8 million increase in facilities and other overhead allocation expenses, due mainly to the new headquarters facilities lease.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 amounted to $59.4 million, compared to $50.3 million for fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, representing an increase of $9.1 million, or 18%. The fiscal year 2020 general and administrative expenses consisted primarily of personnel-related expenses of $36.1 million, including salaries, benefits and non-cash stock-based compensation associated with our general and administrative personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $9.7 million, outside services of $8.7 million and other operating expenses of $4.9 million consisting primarily of credit card processing fees related to PGS kit sales. The fiscal 2019 general and administrative expenses consisted primarily of personnel-related expenses of $28.5 million, including salaries, benefits and non-cash stock-based compensation associated with our general and administrative personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include facilities and other overhead allocation expenses of $5.8 million, outside services of $7.9 million and other operating expenses of $8.1 million consisting primarily of credit card processing fees related to PGS kit sales.

The increase in general and administrative expense was due primarily to an increase of $7.6 million during fiscal 2020 in personnel-related expenses that were mainly driven by increased headcount, including a $3.3 million increase in non-cash stock-based compensation expense and a $3.9 million increase in facilities and other overhead allocation expenses related to the new headquarters facilities lease. We also incurred a $0.8 million increase in outside services and other expenses during fiscal 2020. These increases were partially offset by a $3.2 million year-over-year decrease in other operating expenses consisting primarily of credit card processing fees related to the decrease in PGS kit sales.

Restructuring and Other Charges

Restructuring and other charges for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 primarily related to our restructuring plans approved in fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. Restructuring activities included a reduction in workforce, contract terminations related to certain retail and operating lease arrangements, resulting in impairment losses of operating lease ROU assets associated with disposition of the Phoenix, Arizona operating facility and square footage available for sublease at the Sunnyvale, California headquarters facility, as well as other exit or disposal costs. See Note 5 — “Restructuring” to our consolidated financial statements for details. We did not incur any restructuring and other charges for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.

Interest and Other Income, Net

Interest and other income, net increased by $2.3 million, or 44%, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, from $5.3 million in fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to $7.6 million in fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was attributable to a $1.3 million increase in other non-operating income, and a $1.0 million increase in interest income.

Adjusted EBITDA

We evaluate the performance of each segment based on Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure used by our management and the board of directors to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short and long-term operating plans. In particular, we believe that the exclusion of the items eliminated in calculating Adjusted EBITDA provides useful measures for period-to-period comparisons of our business. Accordingly, we believe that

 

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Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and our board of directors. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of these non-GAAP financial measures rather than net loss, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP.

Some of the limitations of Adjusted EBITDA include (i) Adjusted EBITDA does not properly reflect capital commitments to be paid in the future, and (ii) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the underlying assets may need to be replaced and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect these capital expenditures. In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses similar to the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by these expenses or any unusual or non-recurring items. When evaluating our performance, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including our net loss and other U.S. GAAP results.

The following tables reconcile net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 on a company-wide basis and for each of our segments:

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020      2019  

Segment Revenue

        

Consumer & Research Services

   $ 243,866      $ 299,907      $ 437,919  

Therapeutics

     54        5,556        2,981  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total revenue

   $ 243,920      $ 305,463      $ 440,900  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Segment Adjusted EBITDA

        

Consumer & Research Services Adjusted EBITDA

   $ 12,796      $ (65,845    $ (85,822

Therapeutics Adjusted EBITDA

     (58,734      (52,883      (31,776

Unallocated Corporate(1)

     (30,587      (28,460      (23,793
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Adjusted EBITDA

   $ (76,525    $ (147,188    $ (141,391
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA

        

Net loss

   $ (183,619    $ (250,863    $ (183,533

Adjustments:

        

Interest (income), net

     (255      (6,244      (5,269

Other (income) expense, net

     (1,322      (1,340      19  

Depreciation and amortization

     20,246        22,610        9,901  

Stock-based compensation expense(2)

     88,425        43,957        37,491  

Restructuring and other charges(3)

     —          44,692        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total Adjusted EBITDA

   $ (76,525    $ (147,188    $ (141,391
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Certain expenses such as Finance, Legal, Regulatory and Supplier Quality, and CEO Office are not reported as part of the reporting segments as reviewed by the CODM. These amounts are included in Unallocated Corporate.

(2)

In fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, the Board of Directors modified option awards granted to the CEO, which accelerated the vesting of the common shares previously purchased by our CEO upon the exercise of such options. Stock-based compensation expense of $40.4 million was recorded to General and Administrative expenses which represented the recognition of the remaining unrecognized compensation expense associated with these grants as of the date of modification. No stock-based compensation awards were modified to accelerate vesting in the two prior years. See Note 10 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

 

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(3)

In fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, we approved restructuring plans to achieve our strategic and financial objectives. Restructuring activities included a reduction in workforce, contract terminations related to certain retail and operating lease arrangements, resulting in impairment losses of operating lease ROU assets associated with disposition of the Phoenix, Arizona operating facility, as well as other exit or disposal costs. The restructuring and other charges also include $0.9 million of stock-based compensation expense due to extension of exercise periods of certain awards to terminated employees. In addition, the restructuring and other charges included impairment losses of $12.6 million to operating ROU assets associated with our operating lease at our Sunnyvale, California headquarters facility. These impairment losses resulted from our reduction in force, which reduced our need for space at our headquarters facility, and were calculated based on assumptions which took into account expected delays in our ability to secure a sublease tenant and reduced rents due to the impact of the pandemic. We have determined that these restructuring and other charges were incremental to our normal operations because they were related to the reduction in our workforce that occurred in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2020, resulting in superfluous space in our headquarters facility. We did not experience a workforce reduction in the two prior years, and we do not anticipate a further workforce reduction in the two-year period after the fourth fiscal quarter of 2020. See Note 5 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities and revenue from sales of PGS and research services. Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital are to fund operating needs and capital expenditures.

As of March 31, 2021, our principal source of liquidity was our cash balance of $282.5 million. Since our inception, we have generated significant operating losses as reflected in our accumulated deficit and negative cash flows from operations. We had an accumulated deficit of $977.2 million as of March 31, 2021. Prior to the completion of the Business Combination and PIPE Investment on June 16, 2021, we believe our existing cash resources were sufficient to continue operating activities for the next 12 months.

As of the date of this Registration Statement on Form S-1, we believe our existing cash resources are sufficient to support planned operations for the next 12 months. We completed the Business Combination and PIPE Investment on June 16, 2021, pursuant to which we received gross proceeds of $342 million and $250 million, respectively. Management believes that its current financial resources are sufficient to continue operating activities for at least one year past the issuance date of the financial statements. Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support development of our platform and the expansion of sales and marketing activities. Although we currently are not a party to any agreement and do not have any understanding with any third parties with respect to potential investments in, or acquisitions of, businesses or technologies, we may enter into these types of arrangements in the future, which could also require us to seek additional equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.

We expect to continue to incur operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future due to the investments we intend to continue to make in research and development, and additional general and administrative costs we expect to incur in connection with operating as a public company. Cash from operations could also be affected from our customers and other risks detailed in the section titled “Risk Factors.” We expect to continue to maintain financing flexibility in the current market conditions. As a result, we may require additional capital resources to execute strategic initiatives to grow our business.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our revenue growth rate, the timing, and extent of spending to support further sales and marketing and research and development efforts. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. In the event that additional financing is required

 

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from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, results of operations, and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

 

     Year Ended March 31,  
     2021      2020      2019  

Net cash (used in) operating activities

   $ (74,252    $ (185,766    $ (98,117

Net cash (used in) investing activities

     (6,536      (72,823      (27,840

Net cash provided by financing activities

     155,335        8,830        344,448  

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities of $74.3 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 was primarily related to a net loss of $183.6 million, partially offset by non-cash charges for stock-based compensation of $88.4 million and depreciation and amortization of $18.1 million. The net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.5 million were primarily related to a decrease in deferred revenue of $16.2 million as a result of reduced deferred revenue balance related to GSK, and a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $8.5 million primarily due to lease payments. These were offset by a decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets of $10.3 million due to right-of-use assets amortization and adjustment to the carrying amount of the right-of-use assets, a decrease in inventories of $7.9 million due to decreased purchase aligned with lower forecasted sales, a decrease in accounts receivable of $3.9 million, as well as a decrease in deferred cost of revenue of $1.2 million due to decrease in PGS kit sales, and a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.1 million due to decrease in deferred advertising and other receivables.

Net cash used in operating activities of $185.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 was primarily related to a net loss of $250.9 million, partially offset by non-cash charges for stock-based compensation of $44.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $22.6 million and impairment of long-lived assets of $33.9 million as a result of restructuring activities. The net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $36.3 million were primarily related to a decrease in accounts payable of $29.8 million due to the timing of payments, a decrease in deferred revenue of $35.3 million due to decrease in PGS kit sales, and a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $5.4 million due to lease payments. These were partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $4.9 million as a result of restructuring activities, a decrease in accounts receivable of $4.2 million due to decrease in kit sales, a decrease in deferred cost of revenue of $7.2 million due to decrease in PGS kit sales, a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $3.4 million due to decrease in contract assets, deferred advertising and other receivables, a decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets of $14.6 million due to right-of-use assets amortization and adjustment to the carrying amount of the right-of-use assets as a result of tenant improvement allowance received for the office in Sunnyvale, California.

Net cash used in operating activities of $98.1 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 was primarily due to a net loss of $183.5 million, partially offset by non-cash charges for stock-based compensation of $37.5 million and depreciation and amortization of $9.9 million. The net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $38.0 million were primarily related to an increase in accounts payable of $5.3 million and accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $3.0 million due to timing of payments, an increase in deferred revenue of $15.5 million due to increases in deferred revenue related to GSK, a decrease in inventories of $12.5 million due to lower sales forecast, a decrease in deferred cost of revenue of $5.7 million due to slowdown of kit sales, and a decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets of $6.3 million due to amortization. These were partially

 

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offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $3.9 million due to increased receivables related to GSK and retailers, an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $2.4 million due to increase in contract assets and other receivables, and a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $4.4 million due to lease payments.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash flows from investing activities primarily relate to purchase of property and equipment, as well as capitalization of internal-use software costs.

Net cash used in investing activities was $6.5 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, which consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $4.0 million and capitalization of internal-use software costs of $3.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from sale of property and equipment of $0.8 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $72.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, which consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $68.4 million and capitalization of internal-use software costs of $5.2 million, partially offset by proceeds from sales of property and equipment of $0.8 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $27.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, which consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $27.4 million and capitalization of internal-use software costs of $0.4 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $155.3 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, which consisted of $82.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs, and $76.2 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options, which were partially offset by $3.1 million in payments of deferred offering costs.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $8.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 related entirely to proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $344.5 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, which consisted of $272.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs, and $72.2 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and other commitments as of March 31, 2021, and the years in which these obligations are due (in thousands):

 

     Total      Less than
1 year
     2 to 3 years      4 to 5 years      More than
5 years
 

Operating lease obligations(1)

   $ 132,531      $ 12,567      $ 30,197      $ 25,346      $ 64,421  

Non-cancelable purchase obligations(2)

     67,338        13,968        30,283        23,087        —    
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total contractual obligations

   $ 199,869      $ 26,535      $ 60,480      $ 48,433      $ 64,421  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

Our lease portfolio includes leased offices, dedicated lab facility and storage space, and dedicated data center facility space, all of which are accounted for as operating leases. Total payments listed represent total minimum future lease payments.

(2)

Non-cancelable purchase commitments with various parties for inventory purchases and software subscription service.

 

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since the date of our incorporation, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, as well as related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has created, and may continue to create, significant uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions, and the extent of its impact on our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak and the impact on our customers and sales cycles. We considered the impact of COVID-19 on our estimates and assumptions and recorded impairment losses of $12.6 million to operating ROU assets associated with our operating lease in Sunnyvale, California on the consolidated financial statements for the period ended March 31, 2020. As events continue to evolve and additional information becomes available, our estimates and assumptions may change materially in future periods.

The critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgments that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are described below.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue from consumer services, including PGS, research services and therapeutics in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for these goods or services. We determine revenue recognition through the following five-step framework:

 

   

identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

 

   

identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

 

   

determination of the transaction price;

 

   

allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

 

   

recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.

Consumer Services

We enter into a contract for consumer services once the customer accepts the terms of service and initiates the service by providing payment to us. The transaction price is the amount which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for providing services and is calculated as the selling price net of variable consideration which may include estimates for future returns and sales incentives. Consumer services is composed of five distinct performance obligations: initial ancestry reports, initial health reports, ancestry updates, health updates, and subscription service reports.

Initial reports are distinct from updates as customers can benefit from the information provided from the initial ancestry and health reports without the updates. Accordingly, subsequent updates are additive and, therefore, are separately identifiable. Transfer of control for both initial ancestry and initial health reports occur at the time the reports are uploaded to the customer’s account and notification has been provided to the customer. Transfer of control for ancestry and health report updates occurs over time by providing updates to a customer’s reports and features after the initial upload of the ancestry and health reports. We began offering a subscription service in fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 where the customer can access additional health-related reports by

 

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paying an additional upfront payment for a specified term (currently one year). Transfer of control for these subscription-based reports occurs over time by providing content updates over the subscription term. The majority of consumer services revenue is recognized upon the initial transfer of ancestry and health reports to the customer. Upon sale of consumer services, deferred revenue is recorded for the net amount paid by the customer and is recognized after the customer returns the kit, the lab processes the sample, and the initial reports are uploaded to the customer’s account, and the customer is notified.

In contracts with customers for consumer services, if the customer does not return the kit, services cannot be completed by the Company, potentially resulting in unexercised rights (“breakage”) revenue. To estimate breakage, we assess customer contracts on a portfolio basis as opposed to individual customer contracts, due to the similarity of customer characteristics, at the sales channel level. We recognize the breakage amounts as revenue, proportionate to the pattern of revenue recognition of the returning kits in these respective sales channel portfolios. We estimate breakage for the portion of kits not expected to be returned using an analysis of historical data and consider other factors that could influence customer kit return behavior. We update the breakage rate estimate periodically and, if necessary, adjust the deferred revenue balance accordingly. If actual return patterns vary from the estimate, actual breakage revenue may differ from the amounts recorded. We recognized breakage revenue from unreturned kits of $24.1 million, $38.0 million and $57.0 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Research Services

We enter into contracts with customers to provide research services with payments based on fixed-fee arrangements. Where fees are variable, we estimate the most likely amount we expect to receive in determining the transaction price, such that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. When we enter into multiple contracts with a single counterparty, we evaluate the facts and circumstances to determine whether the contracts should be combined and accounted for as one arrangement or as separate arrangements. Transfer of control for research services occurs over time as the services are performed. We generally recognize revenue over time using an input method utilizing direct labor hours incurred as a percentage of total estimated hours to measure performance.

Therapeutics

Therapeutics consists of revenues from the out-licensing of intellectual property associated with identified drug targets related to drug candidates under clinical development.

Other Policies and Judgments

Contracts with customers for both consumer and research services contain multiple performance obligations that qualify as distinct performance obligations. We allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on the standalone selling price (“SSP”). Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. If SSP is not directly observable, then SSP is estimated using judgment while considering all reasonably available information. To determine the SSP, we consider multiple factors including, but not limited to, third-party evidence for similar services, historical pricing, customer usage statistics, internal costs, gross margin objectives, independent valuations, and marketing and pricing strategies.

Stock-Based Compensation

The fair value of employee and non-employee stock options are determined on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model using various inputs, including the fair value of the underlying common stock, the expected term of the stock-based award, the expected volatility of the price of our common stock, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of common stock. The assumptions used to determine the fair value of the stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment.

 

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We recognize stock-based compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which generally is the option vesting term. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Changes in the following assumptions can materially affect the estimate of fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop.

 

   

Fair Value of Common Stock. Given the absence of a public trading market during the fiscal years 2021, 2020, and 2019, our board of directors, with the input of management, considers numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of common stock at each meeting at which awards are approved. These factors include, but are not limited to, (i) our capital resources and financial condition; (ii) the rights and preferences held by our preferred stock classes relative to those of our common stock; (iii) the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering; (iv) operational and financial performance and condition; (v) valuations of comparable companies; (vi) the status of our development, product introduction, and sales efforts; (vii) the lack of marketability of the common stock; and (viii) industry information.

 

   

Expected Term. Expected term represents the period that options are expected to be outstanding. We determine the expected term using the simplified method based on the option’s vesting term and contractual obligations.

 

   

Expected Volatility. The volatility is derived from the average historical stock volatilities of a peer group of public companies that we consider to be comparable to our business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the share-based grants.

 

   

Risk-Free Interest Rate. We derive the risk-free interest rate assumption from the United States Treasury’s rates for the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with maturities similar to those of the expected term of the awards being valued.

 

   

Dividend Yield. We base the assumed dividend yield on its expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, the expected dividend yield used is zero.

The Black-Scholes assumptions used in evaluating our awards are as follows:

 

     Year Ended March 31,
     2021    2020    2019

Expected term (years)

   4.0 - 6.1    5.0 - 6.1    5.0 - 6.3

Expected volatility

   61% - 68%    53% - 62%    52% - 54%

Risk-free interest rate

   0.2% - 0.5%    0.6% - 2.2%    2.5% - 3.1%

Expected dividend yield

   0%    0%    0%

The variables used in these models are reviewed on each grant date and adjusted, as needed. As we continue to accumulate additional data related to our common stock valuations and assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model, we may refine our estimates of these variables, which could materially affect our future stock-based compensation expense.

Subsequent to the Business Combination, we will determine the fair value of the common stock underlying equity awards based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the date of the grant.

Leases

Our lease portfolio consists of leased office space, dedicated lab facility space, and dedicated data center facility space, all of which are accounted for as operating leases. All lease arrangements are generally recognized at lease commencement. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at commencement based on the present value of fixed payments not yet paid over the lease term. Operating lease ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset during the reasonably certain lease

 

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term and operating lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, less lease incentives received.

When considering the future lease payments to be included in the measurement of the operating lease liabilities, we include payments to be made in optional renewal periods only if we are reasonably certain to exercise the option, and will include periods covered by a termination option only if we are reasonably certain that we will not exercise such option. In addition, we elected not to utilize the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease term for existing leases at adoption. We use the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the lease liabilities as our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. The incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments, in an economic environment where the leased asset is located.

Real estate leases of office facilities are the most significant leases held by us. For these leases, we have elected the practical expedient permitted under ASC 842 to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. As we enter into real estate leases, property tax, insurance, common area maintenance and utilities are generally variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate, and therefore, they are excluded from the lease liabilities and expensed as incurred in accordance with ASC 842. We reassess the lease term if and when a significant event or change in circumstances occurs within our control. None of our lease agreements contain significant residual value guarantees, restrictions, or covenants. We currently do not have any finance leases.

Income Taxes

We apply the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under ASC 740, we account for our income taxes using the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the bases used for financial reporting and income tax reporting purposes. Deferred income taxes are provided based on the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect at the time such temporary differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that we will not realize those tax assets through future operations.

We also utilize the guidance in ASC 740 to account for uncertain tax positions. ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more likely than not of being realized and effectively settled. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments, and which may not accurately reflect actual outcomes. We recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits as a component of provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act permits companies with EGC status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they would apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date the Company (i) is no longer an EGC or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

 

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In addition, the Company intends to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an EGC, we intend to rely on such exemptions, we are not required to, among other things: (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board; and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

The Company will remain an EGC under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following October 2, 2025, the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Company’s initial public offering, (b) the year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (c) the year in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the common equity of the Company that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (ii) the date on which the Company has issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We have operations primarily within the United States and we are exposed to market risk in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Interest Rate Risk

As of March 31, 2021 and 2020, we had cash of $282.5 million and $207.9 million, respectively. Cash consists of cash in banks and bank deposits, and is not subject to market risk. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates during any period presented would not have had a material impact on our historical consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 or 2019.

Foreign Exchange Rate Risk

Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Currently, substantially all of our revenue and expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars. Revenue and expenses are remeasured each day at the exchange rate in effect on the day the transaction occurred. Our results of operations and cash flows in the future may be adversely affected due to an expansion of non-U.S. dollar denominated contracts and changes in foreign exchange rates. The effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would not have a material impact on our historical or current consolidated financial statements. To date, we have not engaged in any hedging strategies. As our international activities grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage the risk relating to fluctuations in currency rates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See the section titled “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Note 2 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

 

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BUSINESS

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this subsection to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to 23andMe Holding Co. and its consolidated subsidiary following the Business Combination, other than certain historical information that refers to the business of 23andMe, Inc. prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

 

LOGO

Our Mission

Our mission is to help people access, understand, and benefit from the human genome.

Overview

We think big. We are a mission-driven company dedicated to empowering consumers to live healthier lives. We believe that our premier database of genetic and phenotypic information crowdsourced from our millions of customers can revolutionize healthcare by providing insights into the origins and treatment of diseases and by speeding the discovery and development of novel therapies. We are committed to rigorous scientific, ethical, and privacy standards and to being the most trusted source of genetic information.

We pioneered direct-to-consumer genetic testing, giving consumers unique, personalized information about their genetic health risks, ancestry, and traits. We are the only consumer genetic testing company with multiple FDA authorizations for over-the-counter health and carrier status reports. We are dedicated to empowering our customers with information they can use to make better decisions about their healthcare, helping them to live healthier lives. We were the first company to obtain FDA authorization for a direct-to-consumer genetic test, and we are the only company to have FDA authorization, clearance, or pre-market exemption for all carrier status, genetic health risk, cancer predisposition, and pharmacogenetics reports offered to customers. As of March 31, 2021, over 55 health reports that meet FDA requirements were available to customers in the U.S.

Our Consumer & Research Services business segment comprises our Personal Genome Service® (“PGS”) and research services. Our PGS provides customers with a full suite of genetic reports, including information on genetic ancestral origins, personal genetic health risks, and chances of passing on certain rare carrier conditions to their children, as well as reports on how genetics can impact responses to medications. We believe that by providing customers with direct access to their genetic information before the onset of disease, we

 

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can empower them to make better decisions by arming them with information about their genetic risks and by highlighting opportunities for prevention and mitigation of disease. PGS provides customers with a fun, engaging experience, including access to frequent updates to reports and product features, the ability to connect with genetic relatives, and opportunities to participate in research. In 2020, we launched a new, premium subscription service called 23andMe+ that offers customers pharmacogenetic reports, personalized risk reports based on our research, and advanced ancestry and health features, including insights related to heart, reproductive health and sleep.

We perform research services using our database to discover insights into the genetic origins of disease and to identify promising targets for drug development. These services are performed under agreements with universities, research institutions and pharmaceutical companies, including our multi-year collaboration agreement with an affiliate of GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”), which was signed in July 2018 (the “GSK Agreement”). We also provide clinical trial services to accelerate patient recruitment by using our database to identify patients most likely to be eligible for participation in a clinical trial of a new drug.

For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 revenue from PGS represented approximately 81%, 89% and 96% of our total revenues, respectively.

Our Therapeutics business focuses on drug development, with a team committed to discovering and developing novel therapies to improve patient lives, and also includes out-licensing of intellectual property. We currently have development programs across several therapeutic areas, including oncology, immunology, neurology, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, many of which are being pursued in collaboration with GSK. Our Therapeutics business is led by industry veterans and currently employs approximately 100 scientists located at our dedicated research facility in the heart of South San Francisco’s biotech cluster.

Our History

We were incorporated in Delaware in 2006. Since our inception, we have:

 

   

Served more than 11 million Customers*;

 

   

Received six FDA authorizations and clearances for testing for markers of carrier status (inherited conditions), genetic health risk (“GHR”), breast and ovarian cancer, pharmacogenetic metabolism, colorectal cancer, and pharmacogenetic drug response;

 

   

Built a trusted brand, demonstrated by the fact that approximately 80% of our Customers consent to participate in our research program;

 

   

Built a database consisting of more than four billion unique phenotypic data points from our Consenting Customers*;

 

   

Established research collaborations with universities, research institutions and pharmaceutical companies, including our exclusive collaboration with GSK; and

 

   

Published more than 180 papers in scientific journals.

 

*   When we refer to our “Customers,” we mean individuals who have registered a PGS kit and returned a saliva sample. “Consenting Customers” are Customers who have affirmatively opted in to participate in our research program.

 

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LOGO

Our Milestones

 

June 2014

   We submit a 510(k) seeking premarket clearance for our Bloom Syndrome carrier test.

February 2015

   FDA grants marketing authorization for our Bloom Syndrome carrier test pursuant to its de novo review standard.

April 2015

   We launch our Therapeutics business.

June 2015

   We celebrate one million Customers.

October 2015

   We begin marketing our PGS health service in the U.S., which includes reports on carrier status, wellness, traits and ancestry.

 

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April 2017

   FDA grants marketing authorization for our GHR reports for ten disease conditions.

March 2018

   FDA grants marketing authorization for our GHR report for BRCA1 (breast cancer gene 1) and BRCA2 (breast cancer gene 2) (selected variants).

July 2018

   We enter into the drug target discovery, development and commercialization collaboration agreement with GSK.

October 2018

   FDA grants marketing authorization for our pharmacogenetic reports, including our pharmacogenetics report for metabolism information of the CYP2C19 (liver enzyme) gene.

January 2019

   FDA clears our GHR report for MUTYH-associated polyposis (“MAP”), a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome.

May 2020

   We celebrate 10 million Customers.

July 2020

   First therapeutic asset resulting from the collaboration with GSK advanced to clinical trial.

August 2020

   FDA clears our pharmacogenetics report for CYP2C19, modifying the labeling of the report authorized in 2018 to remove the need for confirmatory testing and allowing us to report interpretive drug information for two medications.

October 2020

   We launch our 23andMe+ subscription service.

Behind Every Data Point is a Human Being

Big data is critical to unlocking the potential of the human genome. We use big data to provide personalized health and ancestry information to customers today, and to identify promising new therapies to treat a wide range of diseases in the future. But, big data comes from individual people. We never lose sight of the individuals behind the data, and have made those individuals—our Customers—the core value in everything we do: Behind Every Data Point is a Human Being.

We put our customers in control of their data at every step of their experience with us. Transparency and choice are fundamental to the 23andMe experience. Customers decide what information they want to learn and what information they want to share, if any. We recognize that each Customer will make a personal choice about what information to learn from their 23andMe experience. Beyond learning about their genetic ancestry and trait information, Customers may opt-in to view their genetic health risk, carrier status, and wellness information. They also may opt-in to view more sensitive genetic health risk information, such as genetic risks for Parkinson’s disease or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Each such report requires a separate, affirmative opt-in. Additionally, Customers can separately opt-in to:

 

   

Participate in our genetic relative finder feature called DNA Relatives, where Customers can find genetic relatives among other Customers who have also opted in to participate in the feature;

 

   

Participate in our research program, which is overseen by an independent institutional review board (“IRB”); and

 

   

Have their saliva sample biobanked by our contracted laboratory for future testing.

We do not default our Customers into any choice. The choices are each theirs to make. Customers are free to change their mind and can opt-out, discard their sample, download their data, and close their account at any time.

 

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Security

We work vigilantly to keep our Customers’ data secure. We implement physical, technical, and administrative measures to prevent unauthorized access to or disclosure of Customer information, maintain data accuracy, ensure the appropriate use of information, and otherwise safeguard personal information. We have invested significantly over the course of many years in the security of our systems. Our practices include:

 

   

ISO/IEC 27001:2013 certification. Our information security management system, which protects 23andMe systems, has been certified under the globally recognized ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 27018 and 27701 standards after an extensive security audit.

 

   

Encryption. We use industry standard security measures to encrypt sensitive information both at rest and in transit.

 

   

Limited access to essential personnel. We limit access to our customers’ personal information to authorized personnel, based on job function and role. 23andMe access controls include multi-factor authentication, single sign-on, and a strict least-privileged authorization policy.

Collaboration with Our Customers

Our Customers actively engage with us to power our research. Approximately 80% of our more than 11 million Customers are Consenting Customers who have elected to participate in our research program. By participating in research, a Consenting Customer contributes their genotypic* and any phenotypic* information that they choose to provide to our research database. This consented collaboration with our Customers enables us to crowdsource billions of genotypic and phenotypic data points. We analyze hundreds of billions of associations each year, giving us a unique understanding of human biology, and enabling us to discover new insights. We report insights back to customers, giving them more information to help them understand their genetic risks and to manage their health. We believe that our database, which currently contains over one trillion genotypic and phenotypic data points, is the largest of its kind for research purposes in the world.

 

*   Genotypic data is information about the genetic makeup of each individual human being. Phenotypic data is information that Consenting Customers report to us, including through their responses to our online surveys, about their traits, conditions, diseases and other observable characteristics.

Every day, our Consenting Customers complete an average of 30,000 surveys online about their health, habits, ancestry, and traits. On average, a Consenting Customer who chooses to participate in research contributes to over 230 studies. This ongoing relationship with our Consenting Customers enables us to expand our database to discover promising targets for new therapies, with the goal of treating and preventing disease and improving public health.

We believe that our engagement with Consenting Customers creates unique advantages and opportunities, including an ability to re-contact these engaged Customers for purposes such as rapid recruitment for clinical trials based on specific genetic or phenotypic information they have provided to us. We believe that our huge re-contactable database enables us to make drug target identification and drug development more efficient. A recent example of our ability to rapidly recruit was our 2020 COVID-19 research study. We recruited 750,000 Consenting Customers in the first 90 days, and we received responses from over one million Consenting Customers. This study led to the development of our COVID-19 Severity Calculator, which provides insights for our Customers on risk factors for developing more severe infections and hospitalization related to COVID-19.

Collaboration with GSK

In July 2018, we entered into the GSK Agreement, and GSK made a $300 million investment in us on the same date. The GSK Agreement provides for an initial four-year exclusive collaboration for drug target

 

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discovery, development, and commercialization (the “Discovery Term”). GSK agreed to pay us $25 million per year for the initial four years of the Discovery Term, and has the right to extend the Discovery Term for a fifth year upon payment of an additional $50 million. To date, GSK has paid us $75 million, and the final $25 million for the fourth year of the Discovery Term is payable in July 2021. The GSK Agreement has enabled us to expand our research, discovery, development and ultimate commercialization efforts. Our collaboration with GSK combines the resources of our two companies to accelerate the identification of new therapeutic targets, conduct joint research, development, and commercialization of drugs that are jointly selected based on the strength of the biological hypothesis, the possibility to find a new therapy, and clinical need. We are working together with GSK on 39 novel drug targets as of March 31, 2021.

The GSK Agreement contemplates that once a promising drug target has been identified, each party will contribute 50% of the costs to further research and development efforts. Each company has the right, at the time of target identification to opt out of the equal funding, and, at specified development milestones, either to opt out of further funding or to reduce its funding share for the development program applicable to that drug target. These rights provide us with financial flexibility to advance programs in a 50-50 cost sharing or, alternatively, to opt-out at the target identification stage, or at later stages either to opt out or to reduce our funding participation.

If a party opts out or reduces its funding participation for a particular program, it will not share equally in the profits generated by the successful commercialization of that program. Instead, it will be eligible to receive royalties if the program results in a product that is successfully commercialized. The royalty rates vary according to the time at which the party exercised its opt out right or reduced its funding share, as well as other factors, including net sales of a commercialized product on a country by country basis. For successfully commercialized products as to which royalties are applicable, the term of such royalties would begin on the first commercialization date and, in general, would end when all applicable patent protection with respect thereto has expired. To date, all of the programs are at early stages and no products have yet been commercialized. We cannot predict if or when any royalties may ultimately become payable, or the duration or other terms applicable to any such possible royalties.

Each party granted to the other party reciprocal, non-exclusive licenses to its background technology and to technology created in the course of the collaboration, in order to enable the parties to work together to identify and evaluate targets, and once targets are identified for development, to collaborate on such development and commercialization of a product that is successfully developed. These rights apply to the background technology applicable to, and the technology created in the course of developing, the 39 collaboration programs in early stage development as of March 31, 2021. After the Discovery Term, each party may use and sublicense technology created in the course of the development, subject to compliance with applicable legal constraints and the specific limitations of any applicable consents.

The GSK Agreement may be terminated during the Discovery Term by mutual consent of the parties, or by either party in the event of a material breach or material adverse effect of the other party, and for specific programs, by the lead party for such program (or in the case of programs as to which one party has opted out, by the other party if it has continued such program on its own). Following expiration or termination of the Discovery Term, the GSK Agreement remains in effect with regard to any development programs being pursued at such time, and, if any resultant products are commercialized, with respect to the commercialization and applicable profit sharing or royalty provisions that apply to such commercialized products. The licenses that each party has granted to the other will generally survive until the date that no further profit-sharing or royalties are owed for any products under such programs, or the earlier termination of any development program.

 

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Our Platform

 

LOGO

We believe that the unique integration of our consumer and therapeutics businesses gives us an advantage stretching from research through commercialization of therapeutic drugs. It enables us to actively engage with our Consenting Customers, to continually increase the size and diversity of our database, and to discover new therapies, genetic insights and products that can be provided back to our customers.

Consumer & and Research Services

Personal Genome Services

 

LOGO

We are the first direct-to-consumer genetic testing company to include FDA-authorized genetic health risk, carrier status, and pharmacogenetic reports. Our PGS health reports are designed to promote appropriate clinical follow-up on important genetic results, increase awareness of nongenetic health risk factors, encourage customers to seek recommended screenings, such as mammograms and heart health tests, and educate customers on the benefits of healthy lifestyle habits.

In addition to consumers purchasing for their own use, our PGS service is a popular gift that has been highlighted on Amazon’s Prime Day and in numerous holiday gift giving guides. We have designed our PGS platform to offer several services and give customers choices of what information they want to learn from their genetics. Our PGS service is available for purchase on our website, 23andMe.com, or, in the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Canada, through Amazon.com.

 

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LOGO

In the U.S., we offer two PGS services, as well as our 23andMe+ subscription service, which was launched in October 2020:

 

   

Ancestry + Traits. This is our base service, which provides customers information about their genetic ancestral origins and how genetics may influence over 30 traits, such as earlobe type or misophonia, and includes a tool that enables customers who choose to opt in to connect with genetic relatives that are also customers of 23andMe.

 

   

Health + Ancestry. This builds upon our Ancestry + Traits Service to also provide reports relating to a customer’s health predisposition (including for BRCA1/BRCA2 (selected variants) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease), carrier status (including for cystic fibrosis and hereditary hearing loss), wellness

 

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(including for deep sleep, lactose intolerance and genetic weight), and carrier status reports. Ancestry + Traits Service customers can upgrade to the Health + Ancestry Service for a fee.

 

   

23andMe+ Subscription. We launched our subscription service add-on to our Health + Ancestry Service in October 2020. This service provides customers with additional health reports, including pharmacogenetic reports, personalized risk reports based on 23andMe research, and advanced ancestry and health features, including insights relating to reproductive health, sleep, and diet.

Outside of the U.S., the Health + Ancestry Service and Ancestry + Traits Service are available in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, Sweden, The Netherlands and Finland. The Ancestry + Traits Service is available in 41 additional countries.

Our Research Platform

We use our research platform to perform research services. Our research enables us to discover novel potential new therapies for unmet medical needs and to gain new insights that we can share with our Customers. Our research is based on the information that our Consenting Customers allow us to use for this purpose. Consenting Customers also participate in our online surveys and provide us with additional information about their habits, traits, characteristics, and lifestyles. This genotypic and phenotypic data enables us to perform Genome Wide Association Studies (“GWAS”) and Phenome Wide Association Studies (“PheWAS”).

A GWAS begins with a phenotype of interest; this may be a particular trait, a symptom or a disease. We then systematically analyze the entire genome to determine whether this phenotype of interest is associated with any identified genetic variants. An example would be to examine whether a particular genetic variant shows up with more frequency in individuals who have sleep apnea than in individuals who do not have sleep apnea. A PheWAS may begin with either a genotype or a phenotype of interest. An example would be to examine a genetic variant that is associated with sleep apnea and then determine whether other phenotypes—for example, asthma—also show a statistically significant association with that genetic variant.

 

LOGO

Our Consenting Customers have contributed over four billion phenotypic data points, creating what we believe to be the largest database of its kind for research in the world. Many Consenting Customers who participate in our research programs have conditions of significant research interest or have genetic variants known to be associated with a specific condition. We apply machine learning and other analytic techniques in performing GWAS and PheWAS, enabling us to discover insights into whether and how particular genetic variants affect the likelihood of individuals developing specific diseases. These insights can reveal which genes are involved in the development of disease, and may highlight opportunities to develop a drug to treat or cure that disease.

 

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LOGO

Our Strategy

 

   

Building the most trusted brand in digital health. Our customers are our partners. We seek to empower them with knowledge that will help them, and ultimately will help everyone, to live happier, healthier and longer lives. We rely on the trust of our customers, we respect their choices about their data and we work every day to earn and keep their trust.

 

   

Revolutionizing healthcare. Traditional healthcare is impersonal, difficult and frustrating for consumers, and focuses on treatment and not prevention of disease. We believe that our customer-centric, personalized model has the power to radically shift traditional healthcare to a new focus on individualized care and prevention. Our trusted brand, millions of engaged customers and unique database of genetic and phenotypic information provide opportunities for expansion into new and innovative healthcare models that will drive future growth. Those opportunities include product enhancements such as our proprietary polygenic risk scores, new product offerings aimed at extending our personalized and customer-centric philosophy to primary healthcare, and potential acquisitions of other consumer-oriented healthcare businesses.

 

   

Scaling research. Our research platform is based on a continually growing database of genotypic and phenotypic information. Our database allows us to conduct analyses in a multi-directional fashion, by searching for genetic signatures of particular diseases or the likelihood of a particular genetic variant causing disease in a particular individual or group of individuals who share the same trait. Our platform enables us to rapidly and serially conduct studies across an almost unlimited number of conditions at unprecedented statistical power, yielding insights into the causes and potential treatments of a wide variety of diseases.

 

   

Efficiently develop novel therapeutics. We believe that our research platform enables us to rapidly identify genetically validated drug targets with improved odds of clinical success. With our state-of- the-art bioinformatics capabilities, we analyze the trillions of data points in our database, optimizing the use of our resources, to genetically validate drug targets, inform patient selection for clinical trials and increase the probability of success of our programs. We plan to advance new drugs through the rapid selection of those with compelling clinical promise.

 

   

Maximizing our collaborations. Since inception we have worked with researchers in academia and in biopharma to demonstrate the quality and power of our database and advance discoveries, resulting in more than 180 published papers. Our collaboration with GSK further validates our drug discovery approach and expands our reach through GSK’s size and deep expertise. We plan to continue to leverage synergistic relationships to advance the development of our own, as well as our jointly owned, clinical programs.

 

   

Dreaming Big. We have a founder-led, inclusive, entrepreneurially inspired and scientifically rigorous approach to all we do. Our smart, team-spirited, customer-first, and data-driven people make the difference.

 

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We plan to continue to expand our team and advance our mission to help people, learn, understand and benefit from the human genome.

Our Market Opportunity

Consumer & Research Services

Personal Genome Services

We are seeking to disrupt the healthcare system by providing a personalized health and wellness experience to our Customers. A 2020 study of more than 1,000 US consumers by Redpoint Global/Dynata indicates that 75% of consumers wish that their healthcare experience could be more personalized. We believe that this study demonstrates a vast need, and potential market, for our products and services. As of June 30, 2021, we had over 11 million Customers. We believe that we are empowering our Customers to take control of their health and manage and potentially prevent disease by providing them with detailed information about their genetic risks.

Historically, the practice of medicine has been reactive, where doctors treat patients only after the patients develop symptoms of disease, with a lack of a focus on prevention. Until they develop a condition, patients are treated similarly based upon standard phenotypic data points such as age, gender, family history, weight, and other observable factors. This approach shortchanges patients. It doesn’t treat them as individuals and often ignores their individual needs. It also misaligns incentives, because the healthcare system only makes money when patients are sick; it is not set up to help people stay well. We want to change these incentives and create a system that rewards personalization and prevention in healthcare.

We believe that our ability to analyze genetic information and provide personalized reports on genetic variations that are known to be associated with important health conditions empowers our Customers. Armed with this personalized information, our Customers have the ability to make informed, proactive decisions about their health and their lives. Our studies show that Customers make positive health changes after receiving their PGS results. In a 2019 survey designed by 23andMe and M/A/R/C® Research, we asked Health + Ancestry Service Customers about the overall impact of their 23andMe experience, regardless of their results. Among those who responded to the survey*:

 

   

76% said they made one or more changes related to health;

 

   

55% reported healthier eating habits;

 

   

50% reported that they had adopted a healthier lifestyle generally;

 

   

45% said they were exercising more; and

 

   

42% said they were getting more sleep or rest.

 

*

Based on 2019 online survey, designed by 23andMe and M/A/R/C Research, of 1,046 Health + Ancestry Service customers

We expect to continue to develop and provide to our Customers new reports, including reports on cancer risk, diet, reproductive health, fitness and injuries, sleep, pharmacogenetics, and autoimmune conditions.

Additionally, we believe that direct-to-consumer (“DTC”) genetic health testing is gaining wider acceptance by physicians in the U.S. A survey completed by 1,000 U.S. primary care physicians (“PCPs”) found PCPs to be more than twice as likely to be comfortable discussing benefits, risks and limitations of genetic health testing, as well as interpreting and discussing results of a genetic test than they were two years ago. The report also found 80 percent of PCPs are open or likely to recommend DTC genetic testing for health if asked about it by their patients. A 2018 report from Health Affairs found that 70% of PCPs believe that genetic testing will improve clinical outcomes.8

 

8 

Health Affairs, “Views Of Primary Care Providers On Testing Patients For Genetic Risks For Common Chronic Diseases” (Volume 37, May 2018).

 

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We believe that we can be a partner to our Customers in pursuing a healthier lifestyle. We expect to continue to invest in expanding our PGS offerings and marketing our PGS to customers, and that as we attract more Customers, we will benefit from the network effect created by an increasing cohort of Customers who recommend our PGS to their families and friends.

23andMe+ Subscription Service

In October 2020, we launched the 23andMe+ subscription service, an annual membership that provides customers with over 10 exclusive reports and features. This subscription is an add-on to our Health + Ancestry Service. 23andMe+ provides customers with additional health reports, including three FDA-authorized pharmacogenetics reports, as well as personalized risk score reports based on 23andMe research. These new risk scores can help Customers understand their genetic risks for atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, LDL cholesterol and hypertension and migraine, and provide them with information on preventing and managing these conditions. 23andMe+ also provides customers with advanced ancestry-related features, such as enhanced tools and filters for finding genetic relatives. We are continually investing in new reports and features to provide to subscribers, and expect to add new reports for subscribers based on genetic insights from our research, including insights into cancer risk, reproductive health and diet. We believe the 23andMe+ subscription will enhance Customer engagement as subscribers receive new content with discoveries about themselves throughout the subscription period and meaningful and customized information to help them lead healthier lives.

Therapeutics

Overview

We believe our research platform can help discover novel treatments for patients with serious unmet medical needs. Our scale, which enables us to conduct real-time genetics health research, provides opportunities for novel discoveries in many therapeutic areas, including oncology, immunology, cardiovascular and metabolic disease and neurology. We have approximately 100 scientists on our Therapeutics team with capabilities for drug and antibody discovery, as well as for the early phases of drug development.

The traditional drug development process is costly and inefficient. The average per drug cost to develop a new drug is $2.6 billion dollars. On average it takes seven years for a drug candidate to progress to submission of an Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”), and nearly ninety percent of drug candidates fail and are never approved.

Our Solution

We believe our research platform can transform the process of drug development. Genetic data can significantly improve our understanding of diseases, their pathways and mechanisms, leading to the design and development of more targeted medicines. Use of genetic data in selecting drug targets can increase both the probability of success in a particular indication and avoid unwanted safety risks. Some published studies predict that selecting genetically supported drugs could double the success rate in clinical development and impact the successful development of new drugs.

The scale of our database provides us with a unique opportunity to pursue genetically targeted drug discovery by enabling us to:

 

   

Query data that enable us to identify a statistically meaningful number of individuals who report having a particular disease, which we then use to determine whether the presence or absence of a particular genetic variant increases or decreases the likelihood of developing the disease;

 

   

Pursue novel associations instead of developing “me too” drugs;

 

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Conduct discovery at scale—significant number of novel associations from a diverse range of people;

 

   

Improve target selection to discover safer, more effective “precision” medicines.

 

   

Support identification of patient subgroups that are more likely to respond to targeted treatments; and

 

   

More quickly identify and recruit patients for clinical studies from our re-contactable database.

 

LOGO

Given the large-scale of the research database, we are able to identify large numbers of individuals who self-report having certain diseases, as shown in the figure above. By combining information regarding disease status with genetic data, we identify potential drug targets by conducting GWAS, in which we test inherited genetic variants for association with each disease. New programs are identified through GWAS associations, the number and statistical significance (expressed generally in terms of “p-value”) of which increase as the size of our database grows, as shown in the figure below.

 

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LOGO

Our database scale enables us to conduct genetics research across multiple diseases based on genotypic and phenotypic data in both European and non-European populations for diseases with a greater than 0.1% prevalence in the population. We expect to be able to also identify diseases with a lower prevalence as our database grows and our computational methods continue to advance. Phenotypes in our database cover common and rare diseases which provides us with an understanding of disease mechanisms across multiple phenotypes and can help us identify potential safety concerns at an early stage.

Our Therapeutics Pipeline

We Have Generated a Deep Pipeline Across Multiple Therapeutic Areas9

 

LOGO

We are building a pipeline across multiple therapeutic areas including Immuno-oncology (“IO”), autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular/metabolic disorders. For example, our most advanced program is in IO, and is being pursued in collaboration with GSK. We discovered that targets of existing major IO therapies have a unique genetic signature in our database, based on associations with autoimmune disease in one direction and cancer in the other. We used this signature to analyze our database for novel IO targets that are primarily expressed in immune cells and cancers. We identified that the CD226 pathway has a genetic IO signature and this pathway plays an important role in regulating Natural Killer (“NK”) and T-cell function. We selected CD96, a critical component of the CD226 pathway, because it is a protein that can suppress T-cell and

 

9 

Pipeline as of March 21, 2021.

 

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NK cell activation in tumors. By disrupting the interaction between two proteins, CD96 and CD155, the antibody, GSK’608, has the potential to promote immune cell activation and anti-tumor activity. The Phase 1 program, led by GSK, began enrollment in 2020. We anticipate initiating combination dosing with an anti-PD-1 therapy later this year.

In addition to the collaboration with GSK, we have several proprietary programs. Our second most advanced program, P006, also in IO, is wholly owned by 23andMe. We anticipate advancing P006 into clinical trials by the end of our fiscal year 2022. Our P006 antibody blocks the suppression of T-cells by tumors and reactivates their immune response. We have seen a rapid acceleration in the discovery of genetically identified disease targets from the database

 

LOGO

and anticipate continued growth in the future. This graph (figure) plots the number of actual genetically validated targets as of March 31, 2019, March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2020.

We have the opportunity to collaborate with, or out-license our wholly-owned programs to third parties. For example, in early 2020, we signed a strategic agreement with Almirall, S.A. (“Almirall”), a medical dermatology company, to out-license our bispecific monoclonal antibody designed to block all three members of the IL-36 cytokine subfamily. IL-36 is a part of the IL-1 cytokine family, which is associated with multiple inflammatory diseases, including various dermatological conditions. Our agreement with Almirall provides Almirall with the right to develop and commercialize the antibody for worldwide use, in exchange for royalties.

Manufacture/Supply

For our PGS, we do not have in-house manufacturing capabilities and do not plan to develop such capacity in the foreseeable future. We do have a quality system that is compliant to 21 C.F.R. Part 820 for the regulated activities that are performed by us. We rely on third party suppliers, which we have qualified in accordance with our quality system to provide materials (such as our saliva collection kits, bead chips, reagents or other materials and equipment used in our laboratory operations) and services. Currently, we rely on a sole supplier to manufacture our saliva collection kits. If we were to change the design of certain of the materials which we rely on, such as our bead chip or our saliva collection kit, we may need to seek additional premarket review from the FDA. Should we seek to utilize additional laboratories, prior to utilizing their services for our U.S. customers the laboratories would need to obtain appropriate Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (“CLIA”) certification and state licensure (if required) including the validation of our testing services in accordance with FDA and CLIA regulations and expectations.

For Therapeutics, we do not have capability nor do we plan to develop current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) capacity for the manufacture, or supply of clinical therapeutics for our clinical trials nor for commercialization. We oversee the development of, and rely on third party suppliers to provide cGMP material for our planned clinical studies and will continue to work with contract manufacturers to improve process requirements to enable continued progress through clinical development to commercial medicines.

 

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Technology

Our PGS is a non-invasive genetic information service that provides qualitative genotyping data to individuals. The core components of the PGS consist of an FDA-cleared saliva collection kit; custom genotyping chip; laboratory procedures, equipment and analysis; and proprietary result-reporting software.

After placing an order, the customer receives by mail an Oragene®•Dx saliva collection kit. The saliva collection kit includes a sample collection tube with a unique barcode printed by the manufacturer, funnel, preservative solution, instructions for use, and pre-paid packaging for returning the sample to the processing laboratory.

Once the saliva sample is received by the laboratory, DNA extraction and quantification steps occur. Samples meeting a minimum DNA concentration of 15 ng/µL are processed and prepared for amplification and BeadChip addition. The custom Illumina Infinium® BeadChip genotyping chip is designed to detect >600,000 specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (“SNPs”), as well as other genetic variants; all markers refer to specific positions in the National Center for Biotechnology Information reference human genome.

BeadChips are read by the Illumina iScan® system, which is a laser-based, high-resolution optical imaging system. The instrument reads BeadChips by employing red and green lasers to excite the fluorophores of the allele-specific extended products found on the beads. Light emissions from these fluorophores are then recorded in high-resolution images of each BeadChip section. Data from these images are analyzed to determine genotypes using Illumina’s GenomeStudio® software package. GenomeStudio is a modular software application that allows viewing and analyzing of genotypic data obtained from the iScan.

The iScan software uses the dmap file to associate signal intensity measured by the iScan Reader with bead type. The algorithm uses sequential hybridizations of dye-labeled oligonucleotides, or decoders, complementary to bead sequences to create a combinatorial decoding scheme for arrays. The approach uses sequences designed to hybridize to a defined target with high specificity. It is capable of decoding, with high accuracy, many thousands of bead types. Each bead type is defined by a unique DNA sequence that is recognized by a complementary decoder. Raw genotypes are determined using the GenomeStudio software package.

The genotype content is separated, analyzed, and integrated into predefined report templates specific for each condition associated with each genotype. The Company’s proprietary Coregen software conducts a variety of control checks on the file, resulting in a final analytical genotype profile for each customer sample. The Coregen data is then used to generate unique GHR reports that are based on information from reported scientific findings on genotypes. Genetic results are returned to the Customer in a secure account on the 23andMe website or through the 23andMe mobile application.

Our Competitive Strengths

We aim to harness the power of genetics to empower Customers to understand and manage their health-related risks, live healthier lives and choose to partner with us by participating in our research. We believe we have unique capabilities and assets that will enable us to succeed in expanding our engagement with Customers and in using our crowdsourced database to discover and develop novel therapeutics to treat unmet medical needs.

 

   

Our platform is uniquely capable of creating Customer engagement. PGS provides Customers with unique insights into their genetic ancestry, traits, and health risks. We offer Customers the opportunity to find relatives through our DNA Relatives feature and to participate in research by providing answers to survey questions about their health. Seven million of our Customers logged in to their 23andMe account in calendar year 2020.10

 

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23andMe data on file.

 

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Our unique database includes over 1 trillion genotypic and phenotypic data points. We believe we are the only company with a crowdsourced database of information from Consenting Customers. This huge database enables us to conduct research at an unprecedented scale to develop novel insights for our customers and to discover and develop new therapies.

 

   

Big data and machine learning approaches add diversity to our pipeline. Our ability to synthesize and process billions of genotypic and phenotypic data points to generate multiple customer insights and therapeutic targets across multiple disease areas provides diversity to our pipeline.

 

   

Regulatory expertise that will help inform future clinical product development. Having been the first company to have ever obtained FDA marketing authorization for an over-the-counter genetic test and the only company to have obtained marketing authorization for multiple indications for over-the-counter genetic testing, we believe we have developed valuable core capabilities that will facilitate future product development to regulatory approval. We believe this capability will help inform future development of other consumer health offerings, including digital health applications.

 

   

Transformational collaborations with industry leaders validate our platform. Our collaborations with industry leaders such as GSK validate our unique approach to genetic-based discovery and development. We will continue to seek opportunities to optimize our ever-growing database to drive product and therapeutic development and commercial success.

 

   

Strong intellectual property protects our genetic platform and its applications. As of December 31, 2020, we had 34 pending utility patent applications and 34 issued utility patents as of that date, covering improvements in algorithms for processing genetic data, methods of analyzing genetic data, systems for analyzing genetic data, graphical user interfaces associated with customer facing products and content, and other applications. We have 10 issued design patents and four pending design patent applications as of December 31, 2020. In addition we have established strong brand recognition, which is protected by our trademark and copyright registrations.

Competition

Consumer (PGS)

The number of companies entering the personal genetics market with offerings similar to our direct-to-consumer PGS continues to increase. We also face competition from other companies attempting to capitalize on the same, or similar, opportunities as we are, including from existing diagnostic, laboratory services and other companies entering the personal genetics market with new offerings such as direct access and/or consumer self-pay tests and genetic interpretation services. Some of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories and greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to respond more quickly or efficiently than we can to new or emerging technologies. These competitors may engage in more extensive research and development efforts, undertake more far-reaching marketing campaigns and adopt more aggressive pricing policies, which may allow them to build larger customer bases than we have. Our competitors may develop products or services that are similar to our products and services or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products and services. This could attract customers away from our services and reduce our market share. We believe that our ability to compete successfully will depend on the following factors:

 

 

the size of our Customer base;

 

 

the timing and market acceptance of products and services, including the developments and enhancements to those products and services, offered by us or our competitors;

 

 

customer service and support efforts;

 

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selling and marketing efforts;

 

 

ease of use, performance, price and reliability of solutions developed either by us or our competitors; and

 

 

our brand strength relative to our competitors.

Therapeutics

Our therapeutics business faces substantial competition from larger, more established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with marketed products that have been accepted by the medical community, patients, and third-party payors, as well as smaller companies in our industry that have successfully identified and developed drugs. Our ability to compete in this industry may be affected by the previous adoption of such products by the medical community, patients, and third-party payors.

We recognize that other companies, including larger pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, may be developing or have plans to develop drugs that may compete with ours. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and human resources than we have. In addition, many of our competitors have significantly greater experience than we have in undertaking preclinical studies and human clinical trials of drugs, obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals of drugs for use in healthcare and manufacturing, and marketing and selling approved drugs. Our competitors may discover, develop or commercialize products or other novel technologies that are more effective, safer or less costly than any that we are developing. Our competitors may also obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their drugs more rapidly than we may obtain approval for any drug that we develop.

We anticipate that the competition with our drugs will be based on a number of factors, including product efficacy, safety, availability, and price. The timing of market introduction of any successful drug and competitive drugs will also affect competition among products. We expect the relative speed with which we can develop drugs, complete the clinical trials and approval processes, and supply commercial quantities of such drugs to the market to be important competitive factors. Our competitive position will also depend upon our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, to obtain patent protection or otherwise develop proprietary products or processes, protect our intellectual property, and to secure sufficient capital resources for the period between target identification and commercial sales of the resulting drug.

Intellectual Property

Since inception, we have considered our intellectual property (“IP”) as a critical part of our mission. We make every effort to protect our IP, and as of January 21, 2021, have built an extensive patent estate owned by 23andMe, as summarized below:

Consumer (PGS) Patent Estate

Our PGS patent estate consists of 45 granted U.S. patents, which include 35 utility and 10 design patents that cover technologies that include graphical user interfaces, aspects of algorithms for processing genetic data, computer implemented inventions, bioinformatics, and genotyping. Included in these are patents that relate to the following PGS services: (i) six design and 25 utility patents relate to our Ancestry + Traits service, (ii) eight design and four utility patents relate to our Health + Ancestry service, and (iii) three utility patents relate to our 23andMe+ service. The PGS patent estate also includes 38 U.S. pending patent applications, which include five design, 30 utility, two Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) applications, and one European patent application. Included in these are applications that relate to the following PGS services: (i) four design and 29 utility applications relate to our Ancestry + Traits service; (ii) four design and 30 utility applications relate to our Health + Ancestry service; and (iii) five utility applications relate to our 23andMe+ service. The two PCT applications and the one European application relate to both our Ancestry + Traits and Health + Ancestry services.

 

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Our PGS patent portfolio has expected expiration dates ranging from about 2028 to about 2041.

Therapeutics Patent Estate

Our therapeutics patent estate consists of 18 pending U.S. utility and foreign utility patent applications, which include five U.S. utility and 13 foreign utility patent applications, covering key areas of our past and current therapeutic development candidates. These applications include those in the following jurisdictions: the PCT, Gulf Cooperation Council, Argentina, Venezuela and Taiwan. The subject matter of the therapeutics patent portfolio relates to our immuno-oncology and inflammatory disease therapeutic areas. Our therapeutic patent portfolio has expected expiration dates ranging from about 2039 to about 2042.

Please note that we cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any patent applications we have filed or may file in the future, and we cannot be sure that any patents that have been granted or may be granted to us in the future will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented or that such patents will be commercially useful in protecting our technology.

We also appropriately guard our company trade secrets and know-how to maintain our business advantage, and seek to identify and obtain third party licenses where useful. In circumstances where we rely on trade secrets or proprietary know-how to protect our technology, we seek to protect such IP, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with those who have access to our confidential information, including our employees, contractors, consultants, collaborators, partners and advisors. We also internally designate levels of sensitive information with certain groups within the company. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our trade secrets or proprietary know-how by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. Although we have confidence in these individuals, organizations, and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets or proprietary know-how may otherwise become known or may be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our employees, contractors, consultants, collaborators, and advisors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. For this and more comprehensive risks related to our proprietary technology, inventions, improvements and product candidates, please see the section titled “Risk Factors—Risks related to our intellectual property.”

Government Regulation

Consumer (PGS) Business

Certain of our genetic health risk, carrier status, and pharmacogenetic reports are subject to regulatory oversight by the FDA under provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and regulations thereunder, including regulations governing the development, marketing, labeling, promotion, manufacturing, distribution, and export of diagnostic products. The third party laboratories that we contract with to perform the laboratory portions of our service are subject to oversight by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) pursuant to CLIA, as well as agencies in various states, including New York. We are subject to many other federal, state and foreign laws, including anti-fraud and abuse, anti-kickback and patient privacy. Failure to comply with applicable requirements can lead to sanctions, including withdrawal of products from the market, recalls, refusal to authorize government contracts, product seizures, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, civil money penalties, injunctions, and criminal prosecution.

Regulation of In Vitro (“IVD”) Diagnostics and Medical Devices

IVDs are regulated by the FDA in the U.S. as medical devices in accordance with the FDCA and its implementing regulations. The FDCA and its implementing regulations govern the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, marketing and distribution, and market surveillance of our medical devices.

 

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Medical devices must undergo premarket review prior to commercialization unless the device is exempt from such review or was in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 1976 (referred to as a “pre-amendment” device).

 

 

For devices that require submission of a 510(k) premarket notification, the regulatory process requires the applicant to demonstrate that the device to be marketed is at least as safe and effective as, that is, substantially equivalent to, a legally marketed predicate device. The applicant must submit information that supports its determination that its subject device is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed predicate device. 510(k) premarket notifications do not generally require clinical data. The 510(k) premarket notification pathway generally takes from three to nine months from the date the application is accepted for review but can take longer.

 

 

For devices that require approval of a premarket application (“PMA”), the PMA process requires the applicant to provide clinical and laboratory data that establishes that the new medical device is safe and effective. The FDA will approve the new device for commercial distribution if it determines that the data and information in the PMA application constitute valid scientific evidence and that there is reasonable assurance that the device is safe and effective for its intended use(s). PMA applications generally require extensive data, including technical, preclinical, clinical and manufacturing data, to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the device. As part of its review of the PMA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities to ensure compliance with the Quality System Regulation (21 CFR Part 820) (“QSR”), which requires manufacturers to follow design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures. If the FDA evaluations of both the PMA application and the manufacturing facilities are favorable, the FDA will either issue an approval letter or an approvable letter, which usually contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure the final approval of the PMA. If the FDA’s evaluation of the PMA or manufacturing facilities is not favorable, the FDA will deny the approval of the PMA or issue a not approvable letter. A not approvable letter will outline the deficiencies in the application and, where practical, will identify what is necessary to make the PMA approvable. Once granted, PMA approval may be withdrawn by the FDA if compliance with post-approval requirements, conditions of approval or other regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing. The average review time for a PMA application is one to two years, but can take longer.

 

 

Novel device technologies, including novel device changes, that have not been previously classified by FDA and for which there is no suitable predicate device are considered Class III “by default” under the FDCA. Although high-risk devices formally classified by FDA as Class III require FDA approval via the PMA process, novel devices that are Class III “by default” may be eligible for authorization by FDA via the De Novo pathway. To obtain marketing authorization via the De Novo pathway, the applicant must show that the subject device is low to moderate risk, such that it can be reclassified as Class I or Class II. The De Novo request pathway usually requires more testing data than a 510(k), and often requires clinical data. The average review time for a De Novo request is nine to 12 months, but can take longer.

Should a company need clinical data to support a premarket application, FDA regulates clinical investigations through its Investigational Device Exemption (“IDE”) regulations 21 C.F.R. Part 812. Clinical investigations of devices that are of a significant risk require pre-approval from FDA. Investigations of devices that are of a non-significant risk do not require FDA pre-approval; however, an Institutional Review Board (“IRB”) must agree that the study is of a non-significant risk. In addition, certain clinical investigations are exempted from IDE regulations including investigations of IVDs so long as certain criteria are met. The IDE regulations place specific requirements on sponsors and investigators of clinical studies including reporting to FDA certain adverse events and recordkeeping to demonstrate compliance with the regulations. FDA can conduct periodic, unannounced inspections of sponsors and investigators to evaluate compliance with the IDE regulations. Failure to comply with the IDE regulations can subject the sponsor and investigator to administrative enforcement proceedings, civil penalties, and/or criminal penalties.

 

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We utilized the 510(k) and De Novo pathways to seek authorization from the FDA for those aspects of the PGS products that are medical devices. Specifically, the FDA granted our first De Novo authorization to market our PGS product for Over-the-Counter Carrier testing for Bloom Syndrome in February 2015. Since 2015, we received three additional FDA De Novo Authorizations for Over-the-Counter Genetic Health Risks, BRCA1/BRCA2 Selected Variants and Pharmacogenetic Metabolism Information as well as two FDA 510(k) Clearances for MUTYH and Pharmacogenetic Drug Response Information. The regulations governing our authorizations and clearances place substantial restrictions on how our PGS service is marketed and sold, specifically, requirements on pre-purchase information we must provide to consumers and special controls we must comply with due to the over-the-counter nature of our PGS product. We may develop new diagnostic products and services that are regulated by the FDA as medical devices, or make changes to our medical devices that trigger a premarket submission that requires clinical data. The regulatory review and approval process for medical devices can be costly, timely, and uncertain. This process may involve, among other things, successfully completing additional clinical trials and submitting a premarket 510(k) notice, De Novo submission, or filing a premarket approval (PMA) application with the FDA. If premarket review is required by the FDA, there can be no assurance that our tests will be cleared, authorized, or approved on a timely basis, if at all. In addition, there can be no assurance that the claims we propose to FDA for clearance, authorization, or approval will be cleared, authorized, or approved by FDA.

We consider certain of our Wellness reports and Polygenic Risk Score reports to be either not medical devices under the FDCA or to be medical devices subject to FDA enforcement discretion in accordance with FDA’s General Wellness: Policy for Low Risk Devices (issued July 29, 2016 and revised September 27, 2019). Using a risk-based approach, FDA’s policy established a group of devices that meets the definition of a medical device but will not be subject to the requirements of the FDCA. It is possible in the future that the FDA may disagree that some or all of our Wellness or Polygenic Risk Score reports are subject to regulation under the FDCA and could thus subject us to enforcement action and penalties. We consider our COVID-19 Severity Calculator to be a medical device that is subject to FDA enforcement discretion in accordance with FDA’s Policy for Device Software Functions and Mobile Medical Applications (issued September 27, 2019). Using a risk-based approach, FDA’s policy established a group of software that meets the definition of a medical device but will not be subject to the requirements of the FDCA. It’s possible that the FDA may disagree that our COVID-19 Severity Calculator is subject to enforcement discretion and could thus subject us to an enforcement action and penalties. If this were to occur, we will likely have to utilize the premarket pathways described above or seek FDA authorization through the Emergency Use Authorization (“EUA”) pathway in order to market the COVID-19 Severity Calculator. If we utilize the EUA pathway, the authorization to market the software application will terminate once the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) declares the COVID-19 emergency over.

Both before and after a medical device is commercially released, we have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations which can increase the cost of conducting our business. The FDA reviews design and manufacturing practices, labeling and record keeping, and manufacturers’ required reports of adverse experiences and other information to identify potential problems with marketed medical devices. We are also subject to periodic inspection by the FDA for compliance with its Quality System Regulation (21 CFR Part 820) (“QSR”), among other FDA requirements, such as requirements for advertising and promotion of our devices. Our manufacturing operations, and those of our third-party finished device manufacturers, are required to comply with the QSR, which addresses a company’s responsibility for product design, testing and manufacturing quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. The QSR requires that each manufacturer establish a quality system by which the manufacturer monitors the manufacturing process and maintains records that show compliance with FDA regulations and the manufacturer’s written specifications and procedures relating to the devices. QSR compliance is necessary to receive and maintain FDA clearance or approval to market new and existing products and is also necessary for distributing in the U.S. certain devices exempt from FDA clearance and approval requirements. The FDA conducts announced and unannounced periodic and on-going inspections of medical device manufacturers to determine compliance with the QSR. If in connection with these inspections the

FDA believes the manufacturer has failed to comply with applicable regulations and/or procedures, it may issue

 

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inspectional observations on Form FDA-483 (“Form 483”) that would necessitate prompt corrective action. If FDA inspectional observations are not addressed and/or corrective action is not taken in a timely manner and to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA may issue a warning letter (which would similarly necessitate prompt corrective action) and/or proceed directly to other forms of enforcement action, including the imposition of operating restrictions, including a ceasing of operations, on one or more facilities, enjoining and restraining certain violations of applicable law pertaining to products, seizure of products, and assessing civil or criminal penalties against our officers, employees or us. The FDA could also issue negotiate the entry of a consent decree of permanent injunction with us. The FDA may also recommend prosecution to the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”). Any adverse regulatory action, depending on its magnitude, may restrict us from effectively manufacturing, marketing and selling our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Corruption

In situations involving healthcare providers employed by state-funded institutions or national healthcare agencies, violation of the local anti-kickback law may also constitute a violation of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). The FCPA prohibits any U.S. individual, business entity or employee of a U.S. business entity from offering or providing, directly or through a third party, including the distributors we rely on in certain markets, anything of value to a foreign government official with corrupt intent to influence an award or continuation of business or to gain an unfair advantage, whether or not such conduct violates local laws. In addition, it is illegal for a company that reports to the SEC to have false or inaccurate books or records or to fail to maintain a system of internal accounting controls. We are also required to maintain accurate information and control over sales and distributors’ activities that may fall within the purview of the FCPA, its books and records provisions and its anti-bribery provisions.

Laboratory Certification, Accreditation and Licensing

We and our third-party laboratories are also subject to U.S. and state laws and regulations regarding the operation of clinical laboratories. Virtually all clinical laboratories operating in the U.S. must be certified by the federal government or by a federally approved accreditation agency. Federal CLIA requirements regulated by the CMS and laws of certain states, including those of California, New York, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Florida, impose certification requirements for clinical laboratories, and establish standards for quality assurance and quality control, among other things. State laws may require that laboratory personnel meet certain qualifications, specify certain quality controls, or require maintenance of certain records. CLIA provides that a state may adopt different or more stringent regulations than federal law and permits states to apply for exemption from CLIA if the state’s laboratory laws are equivalent to, or more stringent than, CLIA. For example, the State of New York’s clinical laboratory regulations, which have received an exemption from CLIA, contain provisions that are in certain respects more stringent than federal law. Therefore, as long as New York maintains a licensure program that is CLIA-exempt, we will need to comply with New York’s clinical laboratory regulations in order to offer our clinical laboratory products and services in New York. Standards for testing under CLIA are based on the complexity of the tests performed by the laboratory, with tests classified as “high complexity,” “moderate complexity,” or “waived.” Laboratories performing high-complexity testing are required to meet more stringent requirements than moderate-complexity laboratories. Laboratories performing only waived tests, which are tests determined by the FDA to have a low potential for error and requiring little oversight, may apply for a certificate of waiver exempting them from most CLIA requirements.

We have current certificates to perform clinical laboratory testing. Clinical laboratories are subject to inspection by regulators and to sanctions for failing to comply with applicable requirements. The sanctions for failure to comply with CLIA requirements include suspension, revocation or limitation of a laboratory’s CLIA certificate, which is necessary to conduct business; cancellation or suspension of the laboratory’s approval to receive Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement; as well as significant fines and/or criminal penalties. States

 

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also have licensure requirements and may impose additional sanctions on us. The loss or suspension of a CLIA certification, state license, imposition of a fine or other penalties, or future changes in CLIA and state law/regulations (or interpretation of the law or regulations) could have a material adverse effect on us.

Regulation of Consumer Products

The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (“CPSC”) also have jurisdiction over products offered by PGS (especially those aspects of our products that are not regulated by the FDA). The FTC requires that advertising claims be truthful, non-deceptive, fair, and adequately supported. The CPSC protects the American public from products that may present safety hazards, with reporting and remedial actions required if certain hazards are identified. Failure to comply with FTC and/or CPSC laws and implementing regulations could subject us to enforcement proceedings, including mandatory recalls and penalties that could have a material adverse effect on us.

International

When marketing our PGS health reports outside of the U.S., we are subject to foreign regulatory requirements governing human clinical testing, export of tissue, marketing approval for our products and performance and reporting of tests on a local basis. These requirements vary by jurisdiction, differ from those in the U.S. and may require us to perform additional preclinical or clinical testing. Marketing in Europe subjects us to European Union (“EU”) medical device oversight. Accordingly, we and certain of our contract manufacturers would be subject to ongoing compliance with various International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) standards and ongoing regulatory oversight and review. These include routine inspections by EU Notified Bodies, which are entities accredited by an EU Member State to assess whether a product to be placed on the market meets certain preordained standards, of our manufacturing facilities and our records for compliance with requirements such as ISO 13485 and ISO 27001, which establish extensive requirements for quality assurance and control as well as manufacturing and change control procedures. Additionally, the EU adopted the IVD Regulation (“IVDR”) which will increase the regulatory requirements applicable to IVDs in the EU and would require that we classify and obtain pre-approval for our PGS health reports, which would be subject to the IVDR as of May 25, 2022. If we are not able to obtain and maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our PGS health service and/or may be subject to enforcement by EU Competent Authorities, bodies with authority to act on behalf of the government of the applicable EU Member State to ensure that the requirements of the directive or regulation are met.

As of January 1, 2021, due to the United Kingdom leaving the EU, the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) began implementation of new requirements for medical devices, including our health reports, marketed in Great Britain (and Northern Ireland). The new regulations require that on or before January 1, 2022, we register with the MHRA, designate a UK Responsible Person and prior to June 30, 2023 obtain a United Kingdom Conformity Assessed mark for our health reports, which are Class I In Vitro Diagnostic Devices. Prior to that time, the UK will continue to allow marketing of our health reports pursuant to our existing CE mark.

In situations involving healthcare providers employed by state-funded institutions or national healthcare agencies, violation of the local anti-kickback law may also constitute a violation of the FCPA. The FCPA prohibits any U.S. individual, business entity or employee of a U.S. business entity from offering or providing, directly or through a third party, including the distributors we rely on in certain markets, anything of value to a foreign government official with corrupt intent to influence an award or continuation of business or to gain an unfair advantage, whether or not such conduct violates local laws. In addition, it is illegal for a company that reports to the SEC to have false or inaccurate books or records or to fail to maintain a system of internal accounting controls. We are also required to maintain accurate information and control over sales and distributors’ activities that may fall within the purview of the FCPA, its books and records provisions and its anti-bribery provisions.

 

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Privacy and Security Regulation

We are subject to numerous local, state, federal and international laws, rules, and regulations relating to the privacy and security of directly or indirectly identifiable personal information (collectively, “Data Protection Laws”). Such Data Protection Laws address the collection, storage, sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of certain types of personal information, including genetic information, and evolve frequently in scope and enforcement. There can also be uncertainty, differing interpretations, and contradictory requirements across the privacy and security legal and regulatory landscape. In the U.S., some of the notable Data Protection Laws we are subject to include the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA,” previously known as the California Consumer Privacy Act or “CCPA”), Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FTC Act”), and, in the event of a data breach, various data breach laws across the 50 states and territories. Outside of the U.S., numerous countries have their own Data Protection Laws, including, but not limited to, the Canadian Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (“PIPEDA”) and the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), now also enacted in the UK (“UK GDPR”). 23andMe also expects new Data Protection Laws to be proposed and enacted in the future, and the effects of such legislation are potentially far-reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses.

Data Protection Laws are enforced by the FTC, government authorities and agencies, including state attorneys general and data protection commissioners. Data Protection Laws require us to publish statements to our customers that describe how we handle personal information and the choices customers have about the way we handle their personal information. If such information that we publish is considered untrue or inaccurate, we may be subject to claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices under Section 5 of the FTC Act or similar laws, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences.

In the U.S., the CPRA was recently approved by California voters, resulting in a significant modification of the CCPA and additional costs and expenses to our compliance efforts. The CPRA will create additional obligations relating to consumer data (including past, current and prospective employees’ data), with enforcement beginning on July 1, 2023. The CPRA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per violation and a private right of action in the event of a data breach. Interpretation and enforcement of CPRA, including its current and forthcoming regulatory guidance, remain uncertain. Other states are presenting similar comprehensive privacy laws, some of which are more robust than the CPRA in certain aspects.

Internationally, we are subject to, among other Data Protection Laws, the GDPR, UK GDPR, and PIPEDA which regulate collection, storage, sharing, use, disclosure, and protection of personal information, and impose stringent requirements with significant penalties and litigation risks for noncompliance. Like the U.S., international Data Protection Laws include national, state or provincial, and local laws, meaning compliance costs increase with every state, province, or locale we ship to. Failure to comply with the GDPR (and the UK GDPR) may result in fines of up to 20 million Euros/£17.5 million or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the infringer, whichever is greater. It may also lead to civil litigation, with the risks of damages or injunctive relief, or regulatory orders adversely impacting the ways in which our business can use personal information. While Canada’s PIPEDA does not have as stringent requirements and fines as the GDPR at this time, Canadian legislators are actively working on reforms to PIPEDA to align it with the GDPR. We anticipate that any reforms to PIPEDA will further increase our compliance costs and liabilities. Additionally, the post-Brexit relationship between the UK and the EU is still uncertain, meaning it is currently unclear how data transfers between EU member states and the UK will be treated (an adequacy application from the UK has been submitted for approval) or how the role of the UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office will change in the longer-term, but it is likely that we will need to deal with the UK’s authority and a European authority as the “one-stop shop” principle no longer applies. Such changes will likely lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure.

Where applicable, we rely on data transfer mechanisms to be able to transfer data between countries freely. We previously relied on the Privacy Shield certification for the purposes of transferring personal

 

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information out of the EU. In light of a recent invalidation of Privacy Shield, we continue to rely on standard contractual clauses to transfer EU/UK citizen and EU/UK resident personal information outside the EU/UK, or where applicable derogations provided for by law. These clauses are being revised and we will need to replace them (within a year of them being approved). This process and the implementation of new requirements to conduct risk assessments and implement additional safeguards will increase our costs.

Additionally, in the U.S. and internationally, businesses are required to provide notice to affected customers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. Many countries and/or states require businesses to maintain safeguards and take certain actions in response to a data breach and may be required to also notify applicable regulatory authorities. Some U.S. states go beyond data breach notification and general security safeguards by requiring businesses to maintain specific security safeguards; for example, Massachusetts establishes minimum standards to be met in connection with the safeguarding of personal information contained in both paper and electronic records including maintaining security policies and procedures, security training for employees, regular audits. While many Data Protection Laws rely on regulatory enforcement for non-compliance with security safeguards or data breaches, there may be an increase in legislation like CPRA providing a private right of action for consumers in the event of a data breach. Civil litigation and security compliance present liabilities and costs with respect to maintaining and continually refining security safeguards and incident response processes.

We anticipate changes with Data Protection Laws as countries and states continue to propose comprehensive privacy laws and regulations addressing consumer data protection rights, transparency and cybersecurity. In certain states, these laws are directed specifically to genetic information or genetic testing companies, or more specifically direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies.

Regulation of our Therapeutics Products and Programs

Government authorities in the U.S. at the federal, state and local level and in other countries regulate, among other things, the research, development, manufacture, testing, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug and biological products, diagnostics, including those we are developing as well as any future drugs. Generally, before a new drug, biologic or diagnostic can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific for each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved, authorized, or cleared by the applicable regulatory authority. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate regional, federal, state, territorial and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or following approval may subject an applicant to administrative actions or judicial sanctions. These actions and sanctions could include, among other actions, a regulatory agency’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, license revocation, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, voluntary or mandatory product recalls or market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement and civil or criminal fines or penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on our business, the market acceptance of our products and our reputation. Our drugs must be approved by the FDA through either a New Drug Application (“NDA”), or a Biologics License Application (“BLA”), process before they may be legally marketed in the U.S., and by similar processes for other regulatory regions. Moreover, the regulatory requirements governing our business are also evolving and will likely continue to evolve given the recent change in U.S. administration. By example, FDA has issued a number of guidance documents relating to gene therapies. Additionally, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, FDA has issued a number of guidance documents to assist companies navigating the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

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Preclinical Studies

Before testing any drug, biological, or gene therapy candidate in humans, the drug must undergo rigorous preclinical testing. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess safety and in some cases to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal and state regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations and requirements relating to animal testing. The sponsor submits the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical trials, among other things, to the FDA or other regulatory or oversight committee as part of an IND or Clinical Trial Application (CTA). In the U.S., an IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug to humans, and must become effective before human clinical trials may begin. An IND will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions and places the study on clinical hold. In that case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding FDA concerns or questions before clinical trials can proceed. Clinical holds may also be imposed by the FDA during the conduct of trials due to safety or compliance concerns. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse effects and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.

Clinical Trials

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Furthermore, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB/ethics committee for each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted to ensure that the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative as well as other subject communications, and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. In the case of certain gene therapy studies, an Institutional Biosafety Committee (“IBC”) at the local level may also review and maintain oversight over the particular study, in addition to the IRB.

There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries. Information about certain clinical trials, including clinical trial results, must be submitted within specific timeframes for publication on the www.clinicaltrials.gov website or other comparable public trial registries. Sponsors of investigational products for the diagnosis, monitoring, or treatment of one or more serious disease or conditions must also have a publicly available policy on evaluating and responding to requests for expanded access. Investigators must further provide certain information to clinical trial sponsors to allow the sponsors to make certain financial disclosures to the FDA.

A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the U.S. may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of an NDA or BLA. The FDA will accept a well-designed and well-conducted foreign clinical study not conducted under an IND if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP requirements, and the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection if deemed necessary. The data from the foreign clinical study must also be deemed by FDA to be meaningful to the U.S. population.

Clinical trials generally are conducted in three sequential phases, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3, and may overlap.

 

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Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers or disease-affected patients who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the drug. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, dosage tolerance, structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, absorption, excretion, pharmacokinetics side effect tolerability, and safety of the drug. These trials also sometimes seek to gain an early indication of a product candidate’s effectiveness.

 

 

Phase 2 clinical trials involve studies in disease-affected patients to evaluate proof of concept and/or determine the dose required to produce the desired benefits. At the same time, safety and further PK and PD information is collected, possible adverse effects and safety risks are identified and a preliminary evaluation of efficacy is conducted.

 

 

Phase 3 clinical trials are adequate and well-controlled studies that involve a large number of patients at multiple sites and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the product for its intended use, its safety in use and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

Additional kinds of data may also help support a BLA or NDA, such as patient experience data and real world evidence. Real world evidence may also be used to assist in clinical trial design or support an NDA for already approved products. For genetically targeted populations and variant protein targeted products intended to address an unmet medical need in one or more patient subgroups with a serious or life threatening rare disease or condition, the FDA may allow a sponsor to rely upon data and information previously developed by the sponsor or for which the sponsor has a right of reference, that was submitted previously to support an approved application for a product that incorporates or utilizes the same or similar genetically targeted technology or a product that is the same or utilizes the same variant protein targeted drug as the product that is the subject of the application.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and are commonly intended to generate additional safety data regarding use of the product in a clinical setting. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of an NDA or BLA.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the relevant health authorities and IRBs. The sponsor must also notify relevant health authorities and the IRBs of adverse events or other significant safety information within specified timeframes. Certain reports may also be required to be submitted to the IBC. Changes to the enrollment of clinical trials, for example halting enrollment for a clinical safety signal, or completing expected clinical trial accrual may be reported on a clinical trial registration site such as clinicaltrials.gov and may provide publicly-available information about the status of an ongoing clinical trial.

Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and other types of clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The health authority or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB or ethics committee can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at institutions under its jurisdiction if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with their requirements or if the drug or biologic has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. IBCs can also require that research activities be ceased if applicable requirements are not being met. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group may monitor the continued safety of the study, provide recommendations on study continuation, and/or provide authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial.

 

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The manufacture of investigational drugs and biologics for the conduct of human clinical trials is subject to cGMP requirements. Investigational drugs and biologics and active ingredients and therapeutic substances imported into the U.S. are also subject to regulation by the FDA. Further, the export of investigational products outside the U.S. is subject to regulatory requirements of the receiving country as well as U.S. export requirements.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional preclinical studies and also must develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug or biologic as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product and, among other things, companies must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drugs do not undergo unacceptable deterioration over their shelf life.

FDA Review Process

Following completion of the clinical trials, data are analyzed to assess whether the investigational drug is safe and effective for the proposed indicated use or uses. The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA, along with proposed labeling, chemistry and manufacturing information to ensure product quality and other relevant data. The NDA or BLA is a request for approval to market the drug or biologic for one or more specified indications and must contain proof of safety and efficacy for a drug or safety, purity and potency for a biologic. The application may include both negative and ambiguous results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a drug’s use or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational drug to the satisfaction of FDA. FDA approval of an NDA or BLA must be obtained before a drug or biologic may be marketed in the U.S.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”), as amended, each NDA or BLA subject to certain exceptions, must be accompanied by a user fee. FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. The FDA reviews all submitted NDAs and BLAs before it accepts them for filing, and may request additional information rather than accepting the NDA or BLA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA or BLA for filing within 60 days of receipt, and such decision could include a refusal to file by the FDA. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA or BLA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA targets ten months, from the filing date, in which to complete its initial review of a new molecular entity NDA or original BLA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date of a new molecular entity NDA or original BLA designated for priority review, which are products that, if approved, would present significant improvements in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of a serious condition. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs or BLAs, and the review process is often extended by FDA requests for or a sponsor’s submission of additional information or clarification. The FDA also may audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. The FDA will also inspect the facilities that manufacture the product candidate and will not approve a marketing application unless the agency confirms the manufacturer’s compliance with GMP requirements. Additionally, the FDA may refer applications for novel products or products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions, if any. For product candidates for which no active ingredient has previously been approved, such a referral is mandatory unless FDA issues an action letter summarizing the reasons why it did not require an advisory committee review.

 

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The FDA is not bound by recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations when making decisions on approval. The FDA likely will reanalyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and the applicant during the review process. After the FDA evaluates an NDA or BLA, it will issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug or biologic with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application will not be approved in its present form. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA or BLA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application or request an opportunity for a hearing. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the NDA or BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. Even if approval is granted, the FDA may limit the approved product’s indications for use, require labeling with significant warnings, limitations, or contraindications, or place other conditions on the approval that restricts the ability to market the product. For instance, FDA may require post-approval testing or surveillance, or impose other restrictions on the product, including distribution restrictions or risk evaluation and mitigation strategies. The FDA may also not approve label statements that are necessary for successful commercialization and marketing.

European Medicines Agency (EMA) Review Process

In the European Economic Area (“EEA”), which is comprised of the 27 Member States of the European Union (including Norway and excluding Croatia), Iceland and Liechtenstein, drugs can only be commercialized after obtaining a marketing authorization (“MA”). Before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy. There are two types of marketing authorizations:

 

 

The Community MA is issued by the European Commission through the Centralized Procedure, based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) of the EMA, and is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The Centralized Procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, advanced-therapy medicines such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of HIV, AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, autoimmune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases. The Centralized Procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the European Union.