F-1/A

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 15, 2024

Registration No. 333-277594

  

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 1

TO 

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

PAINREFORM LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

State of Israel	2834	Not Applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

65 Yigal Alon St. Tel Aviv, Israel 6744316 Tel: +972 3 7177051	Puglisi & Associates 850 Library Avenue Newark, DE 19711 Tel: (302) 738-6680
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)	(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Mark Selinger, Esq. Gary Emmanuel, Esq. Eyal Peled, Esq. Greenberg Traurig LLP One Vanderbilt Ave New York, NY 10017 +1 212 801 9200 Ronen Kantor, Esq. Doron Tikotzky Kantor Gutman & Amit Gross & Co. B.S.R. 4 Tower, 33 Floor 7 Metsada Street, Bnei Brak 5126112 Israel Tel: +972 3 613 3371 Robert F. Charron, Esq. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP 1345 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10105 Tel: (212) 370-1300

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date hereof.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☒

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☒

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the SEC, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED APRIL 15, 2024

Up to 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares

Up to 4,132,231 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase up to an aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares (and up to

an aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants)

Up to 4,132,231 Common Warrants to Purchase up to an aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares (and up to an

aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Common Warrants)

Up to 289,256 Placement Agent Warrants to Purchase up to an aggregate of  289,256 Ordinary Shares (and

up to an aggregate of 289,256 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants)

PainReform Ltd.

We are offering on a best-efforts basis up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.30 per share, of PainReform Ltd. at an assumed public offering price of $1.21 per ordinary share, which was the closing price of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, on April 11, 2024. 

We are also offering to certain purchasers whose purchase of ordinary shares in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding ordinary shares immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if any such purchaser so chooses, pre-funded warrants, or the pre-funded warrants, in lieu of ordinary shares that would otherwise result in such purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding ordinary shares. The purchase price of each pre-funded warrant is $1.2099 (which is equal to the assumed public offering price per ordinary share to be sold in this offering minus $0.0001, the exercise price per ordinary share of each pre-funded warrant). The pre-funded warrants are immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. For each pre-funded warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of ordinary shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. See “Description of the Offered Securities” for more information.

Our ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants are being offered together with up to 4,132,231 common warrants to purchase up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares. Each ordinary share and pre-funded warrant will be sold together with one common warrant. Each common warrant has an exercise price of $1.21 per ordinary share and will expire on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date. Because we will issue a common warrant for each ordinary share and for each pre-funded warrant sold in this offering, the number of common warrants sold in this offering will not change as a result of a change in the mix of ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants sold.

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Our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants and common warrants can only be purchased together in this offering but will be issued separately. We are also registering the ordinary shares issuable from time to time upon the exercise of the pre-funded warrants and common warrants offered hereby. We refer to the ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants, if any, and common warrants collectively, as the securities.

Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq under the symbol “PRFX.” On April 11, 2024, the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq was $1.21 per ordinary share. There is no established trading market for the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants, and we do not expect an active trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants will be limited.

The public offering price for the securities in this offering will be determined at the time of pricing and may be at a discount to the then current market price. Therefore, the assumed public offering price used throughout this prospectus may not be indicative of the final public offering price. The final public offering price will be determined through negotiation between us and the investors based upon a number of factors, including our history and our prospects, the industry in which we operate, our past and present operating results, the previous experience of our executive officers and the general condition of the securities markets at the time of this offering.

This offering will terminate on April 30, 2024, unless we decide to terminate the offering (which we may do at any time in our discretion) prior to that date. The securities will be offered at a fixed price and will be issued in a single closing.

We have engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, or the Placement Agent, to act as our exclusive Placement Agent in connection with this offering. The Placement Agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to arrange for the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities we are offering and the Placement Agent is not required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number of securities or dollar amount. We have agreed to pay to the Placement Agent the Placement Agent Fees set forth in the table below, which assumes that we sell all of the securities offered by this prospectus. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in escrow, trust or similar arrangement. There is no minimum offering requirement as a condition of closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us. We will bear all costs associated with the offering and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to pursue our business goals described in this prospectus. In addition, because there is no escrow account and no minimum offering amount, investors could be in a position where they have invested in our company, but we are unable to fulfill all of our contemplated objectives due to a lack of interest in this offering. Further, any proceeds from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan. See “Plan of Distribution” on page 25 of this prospectus for more information regarding these arrangements.

We are a “foreign private issuer,” and an “emerging growth company” each as defined under the federal securities laws, and, as such, we are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See the section entitled “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer” for additional information.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any ordinary shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our ordinary shares and our company.  See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 5 of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus for a discussion of information that should be considered in connection with an investment in our securities.

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	Per Ordinary Share and Accompanying Common Warrant	Per Pre-funded Warrant and Accompanying Common Warrant	Total
Public offering price
Placement agent fees (1)
Proceeds to us (before expenses) (2) (3)

(1)	We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering. We have also agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent for certain of its offering-related expenses, including a management fee of 1.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering, to reimburse the Placement Agent for its non-accountable expenses in the amount of $50,000, for its legal fees and expenses and other out-of-pocket expenses in an amount up to $100,000, and for its clearing expenses in the amount of up to $15,950. In addition, we have agreed to issue to the Placement Agent, or its designees, warrants to purchase up to a number of our ordinary shares equal to 7.0% of the number of ordinary shares, including ordinary shares underlying the pre-funded warrants being offered at an exercise price equal to 125% of the combined public offering price per ordinary share and accompanying common warrant. See “Plan of Distribution” for additional information and a description of the compensation payable to the Placement Agent.
(2)	We estimate the total expenses of this offering payable by us, excluding the Placement Agent fee, will be approximately $0.12 million. Because there is no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds required as a condition to closing in this offering, the actual public offering amount, Placement Agent fees, and proceeds to us, if any, are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the total maximum offering amounts set forth above. For more information, see “Plan of Distribution.”
(3)	Does not include proceeds from the cash exercise of the pre-funded warrants or common warrants, if any. Assumes no pre-funded warrants are issued.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 5 of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, nor any state or other foreign securities commission has approved nor disapproved these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

We anticipate that delivery of the securities against payment will be made on or about               , 2024, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions.

H.C. Wainwright & Co.

The date of this prospectus is               , 2024.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prospectus Summary	1
Risk Factors	5
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	9
Use of Proceeds	11
Dividend Policy	11
Capitalization	12
Description of Share Capital	13
Description of Offered Securities	21
Plan of Distribution	24
Material Tax Considerations	27
Legal Matters	38
Experts	38
Expenses of this Offering	39
Where You Can Find More Information	39
Incorporation of Certain  Information by Reference	39
Enforcement of Civil Liabilities	40

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The registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part that we have filed with Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC includes exhibits that provide more detail of the matters discussed in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and the related exhibits filed with the SEC before making your investment decision.

You should rely only on the information provided in this prospectus or in a prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses or amendments thereto. Neither we nor the Placement Agent have authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. We do not, and the Placement Agent and its affiliates do not, take any responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that others may provide to you. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. You should assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date hereof, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

For investors outside of the United States: neither we nor the Placement Agent have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.

In this prospectus, “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “PainReform” refer to PainReform Ltd. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. All references to “shares” or “ordinary shares” are to our ordinary shares, NIS 0.30 nominal par value per share. All references to “Israel” are to the State of Israel. “U.S. GAAP” means the generally accepted accounting principles of the United States.

Unless otherwise stated, all of our financial information presented in this prospectus, or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, has been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any discrepancies in any table between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus, or incorporated by reference into this prospectus, to financial and operational data for a particular year refer to the fiscal year of our company ended December 31 of that year. Our reporting currency and financial currency is the U.S. dollar. In this annual report, “NIS” means New Israeli Shekel, and “$,” “US$” and “U.S. dollars” mean United States dollars.

All trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus are referred to without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend the use or display of other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

This prospectus includes statistical, market and industry data and forecasts which we obtained from publicly available information and independent industry publications and reports that we believe to be reliable sources. These publicly available industry publications and reports generally state that they obtain their information from sources that they believe to be reliable, but they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information.

Effective June 8, 2023, we effected a 1-for-10 reverse share split of our authorized ordinary shares, including our issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and the par value of each share was accordingly increased from NIS 0.03 per share to NIS 0.30 per share. Unless specifically provided otherwise herein, the share and per share information that follows in this prospectus, other than in the historical financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, assumes the effect of the reverse share split.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus that we consider important. This summary does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our securities. Before you decide to invest in our securities, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors” section and the financial statements and related notes incorporated by reference into this prospectus and the other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which are described under “Incorporation by Reference” before making an investment in our securities.

Company Overview

We are a clinical stage specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the reformulation of established therapeutics.  Our proprietary extended-release drug-delivery system is designed to provide an extended period of post-surgical pain relief without the need for repeated dose administration while reducing the potential need for the use of opiates.

Our strategy is to incorporate generic drugs with our proprietary extended-release drug-delivery system in order to create extended release drug products and to take advantage of the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway created by the FDA.  The 505(b) (2) new drug application, or NDA, process, provides for FDA approval of a new drug based in part on data that was developed by others, including published literature references and data previously reviewed by the FDA in its approval of a separate application.  PRF-110, our first product candidate, is based on the local anesthetic ropivacaine, targeting the post-operative pain relief market.  PRF-110 is an oil-based, viscous, clear solution that is deposited directly into the surgical wound bed prior to closure to provide localized and extended post-operative analgesia.

Recent Developments

Increase in Authorized Share Capital

On April 8, 2024, at an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, our shareholders approved an increase in our authorized share capital by 15,000,000 ordinary shares, such that following the increase, our authorized share capital shall equal NIS 6,000,000 divided into 20,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.30 per share.

Warrant Repricing

On December 26, 2023, we entered into an inducement offer letter agreement, or the Inducement Letter, with a certain holder, or the Holder, of certain of our existing warrants to purchase up to (i) 301,230 ordinary shares issued on July 14, 2023 at an exercise price of $9.00 per ordinary share, or the July 14 Warrants, and (ii) 166,666  ordinary shares issued on July 18, 2023 at an exercise price of $9.00 per ordinary share, or the July 18 Warrants and together with the July 14 Warrants, the Existing Warrants.

Pursuant to the Inducement Letter, the Holder agreed to exercise for cash its Existing Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 467,896 ordinary shares at a reduced exercise price of $2.85 per ordinary share, resulting in gross proceeds to us of approximately $1.3 million, in consideration of our agreement to issue new warrants to purchase ordinary shares, or the New Warrants, to purchase up to an aggregate of 935,792 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $2.85 per ordinary share.

We engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, or Wainwright to act as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Inducement Letter. We also agreed to issue to Wainwright or its designees warrants, or the Placement Agent Warrants, to purchase up to 32,753 ordinary shares (representing 7.0% of the Existing Warrants being exercised) which have the same terms as the New Warrants except the Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price equal to $3.5625 per ordinary share (125% of the reduced exercise price of the Existing Warrants). Similar to the New Warrants, the Placement Agent Warrants are immediately exercisable from the date of issuance until the fifth anniversary of such date.

The closing of the transactions contemplated pursuant to the Inducement Letter occurred on December 28, 2023.

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Recent Developments Affecting Our Business

In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in other areas within the State of Israel. These attacks resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, and Hamas additionally kidnapped many Israeli civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and commenced a military campaign against Hamas and these terrorist organizations in parallel continued rocket and terror attacks. Nevertheless, our clinical and business development activities remain on track. See also Risk Factors – “Conditions in the Middle East and in Israel may harm our operations”.

Reverse Stock Split

On June 8, 2023, we effected a reverse share split of the ordinary shares at the ratio of 1-for-10, such that each ten (10) ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.03 per share, were consolidated into one (1) ordinary share, par value NIS 0.30. July 3, 2023 was the first date when our ordinary shares began trading on Nasdaq after implementation of the reverse split. Unless indicated otherwise by the context, all ordinary share, option, warrant and per share amounts as well as share prices appearing in this prospectus have been adjusted to give retroactive effect to the share split for all periods presented.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel in November 2007. Our principal executive offices are located at 65 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv, Israel 6744316. Our telephone number is +972-3-717-7051. Our corporate website address is www.painreform.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of nor incorporated into this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only. Puglisi & Associates, or Puglisi, serves as our authorized representative in the United States for certain limited matters. Puglisi’s address is 850 Library Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19711.

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Summary of the Offering

Ordinary Shares to be offered	Up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares on a best-efforts basis based on an assumed public offering price of $1.21 per ordinary share (the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq on April 11, 2024).
Pre-funded warrants	We are also offering to certain purchasers whose purchase of ordinary shares in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of each purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding ordinary shares immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if any such purchaser so chooses, pre-funded warrants, or the pre-funded warrants, in lieu of ordinary shares that would otherwise result in such purchaser’s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% (or, at the election of each purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding ordinary shares. The purchase price of each pre-funded warrant is $1.2099 (which is equal to the assumed public offering price per ordinary share to be sold in this offering minus $0.0001, the exercise price per ordinary share of each pre-funded warrant). The pre-funded warrants are immediately exercisable (subject to the beneficial ownership cap) and may be exercised at any time until all of the pre-funded warrants are exercised in full. For each pre-funded warrant we sell (without regard to any limitation on exercise set forth therein), the number of ordinary shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. We are also registering the ordinary shares issuable from time to time upon the exercise of the pre-funded warrants offered hereby. See “Description of the Offered Securities” for more information.
Common Warrants	Each ordinary share and each pre-funded warrant will be sold together with one common warrant. Each common warrant has an exercise price per ordinary share equal to $1.21 and expires on the fifth anniversary of the original issuance date. Because we will issue a common warrant for each ordinary share and for each pre-funded warrant sold in this offering, the number of common warrants sold in this offering will not change as a result of a change in the mix of ordinary shares and pre-funded warrants sold. This offering also relates to the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of any common warrants sold in this offering. See “Description of the Offered Securities” for more information.
Ordinary shares outstanding after this offering	6,158,474 ordinary shares (assuming no sale of any pre-funded warrants and no exercise of the common warrants).
Use of proceeds	Assuming the maximum number of ordinary shares are sold in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $1.21 per ordinary share, which represents the closing price of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq on April 11, 2024, and assuming no issuance of pre-funded warrants and no exercise of the common warrants in connection with this offering, we estimate the net proceeds of the offering will be approximately $4.3 million, after deducting the placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us. However, this is a best efforts offering with no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds as a condition to closing, and we may not sell all or any of these securities offered pursuant to this prospectus; as a result, we may receive significantly less in net proceeds.
	We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to advance our clinical studies, and for general corporate purposes. Pending such uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in bank deposits. We have not determined the amount of net proceeds to be used specifically for such purposes. As a result, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds of this offering. See “Use of Proceeds” for additional information.

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Risk factors	Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should read the “Risk Factors” section starting on page 5 of this prospectus and “Item 3. - Key Information – D. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, or the 2023 Annual Report, incorporated by reference herein, and other information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in our securities.
Nasdaq Capital Market symbol	“PRFX”. There is no established public trading market for the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants will be limited.
Best efforts offering	We have agreed to offer and sell the securities offered hereby to the purchasers through the Placement Agent. The Placement Agent is not required to buy or sell any specific number or dollar amount of the securities offered hereby, but it will use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered by this prospectus. See “Plan of Distribution” on page 25 of this prospectus.

The number of the ordinary shares to be issued and outstanding immediately after this offering as shown above assumes that all of the ordinary shares offered hereby are sold and is based on 2,026,243 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of April 11, 2024. This number excludes:

● options to purchase 203,382 ordinary shares with a weighted average exercise price of $11.21 per share, granted under the 2008 PainReform Ltd. Option Plan and the 2019 PainReform Ltd. Option Plan, or together, our equity incentive plans;

● 13,952 ordinary shares reserved for future awards under our equity incentive plans; and

● warrants to purchase 1,398,902 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of $69.03.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes or gives effect to:

● no exercise of the options and the warrants described above;

● no sale of pre-funded warrants in this offering;

● no exercise of the common warrants and the placement agent warrants; and

● the reverse share split effected on June 8, 2023.

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RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below and the risks described in our 2023 Annual Report, which are incorporated by reference herein, as well as the financial or other information included in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes, before you decide to buy our securities. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks facing us. We may face additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. Any of the risks described below, and any such additional risks, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In such case, you may lose all or part of your original investment.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities and this Offering

The best efforts structure of this offering may have an adverse effect on our business plan.

The Placement Agent has agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities in this offering. The Placement Agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. There is no required minimum number of securities that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering, the actual offering amount, placement agent fees and proceeds to us are not presently determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth above. We may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to support our continued operations, including our near-term continued operations. Thus, we may not raise the amount of capital we believe is required for our operations in the short-term and may need to raise additional funds, which may not be available or available on terms acceptable to us. The success of this offering will impact our ability to use the proceeds to execute our business plan. We may have insufficient capital to implement our business plan, potentially resulting in greater operating losses unless we are able to raise the required capital from alternative sources. There is no assurance that alternative capital, if needed, would be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

This offering is being made on a best efforts basis and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby and may receive significantly less in net proceeds from this offering, which will provide us only limited working capital.

This offering is being made on a best efforts basis and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby and may receive significantly less in net proceeds from this offering. Assuming that we receive net proceeds of approximately $4.3 million from this offering (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $5.0 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will meet our capital needs for the next 6 months under our current business plan. Assuming that we receive net proceeds of approximately $3.5 million from this offering (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $4.0 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will satisfy our capital needs for the next 5 months under our current business plan. Assuming that we receive net proceeds of approximately $2.5 million from this offering (assuming an offering with gross proceeds of $3.0 million), we believe that the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, will satisfy our capital needs for the next four months under our current business plan. Without giving effect to the receipt of any proceeds from this offering, we currently estimate that our existing cash and cash equivalents are sufficient to fund business operations into July 2024.

Our management team will have immediate and broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to advance our clinical studies and for general corporate purposes. Pending such uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in bank deposits.  See “Use of Proceeds.” However, our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds. Our shareholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate the net proceeds from this offering. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income. The decisions made by our management may not result in positive returns on your investment and you will not have an opportunity to evaluate the economic, financial or other information upon which our management bases its decisions.

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We will need additional capital in the future. Raising additional capital by issuing securities may cause dilution to existing shareholders.

We have incurred losses in each year since our inception. If we continue to use cash at our historical rates of use we will need significant additional financing, which we may seek through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of any such offerings may include liquidation or other preferences that may adversely affect the then existing shareholders rights. Debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions such as incurring debt or making capital expenditures. If we raise additional funds through collaboration, strategic alliance or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our securities.

Effective June 30, 2020, the SEC implemented Regulation Best Interest requiring that “A broker, dealer, or a natural person who is an associated person of a broker or dealer, when making a recommendation of any securities transaction or investment strategy involving securities (including account recommendations) to a retail customer, shall act in the best interest of the retail customer at the time the recommendation is made, without placing the financial or other interest of the broker, dealer, or natural person who is an associated person of a broker or dealer making the recommendation ahead of the interest of the retail customer.” This is a significantly higher standard for broker-dealers to recommend securities to retail customers than before under FINRA “suitability rules. FINRA suitability rules do still apply to institutional investors and require that in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending securities to their customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information, and for retail customers determine the investment is in the customer’s “best interest” and meet other SEC requirements. Both SEC Regulation Best Interest and FINRA’s suitability requirements may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy speculative, low-priced securities. They may affect investing in our ordinary shares, which may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity in our securities. As a result, fewer broker-dealers may be willing to make a market in our ordinary shares, reducing a stockholder’s ability to resell our ordinary shares.

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Purchasers who purchase our securities in this offering pursuant to a securities purchase agreement may have rights not available to purchasers that purchase without the benefit of a securities purchase agreement.

In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers that enter into a securities purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract provides those investors with the means to enforce the covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement including, but not limited to: (i) timely delivery of shares; (ii) agreement to not enter into variable rate financings for one year from closing, subject to certain conditions and exceptions; (iii) agreement to not enter into any financings for 60 days from closing, subject to certain conditions and exceptions; and (iv) indemnification for breach of contract.

Ordinary shares representing a substantial percentage of our outstanding shares may be sold in this offering, which could cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.

We may sell in this offering up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares, or approximately 203.9% of our outstanding ordinary shares, prior to this offering, as of April 11, 2024. This sale and any future sales of a substantial number of ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could materially adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that market sales of those ordinary shares or the availability of those ordinary shares for sale will have on the market price of our ordinary shares.

There is no public market for the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants being offered in this offering.

There is no established public trading market for the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without an active market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants will be limited.

Holders of our pre-funded warrants or the common warrants will have no rights as holders of ordinary shares until such warrants are exercised.

Until you acquire ordinary shares upon exercise of your pre-funded warrants or the common warrants, you will have no rights with respect to ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of your pre-funded warrants or common warrants. Upon exercise of your pre-funded warrants or common warrants, you will be entitled to exercise the rights of a holder of ordinary shares only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date.

The pre-funded warrants and common warrants are speculative in nature.

The pre-funded warrants and common warrants offered hereby do not confer any rights of ownership of our ordinary shares on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire ordinary shares at a fixed price. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the pre-funded warrants may acquire ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants at an exercise price of $0.0001 per ordinary share. Holders of the common warrants may acquire ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of such warrants at an exercise price of $1.21 per ordinary share. Moreover, following this offering, the market value of the pre-funded warrants and common warrants is uncertain, and there can be no assurance that the market value of the pre-funded warrants or common warrants will equal or exceed their public offering price.

The common warrants may not have any value.

Each common warrant has an exercise price per ordinary share equal to $1.21 and expires on the fifth anniversary of its original issuance date. In the event the market price per our ordinary share does not exceed the exercise price of the common warrants during the period when the warrants are exercisable, the common warrants may not have any value.

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Conditions in the Middle East and in Israel may harm our operations.

Our executive office and research and development facilities are located in Israel. Most of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries, and between Israel and the Hamas (an Islamist militia and political group in the Gaza Strip) and Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group in Lebanon).

In particular, in October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in other areas within the State of Israel. These attacks resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, and Hamas additionally kidnapped many Israeli civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and commenced a military campaign against Hamas and these terrorist organizations in parallel continued rocket and terror attacks. As a result of the events of October 7, 2023 whereby Hamas terrorists invaded southern Israel and launched thousands of rockets in a widespread terrorist attack on Israel, the Israeli government declared that the country was at war and the Israeli military began to call-up reservists for active duty. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not been impacted by any absences of personnel at our service providers or counterparties located in Israel. Military service call ups that result in absences of personnel from us for an extended period of time may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. As of the date of this prospectus, we currently have 6 full-time and 1 part-time employees, with 6 employees located in Israel and 1 employee located outside of Israel.

Since the war broke out on October 7, 2023, our operations have not been adversely affected by this situation, and we have not experienced disruptions to our clinical trials of PRF-110. Of the seven clinical sites currently participating in our clinical trials, none are located in Israel. Additionally, in 2021, we put in place a plan and actions directed at shifting manufacturing and scale-up operations of PRF-110 to North America and engaged Pharmaceutics International, a U.S.-based contract manufacturing organization for the purpose of manufacturing our clinical trial batches. As such, our clinical and business development activities remain on track. However, the intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict at this stage, as are such war’s economic implications on our business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general. if the war extends for a long period of time or expands to other fronts, such as Lebanon, Syria and the West Bank, our operations may be adversely affected.

In addition, since the commencement of these events, there have been continued hostilities along Israel’s northern border with Lebanon (with the Hezbollah terror organization) and southern border (with the Houthi movement in Yemen). It is possible that hostilities with Hezbollah in Lebanon will escalate, and that other terrorist organizations, including Palestinian military organizations in the West Bank as well as other hostile countries, such as Iran, will join the hostilities. Such clashes may escalate in the future into a greater regional conflict.  In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is widely believed to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthi movement in Yemen, and various rebel militia groups in Syria. These situations may potentially escalate in the future to more violent events which may affect Israel and us. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business.

Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations. In recent years, the hostilities involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, including areas in which our employees and some of our consultants are located, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any armed conflicts or political instability in the region would likely negatively affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations. 

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Finally, political conditions within Israel may affect our operations. Israel has held five general elections between 2019 and 2022, and prior to October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system, which sparked extensive political debate and unrest. To date, these initiatives have been substantially put on hold. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus and elsewhere, including in our 2023 Annual Report incorporated by reference herein, and other information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, contains forward-looking statements concerning our expectations, beliefs or intentions regarding, among other things, our product development efforts, business, financial condition, results of operations, strategies or prospects. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “potential,” “positioned,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Many factors could cause our actual activities or results to differ materially from the activities and results anticipated in forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the factors summarized below:

● our ability to continue as a going concern;

● our history of losses and need for additional capital to fund our operations and our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all;

● our dependence on the success of our initial product candidate, PRF-110;

● the outcomes of preclinical studies, clinical trials and other research regarding PRF-110 and future product candidates;

● fluctuations in inflation and interest in Israel and the United States;

● our limited experience managing clinical trials;

● our ability to retain key personnel and recruit additional employees;

● our reliance on third parties for the conduct of clinical trials, product manufacturing and development;

● the impact of competition and new technologies;

● our ability to comply with regulatory requirements relating to the development and marketing of our product candidates;

● our ability to establish and maintain strategic partnerships and other corporate collaborations;

● the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and product candidates;

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● the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our product candidates and our ability to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others;

● the overall global economic environment;

● our ability to develop an active trading market for our ordinary shares and whether the market price of our ordinary shares is volatile;

● statements as to the impact of the political and security situation in Israel on our business, including due to the current war between Israel and Hamas; and

● those factors referred to in our 2023 Annual Report incorporated by reference herein in “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company,” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” as well as in our 2023 Annual Report generally, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate and our management’s beliefs and assumptions, and are not guarantees of future performance or development and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. As a result, any or all of our forward-looking statements in this prospectus may turn out to be inaccurate. Important factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Potential investors are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements included in this prospectus speak only as of the date of this prospectus. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or will occur. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future. You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this prospectus. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

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USE OF PROCEEDS

Assuming the maximum number of ordinary shares are sold in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $1.21 per ordinary share, which represents the closing price of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq on April 11, 2024, and assuming no issuance of pre-funded warrants in connection with this offering, we estimate the net proceeds of the offering will be approximately $4.3 million, after deducting the placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us. However, this is a best efforts offering with no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds as a condition to closing, and we may not sell all or any of these securities offered pursuant to this prospectus; as a result, we may receive significantly less in net proceeds.

Each $0.10 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $1.21 per ordinary share would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting the estimated placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, by $0.41  million, assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. We may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares we are offering. An increase (decrease) of 100,000 in the number of ordinary shares we are offering would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting the estimated placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, by $0.12 million, assuming the assumed public offering price stays the same.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds of this offering to advance our clinical studies and for general corporate purposes. Pending such uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in bank deposits. Although we have identified some potential uses of the net proceeds to be received upon completion of this offering, we cannot specify these uses with certainty. Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of this offering. Our shareholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds. Moreover, our management may use the net proceeds for corporate purposes that may not result in our being profitable or increase our market value.

DIVIDEND POLICY

Dividends may be distributed only out of profits available for dividends as determined by the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law provided that the board of directors determines that there is no reasonable concern that the distribution will prevent us from being able to meet its existing and anticipated obligations when they become due. Under the Companies Law, the distribution amount is further limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution according to our last reviewed or audited financial statements, provided that the end of the period to which the financial statements relate is not more than six months prior to the date of distribution. In the event that we do not meet such criteria, we may seek the approval of the court in order to distribute a dividend. The court may approve our request if it is convinced that there is no reasonable concern that the payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.

Generally, under the Companies Law, the decision to distribute dividends and the amount to be distributed is made by a company’s board of directors. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Association, or the Articles, provide that the board of directors may from time to time declare, and cause us to pay, such dividends as may appear to it to be justified by our profits and that the board of directors has the authority to determine the time for payment of such dividends and the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to receive such dividends, provided the date is not before the date of the resolution to distribute the dividend. Declaration of dividends does not require shareholder approval.

Pursuant to our Articles, subject to the rights of holders of shares with limited or preferred rights, ordinary shares shall confer upon the holders thereof equal rights to receive dividends and to participate in the distribution of our assets upon our winding-up, in proportion to the amount paid up or credited as paid up on account of the nominal value of the shares held by them respectively and in respect of which such dividends are being paid or such distribution is being made, without regard to any premium paid in excess of the nominal value, if any.

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We have never declared or paid cash dividends to our shareholders. Currently, we do not intend to pay cash dividends. We intend to reinvest any earnings in developing and expanding our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects, applicable Israeli law and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, the distribution of dividends is limited by Israeli law, which permits the distribution of dividends only out of distributable profits.

Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Taxation — Israeli Tax Considerations” in the 2023 Annual Report for additional information.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our actual cash and cash equivalents and capitalization, each as of December 31, 2023, and as adjusted to give effect to the issuance and sale of securities in this offering at an assumed public offering price of $1.21 per share, which is the last reported sale price for our ordinary shares on Nasdaq on April 11, 2024, and an aggregate offering amount of $4.3 million, after deducting the placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The below assumes the sale of the maximum offering amount, that no pre-funded warrants are issued and that no common warrants are exercised for cash.

The as-adjusted information set forth below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this information together with our consolidated financial statements.

The information in this table should be read in conjunction with and is qualified by reference to the financial statements and notes thereto and other financial information incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

	As of December 31, 2023
(U.S. dollars in thousands)	Actual(1)			As Adjusted
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash	$	8,036		$	12,371
Shareholders’ equity:
Ordinary shares par value NIS 0.30 per share; authorized 5,000,000; issued and outstanding 1,728,347 ordinary shares (actual) and                        ordinary shares (as adjusted)	$	147			477
Additional paid in capital	$	48,955			52,960
Accumulated deficit	$	(41,863	)		(41,863	)
Total shareholders’ equity	$	7,239			11,574

(1) Each $0.10 increase or decrease in the assumed public offering price of $1.21 per ordinary share (the last reported sale price of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq on April 11, 2024), would increase or decrease, respectively, the amount of cash and cash equivalents and total shareholders’ equity by $0.41 million, assuming the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, and after deducting the estimated placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares we are offering. An increase (decrease) of 100,000 in the number of ordinary shares we are offering would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting the placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, by $0.12 million, assuming the assumed public offering price stays the same.

Except as otherwise noted, all information in this prospectus reflects and assumes no sale of pre-funded warrants in this offering, which, if sold, would reduce the number of ordinary shares that we are offering on a one-for-one basis. The number of the ordinary shares to be issued and outstanding immediately after this offering as shown above assumes that all of the ordinary shares offered hereby are sold, and is based on 1,728,347 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023. This number excludes:

• options to purchase 203,382 ordinary shares with a weighted average exercise price of $11.21 per share, granted under our equity incentive plans;

• 13,952 ordinary shares reserved for future awards under our equity incentive plans;

• warrants to purchase 1,398,902 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of $69.03; and

 

• the issuance of 297,897 ordinary shares upon the exercise of warrants after such date.

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DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL

General

Our registered share capital is NIS 6,000,000 divided into 20,000,000 ordinary shares, NIS 0.30 par value per share.

As of April 11, 2024, our authorized share capital consists of 20,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.30 per share, of which 2,026,243 ordinary shares are issued and outstanding.

All of our ordinary shares have identical voting and other rights in all respects.  All of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.  Our Articles and the laws of the State of Israel do not restrict the ownership or voting of ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel, except with respect to citizens of countries that are, or have been, in a state of war with Israel.

The Nasdaq Capital Market

Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PRFX”.

Articles of Association

Our Israeli company number is 51-405659-7. Under Section 2 of our Articles, our purpose is to engage in any lawful activity. The address of our registered office is 65 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv, Israel 6744316.

Election of Directors

Under our Articles, our board of directors must consist of not less than five (5) but no more than eight (8) directors, including any external directors required to be appointed by the Companies Law.  Pursuant to our Articles, other than the external directors, for whom special election requirements apply, and directors appointed by our board of directors, each of our directors will be appointed by a simple majority vote of holders of our voting shares, participating and voting at a general meeting of our shareholders.

In addition, our Articles allow our board of directors to fill vacancies on the board of directors or to appoint new directors up to the maximum number of directors permitted under our Articles.  Such directors serve for a term of office equal to the remaining period of the term of office of the directors(s) whose office(s) have been vacated or in the case of new directors, to serve until the subsequent annual general meeting of our shareholders.

External directors are elected for an initial term of three years, may be elected for additional terms of three years each under certain circumstances and may be removed from office pursuant to the terms of the Companies Law.  For further information on the election and removal of external directors, see “Management — External Directors — Election and Dismissal of External Directors” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024.

Borrowing Powers

Pursuant to the Companies Law and our Articles, our board of directors may exercise all powers and take all actions that are not required under law or under our Articles to be exercised or taken by our shareholders, including issuing series of debentures, within the framework of its authority to borrow in our name, within the limits set by said authority. The board of directors may issue or allocate shares and other securities, either convertible into or realizable as shares, up to the limit of our registered share capital. For purposes of the foregoing, securities that can be converted into or realized as shares shall be treated as if they had been converted or realized on the date of their allocation.

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Fiduciary Duties of Directors and Executive Officers

The Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that Office Holders (as defined in the Companies Law) owe to a company.

An Office Holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires an Office Holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable Office Holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of loyalty requires that an Office Holder act in good faith and in the best interests of a company. The duty of care includes a duty to use reasonable means to obtain:

● information on the advisability of a given action brought for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position; and

● all other important information pertaining to these actions.

The duty of loyalty requires an Office Holder to act in good faith and for the benefit of a company, and includes a duty to:

● refrain from any conflict of interest between the performance of his or her duties to the company and his or her other duties or personal affairs;

● refrain from any activity that is competitive with the company;

● refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company to receive a personal gain for himself or herself or others; and

● disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs which the Office Holder received as a result of his or her position as an Office Holder.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder

The Companies Law requires that an Office Holder promptly disclose to Company, and in any event no later than the board of directors meeting at which the transaction is first discussed, any personal interest that he or she may have concerning any existing or proposed transaction with a company, as well as any substantial information or document with respect thereof. An interested Office Holder’s disclosure must be made promptly and, in any event, no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered.

Under the Companies Law, a “personal interest” includes an interest of any person in an action or transaction of a company, including a personal interest of one’s relative or of a corporate body in which such person or a relative of such person is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming from one’s ownership of shares in a company. A personal interest furthermore includes the personal interest of a person for whom the Office Holder holds a voting proxy or the interest of the Office Holder with respect to his or her vote on behalf of the shareholder for whom he or she holds a proxy, even if such shareholder itself has no personal interest in the approval of the matter. An Office Holder is not, however, obliged to disclose a personal interest if it derives solely from the personal interest of a relative of such Office Holder in a transaction that is not considered an extraordinary transaction.

Under the Companies Law, an extraordinary transaction is defined as any of the following:

● a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business;

● a transaction that is not on market terms; or

● a transaction that may have a material impact on a company’s profitability, assets or liabilities.

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Approval Procedure

If an Office Holder has a personal interest in a transaction, approval by the board of directors is required for the transaction, unless the articles of association of a company provide for a different method of approval. Our Articles do not provide for any such different method of approval. Further, so long as an Office Holder has disclosed his or her personal interest in a transaction, the board of directors may approve an action by the Office Holder that would otherwise be deemed a breach of the duty of loyalty. However, a company may not approve a transaction or action that is adverse to such company’s interest or that is not performed by the Office Holder in good faith. Approval first by a company’s audit committee and subsequently by the board of directors is required for an extraordinary transaction in which an Office Holder has a personal interest. Arrangements regarding the Office Holders’ terms of office and employment (which includes compensation, indemnification or insurance) generally require the approval of the remuneration committee, board of directors and, in certain circumstances, the shareholders, in that order, and must generally be consistent with our Amended Compensation Policy.

Generally, a person who has a personal interest in a matter which is considered at a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present at such a meeting or vote on that matter unless a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee have a personal interest in the matter, or unless the chairman of the audit committee or board of directors (as applicable) determines that he or she should be present in order to present the transaction that is subject to approval. Generally, if a majority of the members of the audit committee and the board of directors (as applicable) has a personal interest in the approval of a transaction, then all directors may participate in discussions of the audit committee and/or the board of directors on such transaction. In case a majority of the members of the board of directors have personal interest in the matter discussed, the approval of such transaction will also require shareholder approval.

Transactions with Controlling Shareholders

Pursuant to Israeli law, the disclosure requirements regarding personal interests that apply to directors and executive officers also apply to a controlling shareholder of a public company. In the context of a transaction involving a controlling shareholder or an officer who is a controlling shareholder of a company, a controlling shareholder also includes any shareholder who holds 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder holds more than 50% of the voting rights. Two or more shareholders with a personal interest in the approval of the same transaction are deemed to be a single shareholder and may be deemed a controlling shareholder for the purpose of approving such transaction.

Extraordinary transactions, including private placement transactions, with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, and engagements with a controlling shareholder or his or her relative, directly or indirectly, including through a corporation under his or her control, regarding the company’s receipt of services from the controlling shareholder, and if such controlling shareholder is also an office holder or an employee of the company, regarding his or her terms of service or employment, require the approval of the audit committee or remuneration committee, the board of directors and the shareholders of a company by a Special Majority, in that order.

Arrangements regarding the terms of office and employment of a controlling shareholder who is an Office Holder, and the terms of employment of a controlling shareholder who is an employee of a company, require the approval of the remuneration committee, board of directors and the shareholders by a Special Majority, in that order, with respect to Office Holders’ compensation.

To the extent that any such transaction with a controlling shareholder is for a period extending beyond three years, approval is required once every three years, unless, with respect to extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, the audit committee determines that the duration of the transaction is reasonable given the circumstances related thereto.

Dividends and Dividend Policy

Dividends may be distributed only out of profits available for dividends as determined by the Companies Law, provided the board of directors determines that that there is no reasonable concern that the distribution will prevent us from being able to meet its existing and anticipated obligations when they become due. Under the Companies Law, the distribution amount is further limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution according to our last reviewed or audited financial statements, provided that the end of the period to which the financial statements relate is not more than six months prior to the date of distribution. In the event that we do not meet such criteria, we may seek the approval of the court in order to distribute a dividend. The court may approve our request if it is convinced that there is no reasonable concern that the payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.

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Generally, under the Companies Law, the decision to distribute dividends and the amount to be distributed is made by a company’s board of directors. The Articles provide that the Board may from time to time declare, and cause us to pay, such dividends as may appear to it to be justified by our profits and that the Board has the authority to determine the time for payment of such dividends and the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to receive such dividends, provided the date is not before the date of the resolution to distribute the dividend. Declaration of dividends does not require shareholder approval.

Pursuant to our Articles, subject to the rights of holders of shares with limited or preferred rights, ordinary shares shall confer upon the holders thereof equal rights to receive dividends and to participate in the distribution of our assets upon our winding-up, in proportion to the amount paid up or credited as paid up on account of the nominal value of the shares held by them respectively and in respect of which such dividends are being paid or such distribution is being made, without regard to any premium paid in excess of the nominal value, if any.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our Board may deem relevant.

Payment of dividends may also be subject to Israeli withholding taxes.

Transfer of Shares

Ordinary shares which have been fully paid-up are transferable by submission of a proper instrument of transfer to us or our transfer agent together with the certificate of the shares to be transferred and such other evidence, if any, as the directors may require to prove the rights of the intending transferor in the transferred shares.

Our ordinary shares that are fully paid for are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our Articles, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by applicable law or the rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are traded. The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our Articles or the laws of the State of Israel, except for ownership by nationals of some countries that are, or have been, declared as enemies of Israel.

Shareholder Meetings

Our Articles provide that an annual general meeting must be held at least once in every calendar year, not later than 15 months after the last preceding annual general meeting, at such time and place as may be determined by the Board. The Board may, in its discretion, convene additional shareholder meetings and, pursuant to the Companies Law, must convene a meeting upon the demand of two directors or one quarter of the directors then in office or upon the demand of the holder or holders of 5% of our issued share capital and 1% of our voting rights or upon the demand of the holder or holders of 5% of its voting rights. All demands for shareholder meetings must set forth the items to be considered at that meeting. Pursuant to the Companies Law, the holder or holders of 1% of our voting rights may request the inclusion of an item on the agenda of a future shareholder meeting, provided the item is appropriate for discussion at a shareholder meeting.

The agenda for a shareholder meeting is determined by the Board and must include matters in respect of which the convening of a shareholder meeting was demanded and any matter requested to be included by holder(s) of 1% of our voting rights. According to regulations promulgated pursuant to the Companies Law and governing the terms of notice and publication of shareholder meetings of public companies, or the General Meeting Regulations, holder(s) of one percent or more of our voting rights may propose any matter appropriate for deliberation at a shareholder meeting to be included on the agenda of a shareholder meeting, generally by submitting a proposal within seven days of publicizing the convening of a shareholder meeting, or, if we publish a preliminary notice at least 21 days prior to publicizing the convening of a meeting (stating its intention to convene such meeting and the agenda thereof), within 14 days of such preliminary notice. Any such proposal must further comply with the information requirements under applicable law and the Articles.

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Pursuant to the Companies Law and regulations promulgated thereunder with respect to the convening of general meetings in a public company, shareholder meetings generally require prior notice of not less than 21 days, and for certain matters specified in the Companies Law, not less than 35 days. The function of the annual general meeting is to elect directors in accordance with the Articles, receive and consider the profit and loss account, the balance sheet and the ordinary reports and accounts of the directors and auditors, appoint auditors and fix their remuneration and transact any other business which under the Articles or applicable law may be transacted by the shareholders of a company in general meeting. Under the Companies Law, shareholders are not permitted to take action by way of written consent in lieu of a meeting.

Pursuant to our Articles, holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote before the shareholders at a general meeting.  The quorum required for our general meetings of shareholders is of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or written ballot, who hold or represent between them at least 25% of our outstanding voting rights.  A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum shall be adjourned either to the same day in the next week, at the same time and place, to such day and at such time and place as indicated in the notice to such meeting, or to such day and at such time and place as the chairperson of the meeting shall determine.  At the reconvened meeting, any number of shareholders present in person or by proxy shall constitute a quorum, unless a meeting was called pursuant to a request by our shareholders, in which case the quorum required is one or more shareholders, present in person or by proxy and holding the number of shares required to call the meeting as described under “— Shareholder Meetings.”

Our Articles provide that all resolutions of our shareholders require a simple majority vote, unless otherwise required by the Companies Law or by our Articles.  Under the Companies Law, each of (i) the approval of an extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder, (ii) the terms of employment or other engagement of the controlling shareholder of the company or such controlling shareholder’s relative (even if such terms are not extraordinary) requires the approval described under “Management — Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law — Disclosure of personal interests of a controlling shareholder and approval of transactions” and (iii) approval of certain compensation-related matters require the approval described under “— Board of directors and officers — Compensation Committee” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, as filed with the SEC on March 18, 2021.  Under our Articles, the alteration of the rights, privileges, preferences or obligations of any class of our shares requires a simple majority of the class so affected (or such other percentage of the relevant class that may be set forth in the governing documents relevant to such class), in addition to the ordinary majority vote of all classes of shares voting together as a single class at a shareholder meeting.  Another exception to the simple majority vote requirement is a resolution for the voluntary winding up, or an approval of a scheme of arrangement or reorganization, of the company pursuant to Section 350 of the Companies Law, which requires the approval of holders of 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting and voting on the resolution.

Generally, under the Companies Law and the Articles, shareholder resolutions are deemed adopted if approved by the holders of a simple majority of the voting rights represented at a meeting and voting unless a different majority is required by law or pursuant to the Articles. The Companies Law provides that resolutions on certain matters, such as amending a company’s articles of association, assuming the authority of the board of directors in certain circumstances, appointing auditors, appointing external directors (if applicable), approving certain transactions, increasing or decreasing the registered share capital and approving most mergers must be made by the shareholders at a general meeting. A company may determine in its articles of association certain additional matters in respect of which resolutions by the shareholders in a general meeting will be required.

Access to Corporate Records

Under the Companies Law, all shareholders generally have the right to review minutes of our general meetings, our shareholder register and register of significant shareholders (as defined in the Companies Law), our Articles, our financial statements, other documents as provided in the Companies Law, and any document we are required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Companies Registrar. Any shareholder who specifies the purpose of its request may request to review any document in our possession that relates to: (i) any action or transaction with a related party which requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law; or (ii) the approval, by the board of directors, of an action in which an office holder has a personal interest. We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, or if such denial is necessary to protect our interest or protect a trade secret or patent.

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Shareholder Duties

Pursuant to the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner toward a company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders and at class shareholder meetings with respect to the following matters:

● an amendment to the company’s articles of association;

● an increase of the company’s authorized share capital;

● a merger; or

● approval of interested party transactions and acts of Office Holders that require shareholder approval.

In addition, a shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.

Certain shareholders have a further duty of fairness toward a company. These shareholders include any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who knows that it has the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or a shareholder class vote and any shareholder who has the power to appoint or to prevent the appointment of an Office Holder of the company or other power towards the company. The Companies Law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness, except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder’s position in the company into account.

Mergers and Acquisitions under Israeli Law

(i) Merger

The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors, and, unless certain requirements described under the Companies Law are met, a majority of each party’s shareholders, by a majority of each party’s shares that are voted on the proposed merger at a shareholders’ meeting.

The board of directors of a merging company is required pursuant to the Companies Law to discuss and determine whether in its opinion there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of a proposed merger, the surviving company will not be able to satisfy its obligations towards its creditors, taking into account the financial condition of the merging companies. If the board of directors has determined that such a concern exists, it may not approve a proposed merger. Following the approval of the board of directors of each of the merging companies, the boards of directors must jointly prepare a merger proposal for submission to the Israeli Registrar of Companies, or the ROC.

For purposes of the shareholder vote, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if a majority of the shares voting at the shareholders meeting (excluding abstentions) that are held by parties other than the other party to the merger, any person who holds 25% or more of the means of control of the other party to the merger or any one on their behalf including their relatives or corporations controlled by any of them, vote against the merger. In addition, if the non-surviving entity of the merger has more than one class of shares, the merger must be approved by each class of shareholders.

If the transaction would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class of shares or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still rule that the company has approved the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the appraisal of the merging companies’ value and the consideration offered to the shareholders.

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Under the Companies Law, each merging company must send a copy of the proposed merger plan to its secured creditors. Unsecured creditors are entitled to receive notice of the merger, as provided by the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of the target company. The court may also give instructions in order to secure the rights of creditors.

In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger was filed with the ROC and 30 days from the date that shareholder approval of both merging companies was obtained.

(ii) Special Tender Offer

The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of an Israeli public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of 25% or more of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the company who holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.

These requirements do not apply if the acquisition (i) occurs in the context of a private offering, on the condition that the shareholders’ meeting approved the acquisition as a private offering whose purpose is to give the acquirer at least 25% of the voting rights in the company if there is no person who holds at least 25% of the voting rights in the company, or as a private offering whose purpose is to give the acquirer 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 45% of the voting rights in the company; (ii) was from a shareholder holding at least 25% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company; or (iii) was from a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.

The special tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the special tender offer is accepted by a majority of the votes of those offerees who gave notice of their position in respect of the offer; in counting the votes of offerees, the votes of a holder of control in the offeror, a person who has personal interest in acceptance of the special tender offer, a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company, or any person acting on their or on the offeror’s behalf, including their relatives or companies under their control, are not taken into account.

In the event that a special tender offer is made, a company’s board of directors is required to express its opinion on the advisability of the offer or shall abstain from expressing any opinion if it is unable to do so, provided that it gives the reasons for its abstention. In addition, the board of directors must disclose any personal interest each of member of the board of directors have in the offer or stems therefrom.

An office holder in a target company who, in his or her capacity as an office holder, performs an action the purpose of which is to cause the failure of an existing or foreseeable special tender offer or is to impair the chances of its acceptance, is liable to the potential purchaser and shareholders for damages resulting from his acts, unless such office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe he or she was acting for the benefit of the company. However, office holders of the target company may negotiate with the potential purchaser in order to improve the terms of the special tender offer, and may further negotiate with third parties in order to obtain a competing offer.

If a special tender offer was accepted by a majority of the shareholders who announced their stand on such offer, then shareholders who did not respond to the special offer or had objected to the special tender offer may accept the offer within four days of the last day set for the acceptance of the offer. In the event that a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it and any corporation controlled by them shall refrain from making a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and may not execute a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer.

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(iii) Full Tender Offer

Under the Companies Law, a person may not acquire shares in a public company if, after the acquisition, he will hold more than 90% of the shares or more than 90% of any class of shares of that company, unless a tender offer is made to purchase all of the shares or all of the shares of the particular class. The Companies Law also provides, subject to certain exceptions, that as long as a shareholder in a public company holds more than 90% of the company’s shares or of a class of shares, that shareholder shall be precluded from purchasing any additional shares unless tendering an offer to purchase all of the outstanding shares of the company or the applicable class of the shares. If the shareholders who do not respond to or accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class of the shares, and more than half of the shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the offer accept the offer, all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law. However, a tender offer will be accepted if the shareholders who do not accept it hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class of the shares.

Upon a successful completion of such a full tender offer, any shareholder that was an offeree in such tender offer, whether such shareholder accepted the tender offer or not, has the right, within six months from the date of acceptance of the tender offer, to petition the court to determine that the tender offer was for less than fair value and that the fair value should be paid as determined by the court. However, under certain conditions, the purchaser may provide in its offer that an offeree who accepted the tender offer will not be entitled to such rights.

If the conditions set forth above are not met, the purchaser may not acquire additional shares of the company from shareholders who accepted the tender offer to the extent that following such acquisition, the purchaser would own more than 90% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital.

Anti-Takeover Measures under Israeli Law

The Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred rights, distributions or other matters and shares having preemptive rights. As of the date hereof, no preferred shares are authorized under our Articles. In the future, if we do authorize, create and issue a specific class of preferred shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to it, may have the ability to frustrate or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares. The authorization and designation of a class of preferred shares will require an amendment to our Articles, which requires the affirmative vote of at least 75% of our voting rights represented personally or by proxy and voting thereon at a general meeting at which a quorum is present. The convening of the general meeting, the shareholders entitled to participate and the majority vote required to be obtained at such a meeting will be subject to the requirements set forth in the Articles and the Companies Law as described above in “— Shareholder Meetings.”

In addition, certain provisions of the Articles may have the effect of rendering more difficult or discouraging an acquisition of us deemed undesirable by the Board. The classification of the Board into three classes with terms of approximately three years each, may make it more difficult for shareholders who oppose the policies of the Board to remove a majority of the then current directors from office quickly. It may also, in some circumstances, together with the other provisions of the Articles and Israeli law, deter or delay potential future merger, acquisition, tender or takeover offers, proxy contests or changes in control or management of us.

Changes in Capital

Our Articles enable us to increase or reduce our share capital. Any such changes are subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general meeting by voting on such change in the capital. In addition, transactions that have the effect of reducing capital, such as the declaration and payment of dividends in the absence of sufficient retained earnings or profits and an issuance of shares for less than their nominal value (under certain circumstances), require the approval of both our Board and an Israeli court.

Changes in Shareholder Rights

Pursuant to our Articles, if at any time the share capital is divided into different classes of shares, we may by shareholder resolution, unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, modify, convert, broaden, add or otherwise alter the rights, privileges, advantages, restrictions and provisions related or unrelated at that time to the shares of any class with the sanction of a resolution passed by a simple majority of those present, personally or by proxy, and voting thereon at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. Such majority approval is consistent with Israeli law.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE OFFERED SECURITIES

We are offering (i) up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares; (ii) up to 4,132,231 pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares; and (iii) up to 4,132,231 common warrants to purchase up to 4,132,231 ordinary shares. For each pre-funded warrant we sell, the number of ordinary shares we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis. We are also registering the ordinary shares issuable from time to time upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants and common warrants offered hereby.

Ordinary Shares

The material terms and provisions of our ordinary shares are described under the caption “Description of Share Capital” in this prospectus.

Pre-Funded Warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the pre-funded warrants offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of pre-funded warrant the form of which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of pre-funded warrant for a complete description of the terms and conditions of the pre-funded warrants.

The term “pre-funded” refers to the fact that the purchase price of our ordinary shares in this offering includes almost the entire exercise price that will be paid under the pre-funded warrants, except for a nominal remaining exercise price of $0.0001. The purpose of the pre-funded warrants is to enable investors that may have restrictions on their ability to beneficially own more than 4.99% (or, at the election of each purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding ordinary shares following the consummation of this offering the opportunity to make an investment in us without triggering their ownership restrictions, by receiving pre-funded warrants in lieu of our ordinary shares which would result in such ownership of more than 4.99% (or, at the election of each purchaser, 9.99%), and receive the ability to exercise their option to purchase the shares underlying the pre-funded warrants at such nominal price at a later date.

Each pre-funded warrant is exercisable for one ordinary share, with an exercise price equal to $0.0001 per ordinary share, at any time that the pre-funded warrant is outstanding. There is no expiration date for the pre-funded warrants. The holder of a pre-funded warrant will not be deemed a holder of our underlying ordinary shares until the pre-funded warrant is exercised.

Subject to limited exceptions, a holder of pre-funded warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of its pre-funded warrants if the holder (together with such holder’s affiliates, and any persons acting as a group together with such holder or any of such holder’s affiliates) would beneficially own a number of ordinary shares in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of each purchaser, 9.99%) of the ordinary shares then outstanding after giving effect to such exercise.

The exercise price and the number of ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of recapitalization events, stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications, reorganizations or similar events affecting our ordinary shares. The pre-funded warrant holders must pay the exercise price in cash upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants, unless such pre-funded warrant holders are utilizing the cashless exercise provision of the pre-funded warrants.

Upon the holder’s exercise of a pre-funded warrant, we will issue the ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the pre-funded warrant within two trading days following our receipt of a notice of exercise, provided that payment of the exercise price has been made (unless exercised to the extent permitted via the “cashless” exercise provision). Prior to the exercise of any pre-funded warrants to purchase ordinary shares, holders of the pre-funded warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of ordinary shares purchasable upon exercise, including the right to vote, except as set forth therein.

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As an alternative to payment in immediately available funds, the holder may elect to exercise the pre-funded warrant through a cashless exercise, in which the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of ordinary shares determined according to the formula set forth in the pre-funded warrant (in which case, the pre-funded warrants may only be exercised via a “cashless” exercise provision).

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the pre-funded warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our ordinary shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of more than 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding ordinary shares, the holders of the pre-funded warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the pre-funded warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the pre-funded warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction without regard to any limitations on exercised contained in the pre-funded warrants.

We do not intend to apply to list the pre-funded warrants on any securities exchange or other trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants will be limited.

Common Warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the common warrants offered together with the ordinary shares hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the form of common warrant, which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions set forth in the form of common warrant.

Exercisability. The common warrants are exercisable at any time after their original issuance and at any time up to the date that is five years after their original issuance. The common warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and, at any time a registration statement registering the issuance of the ordinary shares underlying the common warrants under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, is effective and available for the issuance of such shares, by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of ordinary shares purchased upon such exercise. If a registration statement registering the issuance of ordinary shares underlying the common warrants under the Securities Act is not effective or available the holder may, in its sole discretion, elect to exercise the common warrant through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of ordinary shares determined according to the formula set forth in the common warrant. No fractional shares will be issued in connection with the exercise of a common warrant. In lieu of fractional shares, we will either pay the holder an amount in cash equal to the fractional amount multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share.

Exercise Limitation. A holder will not have the right to exercise any portion of the common warrant if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of each purchaser, 9.99%) of the number of ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the common warrants. However, any holder may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 9.99%, provided that any increase in such percentage shall not be effective until 61 days following notice from the holder to us.

Exercise Price. The exercise price per whole ordinary share purchasable upon exercise of the common warrants is $1.21 per share. The exercise price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our ordinary shares and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to our stockholders.

Transferability. Subject to applicable laws, the common warrants may be offered for sale, sold, transferred or assigned without our consent.

Exchange Listing. We do not intend to apply to list the common warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the common warrants will be limited.

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Fundamental Transactions. In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the common warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our ordinary shares, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding ordinary shares, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of more than 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding ordinary shares, the holders of the common warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the common warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the common warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction without regard to any limitations on exercised contained in the common warrants. Additionally, as more fully described in the common warrants, in the event of certain fundamental transactions, the holders of the common warrants will be entitled to receive consideration in an amount equal to the Black Scholes value of the common warrants on the date of consummation of such transaction.

Rights as a Stockholder. Except as otherwise provided in the common warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of our ordinary shares, the holder of a common warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our ordinary shares, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises the common warrant.

Governing Law. The common warrants are governed by New York law.

Placement Agent Warrants

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the Placement Agent warrants is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the form of Placement Agent warrant, which will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions set forth in the form of Placement Agent warrant.

We have agreed to issue to the Placement Agent, or its designees, warrants to purchase up to 289,256 ordinary shares (which represents 7.0% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares issued in this offering and issuable upon the exercise of the warrants and pre-funded warrants issued in this offering) with an exercise price of $1.5125 per ordinary share (representing 125% of the public offering price per ordinary share) and exercisable for five years from the date of the commencement of sales in this offering. The Placement Agent warrants issued in this offering will otherwise have substantially the same terms as the common warrants. The Placement Agent warrants and underlying ordinary shares are registered on the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We have engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, the Placement Agent, to act as our exclusive Placement Agent to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus on a reasonable best efforts basis. The engagement agreement does not give rise to any commitment by the Placement Agent to purchase any of our securities, and the Placement Agent will have no authority to bind us by virtue of the engagement agreement. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities offered by us under this prospectus, nor is it required to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities, other than to use its “reasonable best efforts” to arrange for the sale of such securities by us. Therefore, we may not sell all of the securities being offered. The terms of this offering were subject to market conditions and negotiations between us, the Placement Agent and prospective investors. This is a best efforts offering and there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to the closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us. The Placement Agent does not guarantee that it will be able to raise new capital in any prospective offering. The placement agent may engage one or more sub-agents or selected dealers in connection with the offering. The Placement Agent may engage sub-agents or selected dealers to assist with the offering. Investors purchasing securities offered hereby will have the option to execute a securities purchase agreement with us. In addition to rights and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers who enter into a securities purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract is material to larger purchasers in this offering as a means to enforce the following covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement: (i) a covenant to not enter into variable rate financings for a period of one year following the closing of the offering, subject to certain conditions and exceptions; and (ii) a covenant to not enter into any equity financings for 60 days from closing of the offering, subject to certain exceptions.  

The nature of the representations, warranties and covenants in the securities purchase agreements shall include, but are not limited to:

• standard issuer representations and warranties on matters such as organization, qualification, authorization, no conflict, no governmental filings required, current in SEC filings, no litigation, labor or other compliance issues, environmental, intellectual property and title matters and compliance with various laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; and

• covenants regarding matters such as registration of warrant shares, no integration with other offerings, filing of a 6-K to disclose entering into these securities purchase agreements, no shareholder rights plans, no material nonpublic information, use of proceeds, indemnification of purchasers and reservation and listing of ordinary shares.

We expect to deliver the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus on or about            , 2024, subject to satisfaction of certain customary closing conditions.

Fees and Expenses

The following table shows the per ordinary share and common warrant and per pre-funded warrant and common warrant and total Placement Agent fees we will pay in connection with the sale of the securities in this offering.

	Per ordinary share and Common Warrant	Per Pre-Funded Warrant and Common Warrant	Total
Public offering price
Placement agent fees
Proceeds to us (before expenses)

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We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering. We have also agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent for certain of its offering-related expenses, including a management fee of 1.0% of the gross proceeds raised in this offering. We have also agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent for its non-accountable expenses in the amount of $50,000, for its legal fees and expenses and other out-of-pocket expenses in an amount up to $100,000, and for its clearing expenses in the amount of up to $15,950. We estimate the total expenses of this offering payable by us, excluding the Placement Agent fee and expenses, will be approximately $0.1 million.

Placement Agent Warrants

In addition, we have agreed to issue to the Placement Agent, or its designees, warrants to purchase up to 289,256 ordinary shares (which represents 7.0% of the aggregate number of ordinary shares issued in this offering and issuable upon the exercise of the pre-funded warrants issued in this offering) with an exercise price of $1.5125 per ordinary share (representing 125% of the public offering price per ordinary share and accompanying common warrant) and exercisable for five years from the date of the commencement of sales in this offering. The Placement Agent warrants and underlying ordinary shares are registered on the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. The form of the Placement Agent warrant will be included as an exhibit to this registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Right of First Refusal

We have granted the Placement Agent a right of first refusal for a period of 12 months following the closing of this offering to act as exclusive financial advisor, sole book-running manager, sole underwriter, sole placement agent or sole agent for each and every future debt financing or refinancing and public or private equity or debt offering or acquisition or disposition by us or any of our successors or subsidiaries.

Tail Fee

We have also agreed to pay the Placement Agent a tail fee equal to the cash and warrant compensation in this offering, if any investor, who was contacted or introduced to us by the Placement Agent during the term of its engagement, provides us with capital in any public or private offering or other financing or capital raising transaction during the 10-month period following expiration or termination of our engagement of the Placement Agent.

Lock-Up Agreements

We and each of our officers and directors have agreed with the Placement Agent to be subject to a lock-up period of 60 days following the date of closing of the offering pursuant to this prospectus. This means that, during the applicable lock-up period, we and such persons may not offer for sale, contract to sell, sell, distribute, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, pledge, hypothecate or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of our ordinary shares or any securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, ordinary shares, subject to customary exceptions. The Placement Agent may waive the terms of these lock-up agreements in its sole discretion and without notice. In addition, we have agreed to not issue any securities that are subject to a price reset based on the trading prices of our ordinary share or upon a specified or contingent event in the future, or enter into any agreement to issue securities at a future determined price for a period of one year following the closing date of this offering, subject to certain exceptions. The Placement Agent may waive this prohibition in its sole discretion and without notice. 

Indemnification

We have agreed to indemnify the Placement Agent against certain liabilities, including certain liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments that the Placement Agent may be required to make in respect of those liabilities. In addition, we will indemnify the purchasers who enter into the securities purchase agreement against liabilities arising out of or relating to (i) any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by us in the securities purchase agreement or related documents or (ii) any action instituted against a purchaser by a third party (other than a third party who is affiliated with such purchaser) with respect to the securities purchase agreement or related documents and the transactions contemplated thereby, subject to certain exceptions.

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Regulation M

The Placement Agent may be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by it and any profit realized on the resale of the securities sold by it while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act. As an underwriter, the Placement Agent would be required to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, including, without limitation, Rule 10b-5 and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations may limit the timing of purchases and sales of our securities by the Placement Agent acting as principal. Under these rules and regulations, the Placement Agent (i) may not engage in any stabilization activity in connection with our securities and (ii) may not bid for or purchase any of our securities or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until it has completed its participation in the distribution.

Determination of Offering Price

The actual public offering price of the securities we are offering has been negotiated between us and the investors in the offering based on the trading of our ordinary shares prior to the offering, among other things. Other factors considered in determining the public offering price of the securities we are offering include our history and prospects, the stage of development of our business, our business plans for the future and the extent to which they have been implemented, an assessment of our management, the general conditions of the securities markets at the time of the offering and such other factors as were deemed relevant.

Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Securities

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by the Placement Agent, if any, participating in this offering and the Placement Agent may distribute prospectuses electronically. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on these websites is not part of this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved or endorsed by us or the Placement Agent, and should not be relied upon by investors.

Other Relationships

From time to time, the Placement Agent or its affiliates have in the past or may in the future provide in the future, various advisory, investment and commercial banking and other services to us in the ordinary course of business, for which they have received and may continue to receive customary fees and commissions. However, except as disclosed in this prospectus, we have no present arrangements with the Placement Agent for any further services.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC.

Listing

Our ordinary shares are listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PRFX.” On April 11, 2024, the closing price per ordinary share was $1.21. There is no established trading market for the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants, and we do not expect an active trading market to develop. We do not intend to list the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants on any securities exchange or other trading market. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the pre-funded warrants and the common warrants will be limited.

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MATERIAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a general summary of certain material Israeli and U.S. federal income tax considerations. The discussion is not intended to be, nor should it be construed as, legal or tax advice to any particular shareholder or prospective shareholder. The discussion is based on laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change or different interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect.

Certain Israeli Tax Considerations

The following is a brief summary of the material Israeli income tax laws applicable to us. This section also contains a discussion of material Israeli tax consequences concerning the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This summary does not discuss all the aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Examples of this kind of investor include residents of Israel or investors in securities who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the appropriate tax authorities or the courts will accept the views expressed in this discussion. This summary is based on laws and regulations in effect as of the date hereof and does not take into account possible future amendments which may be under consideration.

General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel

Israeli resident companies (as defined below), such as us, are generally subject to corporate tax at the rate of 23% on their taxable income, as of January 1, 2018 (23% in 2023). However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from a Preferred Enterprise or a Technology Enterprise, as discussed below, may be considerably less.

Capital gains derived by an Israeli resident company are generally subject to tax at the same rate as the corporate tax rate. Under Israeli tax legislation, a corporation will be considered an “Israeli resident” if it meets one of the following: (i) it was incorporated in Israel; or (ii) the control and management of its business are exercised in Israel.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969

The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969, which we refer to as the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for “Industrial Companies,” which are defined as Israeli resident-companies which were incorporated in Israel, of which 90% or more of their income in any tax year, other than income from certain government loans, is derived from an “Industrial Enterprise” that it owns and located in Israel or in the “Area”, in accordance with the definition under Section 3A of the Israeli Tax Ordinance. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise whose principal activity in a given tax year is industrial production. Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not contingent upon approval of any governmental authority.

The following tax benefits, among others, are available to Industrial Companies:

● amortization over an eight year period of the cost of purchasing a patent, rights to use a patent and rights to know-how, which are used for the development or advancement of the company, commencing in the year in which such rights were first exercised;

● under limited conditions, an election to file consolidated tax returns with related Industrial Companies controlled by it; and

● deductions of expenses related to a public offering in equal amounts over a three year period commencing on the year of the offering.

We believe that we qualify as an “Industrial Company” within the meaning of the Industry Encouragement Law. There can be no assurance that we will continue to qualify as an Industrial Company in the future or that the benefits described above will be available to us at all.

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Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959

The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, which we refer to as the Investment Law, provides certain incentives for capital investments in production facilities (or other eligible assets) by “Industrial Enterprises” (as defined under the Investment Law). Generally, an investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law, is entitled to benefits. These benefits may include cash grants from the Israeli government and tax benefits, based upon, among other things, the geographic location in Israel of the facility in which the investment is made. In order to qualify for these incentives, an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise is required to comply with the requirements of the Investment Law.

The Investment Law was significantly amended effective April 1, 2005, further amended as of January 1, 2011, or the 2011 Amendment, and as of January 1, 2017, or the 2017 Amendment. The 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits to replace those granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law in effect prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect up to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead, irrevocably, to forego such benefits and elect the benefits of the 2011 Amendment. The 2017 Amendment introduces new benefits for Technological Enterprises, alongside the existing tax benefits.

The following discussion is a summary of the Investment Law following its most recent amendments:

Tax Benefits Under the 2011 Amendment

The 2011 Amendment canceled the availability of the benefits granted to Industrial Companies under the Investment Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new benefits for income generated by a “Preferred Company” through its “Preferred Enterprise” (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law) as of January 1, 2011.

The definition of a Preferred Company includes a company incorporated in Israel that is not fully owned by a governmental entity, and that has, among other things, a Preferred Enterprise and is controlled and managed from Israel. Pursuant to the 2011 Amendment, beginning in 2014 and in each year thereafter until 2016, a Preferred Company may only be entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 16% with respect to its preferred income derived by its Preferred Enterprise, unless the Preferred Enterprise is located in a specified development zone, in which case the rate will be 9%. Pursuant to the 2017 Amendment, in 2017 and thereafter, the corporate tax rate for Preferred Enterprise which is located in a specified development zone was reduced to 7.5%, while the reduced corporate tax rate for other development zones remains 16%. Income derived by a Preferred Company from a “Special Preferred Enterprise” (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) would be entitled, during a benefit period of ten years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or 5% if the Special Preferred Enterprise is located in a certain development zone. As of January 1, 2017, the definition for ‘Special Preferred Enterprise’ includes less stringent conditions.

As of January 1, 2014, dividends paid to Israeli shareholders out of income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise or to a Special Preferred Enterprise are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% (in the case of non-Israeli shareholders - subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate, 20%, or such a lower tax rate as may be provided under an applicable tax treaty). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, the aforesaid will apply).

New Tax benefits under the 2017 Amendment

The 2017 Amendment was enacted as part of the Economic Efficiency Law that was published on December 29, 2016, and is effective as of January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment provides new tax benefits for two types of “Technology Enterprises”, as described below, and is in addition to the other existing tax beneficial programs under the Investment Law.

The 2017 Amendment provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a “Preferred Technology Enterprise” and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on income that qualifies as “Preferred Technology Income”, as defined in the Investment Law. The tax rate is further reduced to 7.5% for a Preferred Technology Enterprise located in development zone A. In addition, a Preferred Technology Company will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017 for at least NIS 200 million (approximately $56 million), and the sale receives prior approval from the National Authority for Technological Innovation (previously known as the Israeli Office of the Chief Scientist), to which we refer as IIA.

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The 2017 Amendment further provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a “Special Preferred Technology Enterprise” and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on “Preferred Technology Income” regardless of the company’s geographic location within Israel. In addition, a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were either developed by the Special Preferred Technology Enterprise or acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017, and the sale received prior approval from IIA. A Special Preferred Technology Enterprise that acquires Benefitted Intangible Assets from a foreign company for more than NIS 500 million will be eligible for these benefits for at least ten years, subject to certain approvals as specified in the Investment Law.

Dividends distributed by a Preferred Technology Enterprise or a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise to Israeli shareholders, paid out of Preferred Technology Income, are subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% (in the case of non-Israeli shareholders - subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate, 20%, or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, the aforesaid will apply). If such dividends are distributed to a foreign parent company holding, alone or together with other foreign companies, at least 90% of the shares of the distributing company and other conditions are met, the withholding tax rate will be 4% (or a lower rate under a tax treaty, if applicable, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate).

After examining the impact of the 2017 Amendment, we submitted a request to receive a tax ruling from the Israel Tax Authority to be recognized as a Preferred Technology Enterprise and we received a tax ruling from the Israel Tax Authority granting GRD a Preferred Technology Enterprise status, subject to terms and conditions determined in the tax ruling.

Taxation of Our Israeli Individual Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends

Israeli residents who are individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax for dividends paid on our ordinary shares (other than bonus shares or share dividends) at a rate of 25%, or 30% if the recipient of such dividend is a Substantial Shareholder (as defined below) at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period. However, dividends distributed from taxable income accrued from Preferred Enterprise or Preferred Technology Enterprise to Israeli individuals are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 20%. However, if such dividends are distributed to an Israeli company, no tax is imposed (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority, or the ITA, allowing for a reduced tax rate will apply). An average rate will be set in case the dividend is distributed from mixed types of income (regular and preferred income).

A “Substantial Shareholder” is generally a person who alone, or together with his or her relative or another person who collaborates with him or her on a regular basis, holds, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any of the “means of control” of a corporation. “Means of control” generally include the right to vote, receive profits, nominate a director or an officer, receive assets upon liquidation or instruct someone who holds any of the aforesaid rights regarding the manner in which he or she is to exercise such right(s), all regardless of the source of such right.

With respect to individuals, the term “Israeli resident” is generally defined under Israeli tax legislation as a person whose center of life is in Israel. The Israeli Tax Ordinance (as amended by Amendment Law No. 132 of 2002), states that in order to determine the center of life of an individual, consideration will be given to the individual’s family, economic and social connections, including: (i) place of permanent residence; (ii) place of residential dwelling of the individual and the individual’s immediate family; (iii) place of the individual’s regular or permanent occupation or the place of his or her permanent employment; (iv) place of the individual’s active and substantial economic interests; (v) place of the individual’s activities in organizations, associations and other institutions. The center of life of an individual will be presumed to be in Israel if: (i) the individual was present in Israel for 183 days or more in the tax year; or (ii) the individual was present in Israel for 30 days or more in the tax year, and the total period of the individual’s presence in Israel in that tax year and the two previous tax years is 425 days or more. Such presumption may be rebutted either by the individual or by the assessing officer.

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Payers of dividends on our ordinary shares, including the Israeli stockbroker effectuating the transaction, or the financial institution through which the securities are held, are generally required, subject to any of the foregoing exemptions, reduced tax rates and the demonstration of a shareholder regarding his, her or its foreign residency, to withhold tax upon the distribution of dividend at the rate of 25% (whether the recipient is a Substantial Shareholder or not), so long as the shares are registered with a nominee company.

Taxation of Israeli Resident Corporations on Payment of Dividends

Israeli resident corporations are generally exempt from Israeli corporate income tax with respect to dividends paid on ordinary shares of Israeli resident corporations as long as the profits out of which the dividends were paid were derived in Israel.

Capital Gains Taxes Applicable to Israeli Resident Shareholders

The income tax rate applicable to real capital gains derived by an Israeli individual resident from the sale of shares that were purchased after January 1, 2012, whether listed on a stock exchange or not, is 25%. However, if such shareholder is considered a Substantial Shareholder at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12 month period and/or claims a deduction for interest and linkage differences expenses in connection with the purchase and holding of such shares, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%.

Moreover, capital gains derived by an individual shareholder who is a dealer or trader in securities, or to whom such income is otherwise taxable as ordinary business income, are taxed in Israel at their marginal rates applicable to business income (up to 50% in 2022 and 2023, including Excess Tax as detailed below).

At the sale of securities traded on a stock exchange, a detailed return, including a computation of the tax due, must be filed and an advanced payment must be paid on January 31 and July 31 of every tax year in respect of sales of securities made within the previous six months. However, if all tax due was withheld at source according to applicable provisions of the Israeli Tax Ordinance and regulations promulgated thereunder, the aforementioned return is not required to be filed and no advance payment must be paid. Capital gain is also reportable on the annual income tax return.

Taxation of Non-Israeli Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends

Non-Israeli residents are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares at the rate of 25% (or 30% for individuals, if such person is a Substantial Shareholder at the time he or she receives the dividend or on any date in the 12 months preceding such date), or 20% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to Preferred Enterprise unless a lower rate is provided under an applicable tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence and provided that a certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced withholding tax rate is obtained in advance.

A non-Israeli resident who has dividend income derived from or accrued in Israel, from which the full amount of tax was withheld at source, is generally exempt from the duty to file tax returns in Israel in respect of such income; provided that (i) such income was not derived from a business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed, and (iii) the taxpayer is not obligated to pay excess tax (as further explained below).

For example, under the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Israel with Respect to Taxes on Income, as amended, or the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, Israeli withholding tax on dividends paid to a U.S. resident for treaty purposes may not, in general, exceed 25%, subject to certain conditions. Where the recipient is a U.S. corporation owning 10% or more of the voting shares of the paying corporation during the part of the paying corporation’s taxable year which precedes the date of payment of the dividend and during the entirety of its prior taxable year (if any), the Israeli tax withheld may not exceed 12.5%, subject to certain conditions.

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Payers of dividends on our ordinary shares, including the Israeli stockbroker effectuating the transaction, or the financial institution through which the securities are held, are generally required, subject to any of the foregoing exemptions, reduced tax rates and the demonstration of a shareholder regarding his, her or its foreign residency, to withhold tax upon the distribution of dividend at the rate of 25% (whether the recipient is a Substantial Shareholder or not), so long as the shares are registered with a nominee company.

Capital Gains Income Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Shareholders

Non-Israeli resident shareholders are generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale, exchange or disposition of our ordinary shares, provided that such shareholders did not acquire their shares prior to January 1, 2009 or acquired their shares after the company was listed for trading on NASDAQ and such gains were not derived from a permanent business or business activity of such shareholders in Israel. These provisions dealing with capital gain are not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares are deemed to be business income. However, non-Israeli corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemptions if an Israeli resident (i) has a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation or (ii) is the beneficiary of or is entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly.

In addition, a sale of securities by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the sale, exchange or disposition of our ordinary shares by a shareholder who is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty) holding the ordinary shares as a capital asset and is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such a resident by the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, or a Treaty U.S. Resident, is generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax unless: (i) such Treaty U.S. Resident is an individual and was present in Israel for 183 days or more in the aggregate during the relevant taxable year; (ii) such Treaty U.S. Resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting power during any part of the 12 month period preceding such sale, exchange or disposition, subject to certain conditions; (iii) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or disposition are attributable to a permanent establishment of the Treaty U.S. Resident maintained in Israel, subject to certain conditions; (iv) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel; or (v) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is attributed to royalties. In any such case, the sale, exchange or disposition of our ordinary shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. However, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, such Treaty U.S. Resident would be permitted to claim a credit for such taxes against U.S. federal income tax imposed on any gain from such sale, exchange or disposition, under the circumstances and subject to the limitations specified in the U.S.-Israel Income Tax Treaty.

Regardless of whether shareholders may be liable for Israeli income tax on the sale of our ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to withholding of Israeli tax at the source. Accordingly, shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, in the form of a merger or otherwise, the Israel Tax Authority may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign declarations in forms specified by this authority or obtain a specific exemption from the Israel Tax Authority to confirm their status as non-Israeli resident, and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold taxes at source.

Excess Tax

Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income exceeding a certain threshold (NIS 698,280 for 2023, which amount is linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index), including, but not limited to, dividends, interest and capital gains.

Estate and Gift Tax

Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

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Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants and common warrants by U.S. Holders (as defined below). This summary is based on the Code, the regulations of the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued pursuant to the Code, or the Treasury Regulations, the income tax treaty between the United States and Israel, or the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as in effect on the date hereof and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect, or to different interpretation. No ruling has been sought from the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, with respect to any U.S. federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position. This summary is no substitute for consultation by prospective investors with their own tax advisors and does not constitute tax advice. This summary applies only to U.S. Holders that hold our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment) and does not address all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to specific U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders subject to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax law (including, without limitation, banks, insurance companies, tax-exempt entities, retirement plans, regulated investment companies, partnerships, dealers in securities, brokers, real estate investment trusts, grantor trusts, certain former citizens or residents of the United States, persons who acquire our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated investment, persons who acquire our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants through the exercise or cancellation of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation for their services, persons that have a “functional currency” other than the U.S. dollar, persons that own (or are deemed to own, indirectly, or by attribution) 10% or more of our shares (by vote or value), or persons that mark their securities to market for U.S. federal income tax purposes). This summary does not address any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax considerations, any U.S. federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax considerations, or any U.S. federal tax consequences other than U.S. federal income tax consequences.

As used in this summary, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust with respect to which a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or that has a valid election in effect under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a “United States person.”

If an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants and the common warrants, the tax treatment of such entity or arrangement treated as a partnership and each person treated as a partner thereof generally will depend upon the status and activities of the entity and such person. A holder that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to it and its partners of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants.

Prospective investors should be aware that this summary does not address the tax consequences to investors who are not U.S. Holders. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors as to the particular tax considerations applicable to them relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants, including the applicability of U.S. federal, state and local tax laws and non-U.S. tax laws.

Tax Treatment of Pre-Funded Warrants

Although it is not entirely free from doubt, we believe a pre-funded warrant should be treated as an ordinary share for U.S. federal income tax purposes and a holder of pre-funded warrants should generally be taxed in the same manner as a holder of our ordinary shares, as described below (except as otherwise noted below). However, our characterization is not binding on the U.S. Internal Revenue Services, or IRS, and the IRS may treat the pre-funded warrants as warrants to acquire our ordinary shares. If so, the tax consequences, including the amount and character of your gain, with respect to an investment in our pre-funded warrants could change. Accordingly, each U.S. Holder should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding the risks associated with the acquisition of pre-funded warrants pursuant to this offering (including potential alternative characterizations). The balance of this discussion generally assumes that the characterization described above is respected for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless otherwise noted.

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Taxation of U.S. Holders

Distributions. Subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company,” a U.S. Holder that receives a distribution with respect to an ordinary share generally will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend (without reduction for any Israeli tax withheld from such distribution) when actually or constructively received to the extent of the U.S. Holder’s pro rata share of our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Any distributions in excess of our earnings and profits will be applied against and will reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in its ordinary shares, and, to the extent they exceed that tax basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of our ordinary shares. We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, a U.S. Holder should expect that a distribution will be reported as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above.

As noted above, we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. If we were to pay dividends, we expect to pay such dividends in NIS. A dividend paid in NIS, including the amount of any Israeli taxes withheld, will be includible in a U.S. Holder’s income at a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date such dividend is received, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted to U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize a foreign currency gain or loss. However, if the U.S. Holder converts the NIS into U.S. dollars on a later date, the U.S. Holder must include, in computing its income, any gain or loss resulting from any exchange rate fluctuations. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference between (i) the U.S. dollar value of the amount included in income when the dividend was received and (ii) the amount received on the conversion of the NIS into U.S. dollars. Such gain or loss generally will be ordinary income or loss and will be U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences to them if we pay dividends in NIS or any other non-U.S. currency.

Subject to certain significant conditions and limitations, any Israeli taxes paid on or withheld from distributions from us and not refundable to a U.S. Holder may be credited against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability or, alternatively, may be deducted from the U.S. Holder’s taxable income. However, as a result of recent changes to the U.S. foreign tax credit rules, a withholding tax generally will need to satisfy certain additional requirements in order to be considered a creditable tax for a U.S. Holder. We have not determined whether these requirements have been met and, accordingly, no assurance can be given that any withholding tax on dividends paid by us will be creditable. The election to deduct, rather than credit, foreign taxes, is made on a year-by-year basis and applies to all foreign taxes paid by a U.S. Holder or withheld from a U.S. Holder that year. Dividends paid on our ordinary shares generally will constitute income from sources outside the United States and be categorized as “passive category income” or, in the case of some U.S. Holders, as “general category income” for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Because the rules governing foreign tax credits are complex, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in their particular circumstances.

Dividends paid on our ordinary shares will not be eligible for the “dividends-received” deduction generally allowed to corporate U.S. Holders with respect to dividends received from U.S. corporations.

Certain distributions treated as dividends that are received by an individual U.S. Holder from a “qualified foreign corporation” may be classified as “qualified dividend income,” —  which is generally taxed at the lower applicable long term capital gains rates provided certain holding period and other requirements are satisfied. A non-U.S. corporation (other than a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) generally will be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation (i) if it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States which the Secretary of Treasury of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision and which includes an exchange of information program, or (ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on stock which is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. We will not be a qualified foreign corporation if we are a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for the taxable year in which we pay a dividend or for the preceding taxable year. As discussed below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company,” we believe that we were a PFIC for our 2023 taxable year and expect to be a PFIC for the 2024 taxable year. Because the PFIC determination is highly fact intensive, there can be no assurance that we will be a PFIC in 2024 or for any other taxable year. Our ordinary shares will generally be considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, as we intend our ordinary shares will be. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our ordinary shares.

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The additional 3.8% “net investment income tax” (described below) may apply to dividends received by certain U.S. Holders who meet certain modified adjusted gross income thresholds.

Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Ordinary Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants. Subject to the discussion under “Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss upon the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis (determined under U.S. federal income tax rules) in such ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants. This capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period in our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants exceeds one year. Preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain (currently, with a maximum rate of 20%) will apply to individual U.S. Holders. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, subject to certain possible exceptions under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty. The additional 3.8% “net investment income tax” (described below) may apply to gains recognized upon the sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants by certain U.S. Holders who meet certain modified adjusted gross income thresholds.

U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of receiving currency other than U.S. dollars upon the disposition of their ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants.

Exercise and Expiration of Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants. In general, a U.S. Holder will not recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the exercise of pre-funded warrants or common warrants into ordinary shares. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise of pre-funded warrants or common warrants into our ordinary shares is unclear. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of a cashless exercise of pre-funded warrants or common warrants.

The expiration of a pre-funded warrant or a common warrant will generally be treated as if the U.S. Holder sold or exchanged the warrant and recognized a capital loss equal to the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the pre-funded warrant or the common warrant.

Certain Adjustments to the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants. Under Section 305 of the Code, an adjustment to the number of ordinary shares issued on the exercise of the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants, or an adjustment to the exercise price of the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants, may be treated as a constructive distribution to a U.S. Holder of the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants if, and to the extent that, such adjustment has the effect of increasing such U.S. Holder’s proportionate interest in our “earnings and profits” or assets, depending on the circumstances of such adjustment (for example, if such adjustment is to compensate for a distribution of cash or other property to our shareholders). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any adjustments to and distributions on the pre-funded warrants or the common warrants.

Passive Foreign Investment Company. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income,” or (ii) on average at least 50% of its assets by value produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. Passive income for this purpose generally includes, among other things, certain dividends, interest, royalties, rents and gains from commodities and securities transactions and from the sale or exchange of property that gives rise to passive income. Passive income also includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds, including those raised in a public offering. Assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income may include cash, even if held as working capital or raised in a public offering, as well as marketable debt securities and other assets that may produce passive income. In determining whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC, a proportionate share of the income and assets of each corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, at least a 25% interest (by value) is taken into account.

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A foreign corporation’s PFIC status is an annual determination that is based on tests that are factual in nature, and our status for any year will depend on our income, assets, and activities for such year. Based upon our review of our financial data, we believe that we were a PFIC for our 2023 taxable year and expect to be a PFIC for the 2024 taxable year. Because PFIC status is determined annually and is based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine with certainty whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for the 2023 taxable year until after the close of the year, and there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC in any future year.

Default PFIC Rules. If we are a PFIC for any tax year, a U.S. Holder who does not make a timely “qualified electing fund” election, or “QEF election” or a mark-to-market election (as described below), referred to in this summary as a “Non-Electing U.S. Holder,” will be subject to special rules with respect to (i) any “excess distribution” (generally, the portion of any distributions received by the Non-Electing U.S. Holder on the ordinary shares in a taxable year in excess of 125% of the average annual distributions received by the Non-Electing U.S. Holder in the three preceding taxable years, or, if shorter, the Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of such ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants. Under these rules:

● the excess distribution or gain would be allocated ratably over the Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s holding period for such ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants;

● the amount allocated to the current taxable year and any year prior to us becoming a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income; and

● the amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed with respect to the resulting tax attributable to each such other taxable year.

If a Non-Electing U.S. Holder who is an individual dies while owning our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants, the Non-Electing U.S. Holder’s successor would be ineligible to receive a step-up in tax basis of such ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants. Non-Electing U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the “net investment income tax” (described below) to their specific situation.

To the extent a distribution on our ordinary shares does not constitute an excess distribution to a Non-Electing U.S. Holder, such Non-Electing U.S. Holder generally will be required to include the amount of such distribution in gross income as a dividend to the extent of our current and/or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that are not allocated to excess distributions. The tax consequences of such distributions are discussed above under “Taxation of U.S. Holders—Distributions.” Each U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor with respect to the appropriate U.S. federal income tax treatment of any distribution on our ordinary shares.

If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during the holding period of a Non-Electing U.S. Holder, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which the Non-Electing U.S. Holder is treated as a direct or indirect Non-Electing U.S. Holder even if we are not a PFIC for such years. A U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its tax advisor with respect to any available elections that may be applicable in such a situation, including the “deemed sale” election of Section 1298(b)(1) of the Code (which will be taxed under the adverse tax rules described above).

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We may invest in the equity of foreign corporations that are PFICs or may own subsidiaries that are PFICs, any such entity, a lower-tier PFIC. If we are classified as a PFIC, under attribution rules, U.S. Holders will be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to their indirect ownership interests in such lower-tier PFICs, such that a disposition by us of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC or receipt by us of a distribution from the lower-tier PFIC generally will be treated as a deemed disposition of such shares or the deemed receipt of such distribution by the U.S. Holder, subject to taxation under the PFIC rules even though the U.S. Holder does not receive any proceeds from those dispositions or distributions. There can be no assurance that a U.S. Holder will be able to make a QEF election with respect to any lower-tier PFICs in which we invest. Each U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor with respect to tax consequences of an investment by us in a lower-tier PFIC.

QEF Election. Certain adverse consequences of PFIC status can be mitigated for holders of our ordinary shares if a U.S. Holder makes a QEF election. A U.S. Holder who makes a timely QEF election, referred to in this disclosure as an “Electing U.S. Holder,” with respect to us must report for U.S. federal income tax purposes its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings and net capital gain, if any, for our taxable year that ends with or within the taxable year of the Electing U.S. Holder. The “net capital gain” of a PFIC is the excess, if any, of the PFIC’s net long-term capital gains over its net short-term capital losses. The amount so included in income generally will be treated as ordinary income to the extent of such Electing U.S. Holder’s allocable share of the PFIC’s ordinary earnings and as long-term capital gain to the extent of such Electing U.S. Holder’s allocable share of the PFIC’s net capital gains. Such Electing U.S. Holder generally will be required to translate such income into U.S. dollars based on the average exchange rate for the PFIC’s taxable year with respect to the PFIC’s functional currency. Such income generally will be treated as income from sources outside the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Amounts previously included in income by such Electing U.S. Holder under the QEF rules generally will not be subject to tax when they are distributed to such Electing U.S. Holder. The Electing U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares generally will increase by any amounts so included under the QEF rules and decrease by any amounts not included in income when distributed.

An Electing U.S. Holder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such amounts for each taxable year in which we are a PFIC, regardless of whether such amounts are actually distributed to such Electing U.S. Holder. However, an Electing U.S. Holder may, subject to certain limitations, elect to defer payment of current U.S. federal income tax on such amounts, subject to an interest charge. If an Electing U.S. Holder is an individual, any such interest will be treated as non-deductible “personal interest.”

Any net operating losses or net capital losses of a PFIC will not pass through to the Electing U.S. Holder and will not offset any ordinary earnings or net capital gain of a PFIC recognized by Electing U.S. Holder in subsequent years.

So long as an Electing U.S. Holder’s QEF election with respect to us is in effect with respect to the entire holding period for our ordinary shares, any gain or loss recognized by such Electing U.S. Holder on the sale, exchange or other disposition of such shares generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if such Electing U.S. Holder has held such shares for more than one year at the time of such sale, exchange or other disposition. Preferential tax rates for long-term capital gain (currently, a maximum rate of 20%) will apply to individual U.S. Holders. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

In general, a U.S. Holder must make a QEF election on or before the due date for filing its income tax return for the first year to which the QEF election is to apply. A U.S. Holder makes a QEF election by completing the relevant portions of and filing IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the instructions thereto. Upon request, we expect to provide U.S. Holders with the information needed to complete IRS Form 8621 (which form would be required to be filed with the IRS on an annual basis by the U.S. Holder) and to make and maintain a valid QEF election for any year in which we or any of our subsidiaries that we control is a PFIC. There is no assurance, however, that we will have timely knowledge of our status as a PFIC or the status of a lower-tier PFIC, or that the information that we provide will be adequate to allow U.S. Holders to make a QEF election. A QEF election will not apply to any taxable year during which we are not a PFIC, but will remain in effect with respect to any subsequent taxable year in which we become a PFIC.

Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax advisor with respect to the advisability of, the tax consequences of, and the procedures for making a QEF election with respect to us.

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Mark-to-Market Election. Alternatively, if our ordinary shares are treated as “marketable stock,” a U.S. Holder would be allowed to make a “mark-to-market” election with respect to our ordinary shares, provided the U.S. Holder completes and files IRS Form 8621 in accordance with the relevant instructions and related Treasury Regulations. If that election is made, the U.S. Holder generally would include as ordinary income in each taxable year the excess, if any, of the fair market value of our ordinary shares at the end of the taxable year over such holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ordinary shares. The U.S. Holder would also be permitted an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares over their fair market value at the end of the taxable year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to- market election. A U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amount. Gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares would be treated as ordinary income, and any loss realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent that such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included in income by the U.S. Holder, and any loss in excess of such amount will be treated as capital loss. Amounts treated as ordinary income will not be eligible for the favorable tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income or long-term capital gains.

Generally, stock will be considered marketable stock if it is “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange” within the meaning of applicable Treasury Regulations. A class of stock is regularly traded on an exchange during any calendar year during which such class of stock is traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. To be marketable stock, our ordinary shares must be regularly traded on a qualifying exchange (i) in the United States that is registered with the SEC or a national market system established pursuant to the Exchange Act or (ii) outside the United States that is properly regulated and meets certain trading, listing, financial disclosure and other requirements. Our ordinary shares are expected to constitute “marketable stock” as long as they remain listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market and are regularly traded.

A mark-to-market election will not apply to our ordinary shares held by a U.S. Holder for any taxable year during which we are not a PFIC, but will remain in effect with respect to any subsequent taxable year in which we become a PFIC. Such election will not apply to any lower-tier PFIC that we own. Each U.S. Holder is encouraged to consult its own tax advisor with respect to the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election with respect to our ordinary shares.

Each U.S. Holder should consult its own tax adviser with respect to the applicability of the “net investment income tax” (discussed below) where a mark-to-market election is in effect.

In addition, U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the IRS information reporting and filing obligations that may arise as a result of the ownership of ordinary shares or warrants in a PFIC, including IRS Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund.

The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs, QEF elections, and mark-to market elections are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants, any elections available with respect to such ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants.

Certain Reporting Requirements

Certain U.S. Holders may be required to file IRS Form 926, Return by U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation and IRS Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, reporting transfers of cash or other property to us and information relating to the U.S. Holder and us. Substantial penalties may be imposed upon a U.S. Holder that fails to comply. See also the discussion regarding Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund, above.

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In addition, certain U.S. Holders must report information on IRS Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, with respect to their investments in certain “specified foreign financial assets,” which would include an investment in our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants, if the aggregate value of all of those assets exceeds $50,000 on the last day of the taxable year (and in some circumstances, a higher threshold). This reporting requirement applies to individuals and certain U.S. entities.

U.S. Holders who fail to report required information could become subject to substantial penalties. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of these reporting requirements arising from their investment in our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants.

Backup Withholding Tax and Information Reporting Requirements

Generally, information reporting requirements will apply to distributions on our ordinary shares or proceeds on the disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants paid within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States) to U.S. Holders other than certain exempt recipients, such as corporations. Furthermore, backup withholding (currently at 24%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Holder fails to (i) provide a correct taxpayer identification number, (ii) report interest and dividends required to be shown on its U.S. federal income tax return, or (iii) make other appropriate certifications in the required manner. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding from a payment may be credited against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and such U.S. Holder may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.

Medicare Tax on Investment Income

Certain U.S. persons, including individuals, estates and trusts, will be subject to an additional 3.8% Medicare tax, or “net investment income tax,” on unearned income. For individuals, the additional net investment income tax applies to the lesser of (i) “net investment income” or (ii) the excess of “modified adjusted gross income” over $200,000 ($250,000 if married and filing jointly or $125,000 if married and filing separately). “Net investment income” generally equals the taxpayer’s gross investment income reduced by the deductions that are allocable to such income. Investment income generally includes, among other things, passive income such as interest, dividends, annuities, royalties, rents, and capital gains. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional net investment income tax resulting from their ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, pre-funded warrants or common warrants.

THE DISCUSSION ABOVE IS A GENERAL SUMMARY. IT DOES NOT COVER ALL TAX MATTERS THAT MAY BE OF IMPORTANCE TO A PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR ABOUT THE TAX CONSEQUENCES RELATING TO THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES, PRE-FUNDED WARRANTS OR COMMON WARRANTS IN LIGHT OF THE INVESTOR’S OWN CIRCUMSTANCES, INCLUDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAWS.

LEGAL MATTERS

Greenberg Traurig, LLP, New York, New York, has passed upon certain legal matters regarding the securities offered hereby under U.S. law, and Doron Tikotzky Kantor Gutman Amit Gross & Co., Bnei Brak, Israel, has passed upon certain legal matters regarding the securities offered hereby under Israeli law. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP is acting as counsel for the Placement Agent in connection with certain U.S. legal matters related to this offering.

EXPERTS

The financial statements incorporated in this Prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern as described in Note 1(b) to the financial statements) of Kesselman & Kesselman, Certified Public Accountants (Isr.), a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

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EXPENSES OF THIS OFFERING

Set forth below is an itemization of the total expenses, excluding placement agent discounts, expected to be incurred in connection with the offer and sale of the securities offered by us. With the exception of the SEC registration fee and the FINRA filing fee, all amounts are estimates:

SEC registration fee	$	1,540.58
FINRA filing fee		1,250
Transfer agent fees and expenses		5,000
Printer fees and expenses		2,000
Legal fees and expenses		85,000
Accounting fees and expenses		25,000
Miscellaneous		1,000
Total	$	120,790.58

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

This registration statement on Form F-1 under the Securities Act relating to this offering of our securities of which this prospectus forms a part, including the exhibits and schedules thereto, and reports and other information are filed by us with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

We are subject to the information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that are applicable to foreign private issuers, and under those requirements we file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, with the SEC. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. We furnish to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K material information required to be made public in Israel, filed with and made public by any stock exchange or distributed by us to our shareholders.

We maintain a corporate website at https://painreform.com/. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference information into this document. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be a part of this document, except for any information superseded by information that is included directly in this prospectus or incorporated by reference subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

We incorporate by reference the following documents or information that we have filed with the SEC:

● our  Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024;

● Our Reports on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on March 7, 2024, April 2, 2024 (solely with respect to the first paragraph of the press release attached thereto as Exhibit 99.1), April 8, 2024 and April 9, 2024 (solely with respect to the first and second paragraphs of the press release attached thereto as Exhibit 99.1); and

● the description of our ordinary shares contained in Exhibit 2.1 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024, and any amendment or report filed for the purpose of further updating that description.

We will provide you without charge, upon your written or oral request, a copy of any of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, other than exhibits to such documents which are not specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. Please direct your written or telephone requests to us at PainReform Ltd., 65 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv, Israel 6744316, Attention: Ilan Hadar, Chief Executive Officer, telephone number: +972-3-717-7051.

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ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel. Service of process upon us and upon our directors and officers and the experts named in this prospectus, most of whom reside outside the United States, may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Furthermore, because a major portion of our assets and most of our directors and officers are located outside the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of our directors and officers may not be collectible within the United States.

We have been informed by our legal counsel in Israel, Doron Tikotzky Kantor Gutman, Amit Gross & Co., that it may be difficult to initiate an action with respect to U.S. securities law in original actions instituted in Israel or obtain a judgement based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum to hear such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact by expert witnesses which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure may also be governed by Israeli law.

Subject to specified time limitations and legal procedures, an Israeli court may enforce a foreign judgment in a civil matter which, subject to certain exceptions, is non-appealable, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and including a monetary or compensatory judgment in a non-civil matter, provided, among other things, it finds that:

● the judgment was rendered by a court which was, according to the laws of the state of the court, competent to render the judgment,

● the obligation imposed by the judgment is enforceable according to the rules relating to the enforceability of judgments in Israel and the substance of the judgment is not contrary to public policy, and

● the judgment is executory in the state in which it was given.

Even if the above conditions are satisfied, an Israeli court will not enforce a foreign judgment if:

● the judgement was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases);

● the enforcement of the judgement is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel;

● the judgment was obtained by fraud,

● the opportunity given to the defendant to bring its arguments and evidence before the court was not reasonable in the opinion of the Israeli court,

● the judgment was rendered by a court not competent to render it according to the laws of private international law in Israel,

● the judgment is at variance with another judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties and which is still valid, or

● at the time the action was brought in the foreign court a suit in the same matter and between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel.

If a foreign judgment is enforced by an Israel court, it generally will be payable in Israeli currency, which can then be converted into non-Israeli currency and transferred out of Israel. The usual practice in an action before an Israeli court to recover an amount in a non-Israeli currency is for the Israeli court to issue a judgment for the equivalent amount in Israeli currency at the rate of exchange in force on the date of the judgment, but the judgment debtor may make payment in foreign currency. Pending collection, the amount of the judgment of an Israeli court stated in Israeli currency ordinarily will be linked to the Israeli consumer price index plus interest at the annual statutory rate set by Israeli regulations prevailing at the time. Judgment creditors must bear the risk of unfavorable exchange rates.

Puglisi & Associates is the U.S. agent authorized to receive service of process in any action against us arising out of this offering. The address of Puglisi & Associates is 850 Library Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19711.

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Up to 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares

Up to 4,132,231 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase up to an aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares (and up to

an aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants)

Up to 4,132,231 Common Warrants to Purchase up to an aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares (and up to an

aggregate of 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Common Warrants)

Up to 289,256 Placement Agent Warrants to Purchase up to an aggregate of 289,256 Ordinary Shares (and

up to an aggregate of 289,256 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Placement Agent Warrants)

PainReform Ltd.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

            , 2024

H.C. Wainwright & Co.

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 6. Indemnification of Directors, Officers and Employees.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of the duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our Articles include such a provision. The company may not exculpate in advance a director from liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.

Under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, or the Securities Law, a company may indemnify, or undertake in advance to indemnify, an office holder for the following liabilities and expenses, imposed on office holder or incurred by office holder due to acts performed by him or her as an office holder, provided its articles of association include a provision authorizing such indemnification:

● monetary liability incurred by or imposed on him or her in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, including a settlement or arbitrator’s award approved by a court. However, if an undertaking to indemnify an office holder with respect to such liability is provided in advance, then such an undertaking must be limited to events which, in the opinion of the board of directors, can be foreseen based on the company’s activities when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and such undertaking shall detail the abovementioned foreseen events and amount or criteria;

● reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, provided that (i) no indictment was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding; and (ii) no financial liability was imposed upon him or her as a substitute for the criminal proceeding as a result of such investigation or proceeding or, if such financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or as a monetary sanction;

● a monetary liability imposed on him or her in favor of an injured party at an Administrative Procedure (as defined below) pursuant to Section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law;

● expenses incurred by an office holder in connection with an Administrative Procedure under the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses and reasonable attorneys’ fees; and

● reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder or imposed by a court in proceedings instituted against him or her by the company, on its behalf, or by a third-party, or in connection with criminal proceedings in which the office holder was acquitted, or as a result of a conviction for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent.

● An “Administrative Procedure” is defined as a procedure pursuant to chapters H3 (Monetary Sanction by the Israeli Securities Authority), H4 (Administrative Enforcement Procedures of the Administrative Enforcement Committee) or I1 (Arrangement to prevent Procedures or Interruption of procedures subject to conditions) to the Securities Law.

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Under the Companies Law and the Securities Law, a company may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company’s articles of association:

● a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that such act would not prejudice the company;

● a breach of the duty of care to the company or to a third-party;

● a monetary liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third-party;

● a monetary liability imposed on the office holder in favor of an injured party at an Administrative Procedure pursuant to Section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law; and

● expenses incurred by an office holder in connection with an Administrative Procedure, including reasonable litigation expenses and reasonable attorneys’ fees.

Nevertheless, under the Companies Law, a company may not indemnify, exculpate or insure an office holder against any of the following:

● a breach of the duty of loyalty, except for indemnification and insurance for a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company in the event office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;

● a breach of the duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder;

● an act or omission committed with intent to derive unlawful personal benefit; or

● a fine, monetary sanction, penalty or forfeit levied against the office holder.

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders require the approval of the compensation committee, board of directors and, in certain circumstances, the shareholders, as described under “Item 6 — Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 29, 2023.

Our Articles permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Law and Securities Law. Each of our office holders have entered into an indemnification agreement exculpating them, to the fullest extent permitted by Israeli law, from liability to us for damages caused to us as a result of a breach of the duty of care and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by Israeli law, including with respect to liabilities resulting from certain acts performed by such office holders in their capacity as an office holder of us, our subsidiaries or our affiliates. The indemnification is limited both in terms of amount and coverage.

In the opinion of the SEC, indemnification of directors and office holders for liabilities arising under the Securities Act, however, is against public policy and therefore unenforceable.

Item 7. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.

Set forth below are the sales of all unregistered securities of ours sold by us within the past three years (i.e., since April 1, 2021, up to the date of this registration statement) which were not registered under the Securities Act:

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On July 14, 2023, we consummated a registered direct offering of 117,930 ordinary shares and 183,300 pre-funded warrants at a price of $9.00 per and $8.999 per pre-funded warrant, share and a simultaneous private placement of warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 301,230 ordinary shares. The warrants have an exercise price of $9.00 per share and are immediately exercisable.

On July 18, 2023, we consummated a registered direct offering of 145,000 ordinary shares and 21,666 pre-funded warrants at a price of $9.00 per and $8.999 per pre-funded warrant, share and a simultaneous private placement of warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 166,666 ordinary shares. The warrants have an exercise price of $9.00 per share and are immediately exercisable.

On December 26, 2023, we entered into an inducement offer letter agreement, or the Inducement Letter, with a certain holder, or the Holder, of certain of our existing warrants to purchase up to (i) 301,230 ordinary shares issued on July 14, 2023 at an exercise price of $9.00 per ordinary share, or the July 14 Warrants, and (ii) 166,666  ordinary shares issued on July 18, 2023 at an exercise price of $9.00 per ordinary share, or the July 18 Warrants and together with the July 14 Warrants, the Existing Warrants. Pursuant to the Inducement Letter, the Holder agreed to exercise for cash its Existing Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 467,896 ordinary shares at a reduced exercise price of $2.85 per ordinary share, resulting in gross proceeds to us of approximately $1.3 million, in consideration of our agreement to issue new warrants to purchase ordinary shares to purchase up to an aggregate of 935,792 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $2.85 per ordinary share.

The privately placed securities above were offered and sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated thereunder since, among other things, the transactions did not involve a public offering and the securities were acquired for investment purposes only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof.

Item 8. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) Exhibits. See the Exhibit Index attached to this registration statement, which is incorporated by reference herein.

(b) Financial Statement Schedules. Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

Item 9. Undertakings.

(a) The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

i.	To include any prospectus required by section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;
ii.	To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;
iii.	To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.

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(2)	That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(3)	To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
(4)	To file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement to include any financial statements required by Item 8.A. of Form 20-F at the start of any delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering. Financial statements and information otherwise required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act need not be furnished, provided that the registrant includes in the prospectus, by means of a post-effective amendment, financial statements required pursuant to this paragraph (a)(4) and other information necessary to ensure that all other information in the prospectus is at least as current as the date of those financial statements. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to registration statements on Form F-3, a post-effective amendment need not be filed to include financial statements and information required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act or Rule 3-19 of this chapter if such financial statements and information are contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the Form F-3.
(5)	That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:

i. If the registrant is relying on Rule 430B:

A. Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

B. Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness of the date of the first contract or sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date and placement agent, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date; or

ii. If the registrant is subject to Rule 430C, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

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(6) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the placement agent method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell securities to such purchaser:

i.	Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;
ii.	Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;
iii.	The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and
iv.	Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the placement agent at the closing specified in the placement agent agreements, certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the placement agent to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

(c)

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 6 hereof, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(d)

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1)

That for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4), or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2)

That for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

EXHIBIT NUMBER	EXHIBIT DESCRIPTION
3.1*	Amended and Restated Articles of Association of PainReform Ltd., as currently in effect
4.1	Specimen Share Certificate (included as Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2020, as amended, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.2*	Form of Pre-Funded Warrant
4.3*	Form of Common Warrant
4.4*	Form of Placement Agent Warrant
5.1*	Opinion of Doron Tikotzky Kantor Gutman & Amit Gross, Israeli counsel to the registrant
5.2*	Opinion of Greenberg Traurig, LLP, U.S. counsel to the registrant
10.1	Form of Indemnification Agreement (included as Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.2	2019 Option Plan (included as Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.3	Form of Option Award (included as Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.4	Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement dated November 26, 2008 (included as Exhibit 10.8 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.5	Compensation Policy (included as Exhibit 4.2 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 16, 2022, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.6	Form of Representative Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.5 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.7	Form of Warrant Agency Agreement including Form of Unit Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.8	Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of March 8, 2021 by and between PainReform Ltd. and the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (included as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.9	Form of Warrant issued to certain institutional investors on March 10, 2021 (included as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference)

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10.10	Registration Rights Agreement dated as of March 8, 2021 by and between PainReform and the purchasers signatory thereto (included as Exhibit 10.3 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2021, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.11	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 12, 2023, between PainReform Ltd. and the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (included as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.12	Form of Placement Agency Agreement, dated as of July 12, 2023, by and between PainReform Ltd. and Maxim Group LLC (included as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.13	Form of Pre-Funded Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.3 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.14	Form of Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.4 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.15	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2023, between PainReform Ltd. and the purchasers identified on the signature pages thereto (included as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.16	Form of Placement Agency Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2023, by and between PainReform Ltd. and Maxim Group LLC (included as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.17	Form of Pre-Funded Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.3 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference.
10.18	Form of Ordinary Share Purchase Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.4 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 18, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.19	Form of Inducement Letter (included as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 27, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.20	Form of New Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 27, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.21	Form of Placement Agent Warrant (included as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 27, 2023, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.22	Clawback Policy (included as Exhibit 4.3 to our Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference)
10.23*	Form of Securities Purchase Agreement
23.1*	Consent of Kesselman & Kesselman
23.2*	Consent of Doron Tikotzky Kantor Gutman & Amit Gross, Israeli counsel to the registrant (included in Exhibit 5.1)
23.3*	Consent of Greenberg Traurig, LLP, U.S. counsel to the registrant (included in Exhibit 5.2)
24.1**	Power of Attorney (included in signature page)
107**	Filing Fee Table

* ** Filed herewith. Previously filed.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form F-1 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Tel Aviv, Israel on this 15^th day of April, 2024.

PAINREFORM LTD.
By:	/s/ Ilan Hadar
	Ilan Hadar
	Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Ilan Hadar	Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer	April 15, 2024
Ilan Hadar	(principal executive, financial and accounting officer)
*	Chairman of the Board and Director	April 15, 2024
Ehud Geller
*	Director	April 15, 2024
Prof. Eli Hazum
*	Director	April 15, 2024
Efi Cohen-Arazi
*	Director	April 15, 2024
Dr. Ellen S. Baron
*	Director	April 15, 2024
Augustine Lawlor
* By: /s/ Ilan Hadar
Ilan Hadar Attorney-in-fact

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SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE IN THE UNITED STATES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the undersigned, the duly authorized representative in the United States of PainReform Ltd., has signed this Registration Statement on this 15^th day of April, 2024.

Puglisi & Associates
Authorized U.S. Representative
	/s/ Donald J. Puglisi
Name:	Donald J. Puglisi
Title:	Managing Director

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EX-3.1

Exhibit 3.1

PUBLIC COMPANY COMPANIES LAW, 5759 – 1999

A COMPANY LIMITED IN SHARES

AMENDED AND RESTATED ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION

OF PAINREFORM LTD

(C.N 514056597)

Index

Part no.	Article no.	Subject	Page
Part One		Preamble
	1.	Name of the company	2
	2.	Objectives of the company	2
	3.	Liability of shareholders	2
	4.	The Capital	2
Part Two		General Provisions
	5.	Definitions and interpretations	2
	6.	Change of articles	3
Part Three		Capital of the Company
	7.	Ordinary shares	4
	8.	Redeemable securities	5
	9.	Capital of the Company, increase of capital and its cancellation	5
	10.	Issuance of securities	6
Part Four		Shareholders
	11.	Shareholders and share certificates	7
	12.	Calls for payment	9
	13.	Forfeiture	10
Part Five		Transfer of shares
	14.	Transfer of shares	12
	15.	Share transfer deed	12
	16.	Assignment of shares by law	13
	17.	Registration of transfer of shares	14
Part Six		General Meetings
	18.	Annual General Meetings	14
	19.	Convening special meetings	15
	20.	Agenda	15
	21.	Notice of meeting	16
	22.	Quorum	17
	23.	Chairman of general meeting	17
	24.	Voting in a general meeting	18
	25.	Vote count and secret ballot	18
	26.	Vote by proxy; vote by corporation Partners	19
	27.	Voting instrument	21
	28.	Protocols	21
	29.	Meetings of a class	21

Part Seven		The Board of Directors
	30.	Members of the Board	22
	31.	Restrictions on appointment Of directors	22
	32.	External director	22
	33.	Revoked.	23
	34.	An alternate director	24
		Vacancy of office of director
	35.	Dismissal of a director	24
	36.	Authorities of the Board of Directors	25
	37.	Assumption of authorities of the Board	38
	38.	Rights of a director	29
	39.	Chairman of the Board	29
	40.	Convening a meeting of the Board	30
	41.	Agenda	31
	42.	Notice of a meeting of the Board of Directors	31
	43.	Quorum	31
	44.	Voting on the Board	32
	45.	Protocols in meetings of the Board	33
	46.	Defects in convening the meeting	34
	47.	Committees of the Board	34
Part Eight		Audit Committee
	48.	Appointment of an audit committee	35
	49.	Positions and work procedures of The Audit Committee	35
Part Nine		Exemption, indemnification and liability insurance
	50.	Exemption and indemnification	36
	51.	Liability insurance	38
Part Ten		General Manager
	52.	General Manager	39
	53.	Removal of Authorities of the general manager	39
Part Eleven		Management of the company
	54.	Registered office	40
	55.	Register of shareholders and register of material shareholders	40
	56.	Auditor	40
	57.	Expiration of the term of the auditor	41
	58.	Wages of auditor	41
	59.	Authorities, obligations and Responsibility of auditor	42
	60.	Internal auditor	43

Part Twelve		Financial statements, accounts and signature
	61	Financial statements	43
	62	Stamp and signatory rights	43
Part Thirteen		Dividends and bonus shares
	63	Dividends and bonus shares	44
Part Fourteen		Notices and Dissolution
	64	Notices	45
	65	Dissolution	46

Part One: Preamble

1.           Name of the Company:
In Hebrew:פיינרפורם בע"ם
In English: PainReform Ltd.

2. Objectives of the Company

(a) To engage in any lawful business.

(b) The Company may donate from time to time reasonable sums for appropriate causes, even if the donations are not within the framework of the business considerations of the Company.

3. Liability of the shareholders

(a) The liability of a shareholder for the debts of the Company is limited to the payment of the unpaid portion which he undertook to pay for the share held by him in accordance with the terms of issuance of said share.

4. The capital

The registered share capital of the Company is NIS 6,000,000 (six million) divided into 20,000,000 ordinary shares with NIS 0. 3 nominal value each (hereinafter: “Ordinary Share”).

Part Two: General Provisions

5. Definitions and interpretations

“Written”: In writing or any other term with the same meaning including handwritten, engraved, printed, typewritten, photocopied, or copied in any other manner that is visible, including telex, fax, telegraph, by cable or any other duplication method through electronic means.

“Shareholder”: Under its definition in Article 11 herein.

“The Board of Directors”: The Board of Directors of the Company who was duly elected in accordance with the provisions of these articles.

“The Company”: PainReform Ltd., or any other name which it will be called, if its name is changed.

“Law”: Companies Law, the Companies Ordinance or any other Israeli law, which is valid, as warranted, from time to time including the provisions of any stock exchange that applies to the Company.

2

“Regular Resolution”: A resolution adopted by a regular majority of shareholders, voting in the general meeting by a voting instrument (on topics for which according to these articles can be adopted through a voting instrument) on their own or though proxies.

“The Office”: The registered office of the Company at such time in Israel about which the Company notified the Companies Registrar.

“The Articles”: The articles of association of the Company, as they will be amended from time to time by the general meeting.

“Companies Law”: Companies Law, 5759 – 1999, as amended from time to time, and any regulations that are promulgated thereunder.

“Securities Law”: Securities Law, 5728 – 1968, as amended from time to time, and any regulations that are promulgated thereunder.

“Vote count”: Vote count of those voters, in accordance with the voting rights established for the shares by virtue of which the shareholders participating in the general meeting are voting. In the count of all the votes of shareholders, abstentions shall not be taken into account.

“Shareholder Register”: A shareholder register that must be kept in accordance with section 127 of the Companies Law.

“Register of Material Shareholders”: A register of material shareholders that must be kept in accordance with section 128 of the Companies Law.

“Office holder”: As the term “senior office holder” is defined in Part 6 of the Securities Law.

“Companies Ordinance”: The Companies Ordinance [New Version], 5743 – 1983, as amended from time to time, and all the regulations that are promulgated thereunder.

(b) Interpretation

(1) Each term in these articles that is not defined above, shall be attributed the meaning that is afforded it by law unless the context dictates otherwise.

(2) References made in the singular shall include the plural and vice versa. Reference made in the masculine gender shall include the feminine (and vice versa), and words that connote persons shall include also corporations, unless the context dictates another interpretation.

3

(3) The headings of the sections in these articles are for the purpose of convenience only and shall not be used as an accessory to interpret or for the interpretation of these articles.

(4) The articles which may be stipulated in the Companies Law shall apply to the Company, insofar as there is no contradiction between them and the provisions of these articles.

(5) In the case of a contradiction between the provisions of the law which may not be stipulated in bylaws and any of the provisions of these articles – the provisions of the law shall prevail in such case, without impairing from the remainder of the provisions of the articles.

(6) These articles are the same as a contract between the Company and its shareholders and between the shareholders and themselves.

6. Change of articles

Subject to the provisions of relevant law, the Company may change these articles by a regular resolution adopted in the general meeting of the Company.

Part Three: Capital of the Company

7. Ordinary shares

(a) All the ordinary shares shall have equal rights among them and each regular share shall confer upon its holder the following rights:

(1) The right to receive invitations or notices about all general meetings of the Company, to participate in the meetings and to vote in them on any matter that is raised in the meeting, where each ordinary share confers on its holder one vote on every vote on a resolution;

(2) The right to participate in any distribution that the Company makes to its shareholders, and to receive dividends and/or bonus shares, if they are distributed in accordance with the provisions of these articles and the provisions of the Companies Law, proportionate to the number of the shares allocated and the rate that they are paid up by the shareholders, if they are not are not fully paid up; and

(3) The right to participate in the dissolution of the Company, in the distribution of the assets of the Company, that remain to be distributed, after the Company meets all of its obligations and payment of all its debts in any case, proportionate to the number of the shares allocated and the rate that such shares are paid up by the shareholders, if they are not fully paid up, and subject to the provisions of these articles and without prejudicing existing rights of all the shareholders in the Company of any kind or class.

(b) The Company may pay a person a commission for signing or underwriting, or agreement to sign or underwrite securities of the Company, conditional or otherwise, provided that the amount or the sum of the commission does not exceed the sum of the commission permitted by relevant law at the time of payment.

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8. Redeemable securities

The Company is entitled, taking into account the provisions of relevant law, to issue redeemable shares and to redeem them. At the time of the redemption of the shares the Company will act in accordance with the provisions of the law.

9. Capital of the Company, increase of capital and its cancellation

(a) The Company may have shares, bonds, or other securities, each with different rights.

(b) The Company will not issue bearer shares or stock that state that their holder is a holder of bearer stock.

(c) The Company is entitled from time to time by a regular resolution adopted in a general meeting:

(1) To increase the registered share capital of the Company by classes of shares, as determined;

(2) To cancel registered share capital that has not yet been allocated, provided that there is no commitment by the Company, including a conditional commitment, to allocate the shares;

(3) To consolidate and redistribute its share capital into shares of a nominal value;

And

(5) To convert, from time to time, part of the allocated shares into shares with other rights.

(d) Unless established otherwise in a resolution approving the change of share capital, the new shares shall be subject to the provisions of these articles regarding calls for payment, forfeiture, transfer, delivery etc., applicable to the shares of the original share capital.

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(e) Without derogating from the generality of the authority of the Board of Directors, if as a result of a consolidation or division of shares the shareholders are left with fractional shares, the Board may in its discretion, act as follows:

(1) Allocate to each shareholder, whom the consolidation and/or division left him with a fractional share, shares of the class of shares that exists in the capital of the Company prior to the consolidation, in such number, that together with the fractional share will create one consolidated, complete share, and said allocation shall be considered as valid immediately prior to the consolidation or distribution, as warranted;

(2) Determine that holders of fractional shares shall not be entitled to receive a consolidated share for the fraction of a consolidated share.

(3) Allocate additional shares in the same number that would prevent the creation of fractional shares for consideration, as established by the Board of Directors; and

(4) Cause a transfer of shares between the shareholders for a fair price in order to efficiently prevent fractional shares. The Board is authorized to appoint a trustee to conduct such share transfer among the shareholders.

10. Issuance of securities

(a) The Board may issue or allocate shares or other securities, that are convertible or may be exercised into shares (including bonds and warrants), until a limit of the registered share capital of the Company, under the terms, dates and for a specific sum or for a sum that is established according to an accepted formula; for this purpose convertible securities or securities which may be exercised into shares shall be deemed as if they were converted or exercised on the date of their issuance.

(b) The authority of the Board as set forth in article 10(a) may be delegated as enumerated in articles 10(b)(1) or 10(b)(2) herein:

(1) To a committee of the Board – by an issuance or allocation of securities as part of a workers compensation plan or employment agreements or wage agreements between the Company and its employees, or between the Company and the employees of an affiliated Company to which its Board agreed in advance, provided that the issuance or allocation is according to a plan that includes detailed criteria, that is delineated and approved by the Board;

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(2) To a committee of the Board, to the general manager, to the secretary of the Company or a deputy of such position, or to another person whom the general manager recommends – in an allocation of shares following an exercise or conversion of securities of the Company.

(c) The Board of Directors may decide to issue a series of bonds as part of its authority to borrow on behalf of the Company, within the limits set by said authority.

(d) The provision of article 10(c) above does not negate the authority of the general manager or someone who is so authorized, to borrow on behalf of the Company, to issue individual bonds, promissory notes and bills of exchange, within the limits set by said authority.

(e) The Company shall not allocate a share the consideration of which, in full or in part, is not paid in cash, unless the consideration for the share is specified in a written document.

(f) If the Company decides to allocate shares with a nominal value insofar as there will be shares with a nominal value as part of the capital of the Company, for a lower amount than the nominal value, including bonus shares, it must change part of its profits into share capital (under such meaning in section 302(b) of the Companies Law), from a premium on shares, or from any other source included in its equity capital, that are listed in its last financial statements, for a sum equal to the differential between the nominal value and the amount.

Part Four: Shareholders

11. Shareholder and share certificates

(a) A shareholder of the Company is any one of the following:

(1) A person in whose benefit a share is registered with a member of the stock exchange and said share is included among the shares registered in the shareholder register by the relevant nominee Company; and/or

(2) A person who is registered as a shareholder in the shareholder register.

(b) Other than as stated in article 11(a) above, a person or legal entity shall not be recognized by the Company as having any right to a share, and the Company shall not be bound or recognize any benefit in equity or trust relationships or chose in action, planned or partial, but only the right of a shareholder, to a complete share, and all – unless a competent court of the law orders otherwise.

(c) If two or more holders are registered as joint owners of a share:

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(1) In respect to a vote, giving proxies, and notices, the shareholder who is registered first in the shareholder register shall be considered as the sole shareholder, unless all the holders of the joint share give written notice to the Company that another person should be referred as sole shareholder.

(2) Each of the holders may give a valid receipt in respect to all the joint holders for each dividend, other money or property that is received from the Company for the share or in respect thereto, and the Company is entitled to pay a dividend, the other money or the property for the share to one or more shareholder of the joint holders of the share, as it chooses to do.

(d) Subject to the provisions of relevant law, a shareholder who is a trustee shall be registered in the shareholder register, as a shareholder, with a statement concerning his trusteeship status. Without derogating from the foregoing, the Company will recognize the trustee as a shareholder, for all intents and purposes, and will not recognize another person, including the beneficiary, as holding any right to the share.

(e) A shareholder registered in the shareholder register is entitled to receive from the Company one share certificate testifying to his ownership of the share.

A shareholder registered in the shareholder register, shall be entitled to receive one share certificate for the shares registered in his name and fully paid up, or, if the Board approves (after payment of the amount that the Board establishes from time to time), a number of share certificates, for one or more of the shares. Each share certificate shall state the number of the shares for which it is issued.

(f) Share certificates shall be issued with the stamp of the Company and with the signatures of two directors of the Company or in any other manner determined by the Board of Directors of the Company.

(g) A share certificate in the name of two or more persons in the name of two or more persons, shall be delivered to the person whose name appears first in the shareholder register among the names of the joint holders.

(h) A new share certificate may be issued in place of a share certificate that was destroyed, lost or ruined, for the payment and under the terms regarding evidence, indemnification, guarantee against damages and/or issuance of an affidavit, as determined by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion from time to time.

(i) The Company shall keep a register of material shareholders in addition to the shareholder register. The material shareholder register shall contain reports that the Company received pursuant to the Securities Law about the holdings of the material shareholders in Company shares.

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12. Calls for payment

(a) A shareholder shall not be entitled to a dividend or participate in the allocation of bonus shares or exercise any right of a shareholder in the Company, unless he has paid up all the sums and calls for payment that he owes the Company until said time in respect to his shares in the Company.

(b) The Board of Directors may, from time to time, in its discretion, make calls for payment on shareholders for any sums that have not been paid up in respect to shares held by each of the shareholders, and for which pursuant to the terms of the allocation of the shares are not payable at a fixed time, and each shareholder shall pay the amount of the call made upon him, at the time and place designated by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may instruct that a call for payment be made in installments.

(c) Notice of a call for payment shall be given and shall specify the amount of payment (no less than 14 days from the date of the notice) and the place for payment provided that prior to the time of payment for the call for payment, the Board of Directors may, by written notice to the shareholders, cancel the call or extend the time for payment or payment for any part thereof.

(d) Joint holders of a share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all amounts and calls for payment in respect to such share held jointly. Without derogating from the aforesaid generality, a call for payment delivered to one of the holders shall be deemed as having been delivered to all the owners.

(e) If pursuant to the terms of the issuance of a share or otherwise, an amount is made payable at a fixed time or in installments at fixed times, whether on account of the share capital or by way of premium, such amount or installment shall be payable at such time as if it were payable by virtue of a call duly made by the Board of Directors for which notice was duly given, and all the provisions of these Articles in respect to calls for payment shall be applicable to such amount or installment.

(f) If a call for payment or an installment is not paid on the due date or prior to such time, then the person who at such time is the holder of the share for which the call for payment was made, or for which the installment is due, shall pay interest on such sum at the maximum amount practiced at such time in Bank Leumi of Israel Ltd for unauthorized overdrafts, or at a lower rate that the Board will determine from time to time, from the date designated for its payment until the actual payment thereof, however the Board may waive the payment of interest, in whole or in part.

The provisions of this article do not detract or impair from the remedies and relief available to the Company by these articles or by any relevant law or agreement.

(g) The Board of Directors may decide to accept money from a shareholder who wishes to advance payments, in whole or in part, on account of shares which have not been fully paid up and in respect to which the time for their payment has not yet matured, and to pay interest on such sums for a period not to exceed the period between the date of payment and the date on which this sum was designated to be paid, at the rate agreed by the Board of Directors and the shareholder.

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13. Forfeiture

(a) A shareholder who has not fully paid up a sum for which a call has been made by the designated date, may be furnished with a written notice by the Board of Directors demanding that he pay the unpaid sum with interest and any expenses which the Company incurs due to the default in payment on the designated date for payment.

(b) The notice shall specify another date for payment, which shall not be earlier than seven days after the notice, and it shall state that if the amount is not paid up by this date the share for which such notice is given may be forfeited.

(c) If the demands in the notice are not satisfied, the Board of Directors may, so long as the sum is not paid up, including the interest and expenses, decide to forfeit the share. The forfeiture shall also apply to any dividends announced in respect to the forfeited shares (insofar as they are eligible for dividends) which were not actually paid out prior to the forfeiture.

(d) A share that has been forfeited shall be deemed the property of the Company, and the Board of Directors may, taking into account the provisions of these articles, sell or transfer it or reallocate it in another manner, under such terms and manner as decided by the directors. A share so forfeited so long as it has not been sold, transferred or allocated again as stated, shall become a dormant share under such meaning in section 308 of the Companies Law which shall not confer any rights at all so long as it is owned by the Company.

(e) Insofar as nothing has been done with the forfeited share, the Board of Directors may cancel the forfeiture under the terms that it establishes.

(f) A shareholder whose shares have been forfeited:

(1) Shall cease being a shareholder in respect to the shares that were forfeited and upon the forfeiture all of his rights and obligations for the forfeited shares shall be revoked and any action and/or demand against the Company regarding the forfeited shares shall be cancelled, other than those rights and obligations which are excepted from this rule by these articles and/or which are imposed on the former shareholder by law; however

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(2) He shall continue to be obligated to pay the Company and will pay the Company, without delay, all the calls for payment, payment installments, interest and expenses owed on account of the forfeited shares or for them at the time of the forfeiture, together with interest on those sums from the date of the forfeiture until the date of actual payment, at the maximum rate permitted at that time by law, provided that if the shares that were forfeited are sold, transferred or reissued, the shareholder’s debt will be reduced by the sum actually received by the Company (after the expenses of the sale), from their sale, transfer or reissuance, as warranted.

(g) The provisions in these articles regarding forfeiture shall apply to the default of payment of any sum that is to be paid on a designated date according to the terms of issuance of the share, whether on account of the share or in the form of a premium, as if it was a sum that was meant to be defrayed by virtue of a call for payment and a duly delivered notice.

(h) In the case of a sale after forfeiture, the Board of Directors may appoint a person to sign a transfer instrument of the share that was sold and to arrange (subject to the provisions of relevant law) so that the buyer will be registered in the shareholder register as the owner of the shares that were sold or which will be received by him in any other manner. The recipient of the share that was sold, transferred, allocated or sent shall not be responsible for how the consideration for the sale is used, if received, his right to the share shall not be harmed due to a defect or a disqualification in the forfeiture, sale, allocation or transfer process, and after he is registered in the register (subject to the provisions of relevant law) or he receives the share into his possession in any other manner, no such claim shall be raised, and the validity of the sale or the transfer shall not be appealed.

(i) An affidavit duly made by a director of the Company that a certain share of the Company has been duly forfeited on the date specified in the affidavit shall serve as conclusive proof of its content against any person who asserts a claim to the share. The affidavit with a Company receipt for the consideration, if given, for the share, in its sale or transfer, shall confer a right to the share on the transferee.

(j) The net proceeds of any sale following a forfeiture after the discharge of the sale expenses, shall be applied in discharging the debts and the fulfillment of the obligations of such shareholder (including the debts, obligations and agreements for which the date of discharge or maturity have not yet come due), and the balance (if any) shall be paid to him or to whoever is conferred a right to the shares following the death, bankruptcy or dissolution of the shareholder.

(k) The provisions of this article shall not be construed as derogating from any other relief available to the Company against the debtor shareholder.

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Part five: Transfer of shares in the shareholder register

14. Transfer of shares

(a) Subject to the provisions of relevant law, the Board of Directors may stop the registration in the register of transfers of shares for a specific period of time, that will not exceed 30 days per year, provided that it will not do so during the 14 days prior to the determining date for ownership of a share to establish eligibility to the rights for the share (such as the determining date for eligibility to vote in a general meeting or to receive a dividend or other distribution from the Company).

(b) Part of a share may not be transferred, but a share which is jointly held by a number of owners, each may transfer their right to the share.

(c) In the case of a transfer of shares, the transferee shareholder shall have all the rights that were attached to the transferred shares and all the obligations related to them according to these articles, unless otherwise agreed in writing, between the transferor shareholder and the transferee shareholder.

15. Share transfer deed

(a) A transfer of shares shall not be registered in the shareholder register unless a transfer instrument is delivered to the office. A share transfer deed in the Company shall be signed by the transferor and the transferee, and the transferor will be deemed the owner of the share until the name of the transferee is registered in the shareholder register in respect to the transferred share.

(b) The instrument of transfer of a share shall be in the following form or as near thereto as possible, or in the usual or common form as the Board of Directors may approve:

 \                     Share transfer deed

I,             of          (hereinafter: “the Transferor”) do hereby transfer to                of                (hereinafter: “the Transferee”),  in consideration of the amount of NIS                 (in words           new shekels) paid to me -                  shares of PainReform Ltd. (Company no.          ), and they shall belong to the transferee, the administrators of his estate and representatives, subject to the terms by which I/we held the same immediately before the execution of this deed; and I/we, the transferee(s), do hereby agree to accept the shares subject to these terms.

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In witness whereof we set our hand this          day of           month             year          .

Signature of transferor                Signature of transferee               

Witness to signature                Witness to signature               

(c) A transfer deed shall be submitted to the office for registration, along with the share certificates that are being transferred (if there are certificates) and/or any other evidence required by the Board regarding the proprietary right of the transferor or in respect to his right to transfer the shares. Transfer deeds that are registered shall remain with the Company but any transfer deed in respect to which the Board refuses to register, shall be returned upon request, to the person who so delivered them, together with the share certificate (if delivered).

16. Assignment of shares by law

(a) The Board of Directors may, at any time and subject to the provisions of relevant law, register as a shareholder a person who is entitled to a share by law, including an heir, executor of an estate, liquidator or a trustee in a bankruptcy, after the Company is presented with a probate order, a succession order or any other sufficient evidence, as the Board deems fit, demonstrating the right to the shares. An eligible person who is so registered as a shareholder in the Company, is entitled, subject to the provisions of these articles dealing with the transfer of shares and the provisions of relevant law, to transfer these shares to another. Without derogating from the above, the Board may refuse to perform such registration or may delay it, as it is entitled to do, as if the registered owner himself transferred the share, prior to the assignment of the right.

(b) Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and these articles:

(1) The executors of an estate of a shareholder who died, or in the absence of an executor of estate or administrator of an estate, persons who have a right by virtue of being heirs of the shareholder who died, shall be the only ones to be recognized by the Company as right holders to the share. A share registered in the name of two or more persons and one died, the Company shall recognize only the shareholders who are alive as the persons with rights to the share or benefits to it. Nonetheless the aforesaid shall not be construed as releasing the estate of the joint shareholder who died from all the obligations for the shares.

(2) A person who is entitled to a share by law but has yet to be registered in the shareholder register is not entitled: (1) to receive dividends or any other money and/or property paid for said share as if he was the registered owner of the share; and (2) by virtue of said share to benefit from all rights of a

shareholder regarding notices about general meetings, to be present at them or to vote in them, or class meetings, as the case warrants, of the Company or to make use of any other right of shareholders.

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17. Registration of transfer of shares

(a) Subject to the provisions of relevant law, the Company shall change the registration of ownership in the shareholder register if each of the following is present:

(1) The Company is delivered a transfer deed of the share with the signatures of the transferor and the transferee as stated in article 15 above, and the requirements of these articles are satisfied;

(2) The Company is delivered a court order to amend the register;

(3) It is proven to the Company that the conditions in the law to assign the right have been satisfied; or

(4) Another condition is satisfied which according to these articles is sufficient to that the change can be registered in the shareholder register.

(b) The transferor of the shares shall be considered the shareholder until the registration of the share transfer in the shareholder register in the name of the transferee in respect to the transferred share.

(c) The Company will keep all the registration in the shareholder register as stated in this article 17. The Company may destroy share transfer instruments and share certificates that were cancelled after the expiration of 7 years from the date of registration of the revision in the shareholder register, where there will be an absolute presumption that the destroyed documents as stated above were binding and valid and that the transfers, the revocations and the registrations, as warranted, were lawfully made.

Part Six: General Meetings

18. Annual general meetings

(a) The Company shall convene an annual meeting each year but no later than 15 months after the previous annual meeting.

(b) The agenda at the annual meeting shall include deliberation of the financial statements of the Company and may include appointment of directors, appointment of an auditor, or any other matter that is scheduled for the agenda as set forth in article 20 herein.

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19. Convening special meetings

(a) The Board of Directors must convene a special meeting by a resolution of the Board and must convene a special meeting upon the demand of each of the following:

(1) Two directors or a quarter of the directors then serving;

(2) One or more shareholders, who hold at least five percent (5%) of the issued capital and at least one percent of the voting rights in the Company or one or more shareholders who hold at least five percent (5%) of the voting rights in the Company.

(b) A Board of Directors that is requested to convene a special meeting will convene such a meeting within twenty one (21) days from the date that it received the demand to convene, and the provisions of section 63(c) of the Companies Law shall apply.

(c) If the Board of Directors omits to convene a special meeting as stated, the person demanding said meeting, and if shareholders – even some of them who have more than half of the voting rights, convene the meeting on his own, provided that it is not convened more than three months from the date such demand was submitted, and it shall be convened, insofar as possible, in the same manner that meetings are convened by the Board of Directors.

(d) Annual general meetings of shareholders shall be called "annual meetings" and all other meetings of the Company shall be called "special meetings".

(e) A flaw in the convening of a general meeting or in the management thereof, including a flaw resulting from the non-satisfaction of a provision or term that was fixed by the Companies Law or in these articles, shall not invalidate any resolution adopted by the general meeting and shall not render defective the discussions that took place in it.

(f) The general meeting of the Company shall be convened in Israel, at a location to be established in the notice of the meeting.

20. Agenda

(a) The agenda in a general meeting shall be set by the Board of Directors and shall include also topics for which a special meeting was demanded to be convened pursuant to article 29 above as well as any subject that is required as set forth in article 20(b) herein.

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(b) The general meeting shall adopt resolutions on subjects that are specified on the agenda only. Notwithstanding the above, it is understood that the general meeting, may, inter alia, adopt resolutions related to other subjects that were not included on the original agenda of the general meeting in respect to matters:

(1) Which the law permits to be raised even if they are not included on the original agenda of the general meeting; and –

(2) Which in light of the circumstances for which the general meeting is convened, the chairman of the general meeting believes is proper and correct to be discussed; or

(3) Which a shareholder as stated in article 19(a)(2) above, asked in writing, at least seven (7) days prior to the meeting, to raise and attached the language of the resolution, provided that the subject is appropriate to be discussed in a shareholder meeting.

21. Notice of a meeting

(a) Prior notice of at least 14 days or, if required by law, at least 35 days (as warranted by the circumstances), other than the day on which the notice is delivered and inclusive of the day for which the notice is delivered, about the convening of a general meeting, shall be given in the manner set forth in section 69 of the Companies Law and shall include the details as stated in the provisions of the aforesaid section or the provisions of any other relevant law.

(b) The notice shall be publicized in at least two daily newspapers with a broad readership, which are published in the Hebrew language. Other than such notice (and without derogating from the duty of reporting applicable to a company as a public company pursuant to the Securities Law), a notice or invitation to a meeting shall not be delivered to each of the shareholders of the Company, whether registered or not.

(c) A shareholder who is interested in voting in a general meeting will prove to the Company that he owns the share in accordance with the Companies Law.

Subject to the provisions of the law, shareholders who are eligible to participate and vote in the general meeting are those who are holders of shares at the time of the resolution to convene a general meeting, or by virtue thereof, provided that this date is not more than twenty one (21) days prior to the date of the general meeting, and is not less than four (4) days prior to the meeting, and in a general meeting where a vote can be made by a voting instrument, the determining date will not be more than forty (40) days prior to the date of the general meeting and no less than twenty eight (28) days prior to the meeting.

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(d) A general meeting with a quorum present may decide to adjourn the meeting, the discussion or adoption of a resolution on a topic that is on the agenda to another time or place that it determines; at the adjourned meeting no subject shall be discussed other than a subject that was on the agenda and which was not resolved.

If a general meeting is adjourned for over twenty one (21) days, notices and invitations shall be delivered for the adjourned meeting as set forth in this article 21.

A general meeting that was adjourned to a date that is less than twenty one (21) days, an immediate report will be published regarding the new date, as soon as possible, but no later than seventy two (72) hours prior to the time of the adjourned general meeting.

22. Quorum

(a) Proceedings in the general meeting shall not commence until a quorum is present at the start of the proceedings.

(b) A quorum shall be the presence of at least two (2) shareholders who hold at least twenty five percent (25%) of the voting rights (including through a proxy or voting instrument) within one half hour from the time the meeting was designated to start.

(c) If a quorum is not present after one half hour from the time the general meeting was designated to start, the meeting shall be adjourned for one week, to the same day, same time and place or to a later date if specified in the invitation to the general meeting or to another day and/or place as will be determined by the Board of Directors in a notice to shareholders who are eligible to vote.

(d) If a quorum is not present at the adjourned meeting as set forth in article 22(c) above, after a half hour from the time designated for its start, the meeting shall take place with any number of participants, even if the general meeting was convened at the demand of shareholders as set forth article 19 above.

(e) “Presence” – means the presence of the shareholder himself, through a voting instrument or proxy or a representative as set forth in article 26 herein.

23. Chairman of the general meeting

(a) The chairman of the Board of Directors shall serve as chairman of each general meeting.

(b) If the chairman of the Board of Directors is absent from the meeting within 15 minutes from the time designated for the meeting or if he refuses to sit as chair of the general meeting, the general meeting shall elect one of the shareholders present, to serve as chairman of the meeting.

(c) The chairman of the general meeting shall conduct the general meeting.

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24. Voting in the general meeting

(a) Subject to the provisions of relevant law and unless established otherwise in these articles, a resolution shall be considered adopted by a regular majority of votes of shareholders present at the meeting and voting on the resolution.

A shareholder shall not be entitled to vote in the general meeting prior to paying all of the sums and calls for payment owed from him at such time to the Company for his shares in the Company.

(b) The chairman of the general meeting shall not have an additional or conclusive vote.

(c) A declaration by the chairman of the general meeting that a resolution was unanimously adopted or adopted by a specific majority, or that it was adjourned shall be conclusive evidence of the accuracy of the declaration and there will be no need to prove the number of votes or the votes that were given for or against the resolution.

25. Vote count or secret ballot

(a) Any resolution put to a vote in a general meeting shall be decided by counting votes, unless at least one shareholder present on his own or through a proxy and who holds at least five percent (5%) of the voting rights in the Company, demands, a secret ballot.

(b) If a demand is made for a secret ballot, the vote will take place in the same manner, time and place as the chairman of the general meeting instructs, whether immediately or after a recess or adjournment or in another manner and the results of the secret ballot shall be considered a resolution of the general meeting in which the secret ballot was demanded. Those demanding a secret ballot may cancel the demand at any time prior to the secret ballot.

A secret ballot regarding the selection of a chairman and adjournment of the general meeting shall take place without delay.

(c) A demand for a secret ballot shall not prevent the continuation of the general meeting and discussion on any issue other than the one in respect to which the secret ballot was demanded.

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26. Vote by proxy; vote of a corporation; partners

(a) A shareholder may vote personally or by proxy, through an instrument appointing the proxy as set forth below, or in the case of a corporation – by a representative through an instrument of appointment as set forth below. Likewise a shareholder may vote by a voting instrument, as set forth in article 27 herein. A representative or proxy does not need to be a shareholder of the Company.

(b) A corporation being a shareholder of the Company may, by a resolution of its Board of Directors, directors, or any other managing body competent under the bylaws of the corporation or in accordance with a resolution of its Board of Directors, give an instrument of appointment to a representative and empower such person whom it finds suitable to be its representative at every meeting of the Company.

A representative of the corporation as stated above shall be entitled to exercise on behalf of the corporation that he represents those powers that the corporation itself could have used if it was a shareholder of the Company who is not a corporation.

(c) The instrument appointing a proxy shall be signed by the principal or his agent who is so authorized by a duly written instrument, and if the principal is a corporation – by the signature of the person authorized to issue an instrument of appointment for the corporation as set forth in article 26(b) above or by the signature of an authorized signatory of the corporation. An instrument of appointment of a representative or proxy in effect for a non-specified period, shall expire following 12 months from the date of the last signature on it.

(d) The instrument to appoint a proxy or a copy certified by an attorney or certified in another manner to the satisfaction of the Company, and confirmation of the ownership of a share as set forth in section 71 of the Companies Law, shall be deposited in the office or in another location as the Board will establish from time to time in a general manner or for a specific case, no less than forty eight (48) hours prior to the date designated for the meeting or the adjourned meeting for which the instrument of proxy is written, or on a date established by the Board in its discretion, provided that it is received in the Company prior to the time set for the general meeting or the adjourned meeting in which the person mentioned in this document intends to vote. If it is not so deposited, the instrument shall not be valid for said general meeting or an adjourned general meeting.

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(e) Any document appointing a proxy for a particular meeting, or for a specific time frame, shall be written in the format below insofar as possible or in another format approved by the Company:

I           bearer of identity card no/company no./public company no.            from           a shareholder in PainReform Ltd (public company           hereby appoint           Mr./Ms.           of          as my proxy (and in the case of a corporation – as my representative) to vote as my proxy to vote in my name and on my behalf in a general (annual / special) meeting of the Company to be held on the date of month of            year            and in any adjourned meeting.

In witness I set my hand on this day of          month          year          

Signature

(f) If the statement of appointment does not specify the number of shares for which it is given or it specifies a number of shares that is higher than the number of shares registered in the name of the shareholder (in the register or title certificate), the instrument of appointment shall be considered as if it was given for all of the shares registered in the name of the shareholder. If the instrument of appointment is given for a number of shares that are lower than the number of shares registered in the name of the shareholder, the shareholder shall be considered as abstaining from being present at the vote for the remainder of the shares which are registered in the name of the shareholder, and the instrument of appointment will be valid only for the number of the shares listed in it.

(g) A vote in accordance with an instrument of appointment shall be lawful even if the instrument has a defect that is not immediately apparent and/or if prior to said vote the principal died or became legally incompetent and/or the instrument of appointment was revoked or the power of attorney by which the instrument was signed was revoked and/or the share in respect to which the instrument was given was transferred, unless a written notice was received in the office and/or by the chairman of the general meeting prior to the meeting of the defect, the death, disqualification, revocation or transfer.

(h) Without derogating from the aforesaid, a shareholder holding more than one share shall be entitled to appoint more than one proxy or representative, subject to the following provisions:

(1) Each instrument of appointment will specify the class of the shares and the number of shares for which it is given.

(2) If the total number of shares of any class listed in the instrument of appointment is greater than the number of shares of said class registered in the name of said shareholder, the entire instrument of appointment will be null in respect to the shares of said class that was given by the shareholder.

(3) A shareholder or proxy or representative for the vote, nay vote by virtue of some of the shares that are in his possession or for which he is serving as a proxy or representative, and he may vote by virtue of these shares in one manner and by virtue of some shares in another manner.

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(i) In a vote by joint holders of a share an instrument of appointment to a proxy shall be signed by the person who is authorized to vote as set forth in article 11(c)(1) above.

(j) A shareholder who is incompetent may vote through his lawful guardians or another person appointed by a court, and they may vote for him through proxies or instruments of appointment as stated in the provisions of these articles.

27. Voting instrument

(a) A shareholder may vote in the general meeting and in meetings of a class of shares through a voting instrument in which the shareholder will specify the manner of his vote, on resolutions on topics that the law permits voting on them through a voting instrument, and for any other subject with the Board of Directors decides that a vote in the general meeting on a specific subject may also be adopted by way of a voting instrument.

(b) A voting instrument in which a shareholder indicates the manner of his vote and which he completes as required, which reaches the Company by the final time established for such in the invitation to the general meeting, shall be considered as a presence in the general meeting for purposes of a quorum as set forth in article 22 above and for the purpose of counting the votes.

(c) A voting instrument that is received by the Company as set forth in article 27(b) above, for a specific matter for which a vote was not taken in the general meeting, shall be considered as abstaining on the vote in that general meeting on the resolution for an adjourned meeting pursuant to the provisions of section 74 of the Companies Law, and it will be counted in the adjourned meeting that will be held pursuant to the provisions of 74 or 79 of the Companies Law.

28. Protocols

(a) The Company shall keep protocols of the proceedings in the general meeting, and shall keep them in the office, for a period of at least seven years from the date of the general meeting.

(b) A protocol signed by the chairman of the general meeting, constitutes conclusive proof of the contents therein.

29. Meetings of a class

The provisions of articles 18 – 28 above shall apply, mutatis mutandis, on a meeting of shareholders of a class of shares, insofar as the Company must hold them.

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Part Seven: The Board of Directors

30. Members of the Board

(a) The number of directors in the Company, shall be determined from time to time by a resolution of the annual general meeting, provided that the number of directors (including outside directors) shall not be less than five (5) directors and no more than eight (8) directors.

(b) The directors, other than outside directors and until their maximum number as set forth in subsection (a) above, shall be elected by a regular resolution of the general meeting, and shall function in their capacity until his office is vacated or another director is chosen in his stead. A member of the Board whose term of office has ended, may be reelected.

(c) In addition to the outside director with accounting and financial expertise, directors with accounting and financial expertise in such number as determined by the Board of Directors of the Company from time to time.

(d) The office of a director shall begin from the date of his appointment or a later date if the resolution of his appointment establishes such.

(e) The Board of Directors is entitled at any time and from time to time to appoint any person as a director, provided that the number of directors does not exceed at any time the maximum number as specified above. A director who is so appointed, shall serve insofar as his office is not vacated in accordance with the provisions of article 35 herein.

(f) The Company will maintain in the office a register of directors and their alternates, if they have alternates pursuant to the provisions of article 34 herein, which will be open for inspection by any person.

(g) Subject to the provisions of relevant law, all the activities and resolutions of the Board, a committee of the Board or a director who is acting by virtue of his office, as well as any act that is taken according to their instructions, shall be valid, even if it is discovered afterwards that there was a defect in the appointment of a director/directors or if all or one of them were unfit from serving as directors, as if each of them was appointed lawfully and as if they all had the necessary qualifications to be a member of the Board or committee.

31. Restrictions on the appointment of directors

(a) A candidate for director must disclose to his appointer if he was convicted in a judgment of an offense as described below, and five years have not yet passed since the judgment of conviction was issued or – in respect to sub article (3) herein – the period that was established by the court according to that sub article:

(1) Offenses according to sections 290 to 297, 392, 415, 418 to 420 and 422 to 428, of the Penal Law, 5737 – 1977, and according to sections 52c, 52d, 53(a) and 54 of the Securities Law;

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(2) A conviction in a foreign court for the offenses of bribery, fraud, corporate administrative offenses or insider trading; or

(3) A conviction for another offense which the court holds that due to its nature, severity or circumstances, he is not fit to serve as a director in a public company, for the period that the court determines which shall not exceed five years from the date of the judgment.

(b) A candidate for director in the Company will disclose if the administrative enforcement Board imposed on him any enforcement measures that prevent him from serving as a director of a public company or a private company which is a bonds company, and the period established by the administrative enforcement board in its decision has not yet passed.

(c) A person convicted by a judgment of an offense enumerated in article 31(a) above shall not be appointed as a director, unless the period stated in said article passed (unless a court establishes otherwise as stated in section 226(b) of the Companies Law), and a person shall not be appointed as director if the administrative enforcement board imposed on him enforcement measures prohibiting him from serving as a director in a company, for a period determined by the Board.

(d) A director shall not be appointed if he is a minor, legally incompetent, or declared bankrupt so long as he has not been absolved.

(e) A candidate for director who is one of the above in sub article (d) shall disclose this to the Company.

32. External director

(a) Two external directors shall serve in the Company, who satisfy the conditions set forth in the Companies Law, who will be appointed by the general meeting in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law.

(b) At least one external director shall serve in each committee that is entitled to exercise one of the authorities of a director.

(c) The terms of office of external director shall be three years, and the Company may appoint him for two additional terms of three years each.

(d) External director shall not be removed and his term of office shall not be stopped except according to the provisions of the Companies Law.

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33. Revoked.

34. Alternate director

(a) Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, each director may appoint another as an alternate director and may revoke his appointment.

(b) An appointment of an alternate director and the revocation of his appointment shall be done by written notice to the Company by the appointing director or in another manner as decided by the Board of Directors. The appointment will enter into effect upon receipt of the notice by the Company or a later date as stated in the notice.

(c) An alternate director is the same as a director.

(d) The appointment of an alternate does not negate the liability of the director for whom he is serving as alternate, and it will apply taking into account the circumstances of the situation, including the appointment of the alternate director and the term of his office.

(e) The alternate director shall have all the authorities belonging to the director for whom is serving as the alternate. It is understood that the authorities of the alternate director shall not prejudice his authorities as director.

(f) An alternate director shall not be entitled to participate and vote in a meeting of the Board in which the director who appointed him participates.

(g) An alternate director may be appointed as a member of the Board of Directors, who is already a director, provided that the candidate for alternate director for a member of a committee, does not serve on that same committee of the Board and if he is an alternate director for an outside director, the candidate must be an outside director with accounting and financial expertise or with professional ability, in accordance with the qualifications of the director for whom he is serving as an alternate.

(h) The office of an alternate director or an attorney shall be vacated:

(1) Automatically if the office of the director, for whom he is serving as the alternate, is vacated for any reason;

(2) If the alternate director experiences any of the instances enumerated in article 35 herein or if for another reason established in the Companies Law he is not fit to serve as an alternate director; or

(3) His appointment as an alternate director is cancelled by the person who so appointed him.

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35. Dismissal of a director

(a) The office of director shall be automatically vacated upon the occurrence of each of the following instances:

(1) Upon his death;

(2) He is found to be legally or mentally incompetent or mentally ill.

(3) He is declared to be bankrupt;

(4) If he resigns by written notice to the Company as stated in article 35(b) herein;

(5) If he is dismissed by a resolution of the general meeting as set forth in article 35(c) herein or is dismissed as stated in article 35(d) herein;

(6) On the date of the issuance of the notice of a conviction for an offense as set forth in article 35(e) herein;

(7) According to a decision by a court pursuant to the provisions of section 233 of the Companies Law;

(8) On the date of the notice about the imposition of enforcement measures by an administrative enforcement Board prohibiting him to serve as director of a public company or in the Company, as set forth in section 232a of the Companies Law; or

(9) A condition needed pursuant to the Companies Law no longer exists in regard to the director in order for him to serve as director or a cause for the expiration of his term as director exists.

(b) A director or an alternate director may resign by delivery of written notice to the Board of Directors, the chairman of the Board or the Company and his resignation shall enter into effect on the date the notice is delivered, unless another date is specified in the letter. A director or alternate director shall state the reasons for his resignation.

A notice received of the resignation of a director or an alternate director, shall be brought before the Board and the protocol of the first meeting convened after the resignation, shall record the fact of the resignation and the reasons given for it.

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(c) The general meeting may at any time dismiss a director, by a regular resolution, provided that the director is given a reasonable opportunity to bring his position before the general meeting.

(d) If the Company becomes aware that a director or an alternate director was appointed contrary to the provisions of article 31(d) above (namely section 227(a) of the Companies Law) or contrary to the provisions of article 31(c) above (namely sections 226(a) and (a1) and 226a of the Companies Law), or that the director violated the provisions of article 31(a) above (namely section 225 of the Companies Law), article 31(e) above (namely section 227(b) of the Companies Law), or the provisions of article 35€ herein (namely section 232 of the Companies Law), the Board must decide in the meeting of the Board convened right after it becomes aware of such, to end the service of said director, if it finds, that the stated conditions are present, and from the date of the resolution the service shall expire.

(e) A director who is convicted of an offense as stated in articles 31(a) above shall notify the Company of such and his service will end on the date of the delivery of the notice, and he may not be re-appointed as director, unless the period in which the director may not serve has passed, as stated in article 31(c) above (namely section 226(a) and (a1) of the Companies Law). If the administrative enforcement Board decides to impose on a person enforcement measures which prohibit him to serve as director in any public company or the Company, he will notify the Company and his term will expire on the date of the delivery of the notice, and he may not be reappointed as director, unless the period of the prohibition has passed as set forth in article 31(c) above (namely section 226a of the Companies Law).

(f) A director (including an outside director) who no longer meets a requirements pursuant to the Companies Law in order to serve as a director (including an outside director) or if a reason for his service as director to expire exists, he will notify of such immediately to the Company, and his service shall expire on the date of the delivery of said notice.

(f) A director who violates the duty of disclosure pursuant to article 31(a) above (namely section 225 of the Companies Law), article 31(f) above (namely sections 227a and 245a of the Companies Law), article 31(e) above (namely section 227(b) of the Companies Law), or article 35(e) above (namely sections 232 and 232a of the Companies Law), shall be considered as someone who violated his fiduciary duty to the Company.

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36. Authorities of the Board of Directors

(a) The Board shall delineate the policy of the Company and supervise the performance of the general manager and his activities, including the authorities listed in section 92(a) of the Companies Law.

(b) The authorities of the Board of Directors pursuant to article 36(a) above may not be delegated to the general manager other than as set forth in article 10(b) above.

(c) Without derogating from the authorities conferred on the Board of Directors pursuant to article 36(a) above and the rest of the authorities conferred on it by these articles, and without restricting or reducing in any manner these or any of the authorities, the Board of Directors shall have the following authorities:

(1) To appoint a person or persons (incorporated or otherwise), to receive and hold in trust for the Company any property belonging to the Company or in which the Company has an interest, or for any other purpose, and to do or perform any activity, act or things needed in respect to any such trust, and to act to pay the salaries of the trustee or trustees;

(2) To establish the authorized signatories of the Company for bills of exchange, promissory notes, receipts, endorsements, checks, dividend certificates, releases, contracts and other documents of any kind;

(3) To appoint, and in its discretion, to remove or suspend a general manager, manager, secretary, clerk, employee or agent, whether if they are employed on a permanent or interim basis or for special services, as the Board of Directors sees fit from time to time, and to define their authorities and obligations and to set their salaries and wages and to demand guarantees, in the cases and in the amounts that the Board deems fit;

(4) To establish local management for the management of any of the businesses of the Company in a specific place in Israel or abroad, and to appoint any persons to be local managers and to determine their wages or to dismiss any of these people from their service, and from time to time and at any time delegate to any person who is so appointed any powers or authorities or discretion that is conferred at such time on the Board, and to authorize the members at that time in any local committee, all or some, to fill any vacancy in it and to act notwithstanding the vacancies;

Any such appointment or delegation may be done under the same terms and subject to the same conditions that the Board deems proper in accordance with the Companies Law, and the Board may at any time cancel any appointment or delegation or change them. The Board may authorize the persons to whom powers, authorities or discretion were delegated and which are conferred on them at such time, to delegate them, all of some, with a secondary delegation;

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(5) Subject to the provisions of relevant law, to appoint by power of attorney any person or persons to be the attorney or attorneys of the Company for the purposes and with the powers, authorities and discretion (which shall not exceed those given or conferred for use by the Board according to these articles or by law) for a period of time and subject to the same terms as the Board deems proper from time to time, and any such appointment may be given (if the Board sees fit to do so) to any local manager, or any Company or its members, its directors, agents or managers of any Company or firm or a person who is established by any Company or firm. Any such power of attorney may contain in it authorities for the protection or convenience of persons who come into contact or these attorneys as the Board deems fit;

(6) To open, manager, defend, compromise, or neglect any legal proceedings on behalf of or against the Company or against its officials or related in another manner to its affairs and to compromise or extend the time for payment or defrayal of any debt owed or actions or demands by the Company or against it;

(7) To deliver for arbitration any action or demand of the Company or against it;

(8) To appoint on behalf of the Company an attorney or attorneys in Israel or abroad to represent the Company before any court, legal and quasi legal bodies, government offices or bodies, municipal or otherwise in Israel or abroad and to confer on such attorney the authorities that the Board feels proper to give, including the authority to delegate his authorities, in whole or in part, to another or others;

(9) Subject to the provisions of the law (including section 113 of the Companies Law) and these articles, to delegate to any person, firm, Company or group of persons as stated, the powers, authorities and discretion conferred on the Board of Directors;

(10) The Board is entitled to exercise any authority of the Company which was not conferred by law or these articles to another organ of the Company.

37. Assumption of authorities of the Board

(a) The general meeting may assume authorities given to the Board for a specific matter, or for a specific time frame, that does not exceed the time required under the circumstances. The assumption of authorities shall be done after the Company adopts a resolution about the assumption in the general meeting.

(b) If the Board cannot exercise its authorities and the exercise of any of its authorities is essential for the proper management of the Company, the general meeting may exercise it in its stead, so long as the Board is prevented from doing so, provided that the general meeting establishes, that in fact the Board cannot do so and that the exercise of the authority is essential as stated.

(c) If the general meeting assumes authorities conferred by law on the Board, the shareholders shall have the rights, duties and liability applicable to the directors for the matter of the exercise of those authorities, mutatis mutandis, and, the provisions of chapters three, four and five of the Sixth Part of the Companies Law shall apply to them, taking into account their holdings in the Company, their participation in the meeting and the manner of their vote.

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38. The rights of a director

Subject to relevant law and the issuance of the required approvals, a director shall not be disqualified, because of his office, from holding another office in the Company or in any other company in which the Company is a shareholder, or in which it has another benefit or from entering into a contract with the Company, whether as a vendor or buyer or in another manner.

39. Chairman of the Board

(a) The Board of Directors will choose, dismiss, with a normal majority of votes, one of the members of the Board to serve as chairman of the Board, and the provisions in articles 39(b) – (f) below will apply to him.

(b) The term of service of the chairman of the Board shall be until a resolution of the Board of the termination of his service and appointment of another chairman in his stead. However, it is understood, that an outgoing chairman may be re- appointed as chairman.

(c) If the service of a director is vacated for one of the instances listed in these articles and said director is the chairman of the Board, his appointment as chairman shall automatically expire, and another chairman shall be chosen in his stead.

(d) The chairman of the Board shall set the agenda as set forth in article 41 herein and will preside over the meetings of the Board.

(e) If the chairman of the Board of Directors is absent from a meeting 15 minutes from the designated time for the meeting or if he is unwilling to preside over the meeting, the Board of Directors shall elect one of its members to preside over the meeting and sign the protocol of the meeting. The chairman of the Board in such instance shall not have an extra or casting vote in any vote by the Board of Directors in the event of a tie vote.

(f) The chairman of the Board may serve as the CEO of the Company, or exercise his authorities for periods that do not exceed three years each from the date of the resolution, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of section 121(c) of the Companies Law.

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40. Convening a meeting of the Board

(a) The Board of Directors will convene for meetings pursuant to the needs of the Company and at least once every three months.

(b) The Board will be convened according to one of the following methods:

(1) The chairman is entitled to convene a meeting at any time.

(2) In the following instances, the chairman of the Board will convene the Board without delay:

1. A notice or report by the general manager to the chairman of the Board about any irregular matter that is material for the Company that requires an act by the Board; and

2. Notice by the auditor of the Company to the chairman of the Board that he became aware during the audit of material deficiencies in the accounting audit of the Company.

(2) The chairman of the Board will convene the Board, at the demand of any of the directors at any time, including if a director becomes aware of a matter of the Company in which there may be an apparent violation of the law or may harm proper corporate governance, whereby he will act without delay to convene a meeting of the Board.

(c) If a meeting of the Board is not convened within seven days from the date of the notice or report by the general manager or the auditor as stated in article 40(b)(2) above or from the date of the demand as set forth in article 40(b)(2) above, each of those listed above, may convene a meeting of the Board to discuss the subject specified in the demand, notice or report, as the case warrants, within at least two business days prior to the date of the meeting.

(d) The Board may hold meetings through the use of any communications devices, provided that all the directors participating can hear each other simultaneously.

(e) The Board may adopt resolutions even without an actual meeting (such as in writing, fax or email), provided that all the directors who are entitled to participate in the meeting and vote on the matter brought for a resolution agree to do so.

(f) Resolutions adopted in the manner specified in subsection (e), shall be formalized in a protocol, including the resolution not to convene a meeting, and the protocol shall be signed by the chairman of the Board.

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41. Agenda

The agenda of Board meetings shall be set by the chairman of the Board and shall include:

(a) Subjects set by the chairman of the Board;

(b) Subjects that were set as set forth in article 40 above; and

(c) Any subject that a director, the general manager and/or the auditor asks of the chairman of the Board, a reasonable time prior to the meeting, to include on the agenda.

42. Notice of a meeting of the Board of Directors

(a) Notice of a meeting of the Board shall be delivered to all the directors at least seventy two (72) hours prior to the date designated for the meeting, unless all the directors gave prior written consent to convene the meeting within a shorter time frame, or in urgent cases – and with the consent of a majority of the directors – even without such notice.

(b) Notice pursuant to article 42(a) above shall be delivered to the address of the director in Israel that was previously delivered to the Company by the director in writing and which shall state the date of the meeting and the location, and a reasonable description of all the subjects on the agenda. It is understood that the dispatch of such notice covers the liability of the Company and the director is solely responsible to update the Company about a change of his address for the purpose of the sending of such notices. A change of address of the director shall be done by him in writing provided that it is delivered a reasonable time prior to the date designated for a meeting of the Board of Directors.

43. Quorum

(a) A quorum for discussion in meetings of the Board shall be determined, from time to time, by the general meeting and until decided otherwise it shall be at least the presence of half of the directors, who serve at the time of the meeting, on their own or through alternates. The quorum shall be established at the start of each meeting of the Board and shall constitute a quorum for the entire duration of the meeting, for all the resolutions that are on the agenda, even in the case or cases where a quorum is not present during the continuation of the meeting.

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(b) If a half hour passes from the time designated for the start of the meeting of the Board and a quorum is not present, the meeting shall be adjourned for twenty four (24) hours exactly (after the original time designated for the meeting) or to another time set by the chairman of the Board (but in any case no earlier than twenty four (24) hours). The quorum at an adjourned meeting shall be the presence of at least two directors, who are serving at the time of the meeting, on their own or through an alternate. If the Board cannot act due to the absence of a quorum at the adjourned meeting, the general meeting may exercise the authorities of the Board for the purpose/s for which the meeting of the Board was convened and the provisions of article 37 above will apply.

(c) Each duly convened meeting of the Board of Directors, in which a quorum is present, shall have all the authorities, powers of attorney and discretion given to it at such time, according to the provisions of the Company, to the Board of Directors or those exercised by it in general.

(d) If a specific member is not appointed to the Board or if the office of a director is vacated, the remaining directors may operate for all matters, so long as their number is not less than the minimum fixed in article 30(a) above. If the number is less than the minimum, they may not exercise their authorities according to these articles, except to convene a general meeting with an agenda to appoint additional directors or to establish a lower minimum of directors or to appoint additional directors themselves. The general meeting may decide not to approve acts of the directors when their number falls below the minimum number and to exercise on its own the authorities of the Board, until the number of directors again reaches the minimum as set forth in article 30(a) above.

44. Voting on the Board

(a) Each director shall have one vote in each vote on a resolution.

(b) Resolutions of the Board shall be adopted by a regular majority of those present participating in the vote.

(c) If the votes are tied in a Board meeting, the proposed resolution shall be considered as rejected.

(d) Notwithstanding the aforesaid, resolutions on the subjects listed below shall not be adopted unless the subjects were on the agenda of the meeting that was duly convened, and there was no objection to the resolution by two or more of the members of the Board who participated in the meeting:

(1) Entering into new fields of activity and the expansion of the geographical field of activity of the Company;

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(2) Investments in the field of activity of the Company (namely, not including investments in equipment) and the exercise of such investments;

(3) The transfer of any of the subjects mentioned in sections (1) and (2) to the authority of committees of the Board;

(4) Acquisition of Company shares, as defined in section 1 of the Companies Law, in a manner in which following the acquisition the Company will no longer be a public company, insofar as this resolution is brought for approval of the Board of the Company in accordance with the provisions of relevant law.

This majority shall apply also for resolutions on those subjects by committees of the Board and resolutions in subsidiaries of the Company, and resolutions in the committees of the Board and subsidiaries (1) shall be sent for a resolution of the Board; or (2) will be adopted only if the composition of the committee of the Board of Directors of the subsidiary is identical to the composition of the Board of Directors.

(e) A director (or alternate director) is entitled to vote on his own, in writing (inclusive of by fax or email) or verbally if the meeting takes place through means of communication where the directors who are participating can hear each other simultaneously.

45. Protocols in a meeting of the Board

(a) The Company will keep protocols of the proceedings in meetings of the Board and its committees and will keep them and the resolutions adopted without actual meetings of the Board, in the office for a period of seven years from the date of the meeting or adoption of the resolution, as the case warrants.

(b) A protocol approved and signed by the director who presided over the meeting, shall serve as prima facie proof of its contents.

(c) An announcement by the chairman of the Board, that a resolution was adopted unanimously or by a specific majority, or was rejected and a notation recorded in this matter in the protocol of the meeting of the Board, shall serve as prima facie proof of the authenticity of its contents, and it is not necessary to prove how many votes there were or how many were for or against the resolution.

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46. Defects in the convening of a meeting

(a) A resolution adopted in a meeting of the Board that was convened without the prior conditions satisfied for its convening (hereinafter – “Defect in the Convening”) may be revoked at the demand of each of the following:

(1) A director who was present at the meeting, provided that he demanded that a resolution for which the defect was present not be adopted, prior to the adoption of the resolution; or

(2) A director who was entitled to be invited to a meeting but was not present, within a reasonable time after he was informed about the adoption of the resolution and no later than the first Board meeting that was held after he was informed of the resolution;

It is understood that if there was a defect in the convening of the meeting related to the notice about the location of the meeting or its time, a director who came to the meeting may not, notwithstanding said defect, demand the revocation of the resolution.

(b) The provisions of article 46(a) above shall not impair from the validity of an act done for the Company which was retroactively approved by the Board or if the party with whom the act was done did not know or could not have known about the irregularity or lack of authorization.

47. Committees of the Board

(a) Subject to the provisions of section 112 of the Companies Law which prohibits the delegation of authorities and the provisions of these articles (including article 44(d) above), the Board may establish committees of the Board and appoint members from among the Board only to them (hereinafter: “Board Committee”) and delegate all or some of its authorities to a Board committee. The Board may from time to time cancel the delegation of said authority,

Each committee that is so established must, when exercising its authorities, comply with all the regulations that are established by the Board of Directors.

(b) A Board committee will report to the Board on a regular basis about its decisions or recommendations. Decisions or recommendations of a Board committee which requires the approval of the Board, will be brought to the attention of the directors a reasonable time prior to the deliberations on the Board.

(c) The meetings of a Board committee and its management shall be in accordance with the provisions of procedures and management of meetings of the Board, as set forth in the provisions of these articles, mutatis mutandis, so long as they are appropriate and if they do not replace the instructions that are given by the Board according to this section.

(d) A committee of the Board whose job is to provide counsel or recommendations to the Board can be comprised of a person who is not a member of the Board.

(e) A resolution that is adopted or an act that is done by a committee of the Board, according to an authority that was delegated to it from the authorities of the Board, shall be the same as a resolution adopted or an act that was done by the Board. However, the Board may evoke any decision of a committee that it appointed, but such cancellation shall not harm the validity of a decision of a committee where the Company acted in accordance thereto with another person, who was not aware of the revocation.

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Part Eight: Audit Committee

48. Appointment of an audit committee

(a) The Board of the Company shall appoint among its members an audit committee. The number of members of the audit committee shall be determined by the Board, from time to time provided that it shall not be less than three members and that all the outside directors will be members of the committee. The chairman of the Board and any director who is employed by the Company or by a controlling holder or by a corporation under the control of a controlling holder, a director who provides services, on a regular basis, to the Company, to a controlling holder in it or to a corporation under the control of a controlling holder, as well as a director whose main income is on the controlling holder, shall not be members of the audit committee. Likewise, a controlling holder or a relative thereof shall not be members of the audit committee.

(b) The audit committee shall choose one of its members who is an outside director to serve as chairman of the audit committee, by a resolution adopted by a regular majority of the audit committee present at such meeting.

(c) The term of office of the chairman of the audit committee shall be until a resolution of the audit committee about the termination of his term and the appointment of a chairman for the audit committee in his stead. However, it is understood that a chairman of the audit committee who ended his term of service may be reappointed.

49. Positions and work procedures of the audit committee

(a) Subject to relevant law, the positions of the audit committee shall be as described in section 117 of the Companies Law.

(b) The internal auditor of the Company shall receive notices about meetings of the audit committee and may participate in them. The internal auditor may ask the chairman of the audit committee to convene the committee to discuss a subject that he describes in his request, and the chairman of the audit committee will convene the meeting within a reasonable time from the request, if he sees a reason to do so.

(c) A notice of a meeting of the audit committee, in which a subject related to the audit of the financial statements is raised, shall be delivered to the internal auditor who is entitled to participate in it.

(d) Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law (including section 116a dealing with a quorum to deliberate and adopt resolutions in the audit committee and section 115(e) dealing with presence in meetings of the audit committee), the procedures of the meetings and activities of the audit committee and its management shall be in accordance with the provisions of the procedures and management of meetings of the Board of Directors, as described in these articles, mutatis mutandis, insofar as they are appropriate and insofar as they do not replace instructions given by the Board pursuant to this section.

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Part Nine: Exemption, indemnification and liability insurance

50. Exemption and indemnification

(a) The Company is entitled to exempt in advance an office holder from his liability, in whole or in part, for damage due to a breach of the duty of care to the Company, other than a breach of the duty of care in a distribution.

(b) The Company may indemnify an office holder for an obligation or expense as described in paragraphs (1) – (6) herein, imposed on him following an act that he did by virtue of his being an office holder:

(1) A monetary duty imposed on him or expended in favor of another person by a court judgment, including a judgment issued as a settlement or a ruling of an arbitrator that is ratified by a court;

(2) Reasonable litigation costs, including legal fees, expended by the office holder following an investigation or proceeding that was conducted against him by the competent authority to carry out an investigation or proceeding, and which concluded without the filing of an indictment against him and without having imposed on him a monetary obligation as an alternative to a criminal proceeding, or which ended without an indictment against him but with the imposition of a monetary obligation as an alternative to a criminal proceeding for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or in connection to a monetary sanction;

The terms “conclusion of a proceeding without the filing of an indictment in a matter in which a criminal investigation was opened” and – “monetary obligation as an alternative to a criminal proceeding”, in this article shall be attributed the meaning given to them by section 260(a)(1a) of the Companies Law.

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(3) Reasonable litigation costs, including legal fees that the officer expended or which he was charged to pay by a court, in a proceeding filed against him by the Company or on its behalf or by another person, or in a criminal indictment for which he was acquitted, or an indictment for which he was convicted of a crime that does not require proof of criminal intent.

(4) Other expenses expended in respect to an administrative proceeding that was conducted on his case, including reasonable litigation costs, including legal fees.

For this purpose “an Administrative Proceeding” - a proceeding pursuant to Parts 8(3) (Imposition of a monetary sanction by the Securities Authority), 8(4) (Imposition of administrative enforcement measures by the Administrative Enforcement Committee), or 9(1) (An Arrangement to prevent proceedings or to halt proceedings that is predicated on conditions) of the Securities Law, as amended from time to time, and a proceeding according to Section D’ of Chapter Four in Part Nine of the Companies Law and subject to any relevant law, any similar proceeding to these, by whatever name it is called.

(5) Payment to a person injured by a violation as stated in section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law.

(6) Any other obligation or expense imposed on him or expended, following an act that he did by virtue of his being an officer in it, for which indemnification can be made according to the provisions of relevant law.

(c) The Company may give indemnification in one of the following ways:

(1) By giving an undertaking in advance to indemnify an office holder of the Company in each of the following (hereinafter: “Undertaking to Indemnify”):

(a) As set forth in article 50(b)(1) above, provided that the undertaking for indemnification for a monetary obligation is limited to events which according to the Board of Directors are foreseeable in light of the Company’s actual activity at the time of the giving of the undertaking for indemnification and for a sum or criteria that the Board of Directors establishes is reasonable under the circumstances, and where the undertaking for indemnification will state the events which the Board of Directors feel are foreseeable in light of the Company’s actual activity at the time of the giving of the undertaking as well as the sum or the criteria which the Board establishes are reasonable under the circumstances.

(b) As set forth in Articles 50(b)(2), 50(b)(3), 50(b)(4), 50(b)(5), and 50(b)(6).

(2) To indemnify the office holder of the Company retroactively.

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51. Liability insurance

(a) The Company may enter into a contract for liability insurance for an officer of the Company for a liability that will be imposed on said officer for an act taken by virtue of his being an officer in the Company, for each of the following:

(1) A breach of the duty of care towards the Company or another person;

(2) Breach of a fiduciary duty against the Company provided that the officer acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to assume that the action would not harm the welfare of the Company;

(3) A monetary obligation that is imposed on him in favor of another person;

(4) Other expenses expended by the office holder in respect to an administrative proceeding conducted in his case, including reasonable litigation expenses, including legal fees;

For this matter “Administrative Proceeding” – as defined in article 50(b)(4) above;

(5) Payment to a victim of a breach as contemplated by section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law;

(6) Any additional obligation that may be insured by law.

(b) In any case where the insurance contract will have coverage for the Company itself, the office holder shall have the preemptive right instead of the Company in receiving insurance compensation.

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Part Ten: General Manager

52. General Manager

(a) A general manager of the Company will be appointed and dismissed according to a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company, and it may appoint more than one general manager, for a fixed period of time or without any time limitation, and it may from time to time dismiss or release him or them from their office and appoint another or others in his or their stead.

(b) Subject to the provisions of an employment agreement between the general manager and the Company, the general manager is responsible for the ongoing management of the affairs of the Company as part of the policy set by the Board and subject to its instructions.

Subject to the provisions of the agreement between the general manager and the Company, the general manager will have all the authorities of management and implementation that were not conferred by law or these articles to another body of the Company, and he may be supervised by the Board, provided that if the general meeting enacts a new regulation it shall not be in his power to cancel or revoke the lawful validity of a deed done prior to such by the general meeting or in accordance with its instructions, which would have been valid if not for the new regulation that was enacted.

(d) Subject to the provisions of the law and articles 36(a) and 36(b) above, the Board of Directors may from time to time deliver and confer on the general manager at such time, some of those authorities by which it acts according to these articles, as it deems fit to manage the ordinary business of the Company and it may confer authorities for a period of time, and for certain purposes and needs for those times and under such conditions and restrictions as it deems fit as stated above.

(e) The general manager must notify the chairman of the Board of Directors about any irregular matter that is material to the Company; if the Company does not have a chairman of the Board or if he is prevented from serving in such capacity, the general manager will notify all the directors.

(f) Office holders of the Company, other than directors and the general manager (namely, a chief business manager, deputy to the general manager, legal advisor, any replacement as stated in the Company even if his title is different, and another manager subject directly to the general manager) shall be appointed and dismissed by the general manager, without derogating from the provisions of the Companies Law dealing with the approval of the terms of service and employment of an office holder.

53. Removal of authorities from the general manager

The Board of Directors may instruct the general manager how to act for a specific matter; if the general manager does not satisfy the provision and/or the general manager is prevented from exercising his authorities, the Board of Directors may exercise the required authority to implement the instruction and/or to exercise his authorities in his stead.

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Part Eleven: Management of the Company

54. Registered office

(a) The Company will maintain an office in Israel, to which any notice to the Company can be sent. Without derogating from the provisions of any law, the Company will keep in its registered office documents as set forth in section 124 of the Companies Law.

(b) Delivery of a document to the Company shall be to the office as it is registered with the Companies Registrar at the time it is sent to the Company by mail.

(c) A person who is entitled to inspect documents, is entitled to receive a copy of them for a fee that the Board or the general manager establishes.

55. Register of shareholders and register of material shareholders

(a) The Company shall keep a register of shareholders and a register of material shareholders and will update the changes to them as soon as possible after it becomes aware of them.

(b) The shareholder register and the material shareholder register shall be open for inspection by any person.

(c) The details enumerated in section 130(a) of the Companies Law shall be recorded in the shareholder register.

(d) The material shareholder register shall contain reports that the Company received pursuant to the Securities Law about the holdings of the material shareholders in Company shares.

(e) The Company will keep all the records that are recorded in the shareholder register as set forth in article 55(c) above.

(f) The shareholder register will be prima facie proof of the contents recorded in it.

(g) In the case of a contradiction between the shareholder register and a share certificate, the shareholder register shall have more evidentiary value than that of the share certificate.

56. Auditor

(a) The Company will appoint an auditor who will audit the annual financial statements of the Company and give his opinion about them (hereinafter: “Audit Activity”).

(b) An auditor will be appointed at each annual meeting and shall serve in his capacity until the end of the following annual meeting; however, the general meeting may appoint an auditor who will serve in his position for a longer period of time, that shall not be longer than the end of the third annual meeting after the one in which he is appointed.

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(c) The Company may appoint a number of auditors to carry out the audit activity together.

(d) If the office of the auditor is vacated and the Company does not have another auditor, the Board will convene a special meeting, as soon as possible, with the agenda of appointing an auditor.

57. Expiration of the term of the auditor

(a) The general meeting may terminate the service of the auditor.

If the agenda of the Company includes the termination of the service of the auditor or the non-renewal of his service, the audit committee will bring its position before the general meeting, after affording the auditor a reasonable opportunity to bring his position before it.

(b) If the Board becomes aware that there are dependent relationships pursuant to the provisions of section 160 of the Companies Law, it will notify the auditor without delay that he must act to cease such dependency immediately; if the dependency continues, the Board will convene a special meeting within a reasonable time period, with the agenda to terminate the service of the auditor.

(c) The general meeting that is convened as set forth in article 57(b) above, shall decide on the termination of the service of the auditor; however, the general meeting may, after the auditor brings his position before it, decide not to accept the recommendation of the Board to end his service, if it finds that the auditor has no dependency in the Company.

(d) The Board of Directors will give the auditor a reasonable opportunity to bring his position before the general meeting with the agenda of ending or not renewing his service, and for this purpose the auditor will be invited to participate in the general meeting.

(e) If the auditor resigns for reasons that involve an interest for shareholders in the Company, the Board will notify the Company of such.

(f) Without derogating from the provisions of relevant law, the Board of Directors will notify the shareholders about the reasons for the resignation of the auditor as it deems fit, and it may also give notice about its position in the matter.

58. Wages of the auditor

(a) The salary of the auditor for the audit activity and for additional services, shall be set by the Board of Directors, in accordance with the extent of the work, the duration of his employment and any additional relevant term related to his employment.

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The Board will notify the general meeting about the wages of the auditor, and all matters related to his salary for additional services – also about the terms of contract with the auditor, including payments and undertakings of the Company towards the auditor.

For the purpose of this section – an accountant auditor – including a partner, employee or relative of the accountant and including a corporation under his control.

(b) The Company will not stipulate the payment of the fee of the auditor on terms that limit the manner of his performance of the audit activity or which make a connection between the results of the audit and his fees.

(c) The Company or anyone on its behalf shall not indemnify, directly or indirectly, the auditor, for an obligation imposed on him due to a breach of his professional responsibility in providing services that must be provided by an accountant auditor by law, or following the violation of another duty imposed on him by law.

59. Authorities, duties and responsibility of the accountant auditor

(a) The auditor may at any time inspect documents of the Company required by him to perform his job and receive explanations about them.

(b) The auditor may participate in any general meeting in which financial statements are submitted for which he conducted audit activity and any meeting of the Board which deliberates the approval of the financial statements, in meetings of the committee to inspect the financial statements and in meetings of the Board convened pursuant to article 40(b)(2)2 above; the Board of Directors will notify the auditor of the place and time of the general meeting or the Board or committee meeting for the examination of the financial statements.

(c) If the auditor becomes aware during his audit activity about material defects in the accounting audit of the Company, he will notify the chairman of the Board of such.

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60. Internal auditor

(a) The Board of Directors of the Company will appoint an internal auditor; the internal auditor will be appointed in accordance with the recommendation of the audit committee.

An internal auditor shall not be an interested party in the Company, an officer in the Company, a relative of any of the above, or the auditing accountant or his representative

(b) The organizational supervisor over the internal auditor shall be the chairman of the Board, or whoever the Board of the Company determines from time to time.

(c) The internal auditor will check, inter alia, the validity of the activities of the Company in respect to compliance with the law and proper corporate governance.

(d) The term of service of the internal auditor shall not be terminated without his consent and he shall not be suspended, unless the Board decides on such after obtaining the position of the audit committee, and after giving the internal auditor a reasonable opportunity to state his position before the Board and before the audit committee.

For this purpose, the quorum for the opening of a meeting of the Board shall not be less than a majority of the directors.

Part Twelve: Financial statements and signature

61. Financial statements

The Company will keep accounts, and likewise will keep financial statements pursuant to the Securities Law.

62. Stamp and signatory right

(a) The Company may establish a stamp or rubber stamps for sealing documents.

(b) The Board will determine the person or persons (even if they are not directors) who are authorized to sign on behalf of the Company, and their signatures together with the stamp of the Company or its printed name shall bind the Company, provided that he or they acted and signed within their authority or authorities.

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Part Thirteen: Dividends and Bonus Shares

63. Dividends and bonus shares

(a) A resolution by the Company to distribute dividends or allocate bonus shares shall be adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company. The Board of the Company shall decide on the date for payment of the dividend.

(b) In addition, the Board may, prior to offering a dividend, allocate from the profits of the Company, amounts, as it deems fit, as a reserve fund or funds as they establish, in the sole discretion of the Board of Directors, for unforeseeable needs or to equalize dividends with special dividends to correct, to improve or to maintain any property of the Company, and for many other types of purposes, as the Board, according to their absolute discretion, believes is beneficial for the affairs of the Company, and it may invest these allocated sums in investments that they feel are proper (other than in shares of the Company), and from time to time manage these investments or change them and use all or some of them for the benefit of the Company, and it may divide the reserve fund into special funds, as it deems fit, and use the fund or any part of it for the Company’s business, without having to keep the monies separate from the rest of the assets of the Company.

(c) A Board of Directors which announces the distribution of dividends may decide that this dividend be paid in full or in part by distribution of certain assets, in particular by the distribution of fully paid up shares, bonds or a series of bonds of any other company, or in one or more of these methods.

(d) In order to validate a resolution of the Board (including according to article 63(c) above), the Board may:

(1) Resolve any difficulty that may arise in respect to the distribution of a dividend and/or allocation of bonus shares as it deems fit;

(2) Issue partial certificates, including certificates for fractional shares or decide not to count fractions under a certain amount, or sell fractions and transfer their consideration to those eligible to receive them;

(3) To establish for the distribution of a dividend and/or allocation of bonus shares the value of any specific asset;

(4) To decide that payment in cash will be done for shareholders on the basis of the value that will be so established, or that parts the value of which are less than one shekel will not be taken into account in order to adjust the rights of all the parties;

(5) To deposit such monies or specific assets with trustees against securities, for persons eligible to receive dividends and/or bonus shares or to a fund that was converted into capital;

(6) If required, a proper contract will be drawn up and the Board may appoint a person to sign such contract on behalf of those eligible to receive dividends, bonus shares and/or fund converted into capital and such appointment will be valid; and/or

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(7) To make any other arrangement (in respect to the distribution of dividends and/or allocation of bonus shares), as the Board of Directors deems fit according to its sole discretion.

(e) The Board of Directors may deduct and offset from any dividend, bonus or other monies that are due to be paid for shares held by a shareholder, whether or not he is the sole owner or holds the share jointly with others, all sums of money owed from him which he must defray on his own or jointly with any other person to the Company on account of calls for payment etc.

(f) A shareholder shall not be entitled to a dividend if he has not delivered by the date designated for such, a bank account into which the relevant sums are to be transferred. Further, a shareholder is not entitled to change the bank account number a reasonable time (to be set by the Board) prior to the date for the actual distribution of the dividend by the Company.

(g) The Board may invest each dividend that is not claimed within one year from the announcement of its distribution or to use it in another manner for the benefit of the Company until it is claimed. The Company is not obligated to pay interest or linkage for an unclaimed dividend.

(h) Shareholders entitled to a dividend, are shareholders as of the designated date for the distribution of the dividend as established in the resolution of the Board of Directors or by virtue thereof, and subject to the provisions of relevant law.

Part Fourteen: Notices and Dissolution

64. Notices

Subject to the provisions of article 21 above (to wit notice of a meeting), the arrangement set forth in article 21 above shall apply:

(a) The Company is entitled to deliver notice to any shareholder by personal delivery, by fax, by email or by dispatch by mail in a letter, prepaid envelope or packaging intended for the shareholder, to the address as delivered to the Company at the time of the allocation of the shares or transfer of the shares, unless said shareholder gave written notice of a change of his address (hereinafter: “Registered Address”).

(b) A shareholder shoes registered address is outside of Israel may, from time to time, give written notice to the Company about an address in Israel, and that address will be considered as his address for the delivery of notices – as stated above.

(c) All notices regarding shares, to which persons are jointly entitled, shall be delivered to the person who appears first in the shareholder register, unless they

deliver other instructions, and a notice sent as stated shall serve as sufficient notice to all these shareholders.

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(d) Any notice sent to a shareholder to his registered address, by Israel post to an address in Israel shall be considered as having been delivered three (3) business days from the day dispatch of the letter or envelope or other packaging containing the letter was delivered to the post office properly bearing the registered address of the recipient and delivered to the post office. A written certificate signed by the secretary or manager or other official of the Company that the letter, envelope or packaging containing the notice with the registered address was delivered to the post office as stated, shall serve as prima facie proof of the fact. Any notice sent by fax shall be considered as having been delivered one (1) day from the day it was sent, provided that confirmation of the dispatch of the fax is presented, and if hand delivered – at the time of delivery.

(e) A person who becomes eligible to a share by virtue of the law, a transfer or in any other manner, shall be copied on every notice for such share, that was duly delivered to the registered address of the shareholder (from whom the right to the share is derived) registered in the shareholder register.

(f) Any notice or document sent by post to a shareholder or left at his registered address, then notwithstanding the fact that said shareholder died – and it does not matter if the Company knew of the death or not – shall be seen as having been duly delivered in respect to all the shares registered, whether if they were held by the same shareholder separately or jointly with other persons, until the other person will be registered in his place as the owner or the joint owner of the shares, and such delivery will be seen, for the purposes of these articles, as sufficient delivery of the notice or the document to the personal representative, or all persons, if any, jointly interested in the same shares. Without derogating from the foregoing generality, a notice to a shareholder shall be delivered also to persons who have a right to a share due to the death or bankruptcy of a shareholder or if the shareholder is a corporation – in the event of its receivership or dissolution, after the receiver or liquidator, as warranted, is registered as the shareholder in the shareholder register.

65. Dissolution

(a) Without derogating from the authority of the liquidator pursuant to section 334 of the Companies Ordinance and subject to special conditions, benefits and restrictions attached to shares of the Company, shares of the Company shall have equal rights regarding the return of the capital and participation in the distribution of surplus assets of the Company whether if the Company winds up voluntarily or whether in any other manner, after defrayal of all the obligations of the Company, its assets shall be distributed, among all the shareholders, proportionate to the nominal value of their shares without taking into account any premium paid on them.

(b) For the purpose of article 65(a) above, a person who is entitled to shares but have not yet been allocated the shares, shall be considered as if the shares to which he is entitled were allocated to him prior to the dissolution, and that the amount paid on account of the nominal value of the shares has been paid up. In this case one who is entitled to the shares, is entitled to payment of an equal sum to the amount that he would have received in a dissolution if he would have held the shares of the Company on the eve of the adoption of the resolution of the dissolution, with a deduction of the price of the exercise that he would have had to pay if he would have exercised his right to the shares of the Company on the eve of the resolution of the dissolution.

(c) If the Company winds up and the property of the Company that is to be distributed among the members is not enough to return all the paid up capital, these assets will be distributed inasmuch as possible in a proportionate manner to the paid up capital, or which is considered paid up at the start of the dissolution, of the shares held by each of the members.

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EX-4.2

Exhibit 4.2

PRE-FUNDED ORDINARY SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT

 PAINREFORM LTD.

Warrant Shares: _______   
 Initial Exercise Date: _______, 2024

THIS PRE-FUNDED ORDINARY SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, _____________ or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the date hereof (the “Initial Exercise Date”) and until this Warrant is exercised in full (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from PainReform Ltd., a company formed under the laws of the State of Israel (the “Company”), up to ______ Ordinary Shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”). The purchase price of one Ordinary Share under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b).

Section 1.          Definitions.  In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, the following terms have the meanings indicated in this Section 1:

“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Ordinary Shares for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (“Bloomberg”) (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if the OTCQB Venture Market (“OTCQB”) or the OTCQX Best Market (“OTCQX”) is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Ordinary Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Ordinary Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (“Pink Market”) operated by the OTC Markets, Inc. (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Ordinary Share so reported,, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of an Ordinary Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee”  or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.

“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares of the Company, nominal value NIS 0.30 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.

“Ordinary Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Ordinary Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred shares, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Ordinary Shares.

 “Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.

“Purchase Agreement” means the securities purchase agreement, dated as of _____, 2024, by and between the Company and each of the purchasers signatory thereto.

“Registration Statement” means the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-277594).

 “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company required to be listed pursuant to Item 601(b)(21) of Regulation S-K .

“Trading Day” means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading .

“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Ordinary Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (or any successors to any of the foregoing).

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“Transfer Agent” means American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Ordinary Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Ordinary Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Ordinary Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of an Ordinary Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“Warrants” means this Warrant and other Ordinary Share purchase warrants issued by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement.

Section 2.          Exercise.

a)          Exercise of Warrant.  Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”). Within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer or cashier’s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased.  The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1) Trading Day of receipt of such notice.  The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.

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b)          Exercise Price.  The aggregate exercise price of this Warrant, except for a nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per Warrant Share, was pre-funded to the Company on or prior to the Initial Exercise Date and, consequently, no additional consideration (other than the nominal exercise price of $0.0001 per Warrant Share) shall be required to be paid by the Holder to any Person to effect any exercise of this Warrant.  The Holder shall not be entitled to the return or refund of all, or any portion, of such pre-paid aggregate exercise price under any circumstance or for any reason whatsoever. The remaining unpaid exercise price per Ordinary Share under this Warrant shall be $0.0001, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

c)          Cashless Exercise. This Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

(A) = as applicable:  the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day;

(B) =   the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

(X) =   the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised.  The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c).

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d) Mechanics of Exercise.

i. Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earliest of (i) two (2) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise, (ii) one (1) Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company and (iii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”).   Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Ordinary Shares on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable.  As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Ordinary Shares as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise delivered on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date and the Initial Exercise Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date for purposes hereunder, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by such Warrant Share Delivery Date.

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ii.          Delivery of New Warrants Upon Exercise.  If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

iii.          Rescission Rights.  If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise.

iv.          Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than any such failure that is solely due to any action or inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, Ordinary Shares to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the Ordinary Shares so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of Ordinary Shares that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder.  For example, if the Holder purchases Ordinary Shares having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Ordinary Shares with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss.  Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Ordinary Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

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v.          No Fractional Shares or Scrip.  No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant.  As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share.

vi.          Charges, Taxes and Expenses.  Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto.  The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.

vii.          Closing of Books.  The Company will not close its shareholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof.

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e)          Holder’s Exercise Limitations.  The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).  For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Ordinary Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other  Ordinary Share Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.  Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith.   To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination.  In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.  For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding.  Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of Ordinary Shares then outstanding.  In any case, the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding Ordinary Shares  was reported.  The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, upon election by a Holder prior to the issuance of any Warrants, 9.99%) of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant.  The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Ordinary Shares upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply.  Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61^st day after such notice is delivered to the Company.  The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

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Section 3.          Certain Adjustments.

a)          Share Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a share dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on Ordinary Shares or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in Ordinary Shares (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any Ordinary Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding Ordinary Shares into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse share split) outstanding Ordinary Shares into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of Ordinary Shares any share  capital of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of Ordinary Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged.  Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re‑classification.

b)          [RESERVED]

c)          Subsequent Rights Offerings.  In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Ordinary Share Equivalents or rights to purchase shares, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record holders of any class of Ordinary Shares (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of Ordinary Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Ordinary Shares are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such Ordinary Shares as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

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d)          Pro Rata Distributions.  During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of Ordinary Shares, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, shares or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “Distribution”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of Ordinary Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Ordinary Shares are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any Ordinary Shares as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

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e)          Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company (or any Subsidiary), directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Ordinary Shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Ordinary Shares or 50% or more of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Ordinary Shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Ordinary Shares are effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires 50% or more of the outstanding Ordinary Shares (not including any Ordinary Shares held by the other Person or other Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other Persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination) or 50% or more of the voting power of the common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of Ordinary Shares of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of Ordinary Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the average amount of Alternate Consideration issuable per shareholder in respect of one Ordinary Share in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(e) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the Ordinary Shares acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the Ordinary Shares pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall be added to the term “Company” under this Warrant (so that from and after the occurrence or consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, each and every provision of this Warrant and other Transaction Documents referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to each of the Company and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally), and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally with the Company, may exercise every right and power of the Company prior thereto and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities shall assume all of the obligations of the Company prior thereto under this Warrant and other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if the Company and such Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally, had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(e) regardless of (i) whether the Company has sufficient authorized Ordinary Shares for the issuance of Warrant Shares and/or (ii) whether a Fundamental Transaction occurs prior to the Initial Exercise Date.

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f)          Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of Ordinary Shares deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of Ordinary Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.

g)          Notice to Holder.

i.          Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.

ii.          Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Ordinary Shares, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Ordinary Shares, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Ordinary Shares rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any share capital of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any shareholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Ordinary Shares, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or any of its Subsidiaries) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of its assets, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Ordinary Shares are converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Ordinary Shares of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Ordinary Shares of record shall be entitled to exchange their Ordinary Shares for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice.  To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.  The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.

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Section 4.          Transfer of Warrant.

a)          Transferability.  This Warrant and all rights hereunder (including, without limitation, any registration rights) are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer.  Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full.  The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

b)          New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.  Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the initial issuance date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

c)          Warrant Register. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.  The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.

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Section 5.          Miscellaneous.

a)          No Rights as Shareholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash.  This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3.  Without limiting any rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c) or to receive cash payments pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event shall the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.

b)          Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any share certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or share certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or share certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or share certificate.

c)          Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc.  If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.

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d)          Authorized Shares.

The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Ordinary Shares a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Ordinary Shares may be listed.  The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).

Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its articles of association or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.

Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.

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e)          Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Warrant (whether brought against a party hereto or their respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Warrant and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding to enforce any provisions of this Warrant, the prevailing party in such action, suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for their reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding.

f)          Restrictions.  The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.

g)          Nonwaiver and Expenses.  No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies.  Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

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h)          Notices.  Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holders hereunder including, without limitation, any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service, addressed to the Company, at 65 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv 6744316, Israel, Attention: Ilan Hadar, Chief Executive Officer, email address: ihadar@painreform.com, or such other email address or address as the Company may specify for such purposes by notice to the Holders. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service addressed to each Holder at the e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.  To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.

i)          Limitation of Liability.  No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Ordinary Share or as a shareholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.

j)          Remedies.  The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant.  The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.

k)          Successors and Assigns.  Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder.  The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

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l)          Amendment.  This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder of this Warrant, on the other hand.

m)       Severability.  Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

n)          Headings.  The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

********************

(Signature Page Follows)

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.

PAINREFORM LTD.

By:__________________________________________

     Name:

     Title:

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NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO:          PAINREFORM LTD.

(1)          The undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2)          Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

☐ in lawful money of the United States; or

☐ the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).

(3)          Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:

_______________________________

The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity: ________________________________________________________________________

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity: _________________________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ___________________________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________________________

Date: ________________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information.  Do not use this form to purchase shares.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

Name:	______________________________________
	(Please Print)
Address:	______________________________________
Phone Number: Email Address:	(Please Print) ______________________________________ ______________________________________
Dated: _______________ __, ______
Holder’s Signature: ______________________________________
Holder’s Address:  ______________________________________

EX-4.3

Exhibit 4.3

ORDINARY SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT

 PAINREFORM LTD.

Warrant Shares: _______   
 Initial Exercise Date: _______, 2024

THIS ORDINARY SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, _____________ or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the date hereof (the “Initial Exercise Date”) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on _____¹ (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from PainReform Ltd., a company formed under the laws of the State of Israel (the “Company”), up to ______ Ordinary Shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”). The purchase price of one Ordinary Share under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b).

Section 1.          Definitions.  In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, the following terms have the meanings indicated in this Section 1:

“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Ordinary Shares for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (“Bloomberg”) (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if the OTCQB Venture Market (“OTCQB”) or the OTCQX Best Market (“OTCQX”) is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Ordinary Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Ordinary Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (“Pink Market”) operated by the OTC Markets, Inc. (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Ordinary Share so reported,, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of an Ordinary Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

¹ Insert the date that is the 5 year anniversary of the Initial Exercise Date, provided that, if such date is not a Trading Day, insert the immediately following Trading Day.

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee”  or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.

“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares of the Company, nominal value NIS 0.30 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.

“Ordinary Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Ordinary Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred shares, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Ordinary Shares.

 “Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.

“Purchase Agreement” means the securities purchase agreement, dated as of _____, 2024, by and between the Company and each of the purchasers signatory thereto.

“Registration Statement” means the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-277594).

 “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company required to be listed pursuant to Item 601(b)(21) of Regulation S-K .

“Trading Day” means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading .

“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Ordinary Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (or any successors to any of the foregoing).

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“Transfer Agent” means American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Ordinary Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Ordinary Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Ordinary Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of an Ordinary Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“Warrants” means this Warrant and other Ordinary Share purchase warrants issued by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement.

Section 2.          Exercise.

a)          Exercise of Warrant.  Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”). Within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer or cashier’s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased.  The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1) Trading Day of receipt of such notice.  The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.

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b)          Exercise Price.  The exercise price per Ordinary Share under this Warrant shall be $_____, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

c)          Cashless Exercise. If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of the Warrant Shares to the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

(A) = as applicable:  the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day;

(B) =   the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

(X) =   the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised.  The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c).

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d) Mechanics of Exercise.

i. Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earliest of (i) two (2) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise, (ii) one (1) Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company and (iii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”).   Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Ordinary Shares on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable.  As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Ordinary Shares as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise delivered on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date and the Initial Exercise Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date for purposes hereunder, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by such Warrant Share Delivery Date.

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ii.          Delivery of New Warrants Upon Exercise.  If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

iii.          Rescission Rights.  If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise.

iv.          Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than any such failure that is solely due to any action or inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, Ordinary Shares to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the Ordinary Shares so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of Ordinary Shares that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder.  For example, if the Holder purchases Ordinary Shares having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Ordinary Shares with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss.  Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Ordinary Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

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v.          No Fractional Shares or Scrip.  No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant.  As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share.

vi.          Charges, Taxes and Expenses.  Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto.  The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.

vii.          Closing of Books.  The Company will not close its shareholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof.

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e)          Holder’s Exercise Limitations.  The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).  For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Ordinary Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other  Ordinary Share Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.  Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith.   To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination.  In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.  For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding.  Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of Ordinary Shares then outstanding.  In any case, the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding Ordinary Shares  was reported.  The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, upon election by a Holder prior to the issuance of any Warrants, 9.99%) of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant.  The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Ordinary Shares upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply.  Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61^st day after such notice is delivered to the Company.  The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

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Section 3.          Certain Adjustments.

a)          Share Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a share dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on Ordinary Shares or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in Ordinary Shares (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any Ordinary Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding Ordinary Shares into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse share split) outstanding Ordinary Shares into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of Ordinary Shares any share  capital of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of Ordinary Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged.  Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re‑classification.

b)          [RESERVED]

c)          Subsequent Rights Offerings.  In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Ordinary Share Equivalents or rights to purchase shares, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record holders of any class of Ordinary Shares (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of Ordinary Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Ordinary Shares are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such Ordinary Shares as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

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d)          Pro Rata Distributions.  During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of Ordinary Shares, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, shares or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “Distribution”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of Ordinary Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Ordinary Shares are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any Ordinary Shares as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

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e)          Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company (or any Subsidiary), directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Ordinary Shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares or more than 50% of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Ordinary Shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Ordinary Shares are effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires more than 50% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares or more than 50% of the voting power of the common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of Ordinary Shares of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of Ordinary Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the average amount of Alternate Consideration issuable per shareholder in respect of one Ordinary Share in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the Company or any Successor Entity (as defined below) shall, at the Holder’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with, or within 30 days after, the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction (or, if later, the date of the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction), purchase this Warrant from the Holder by paying to the Holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined below) of the remaining unexercised portion of this Warrant on the date of the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction; provided, however, that, if the Fundamental Transaction is not within the Company's control, including not approved by the Company's Board of Directors, the Holder shall only be entitled to receive from the Company or any Successor Entity the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Ordinary Shares of the Company in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or whether the holders of Ordinary Shares are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction; provided, further, that if holders of Ordinary Shares of the Company are not offered or paid any consideration in such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Ordinary Shares will be deemed to have received ordinary shares of the Successor Entity (which Entity may be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental Transaction. “Black Scholes Value” means the value of this Warrant based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the “OV” function on Bloomberg determined as of the day of consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction for pricing purposes and reflecting (A) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date, (B) an expected volatility equal to the volatility for the remaining exercised period as obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 252 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the consummation of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, (C) the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall be the VWAP for the 30 days prior to the Trading Day immediately preceding the consummation of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and (D) a remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date and (E) cost of borrow for the company’s stock at the exercise date. The payment of the Black Scholes Value will be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds (or such other consideration) within the later of (i) five Business Days of the Holder’s election and (ii) the date of consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.  The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(e) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the Ordinary Shares acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the Ordinary Shares pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall be added to the term “Company” under this Warrant (so that from and after the occurrence or consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, each and every provision of this Warrant referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to each of the Company and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally), and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally with the Company, may exercise every right and power of the Company prior thereto and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities shall assume all of the obligations of the Company prior thereto under this Warrant with the same effect as if the Company and such Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally, had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(e) regardless of (i) whether the Company has sufficient authorized Ordinary Shares for the issuance of Warrant Shares and/or (ii) whether a Fundamental Transaction occurs prior to the Initial Exercise Date.

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f)          Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of Ordinary Shares deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of Ordinary Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.

g)          Notice to Holder.

i.          Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.

ii.          Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Ordinary Shares, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Ordinary Shares, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Ordinary Shares rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any share capital of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any shareholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Ordinary Shares, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or any of its Subsidiaries) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of its assets, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Ordinary Shares are converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Ordinary Shares of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Ordinary Shares of record shall be entitled to exchange their Ordinary Shares for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice.  To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.  The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.

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Section 4.          Transfer of Warrant.

a)          Transferability.  This Warrant and all rights hereunder (including, without limitation, any registration rights) are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer.  Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full.  The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

b)          New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.  Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the initial issuance date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

c)          Warrant Register. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.  The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.

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Section 5.          Miscellaneous.

a)          No Rights as Shareholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash.  This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3.  Without limiting any rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c) or to receive cash payments pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event shall the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.

b)          Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any share certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or share certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or share certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or share certificate.

c)          Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc.  If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.

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d)          Authorized Shares.

The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Ordinary Shares a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Ordinary Shares may be listed.  The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).

Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its articles of association or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.

Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.

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e)          Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Warrant (whether brought against a party hereto or their respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Warrant and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding to enforce any provisions of this Warrant, the prevailing party in such action, suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for their reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding.

f)          Restrictions.  The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.

g)          Nonwaiver and Expenses.  No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies.  Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

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h)          Notices.  Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holders hereunder including, without limitation, any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service, addressed to the Company, at 65 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv 6744316, Israel, Attention: Ilan Hadar, Chief Executive Officer, email address: ihadar@painreform.com, or such other email address or address as the Company may specify for such purposes by notice to the Holders. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service addressed to each Holder at the e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.  To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.

i)          Limitation of Liability.  No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Ordinary Share or as a shareholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.

j)          Remedies.  The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant.  The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.

k)          Successors and Assigns.  Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder.  The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

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l)          Amendment.  This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder of this Warrant, on the other hand.

m)       Severability.  Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

n)          Headings.  The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

********************

(Signature Page Follows)

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.

PAINREFORM LTD.

By:__________________________________________

     Name:

     Title:

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NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO:          PAINREFORM LTD.

(1)          The undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2)          Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

☐ in lawful money of the United States; or

☐ if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).

(3)          Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:

_______________________________

The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity: ________________________________________________________________________

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity: _________________________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ___________________________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________________________

Date: ________________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information.  Do not use this form to purchase shares.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

Name:	______________________________________
	(Please Print)
Address:	______________________________________
Phone Number: Email Address:	(Please Print) ______________________________________ ______________________________________
Dated: _______________ __, ______
Holder’s Signature: ______________________________________
Holder’s Address:  ______________________________________

EX-4.4

Exhibit 4.4

PLACEMENT AGENT ORDINARY SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT

 PAINREFORM LTD.

Warrant Shares: _______   
 Initial Exercise Date: _______, 2024

THIS PLACEMENT AGENT ORDINARY SHARE PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, _____________ or its assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the date hereof (the “Initial Exercise Date”) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on _____¹ (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from PainReform Ltd., a company formed under the laws of the State of Israel (the “Company”), up to ______ Ordinary Shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”). The purchase price of one Ordinary Share under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b). This Warrant is issued pursuant to that certain Engagement Agreement, dated as of December 18, 2023, by and between the Company and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as amended.

Section 1.          Definitions.  In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, the following terms have the meanings indicated in this Section 1:

“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

“Bid Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Ordinary Shares for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (“Bloomberg”) (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if the OTCQB Venture Market (“OTCQB”) or the OTCQX Best Market (“OTCQX”) is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Ordinary Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Ordinary Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (“Pink Market”) operated by the OTC Markets, Inc. (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Ordinary Share so reported,, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of an Ordinary Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

¹ Insert the date that is the five (5) year anniversary of the commencement of sales in the offering pursuant to the Registration Statement.

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee”  or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.

“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares of the Company, nominal value NIS 0.30 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.

“Ordinary Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Ordinary Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred shares, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Ordinary Shares.

 “Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.

“Purchase Agreement” means the securities purchase agreement, dated as of _____, 2024, by and between the Company and each of the purchasers signatory thereto.

“Registration Statement” means the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-277594).

 “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company required to be listed pursuant to Item 601(b)(21) of Regulation S-K .

“Trading Day” means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading .

“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Ordinary Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (or any successors to any of the foregoing).

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“Transfer Agent” means American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.

“VWAP” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b)  if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Ordinary Shares for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c) if the Ordinary Shares are not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Ordinary Shares are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per Ordinary Share so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of an Ordinary Share as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

“Warrants” means this Warrant and other Ordinary Share purchase warrants issued by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement.

Section 2.          Exercise.

a)          Exercise of Warrant.  Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of Exercise”). Within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer or cashier’s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased.  The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1) Trading Day of receipt of such notice.  The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.

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b)          Exercise Price.  The exercise price per Ordinary Share under this Warrant shall be $_____, subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).

c)          Cashless Exercise. If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance of the Warrant Shares to the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:

(A) = as applicable:  the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours” (as defined in Rule 600(b) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day;

(B) =   the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and

(X) =   the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised.  The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c).

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d) Mechanics of Exercise.

i. Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earliest of (i) two (2) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise, (ii) one (1) Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company and (iii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”).   Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Ordinary Shares on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable.  As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period, expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Ordinary Shares as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise delivered on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Purchase Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date and the Initial Exercise Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date for purposes hereunder, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by such Warrant Share Delivery Date.

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ii.          Delivery of New Warrants Upon Exercise.  If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

iii.          Rescission Rights.  If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise.

iv.          Compensation for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise.  In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than any such failure that is solely due to any action or inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, Ordinary Shares to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”), then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the Ordinary Shares so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of Ordinary Shares that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder.  For example, if the Holder purchases Ordinary Shares having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Ordinary Shares with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss.  Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver Ordinary Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.

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v.          No Fractional Shares or Scrip.  No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant.  As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share.

vi.          Charges, Taxes and Expenses.  Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto.  The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.

vii.          Closing of Books.  The Company will not close its shareholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof.

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e)          Holder’s Exercise Limitations.  The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).  For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Ordinary Shares which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii) exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other  Ordinary Share Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.  Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith.   To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination.  In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.  For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding.  Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of Ordinary Shares then outstanding.  In any case, the number of outstanding Ordinary Shares shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding Ordinary Shares  was reported.  The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, upon election by a Holder prior to the issuance of any Warrants, 9.99%) of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant.  The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Ordinary Shares upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue to apply.  Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61^st day after such notice is delivered to the Company.  The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant.

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Section 3.          Certain Adjustments.

a)          Share Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a share dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on Ordinary Shares or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in Ordinary Shares (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any Ordinary Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding Ordinary Shares into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including by way of reverse share split) outstanding Ordinary Shares into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification of Ordinary Shares any share  capital of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of Ordinary Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged.  Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re‑classification.

b)          [RESERVED]

c)          Subsequent Rights Offerings.  In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Ordinary Share Equivalents or rights to purchase shares, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record holders of any class of Ordinary Shares (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of Ordinary Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Ordinary Shares are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such Ordinary Shares as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

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d)          Pro Rata Distributions.  During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of Ordinary Shares, by way of return of capital or otherwise, other than cash (including, without limitation, any distribution of shares or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a “Distribution”), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of Ordinary Shares acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of Ordinary Shares are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder's right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any Ordinary Shares as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).

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e)          Fundamental Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company (or any Subsidiary), directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Ordinary Shares are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares or more than 50% of the voting power of the common equity of the Company, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Ordinary Shares or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Ordinary Shares are effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires more than 50% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares or more than 50% of the voting power of the common equity of the Company (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of Ordinary Shares of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of Ordinary Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the average amount of Alternate Consideration issuable per shareholder in respect of one Ordinary Share in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the Company or any Successor Entity (as defined below) shall, at the Holder’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with, or within 30 days after, the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction (or, if later, the date of the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction), purchase this Warrant from the Holder by paying to the Holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined below) of the remaining unexercised portion of this Warrant on the date of the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction; provided, however, that, if the Fundamental Transaction is not within the Company's control, including not approved by the Company's Board of Directors, the Holder shall only be entitled to receive from the Company or any Successor Entity the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Ordinary Shares of the Company in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or whether the holders of Ordinary Shares are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction; provided, further, that if holders of Ordinary Shares of the Company are not offered or paid any consideration in such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Ordinary Shares will be deemed to have received ordinary shares of the Successor Entity (which Entity may be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental Transaction. “Black Scholes Value” means the value of this Warrant based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the “OV” function on Bloomberg determined as of the day of consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction for pricing purposes and reflecting (A) a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date, (B) an expected volatility equal to the volatility for the remaining exercised period as obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 252 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following the consummation of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, (C) the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall be the VWAP for the 30 days prior to the Trading Day immediately preceding the consummation of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and (D) a remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date and (E) cost of borrow for the company’s stock at the exercise date. The payment of the Black Scholes Value will be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds (or such other consideration) within the later of (i) five Business Days of the Holder’s election and (ii) the date of consummation of the Fundamental Transaction.  The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(e) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the Ordinary Shares acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the Ordinary Shares pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall be added to the term “Company” under this Warrant (so that from and after the occurrence or consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, each and every provision of this Warrant referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to each of the Company and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally), and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally with the Company, may exercise every right and power of the Company prior thereto and the Successor Entity or Successor Entities shall assume all of the obligations of the Company prior thereto under this Warrant with the same effect as if the Company and such Successor Entity or Successor Entities, jointly and severally, had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section 3(e) regardless of (i) whether the Company has sufficient authorized Ordinary Shares for the issuance of Warrant Shares and/or (ii) whether a Fundamental Transaction occurs prior to the Initial Exercise Date.

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f)          Calculations. All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section 3, the number of Ordinary Shares deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of Ordinary Shares (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.

g)          Notice to Holder.

i.          Adjustment to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.

ii.          Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Ordinary Shares, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Ordinary Shares, (C) the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Ordinary Shares rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any share capital of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any shareholders of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Ordinary Shares, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or any of its Subsidiaries) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of its assets, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Ordinary Shares are converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Ordinary Shares of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Ordinary Shares of record shall be entitled to exchange their Ordinary Shares for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice.  To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.  The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.

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Section 4.          Transfer of Warrant.

a)          Transferability.  This Warrant and all rights hereunder (including, without limitation, any registration rights) are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer.  Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled.  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full.  The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.

b)          New Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.  Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the initial issuance date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.

c)          Warrant Register. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.  The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.

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Section 5.          Miscellaneous.

a)          No Rights as Shareholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash.  This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a shareholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section 3.  Without limiting any rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise” pursuant to Section 2(c) or to receive cash payments pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) and Section 2(d)(iv) herein, in no event shall the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.

b)          Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any share certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or share certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or share certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or share certificate.

c)          Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc.  If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.

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d)          Authorized Shares.

 

The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Ordinary Shares a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.  The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Ordinary Shares may be listed.  The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).

Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its articles of association or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.

Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.

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e)          Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Warrant (whether brought against a party hereto or their respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Warrant and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding to enforce any provisions of this Warrant, the prevailing party in such action, suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for their reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding.

f)          Restrictions.  The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.

g)          Nonwaiver and Expenses.  No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies.  Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.

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h)          Notices.  Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holders hereunder including, without limitation, any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service, addressed to the Company, at 65 Yigal Alon St., Tel Aviv 6744316, Israel, Attention: Ilan Hadar, Chief Executive Officer, email address: ihadar@painreform.com, or such other email address or address as the Company may specify for such purposes by notice to the Holders. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier service addressed to each Holder at the e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.  To the extent that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Report on Form 6-K.

i)          Limitation of Liability.  No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Ordinary Share or as a shareholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.

j)          Remedies.  The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant.  The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.

k)          Successors and Assigns.  Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder.  The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.

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l)          Amendment.  This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder of this Warrant, on the other hand.

m)       Severability.  Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.

n)          Headings.  The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.

********************

(Signature Page Follows)

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.

PAINREFORM LTD.

By:__________________________________________

     Name:

     Title:

19

NOTICE OF EXERCISE

TO:          PAINREFORM LTD.

(1)          The undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.

(2)          Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box):

☐ in lawful money of the United States; or

☐ if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).

(3)          Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:

_______________________________

The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]

Name of Investing Entity: ________________________________________________________________________

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity: _________________________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ___________________________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________________________

Date: ________________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT FORM

(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information.  Do not use this form to purchase shares.)

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to

Name:	______________________________________
	(Please Print)
Address:	______________________________________
Phone Number: Email Address:	(Please Print) ______________________________________ ______________________________________
Dated: _______________ __, ______
Holder’s Signature: ______________________________________
Holder’s Address: ______________________________________

EX-5.1

Exhibit 5.1

Yaron Tikotzky, Adv. (CPA)* Eli Doron, Adv. & Notary Ronen Kantor, Adv. Amit Gross, Adv. & Notary Giora Gutman, Adv. Rami Arie, Adv. (CPA) Rachel (Goren) Cavallero, Adv. Gil Mor, Adv. & Notary** Sharon Fishman, Adv. & Notary

Efrat Hamami, Adv. Tamir Kalderon, Adv. Asaf Gershgoren, Adv. & economist Efi Ohana, Adv. & economist Asaf Hofman, Adv. & economist Moti Philip, Adv. Shai Glikman, Adv. Rotem Nissim, Adv. Hadas Garoosi, Adv. Shmulik Cohen, Adv. Izhak Lax, Adv. Amit Moshe Cohen, Adv. Shimon Gros, Adv. & Notary Shahar Noah, Adv. (Tax advisor) Igal Rosenberg, Adv. Ori Perel, Adv. Shai Pnini, Adv. Sandrine Dray, Adv. Mediator & Notary*** Nahi Hamud, Adv. Yair Messalem, Adv. Maayan Peled, Adv. Liav Menachem, Adv. Notary & Mediator Israel Asraf, Adv. & Notary Gali Ganoni, Adv. Odelia Cohen-Schondorf, Adv. Yana Shapiro Orbach, Adv. Roy Galis, Adv. Oren Geni, Adv. Moran Ovadia, Adv. Sonny Knaz, Adv. Bat-El Ovadia, Adv. Aharon Eitan, Adv. Rania Elime, Adv. Haim Pesenzon, Adv. Shaike Rakovsky, Adv. Ronit Rabinovich, Adv. Iris Borcom, Adv. Omri Alter, Adv. Shira Ben dov levi, Adv. Inbal Naim, Adv. Yonatan Gamarnik, Adv. Ben Mugraby, Adv. Shirli Shlezinger, Adv. Michael Misul , Adv. Jacob Bayarsky, Adv. & economist Matan Hemo, Adv. Tamir Shenhav, Adv. Adi Ben yair- Yosef, Adv Moshe Zoaretz, Adv. Nina Aharonov, Adv. Rozit kabudi Doron, Adv. Doron Pesso, Adv. Adi Barnes-Ovdat, Adv. Omri Yacov, Adv. Noy Keren, Adv. Liat Ingber, Adv.  Lipaz Elimelch-Karni, Adv. Eli Hirsch, Adv. Maayan Gadalov,Adv. Dov Alter, Adv. Monica kevorkian karawani, Adv. Shahaf Zuker, Adv. Alexey Kvaktoun, Adv. Elinor Yaakobi, Adv. Dor Elkrif; Adv. Netanel Rozenberg, Adv. Gil Friedman, Adv. Hadar Raz, Adv. Ilia Parkhomyuk, Adv. Dana Hofman, Adv. shirly Lipovetsky, Adv. Yamit Halperin, Adv. Moran Alezra, Adv. Elinor Palma, Adv. Lidor Amar, Adv. Tali Kadosh, Adv. Rami Zoabi, Adv. Michelle Zohar-Peer, Adv. Barak Harari, Adv. Ayala Meidan-Greenshpan, Adv. Coral Opal, Adv. Eden Eliad, Adv. Eli Kulas. Adv. Notary & Mediator –Of Counsel Eli Chenchinski, Adv. -  Of Counsel Yaacov Wagner, Senior judge (retired), Adv.- L.L.M, Mediator & Arbitrator-  Of Counsel Jan Robinsohn, M.Jur. Adv. & Notary - Of Counsel **** Giora Amir (1928-2020) * Member of the New York State Bar ** Member of the Law Society in England & Wales *** Accredited by the consulate of France **** Honorary Consul Of The Republic Of Poland (ret.)
April 15, 2024
PainReform Ltd. 65 Yigal Alon St. Tel Aviv, 6744316 Israel
Ladies and Gentlemen:
We have acted as Israeli counsel to PainReform Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the State of Israel (the “Company”), in connection with its issuance and sale (the “Offering”) of up to: (i) $10,000,000  of (A) ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.3 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”); (B) 4,132,231 pre-funded warrants to purchase 4,132,231 Ordinary Shares (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”); (C) 4,132,231 warrants to purchase Ordinary Shares (the “Common Warrants”); and (ii) $437,500 of warrants to purchase Ordinary Shares (the “Placement Agent Warrants” and together with the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants, the “Warrants”) that are issued by the Company to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, the placement agent of the Offering, as described in the Registration Statement, each as further described in the Registration Statement. The Ordinary Shares underlying the Warrants are referred herein as the “Warrant Shares”.
The Offering is being effected pursuant registration statement on Form F-1 (No. 333-277594) (as amended to date, the “Registration Statement”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on the date hereof under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), including the prospectus contained therein (the “Prospectus”).
In connection herewith, we have examined the originals, or photocopies or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of: (i) the form of the Registration Statement, to which this opinion letter is attached as an exhibit; (ii) the Prospectus , (iii) the articles of association of the Company, as currently in effect (the “Articles”); (iv) resolutions of the board of directors (the “Board”) of the Company which have heretofore been approved and relate to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and other actions to be taken in connection with the Offering; and (v) such other corporate records, agreements, documents and other instruments, and such certificates or comparable documents of public officials and of officers and representatives of the Company as we have deemed relevant and necessary as a basis for the opinions hereafter set forth. We have also made inquiries of such officers and representatives as we have deemed relevant and necessary as a basis for the opinions hereafter set forth.
 In such examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as certified, confirmed as photostatic copies and the authenticity of the originals of such latter documents. As to all questions of fact material to these opinions that have not been independently established, we have relied upon certificates or comparable documents of officers and representatives of the Company.
Based upon and subject to the foregoing, we are of the opinion that (i) upon payment to the Company of the consideration per Ordinary Share in such amount and form as has been determined by the Board, the Ordinary Shares, when issued and sold in the Offering as described in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and (ii) the Warrant Shares, when issued and sold by the Company and delivered by the Company against receipt of the exercise price therefor as shall be determined by the Board, in accordance with and in the manner described in the Registration Statement, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable
We have further assumed that, at the time of issuance and to the extent any such issuance would exceed the maximum share capital of the Company currently authorized, the number of Ordinary Shares that the Company is authorized to issue shall have been increased in accordance with the Company’s Articles such that a sufficient number of Ordinary Shares is authorized and available for issuance under the Articles.
Members of our firm are admitted to the Bar in the State of Israel, and we do not express any opinion as to the laws of any other jurisdiction. This opinion is limited to the matters stated herein and no opinion is implied or may be inferred beyond the matters expressly stated.
We consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 to the Registration Statement and to the reference to our firm appearing under the caption “Legal Matters” and, if applicable “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities” in the Prospectus forming part of the Registration Statement. In giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the Rules and Regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder.
This opinion letter is rendered as of the date hereof and we disclaim any obligation to advise you of facts, circumstances, events or developments that may be brought to our attention after the effective date of the Registration Statement that may alter, affect or modify the opinions expressed herein.
Sincerely,
/s/ Doron, Tikotzky, Kantor, Gutman, Amit Gross & Co Advocates & Notaries

  mail@dtkgg.com www.dtkgg.com Haifa & Northern:7 Palyam Blvd. Haifa, (Phoenix House) 7th Floor, 3309510 Tel. +972-4-8147500 | Fax 972-4-8555976 Banking & Collection, 6th Floor Tel. 972-4-8353700 | Fax 972-4-8702477 Romania: 7 Franklin, 1st District, Bucharest Cyprus: 9 Zenonos Kitieos St., 2406 Engomi, Nicosia Central: B.S.R. Tower 4, 33th Floor, 7 metsada St. Bnei Brak, 5126112 Tel. 972-3-6109100 | Fax +972-3-6127449 Tel. 972-3-6133371 | Fax +972-3-6133372 Tel. 972-3-7940700 | Fax +972-3-7467470 Tel. 972-3-6114455 | Fax +972-3-6131170 Austria: Wildpretmarkt 2-4 | Mezzanin , A-1010 , Vienna

EX-5.2

Exhibit 5.2

April 15, 2024

PainReform Ltd.

65 Yigal Alon St.

Tel Aviv, Israel 6744316

Re: Registration Statement on Form F-1/A

Ladies and Gentlemen:

This opinion is furnished to you in connection with a Registration Statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-277594) (as amended to date, the “Registration Statement”) filed by PainReform Ltd., an Israeli company (the “Company”), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), for the registration and proposed maximum aggregate offering price by the Company of up to an aggregate amount of (A) $10,000,000 of (i) ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.30 per share, of the Company (the “Ordinary Shares”), (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase Ordinary Shares, and (iii) common warrants (the Common Warrants”) to purchase Ordinary Shares, and (B) $437,500 of warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”, and, together with the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Common Warrants, the Ordinary Shares, and the Ordinary Shares underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Common Warrants and the Placement Agent Warrants, the “Securities”) to purchase Ordinary Shares issuable to the Placement Agent (as defined below). The Securities are being registered by the Company, which has engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co (the “Placement Agent”) to act as the placement agent in connection with a public offering of the Company’s Securities (the “Offering”).

We are acting as U.S. securities counsel for the Company in connection with the Registration Statement. In connection with this opinion, we have examined signed copies of the Registration Statement and have also examined and relied upon minutes of meetings of the Board of Directors of the Company as provided to us by the Company, the articles of association of the Company, as restated and/or amended to date, and such other documents as we have deemed necessary for purposes of rendering the opinion hereinafter set forth.

In our examination of the foregoing documents, we have assumed the legal capacity of all natural persons, the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, the authenticity of the originals of such latter documents and the legal competence of all signatories to such documents. Other than our examination of the documents indicated above, we have made no other examination in connection with this opinion. Because the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Common Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants contain provisions stating that they are to be governed by the laws of the State of New York, we are rendering this opinion as to New York law.

We are admitted to practice in the State of New York, and we express no opinion as to any matters governed by any law other than the law of the State of New York. You are separately reviewing an opinion from Doron Tikotzky Kantor, Gutman & Amit Gross & Co. with respect to the corporate proceedings and due authorization relating to the issuance of the Securities under Israeli law. For purposes of our opinion, we have assumed that the Securities have been duly authorized and that the Ordinary Shares have been duly and validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.

Based upon the foregoing and subject to the assumptions and qualifications set forth herein, we are of the opinion that, when the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act, the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Common Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants, if and when issued and paid for in accordance with the terms of the Offering, will be valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.

The opinion set forth herein is rendered as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update such opinion to reflect any facts or circumstances which may hereafter come to our attention or any changes in the law which may hereafter occur (which may have retroactive effect). In addition, the foregoing opinions are qualified to the extent that (a) enforceability may be limited by and be subject to general principles of equity, regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law (including, without limitation, concepts of notice and materiality), and by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws affecting creditors’ and debtors’ rights generally (including, without limitation, any state or federal law in respect of fraudulent transfers); and (b) no opinion is expressed herein as to compliance with or the effect of federal or state securities or blue sky laws.

This opinion is rendered to you in connection with the Registration Statement. This opinion may not be relied upon for any other purpose, or furnished to, quoted or relied upon by any other person, firm or corporation for any purpose, without our prior written consent, except that (A) this opinion may be furnished or quoted to judicial or regulatory authorities having jurisdiction over you, and (B) this opinion may be relied upon by holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants, the Common Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants currently entitled to rely on it pursuant to applicable provisions of federal securities law.

We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit 5.2 to the Registration Statement and to the reference to this firm under the caption “Legal Matters” in the Registration Statement and in any Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act. In giving such consent, we do not admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission. This opinion letter is limited to the matters expressly set forth herein and no opinion is implied or may be inferred beyond the matters expressly so stated. This opinion letter is given as of the date hereof and we do not undertake any liability or responsibility to inform you of any change in circumstances occurring, or additional information becoming available to us, after the date hereof which might alter the opinions contained herein.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Greenberg Traurig, P.A.

Greenberg Traurig, P.A.

Greenberg Traurig, P.A. | Attorneys at Law

Azrieli Center, Round Tower | 132 Menachem Begin Road, 30th Floor | Tel Aviv, Israel 6701101 | T +1 +972 (0) 3 636 6000 | F +1 +972 (0) 3 636 6010

EX-10.23

Exhibit 10.23

SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This Securities Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”) is dated as of ______, 2024, between PainReform Ltd., a company formed under the laws of the State of Israel (the “Company”), and each purchaser identified on the signature pages hereto (each, including its successors and assigns, a “Purchaser” and collectively the “Purchasers”).

WHEREAS, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act (as defined below), the Company desires to issue and sell to each Purchaser, and each Purchaser, severally and not jointly, desires to purchase from the Company, securities of the Company as more fully described in this Agreement.

NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants contained in this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and each Purchaser agree as follows:

ARTICLE I.
DEFINITIONS

1.1          Definitions.  In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1:

“Acquiring Person” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.5.

“Action” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(j).

“Affiliate” means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

“Board of Directors” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Business Day” means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee”  or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York and the State of Israel are generally open for use by customers on such day, provided, however, that, for calculating Business Days with respect to any action to be taken by the Company hereunder, Friday after 1:00 p.m. (Israel time) shall not be considered a Business Day.

“Closing” means the closing of the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant to Section 2.1.

“Closing Date” means the Trading Day on which all of the Transaction Documents have been executed and delivered by the applicable parties thereto, and all conditions precedent to (i) the Purchasers’ obligations to pay the Subscription Amount and (ii) the Company’s obligations to deliver the Securities, in each case, have been satisfied or waived, but in no event later than the second (2^nd) Trading Day (or the third (3rd) Trading Day if this Agreement is executed after 4:00 p.m. (New York City Time) but prior to 11:59 p.m. (New York City Time)) following the date hereof.

“Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Company U.S. Counsel” means Greenberg Traurig, P.A., with offices located at One Azrieli Center, Round Tower, 30^th floor, 132 Menachem Begin Rd, Tel Aviv 6701101.

“Disclosure Schedules” means the Disclosure Schedules of the Company delivered concurrently herewith.

“Disclosure Time” means, (i) if this Agreement is signed on a day that is not a Trading Day or after 9:00 a.m. (New York City time) and before midnight (New York City time) on any Trading Day, 9:01 a.m. (New York City time) on the Trading Day immediately following the date hereof, unless otherwise instructed as to an earlier time by the Placement Agent, and (ii) if this Agreement is signed between midnight (New York City time) and 9:00 a.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, no later than 9:01 a.m. (New York City time) on the date hereof, unless otherwise instructed as to an earlier time by the Placement Agent.

“EGS” means Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, the legal counsel of the Placement Agent with offices located at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105-0302.

“Evaluation Date” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(s).

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Exempt Issuance” means the issuance of (a) Ordinary Shares, options or restricted share units to employees, officers, directors or consultants of the Company pursuant to any stock or option plan duly adopted for such purpose, by a majority of the non-employee members of the Board of Directors or a majority of the members of a committee of non-employee directors established for such purpose for services rendered to the Company, (b) securities upon the exercise or exchange of or conversion of any Securities issued hereunder, warrants to the Placement Agent in connection with the transactions pursuant to this Agreement and any securities upon exercise of warrants to the Placement Agent and/or other securities exercisable or exchangeable for or convertible into Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding on the date of this Agreement, provided that such securities have not been amended since the date of this Agreement to increase the number of such securities or to decrease the exercise price, exchange price or conversion price of such securities (other than in connection with share splits or combinations) or to extend the term of such securities, and (c) securities issued pursuant to acquisitions or strategic transactions approved by a majority of the disinterested directors of the Company, provided that such securities are issued as “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) and carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith during the prohibition period in Section 4.11(a) herein, and provided that any such issuance shall only be to a Person (or to the equityholders of a Person) which is, itself or through its subsidiaries, an operating company or an owner of an asset in a business synergistic with the business of the Company and shall provide to the Company additional benefits in addition to the investment of funds, but shall not include a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing in securities.

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“FCPA” means the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.

“FDA” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(hh).

“FDCA” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(hh).

“GAAP” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(h).

“Indebtedness” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(aa).

“Intellectual Property Rights” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(p).

“Israeli Counsel” means Doron, Tikotzky, Kantor, Gutman, Nass & Amit Gross, with offices located at B.S.R. 4 Tower, 33 Floor, Metsada Street Bnei Brak 5126112 Israel.

“Liens” means a lien, charge, pledge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction.

“Lock-Up Agreement” means the Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, by and among the Company and the directors and officers, in the form of Exhibit A attached hereto.

“Material Adverse Effect” shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1(b).

“Material Permits” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(n).

“Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares of the Company, nominal value NIS 0.3 per share, and any other class of securities into which such securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.

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“Ordinary Share Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Ordinary Shares, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred shares, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Ordinary Shares.

“Ordinary Warrant Shares” means the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the Ordinary Share Warrants.

“Ordinary Warrants” means the Ordinary Share purchase warrants delivered to the Purchasers at the Closing in accordance with Section 2.2(a) hereof, which Ordinary Warrants shall be exercisable immediately and have a term of exercise equal to five (5) years, in the form of Exhibit B attached hereto.

“Per Share Purchase Price” equals $______, subject to adjustment for reverse and forward share splits, share dividends, share combinations and other similar transactions of the Ordinary Shares that occur after the date of this Agreement, provided that the purchase price per Prefunded Warrant shall be the Per Share Purchase Price minus $0.0001.

“Person” means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.

“Pharmaceutical Product” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(hh).

“Placement Agent” means H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC.

“Prefunded Warrant Shares” means the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the Prefunded Warrants.

“Prefunded Warrants” means, collectively, the Prefunded Ordinary Share purchase warrants delivered to the Purchasers at the Closing in accordance with Section 2.2(a) hereof, which Prefunded Warrants shall be exercisable immediately and shall expire when exercised in full, in the form of Exhibit C attached hereto.

“Preliminary Prospectus” means any preliminary prospectus included in the Registration Statement, as originally filed or as part of any amendment thereto, or filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(a) of the rules and regulations of the Commission under the Securities Act, including all information, documents and exhibits filed with or incorporated by reference into such preliminary prospectus, including all information, documents and exhibits filed with or incorporated by reference into such preliminary prospectus.

“Pricing Prospectus” means (i) the Preliminary Prospectus relating to the Securities that was included in the Registration Statement immediately prior to ___ a.m./p.m. (New York City time) on the date hereof and (ii) any free writing prospectus (as defined in the Securities Act) identified on Schedule I hereto, taken together.

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“Proceeding” means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened.

“Prospectus” means the final prospectus filed for the Registration Statement.

“Purchaser Party” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.8.

“Registration Statement” means the effective registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-277594) which registers the sale of the Shares, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares to the Purchasers, and includes any Rule 462(b) Registration Statement.

“Required Approvals” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(e).

“Rule 144” means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule.

“Rule 424” means Rule 424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule.

“Rule 462(b) Registration Statement” means any registration statement prepared by the Company registering additional public Securities, which was filed with the Commission on or prior to the date hereof and became automatically effective pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act.

“SEC Reports” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(h).

“Securities” means the Shares, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares.

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

“Shares” means the Ordinary Shares issued or issuable to each Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement.

“Short Sales” means all “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act (but shall not be deemed to include locating and/or borrowing Ordinary Shares). 

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 “Subscription Amount” means, as to each Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for Shares and Warrants purchased hereunder as specified below such Purchaser’s name on the signature page of this Agreement and next to the heading “Subscription Amount,” in United States dollars and in immediately available funds (minus, if applicable, a Purchaser’s aggregate exercise price of the Prefunded Warrants, which amounts shall be paid as and when such Prefunded Warrants are exercised).

“Subsidiary” means any subsidiary of the Company as set forth on Schedule 3.1(a), and shall, where applicable, also include any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed or acquired after the date hereof.

“Trading Day” means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading.

“Trading Market” means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Ordinary Shares are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the New York Stock Exchange, the Pink Open Market, OTCQB or the OTCQX (or any successors to any of the foregoing).

“Transaction Documents” means this Agreement, the Lock-Up Agreement, the Warrants, all exhibits and schedules thereto and hereto and any other documents or agreements executed in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder.

“Transfer Agent” means American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, the transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.

“Variable Rate Transaction” shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.11(b).

“Warrants” means, collectively, the Ordinary Share Warrants and the Prefunded Warrants.

“Warrant Shares” means the Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants.

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ARTICLE II.
PURCHASE AND SALE

2.1          Closing.  On the Closing Date, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, the Company agrees to sell, and the Purchasers, severally and not jointly, agree to purchase, up to an aggregate of $_______ of Shares and Ordinary Warrants; provided, however, that, to the extent that a Purchaser determines, in its sole discretion, that such Purchaser (together with such Purchaser’s Affiliates, and any Person acting as a group together with such Purchaser or any of such Purchaser’s Affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, or as such Purchaser may otherwise choose, in lieu of purchasing Shares such Purchaser may elect to purchase Prefunded Warrants in lieu of Shares in such manner to result in the same aggregate purchase price being paid by such Purchaser to the Company.  The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, at the election of the Purchaser at Closing, 9.99%) of the number of Ordinary Shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of the Securities on the Closing Date.  In each case, the election to receive Prefunded Warrants is solely at the option of the Purchaser. Each Purchaser’s Subscription Amount as set forth on the signature page hereto executed by such Purchaser shall be made available for “Delivery Versus Payment” settlement with the Company or its designee. The Company shall deliver to each Purchaser its respective Shares, Prefunded Warrants and Ordinary Warrants as determined pursuant to Section 2.2(a), and the Company and each Purchaser shall deliver the other items set forth in Section 2.2 deliverable at the Closing.  Upon satisfaction of the covenants and conditions set forth in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, the Closing shall take place remotely by electronic transfer of the Closing documentation.  Unless otherwise directed by the Placement Agent, settlement of the Shares shall occur via “Delivery Versus Payment” (“DVP”)(i.e., on the Closing Date, the Company shall issue the Shares registered in the Purchasers’ names and addresses and released by the Transfer Agent directly to the account(s) at the Placement Agent identified by each Purchaser; upon receipt of such Shares, the Placement Agent shall promptly electronically deliver such Shares to the applicable Purchaser, and payment therefor shall be made by the Placement Agent (or its clearing firm) by wire transfer to the Company).  Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if at any time on or after the time of execution of this Agreement by the Company and an applicable Purchaser, through, and including the time immediately prior to the Closing (the “Pre-Settlement Period”), such Purchaser sells to any Person all, or any portion, of the Shares to be issued hereunder to such Purchaser at the Closing (collectively, the “Pre-Settlement Shares”), such Purchaser shall, automatically hereunder (without any additional required actions by such Purchaser or the Company), be deemed to be unconditionally bound to purchase, such Pre-Settlement Shares at the Closing; provided, that the Company shall not be required to deliver any Pre-Settlement Shares to such Purchaser prior to the Company’s receipt of the purchase price of such Pre-Settlement Shares hereunder; and provided further that the Company hereby acknowledges and agrees that the forgoing shall not constitute a representation or covenant by such Purchaser as to whether or not during the Pre-Settlement Period such Purchaser shall sell any Ordinary Shares to any Person and that any such decision to sell any Ordinary Shares by such Purchaser shall solely be made at the time such Purchaser elects to effect any such sale, if any.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise (as defined in the Warrants) delivered on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Closing Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of this Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Closing Date and the Closing Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date (as defined in the Warrants) for purposes thereunder.

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2.2          Deliveries.

(a)          On or prior to the Closing Date (except as indicated below), the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to each Purchaser the following:

(i)            this Agreement duly executed by the Company;

(ii)           a legal opinion of Company U.S. Counsel, directed to the Placement Agent and the Purchasers, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Purchasers and the Placement Agent;

(iii)          a legal opinion of Israeli Counsel, directed to the Placement Agent and the Purchasers, in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Purchasers and the Placement Agent;

(iv)          the Company shall have provided each Purchaser with the Company’s wire instructions, on Company letterhead and executed by the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer;

(v)         a copy of the irrevocable instructions to the Transfer Agent instructing the Transfer Agent to deliver on an expedited basis via The Depository Trust Company Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) Shares equal to such Purchaser’s Subscription Amount divided by the Per Share Purchase Price, registered in the name of such Purchaser;

(vi)          an Ordinary Warrant registered in the name of such Purchaser to purchase up to a number of Ordinary Shares equal to 100% of the sum of such Purchaser’s Shares and Prefunded Warrant Shares on the date hereof, with an exercise price equal to $___, subject to adjustment therein;

(vii)         for each Purchaser of Prefunded Warrants pursuant to Section 2.1, a Prefunded Warrant registered in the name of such Purchaser to purchase up to a number of Ordinary Shares equal to the portion of such Purchaser’s Subscription Amount applicable to Prefunded Warrant divided by the Per Share Purchase Price minus $0.0001, with an exercise price equal to $0.0001, subject to adjustment therein;

(viii)         on the date hereof, the duly executed Lock-Up Agreements; and

(ix)          the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus (which may be delivered in accordance with Rule 172 under the Securities Act).

(b)          On or prior to the Closing Date, each Purchaser shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Company the following:

(i)            this Agreement duly executed by such Purchaser; and

(ii)          such Purchaser’s Subscription Amount (less the aggregate exercise price of the Prefunded Warrants issuable to such Purchaser hereunder, if applicable), which shall be made available for “Delivery Versus Payment” settlement with the Company or its designee.

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2.3          Closing Conditions.

(a)          The obligations of the Company hereunder in connection with the Closing are subject to the following conditions being met:

(i)          the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality, in all respects) on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Purchasers contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be accurate in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality, in all respects) as of such date);

(ii)          all obligations, covenants and agreements of each Purchaser required to be performed at or prior to the Closing Date shall have been performed; and

(iii)          the delivery by each Purchaser of the items set forth in Section 2.2(b) of this Agreement.

(b)          The respective obligations of the Purchasers hereunder in connection with the Closing are subject to the following conditions being met:

(i)          the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) when made and on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be accurate in all material respects or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) as of such date);

(ii)          all obligations, covenants and agreements of the Company required to be performed at or prior to the Closing Date shall have been performed;

(iii)          the delivery by the Company of the items set forth in Section 2.2(a) of this Agreement;

(iv)          there shall have been no Material Adverse Effect with respect to the Company; and

(v)          from the date hereof to the Closing Date, trading in the Ordinary Shares shall not have been suspended by the Commission or the Company’s principal Trading Market, and, at any time prior to the Closing Date, trading in securities generally as reported by Bloomberg L.P. shall not have been suspended or limited, or minimum prices shall not have been established on securities whose trades are reported by such service, or on any Trading Market, nor shall a banking moratorium have been declared either by the United States or New York State authorities nor shall there have occurred any material outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other national or international calamity of such magnitude in its effect on, or any material adverse change in, any financial market which, in each case, in the reasonable judgment of such Purchaser, makes it impracticable or inadvisable to purchase the Securities at the Closing.

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ARTICLE III.
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

3.1          Representations and Warranties of the Company.  Except as set forth in the Disclosure Schedules, which Disclosure Schedules shall be deemed a part hereof and shall qualify any representation or otherwise made herein to the extent of the disclosure contained in the corresponding section of the Disclosure Schedules, the Company hereby makes the following representations and warranties to each Purchaser:

(a)          Subsidiaries.  All of the direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Company are set forth on Schedule 3.1(a).  The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary free and clear of any Liens, and all of the issued and outstanding shares of each Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.  If the Company has no subsidiaries, all other references to the Subsidiaries or any of them in the Transaction Documents shall be disregarded.

(b)          Organization and Qualification.  The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and, if applicable under the laws of the jurisdiction in which they are formed, in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization (if the concept of good standing exists in such jurisdiction), with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted.  Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation nor default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of association, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents.  Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, could not have or reasonably be expected to result in: (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document, (ii) a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (iii) a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to perform in any material respect on a timely basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of (i), (ii) or (iii), a “Material Adverse Effect”) and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification. The Company’s articles of association and other constitutive or organizational documents of the Company comply with the requirements of applicable Israeli law and are in full force and effect.

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(c)          Authorization; Enforcement.  The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder.  The execution and delivery of this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board of Directors or the Company’s shareholders in connection herewith or therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals.  This Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which the Company is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.

(d)          No Conflicts.  The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, the issuance and sale of the Securities and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not and will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision of the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s certificate or articles of association, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) or, except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(d), anti-dilution or similar adjustments of, any agreement, credit facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, including but not limited to (x) any instrument of approval granted to any of them by the Israel Innovation Authority of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry, or (y) any instrument of approval granted to any of them by the Investment Center of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry, or (iii) subject to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii), such as could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(e)          Filings, Consents and Approvals.  The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other Person in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents, other than: (i) the filings required pursuant to Section 4.4 of this Agreement, (ii) the filing with the Commission of the Prospectus, (iii) application(s) to each applicable Trading Market for the listing of the Shares and Warrant Shares for trading thereon in the time and manner required thereby, and (iv) such filings as are required to be made under applicable state securities laws (collectively, the “Required Approvals”). Assuming the Placement Agent has not and will not offer or sell Shares in Israel other than to investors listed in the Addendum to the Israeli Securities Law (1968-5728) (the “Addendum”) who submit to the Placement Agent the requisite written confirmations under the Addendum, the Company is not required to publish a prospectus in the State of Israel under the laws of the State of Israel with respect to the offer and sale of the Shares and Warrants.

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(f)          Issuance of the Securities; Registration.  The Securities are duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with the applicable Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company.  The Warrant Shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the Warrants, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company.  The Company has reserved from its duly authorized share capital the maximum number of Ordinary Shares issuable pursuant to this Agreement and the Warrants. The Company has prepared and filed the Registration Statement in conformity with the requirements of the Securities Act, which became effective on _____________, 2024, including the Prospectus, and such amendments and supplements thereto as may have been required to the date of this Agreement.  The Registration Statement is effective under the Securities Act and no stop order preventing or suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or suspending or preventing the use of any Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued by the Commission and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened by the Commission.  The Company, if required by the rules and regulations of the Commission, shall file the Prospectus with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b).  At the time the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto became effective, at the date of this Agreement and at the Closing Date, the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto conformed and will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto, at the time the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto was issued and at the Closing Date, conformed and will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and did not and will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

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(g)          Capitalization.  The capitalization of the Company as of the date hereof is as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g), which Schedule 3.1(g) shall also include the number of Ordinary Shares owned beneficially, and of record, by Affiliates of the Company as of the date hereof.  The Company has not issued any share capital since its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act, other than pursuant to the exercise of employee share options under the Company’s share option plans, the issuance of Ordinary Shares to employees pursuant to the Company’s employee share purchase plans and pursuant to the conversion and/or exercise of Ordinary Share Equivalents outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act.  No Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.  Except as a result of the purchase and sale of the Securities and set forth on Schedule 3.1(g), there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any Ordinary Shares or the share capital of any Subsidiary, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional Ordinary Shares or Ordinary Share Equivalents or share capital of any Subsidiary.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g), the issuance and sale of the Securities will not obligate the Company or any Subsidiary to issue Ordinary Shares or other securities to any Person (other than the Purchasers). Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g), there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price of such security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any Subsidiary.  There are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such Subsidiary. The Company does not have any share appreciation rights or “phantom share” plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement. All of the outstanding share capital of the Company is duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, has been issued in compliance with all federal and state securities laws, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.  No further approval or authorization of any shareholder, the Board of Directors or others is required for the issuance and sale of the Securities.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(g), there are no shareholders agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company’s share capital to which the Company is a party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the Company’s shareholders.

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(h)          SEC Reports; Financial Statements.  The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the one year preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together with the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, being collectively referred to herein as the “SEC Reports”) on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension.  As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company has never been an issuer subject to Rule 144(i) under the Securities Act. As of their respective dates, the financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing.  Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (“GAAP”), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial, year-end audit adjustments.

(i)          Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments.  Since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(i), (i) there has been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the Company has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A) trade payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected in the Company’s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii) the Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv) the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its shareholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its share capital and (v) the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or Affiliate except pursuant to existing Company option plans.  The Company does not have pending before the Commission any request for confidential treatment of information.  Except for the issuance of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement, no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses, prospects, properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made.

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(j)          Litigation.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(j), there has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company there is not pending or contemplated, any action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign) (collectively, an “Action”) which adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability of any of the Transaction Documents or the Securities or (ii) could, if there were an unfavorable decision, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.  Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director or officer thereof, is or has been the subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary duty which could result in a Material Adverse Effect.  There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company.  The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.  No proceedings have been instituted in the State of Israel for the dissolution of the Company. The Company and the Subsidiaries are not currently designated as a “breaching company” (within the meaning of the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999, and the regulations thereunder by the Registrar of Companies of the State of Israel), nor has a proceeding been instituted by the Registrar of Companies in Israel for the dissolution of the Company or the Subsidiaries.

(k)          Labor Relations.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(k), no labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with respect to any of the employees of the Company, which could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.  None of the Company’s or its Subsidiaries’ employees is a member of a union that relates to such employee’s relationship with the Company or such Subsidiary, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company and its Subsidiaries believe that their relationships with their employees are good.  To the knowledge of the Company, no executive officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of any third party, and the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters that would reasonably expect to have a Material Adverse Effect.  The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all applicable U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours and employment laws and collective bargaining agreements and extension orders applicable to their employees in the State of Israel, except where the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.

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(l)          Compliance.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(l), neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i) is in default under or in violation of (and to the knowledge of the Company, no event has occurred that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement or any other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound (whether or not such default or violation has been waived), including but not limited to (x) any instrument of approval granted to any of them by the Israel Innovation Authority of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry (formerly the Office of the Chief Scientist) (the “IIA”), or (y) any instrument of approval granted to any of them by the Investment Center of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry, (ii) is in violation of any judgment, decree or order of any court, arbitrator or other governmental authority or (iii) is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance or regulation of any governmental authority, including without limitation all foreign (including Israeli), federal, state and local laws, except in each case as could not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(m)          Environmental Laws. To the extent applicable to the Company and its Subsidiaries, the Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign (including Israeli) laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, “Hazardous Materials”) into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments, licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder (“Environmental Laws”); (ii) have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii) are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval where in each clause (i), (ii) and (iii), the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.

(n)          Regulatory Permits.  The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations, approvals, orders, licenses  and permits issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign (including Israeli) regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports (each, a “Material Permit”), except where the failure to possess such permits could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Material Permit. The disclosures in the SEC Reports concerning the effects of federal, state, local and all foreign regulation on the Company’s business as currently contemplated are correct in all material respects.

(o)          Title to Assets.  The Company and the Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple or have valid and marketable rights to lease or otherwise use, all real property owned by them and  personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all Liens, except for (i) Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii) Liens for the payment of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties.  Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects.

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(p)          Intellectual Property.  The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports and which the failure to so have could have a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the “Intellectual Property Rights”).  None of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2) years from the date of this Agreement except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.  Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as could not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect.  To the knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights.  The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(p), the Company is not and has not collected or received any grant, funding or related payment from the IIA, or any public university or academic facility, medical center or related research institutions (the “Institutions”), nor have any of the Institutions, directly or indirectly, taken any part in the development or production of the Company’s intellectual property or products (including intellectual property or products currently under development).

(q)          Insurance.  The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage.  Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost.

(r)          Transactions With Affiliates and Employees.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(r), none of the officers or directors of the Company or any Subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees, officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial interest or is an officer, director, trustee, shareholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i) payment of salary or consulting fees for services rendered, (ii) reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii) other employee benefits, including share option agreements under any share option plan of the Company.

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(s)          Sarbanes-Oxley; Internal Accounting Controls.  The Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects with any and all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, that are effective as of the date hereof, and any and all applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date.  Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company and the Subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management’s general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management’s general or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company and the Subsidiaries have established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and the Subsidiaries and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms.  The Company’s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the end of the period covered by the most recently filed Form 20-F under the Exchange Act (such date, the “Evaluation Date”).  The Company presented in its most recently filed Form 20-F under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date.  Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) of the Company and its Subsidiaries that have materially adversely affected, or is reasonably likely to materially adversely affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company and its Subsidiaries.

(t)          Certain Fees.  Except as set forth in the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, no brokerage or finder’s fees or commissions are or will be payable by the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.  The Purchasers shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this Section that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

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(u)          Investment Company. The Company is not, and is not an Affiliate of, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Securities, will not be or be an Affiliate of, an “investment company” within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.  The Company shall conduct its business in a manner so that it will not become an “investment company” subject to registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

(v)          Registration Rights.  Except as set forth on Schedule 3.1(v), no Person has any right to cause the Company or any Subsidiary to effect the registration under the Securities Act of any securities of the Company or any Subsidiary.

(w)          Listing and Maintenance Requirements.  The Ordinary Shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Ordinary Shares under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration.  The Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the Ordinary Shares are or have been listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Company is, and has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. The Ordinary Shares are currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation and the Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in connection with such electronic transfer.

(x)          Application of Takeover Protections.  The Company and the Board of Directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti‑takeover provision under the Company’s articles of association (or similar charter documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could become applicable to the Purchasers as a result of the Purchasers and the Company fulfilling their obligations or exercising their rights under the Transaction Documents, including without limitation as a result of the Company’s issuance of the Securities and the Purchasers’ ownership of the Securities.

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(y)          Disclosure.  Except with respect to the material terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, the Company confirms that neither it nor any other Person acting on its behalf has provided any of the Purchasers or their agents or counsel with any information that it believes constitutes or might constitute material, non-public information which is not otherwise disclosed in the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus.   The Company understands and confirms that the Purchasers will rely on the foregoing representation in effecting transactions in securities of the Company.  All of the disclosure furnished by or on behalf of the Company to the Purchasers regarding the Company and its Subsidiaries, their respective businesses and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Disclosure Schedules to this Agreement, is true and correct and does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The press releases, together with the Reports of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K,  disseminated by the Company during the twelve months preceding the date of this Agreement taken as a whole do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made and when made, not misleading.  The Company acknowledges and agrees that no Purchaser makes or has made any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby other than those specifically set forth in Section 3.2 hereof.

(z)          No Integrated Offering. Assuming the accuracy of the Purchasers’ representations and warranties set forth in Section 3.2, neither the Company, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its Affiliates, nor any Person acting on its or their behalf has, directly or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would cause this offering of the Securities to be integrated with prior offerings by the Company for purposes of any applicable shareholder approval provisions of any Trading Market on which any of the securities of the Company are listed or designated.

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(aa)          Solvency.  Based on the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the Closing Date, after giving effect to the receipt by the Company of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder, (i) the fair saleable value of the Company’s assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of the Company’s existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent liabilities) as they mature, (ii) the Company’s assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted including its capital needs taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company, consolidated and projected capital requirements and capital availability thereof, and (iii) the current cash flow of the Company, together with the proceeds the Company would receive, were it to liquidate all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid.  The Company does not intend to incur debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and amounts of cash to be payable on or in respect of its debt).  The Company has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which lead it to believe that it will file for reorganization or liquidation under the bankruptcy or reorganization laws of any jurisdiction within one year from the Closing Date.  For the avoidance of doubt, such reorganization does not include the Company’s mergers, acquisitions or other strategic transactions which are not for the primary purpose of filing or avoiding bankruptcy. Schedule 3.1(aa) sets forth as of the date hereof all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary, or for which the Company or any Subsidiary has commitments. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in default with respect to any Indebtedness. For the purposes of this Agreement, “Indebtedness” means (x) any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed by the Company in excess of $50,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business), (y) all guaranties, endorsements and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of others, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business; and (z) the present value of any lease payments in excess of $50,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP.

(bb)          Tax Status.  Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i) has made or filed all applicable income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply.  There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim.

(cc)          Israeli Taxes. Assuming that the Purchasers are not otherwise subject to taxation in the State of Israel due to Israeli tax residence or the existence of a permanent establishment in Israel, the issuance, delivery and sale of the Shares and Warrants by the Company and any subsequent resale by such Purchaser will not be subject to any tax (including interest and penalties) imposed on any Purchaser by the State of Israel or any political subdivision thereof, whether imposed directly or through withholding. The Purchasers are not required to withhold for Israeli tax purposes any portion of the consideration for the Shares and Warrants being issued and sold by the Company.

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(dd)          Foreign Corrupt Practices.  Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i) directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii) made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds, (iii) failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv) violated in any material respect any provision of FCPA.  The Company has taken commercially reasonable steps to ensure that its accounting controls and procedures are designed to cause the Company to comply in all material respects with the FCPA and Title 5 of the Israeli Penalty Law (Bribery Transactions).

(ee)          Accountants.  The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is set forth in the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus.  To the knowledge and belief of the Company, such accounting firm (i) is a registered public accounting firm as required by the Exchange Act and (ii) shall express its opinion with respect to the financial statements to be included in the Company’s Annual Report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023.

(ff)           Acknowledgment Regarding Purchasers’ Purchase of Securities.  The Company acknowledges and agrees that each of the Purchasers is acting solely in the capacity of an arm’s length purchaser with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby.  The Company further acknowledges that no Purchaser is acting as a financial advisor or fiduciary of the Company (or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby and any advice given by any Purchaser or any of their respective representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby is merely incidental to the Purchasers’ purchase of the Securities.  The Company further represents to each Purchaser that the Company’s decision to enter into this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents has been based solely on the independent evaluation of the transactions contemplated hereby by the Company and its representatives.

(gg)          Acknowledgment Regarding Purchaser’s Trading Activity.  Anything in this Agreement or elsewhere herein to the contrary notwithstanding (except for Sections 3.2(f) and 4.13 hereof), it is understood and acknowledged by the Company that: (i) none of the Purchasers has been asked by the Company to agree, nor has any Purchaser agreed, to desist from purchasing or selling, long and/or short, securities of the Company, or “derivative” securities based on securities issued by the Company or to hold the Securities for any specified term; (ii) past or future open market or other transactions by any Purchaser, specifically including, without limitation, Short Sales or “derivative” transactions, before or after the closing of this or future private placement transactions, may negatively impact the market price of the Company’s publicly-traded securities; (iii) any Purchaser, and counter-parties in “derivative” transactions to which any such Purchaser is a party, directly or indirectly, presently may have a “short” position in the Ordinary Shares, and (iv) each Purchaser shall not be deemed to have any affiliation with or control over any arm’s length counter-party in any “derivative” transaction.  The Company further understands and acknowledges that (y) one or more Purchasers may engage in hedging activities at various times during the period that the Securities are outstanding, and (z) such hedging activities (if any) could reduce the value of the existing shareholders' equity interests in the Company at and after the time that the hedging activities are being conducted.  The Company acknowledges that such aforementioned hedging activities do not constitute a breach of any of the Transaction Documents.

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(hh)          Regulation M Compliance.  The Company has not, and to its knowledge no one acting on its behalf has, (i) taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities, (ii) sold, bid for, purchased, or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the Securities, or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii), compensation paid to the Placement Agent in connection with the placement of the Securities.

(ii)          FDA.  The clinical and preclinical studies conducted by or on behalf of the Company and the Subsidiaries if still ongoing, are being conducted in material compliance with all laws and regulations applicable thereto in the jurisdictions in which they are being conducted.  The Company has no knowledge of, or reason to believe that, any clinical study the aggregate results of which are inconsistent with or otherwise call into question the results of any clinical study conducted by or on behalf of the Company and the Subsidiaries.  The Company has not received any written notices or statements from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), the European Medicines Agency or any other governmental agency or authority requiring, requesting or suggesting termination, suspension or material modification for or of any clinical or preclinical studies or the results of.  The Company has not received any written notices or statements from any governmental agency, and otherwise has no knowledge of, or reason to believe that any license, approval, permit or authorization to conduct any clinical trial of any potential product of the Company has been, will be or may be suspended, revoked, modified or limited.  There is no pending, completed or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened, action (including any lawsuit, arbitration, or legal or administrative or regulatory proceeding, charge, complaint, or investigation) against the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, and none of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries has received any notice, warning letter or other communication from the FDA or any other governmental entity, which (i) contests the premarket clearance, licensure, registration, or approval of, the uses of, the distribution of, the manufacturing or packaging of, the testing of, the sale of, or the labeling and promotion of any Pharmaceutical Product, (ii) withdraws its approval of, requests the recall, suspension, or seizure of, or withdraws or orders the withdrawal of advertising or sales promotional materials relating to, any Pharmaceutical Product, (iii) imposes a clinical hold on any clinical investigation by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, (iv) enjoins production at any facility of the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, (v) enters or proposes to enter into a consent decree of permanent injunction with the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, or (vi) otherwise alleges any violation of any laws, rules or regulations by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries, and which, either individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect.  The properties, business and operations of the Company have been and are being conducted in all material respects in accordance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the FDA.  The Company has not been informed by the FDA that the FDA will prohibit the marketing, sale, license or use in the United States of any product proposed to be developed, produced or marketed by the Company nor has the FDA expressed any concern as to approving or clearing for marketing any product being developed or proposed to be developed by the Company. For purposes of this Section, “Pharmaceutical Product” means each product subject to the jurisdiction of the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, and the regulations thereunder that is manufactured, packaged, labeled, tested, distributed, sold, and/or marketed by the Company or any of the Subsidiaries.

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(jj)          Foreign Private Issuer. The Company is and, following the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby will be, a “foreign private issuer” within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act.

(kk)          Share Option Plans. Each share option granted by the Company under the Company’s share option plan was granted (i) in accordance with the terms of the Company’s share option plan and (ii) with an exercise price at least equal to the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law.

(ll)          Cybersecurity.  (i)(x) To the Company’s knowledge, there has been no material security breach or unauthorized access the Company’s or any Subsidiary’s information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of its respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of it), equipment or technology (collectively, “IT Systems and Data”), which resulted in the unauthorized use, misappropriation, modification, encryption, corruption, disclosure, or transfer of any information or data contained therein, in each case, that has resulted in, or is reasonably likely to result in, material liability to the Company and (y) the Company and the Subsidiaries have not been notified of, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any security breach or other compromise to its IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (iii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable safeguards to maintain and protect its material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and Data; and (iv) the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices.

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(mm)          Compliance with Data Privacy Laws.  (i) The Company and the Subsidiaries are, and at all times during the last three (3) years were, in compliance with all applicable state, federal and foreign data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) (EU 2016/679) (collectively, “Privacy Laws”); (ii) the Company and the Subsidiaries have in place, comply with, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis of Personal Data (as defined below) (the “Policies”); (iii) the Company provides accurate notice of its applicable Policies to its customers, employees, third party vendors and representatives as required by the Privacy Laws; and (iv) applicable Policies provide accurate and sufficient notice of the Company’s then-current privacy practices relating to its subject matter, and do not contain any material omissions of the Company’s then-current privacy practices, as required by Privacy Laws. “Personal Data” means (i) a natural person’s name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii) any information which would qualify as “personally identifying information” under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii) “personal data” as defined by GDPR; and (iv) any other piece of information that allows the identification of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any identifiable data related to an identified person’s health or sexual orientation. (i) None of such disclosures made or contained in any of the Policies have been inaccurate, misleading, or deceptive in violation of any Privacy Laws and (ii) the execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents will not result in a breach of any Privacy Laws or Policies.  Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries (i) to the knowledge of the Company, has received written notice of any actual or potential liability of the Company or the Subsidiaries under, or actual or potential violation by the Company or the Subsidiaries of, any of the Privacy Laws; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any regulatory request or demand pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement by or with any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority that imposed any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law.

(nn)          Office of Foreign Assets Control.  Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor, to the Company's knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Company  or any Subsidiary is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (“OFAC”).

(oo)          U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation; PFIC.  The Company is not and has never been a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning of Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (including the applicable rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the “Code”). Based on the Company’s current income and assets and projections as to the value of its assets and the market value of its Ordinary Shares, including the current and anticipated valuation of its assets, the Company does not believe it was a Passive Foreign Investment Company within the meaning of Section 1297 of the Code, for its most recent taxable year.

(pp)          Bank Holding Company Act.  Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”).  Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.  Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.

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(qq)          Money Laundering.  The operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements and money laundering statutes of the United States, Israel and, to the Company’s knowledge, all other jurisdictions to which the Company and the Subsidiaries are subject, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any applicable governmental agency, including the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, and the Israeli Prohibition on Money Laundering Law, 2000 (collectively, the “Money Laundering Laws”) and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of the Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, threatened.

(rr)          Officers’ Certificate. Any certificate signed by any duly authorized officer of the Company and delivered to the Placement Agent, the Purchasers or EGS shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to the Purchasers as to the matters covered thereby.

(ss)          No Immunity. To the extent that the Company has or hereafter may acquire any immunity (sovereign or otherwise) from jurisdiction of any court of (i) the State of Israel, or any political subdivision thereof, (ii) the United States or the State of New York, (iii) any jurisdiction in which it owns or leases property or assets or from any legal process (whether through service of notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution, execution, set-off or otherwise) with respect to themselves or their respective property and assets or this Agreement and the Transaction Documents, the Company hereby irrevocably waives such immunity in respect of its obligations under this Agreement and the Transaction Documents to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.

(tt)          Validity of Choice of Law. The choice of the laws of the State of New York as the governing law of this Agreement is a valid choice of law under the laws of Israel and will be honored by courts in Israel. The Company has the power to submit, and pursuant to this Agreement, has legally, validly, effectively and irrevocably submitted, to the personal jurisdiction of each New York State and United States Federal court sitting in The City of New York (each, a “New York Court”) and has validly and irrevocably waived any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or proceeding brought in any such court.

(uu)          Enforceability of Judgment.  Any final judgment for a fixed or determined sum of money rendered by any U.S. federal or New York state court located in the State of New York having jurisdiction under its own laws in respect of any suit, action or proceeding against the Company based upon this Agreement would be declared enforceable against the Company by the courts of the State of Israel, without reconsideration or reexamination of the merits, subject to the conditions, qualifications and restrictions described under the caption “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities” in the SEC Reports.

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3.2          Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers.  Each Purchaser, for itself and for no other Purchaser, hereby represents and warrants as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date to the Company as follows (unless as of a specific date therein, in which case they shall be accurate as of such date):

(a)          Organization; Authority.  Such Purchaser is either an individual or an entity duly incorporated or formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation with full right, corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents and performance by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar action, as applicable, on the part of such Purchaser.  Each Transaction Document to which it is a party has been duly executed by such Purchaser, and when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance with the terms hereof, will constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such Purchaser, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except: (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.

(b)          Understandings or Arrangements.  Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities as principal for its own account and has no direct or indirect arrangement or understandings with any other persons to distribute or regarding the distribution of such Securities (this representation and warranty not limiting such Purchaser’s right to sell the Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws).  Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities hereunder in the ordinary course of its business.

      (c)           Purchaser Status.  At the time such Purchaser was offered the Securities, it was, and as of the date hereof it is, and on each date on which it exercises any Warrants, it will be an “accredited investor” as defined in Rule 501(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(7), (a)(8), (a)(9), (a)(12), or (a)(13) under the Securities Act.

(d)            Experience of Such Purchaser.  Such Purchaser, either alone or together with its representatives, has such knowledge, sophistication and experience in business and financial matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment in the Securities, and has so evaluated the merits and risks of such investment.  Such Purchaser is able to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities and, at the present time, is able to afford a complete loss of such investment.

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(e)          Access to Information. Such Purchaser acknowledges that it has had the opportunity to review the Transaction Documents (including all exhibits and schedules thereto) and the SEC Reports and has been afforded, (i) the opportunity to ask such questions as it has deemed necessary of, and to receive answers from, representatives of the Company concerning the terms and conditions of the offering of the Securities and the merits and risks of investing in the Securities; (ii) access to information about the Company and its financial condition, results of operations, business, properties, management and prospects sufficient to enable it to evaluate its investment; and (iii) the opportunity to obtain such additional information that the Company possesses or can acquire without unreasonable effort or expense that is necessary to make an informed investment decision with respect to the investment.  Such Purchaser acknowledges and agrees that neither the Placement Agent nor any Affiliate of the Placement Agent has provided such Purchaser with any information or advice with respect to the Securities nor is such information or advice necessary or desired.  Neither the Placement Agent nor any Affiliate has made or makes any representation as to the Company or the quality of the Securities and the Placement Agent and any Affiliate may have acquired non-public information with respect to the Company which such Purchaser agrees need not be provided to it.  In connection with the issuance of the Securities to such Purchaser, neither the Placement Agent nor any of its Affiliates has acted as a financial advisor or fiduciary to such Purchaser.

(f)          Certain Transactions and Confidentiality.  Other than consummating the transactions contemplated hereunder, such Purchaser has not, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Purchaser, directly or indirectly executed any purchases or sales, including Short Sales, of the securities of the Company during the period commencing as of the time that such Purchaser first received a term sheet (written or oral) from the Company or any other Person representing the Company setting forth the material pricing terms of the transactions contemplated hereunder and ending immediately prior to the execution hereof.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser that is a multi-managed investment vehicle whereby separate portfolio managers manage separate portions of such Purchaser’s assets and the portfolio managers have no direct knowledge of the investment decisions made by the portfolio managers managing other portions of such Purchaser’s assets, the representation set forth above shall only apply with respect to the portion of assets managed by the portfolio manager that made the investment decision to purchase the Securities covered by this Agreement.  Other than to other Persons party to this Agreement or to such Purchaser’s representatives, including, without limitation, its officers, directors, partners, legal and other advisors, employees, agents and Affiliates, such Purchaser has maintained the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with this transaction (including the existence and terms of this transaction).  Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future.

The Company acknowledges and agrees that the representations contained in this Section 3.2 shall not modify, amend or affect such Purchaser’s right to rely on the Company’s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any representations and warranties contained in any other Transaction Document or any other document or instrument executed and/or delivered in connection with this Agreement or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future.

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ARTICLE IV.
OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES

4.1          Warrant Shares.  If all or any portion of a Warrant is exercised at a time when there is an effective registration statement to cover the issuance or resale of the Warrant Shares or if the Warrant is exercised via cashless exercise, the Warrant Shares issued pursuant to any such exercise shall be issued free of all legends.  If at any time following the date hereof the Registration Statement (or any subsequent registration statement registering the sale or resale of the Warrant Shares) is not effective or is not otherwise available for the sale or resale of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall immediately notify the holders of the Warrants in writing that such registration statement is not then effective and thereafter shall promptly notify such holders when the registration statement is effective again and available for the sale or resale of the Warrant Shares (it being understood and agreed that the foregoing shall not limit the ability of the Company to issue, or any Purchaser to sell, any of the Warrant Shares in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws).  The Company shall use best efforts to keep a registration statement (including the Registration Statement) registering the issuance or resale of the Warrant Shares effective during the term of the Warrants.

4.2          Furnishing of Information.  Until the earliest of the time that (i) no Purchaser owns Securities or (ii) the Warrants have expired, the Company covenants to timely file (or obtain extensions in respect thereof and file within the applicable grace period) all reports required to be filed by the Company after the date hereof pursuant to the Exchange Act even if the Company is not then subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, provided that the Company may cease to comply with the provisions of this Section 4.2 in the event of a merger involving the Company and in which such combined company becomes a private corporation, or the sale of substantially all of the assets of the Company.

4.3          Integration.  The Company shall not sell, offer for sale or solicit offers to buy or otherwise negotiate in respect of any security (as defined in Section 2 of the Securities Act) that would be integrated with the offer or sale of the Securities for purposes of the rules and regulations of any Trading Market such that it would require shareholder approval prior to the closing of such other transaction unless shareholder approval is obtained before the closing of such subsequent transaction.

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4.4          Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity.  The Company shall (a) by the Disclosure Time, issue a press release disclosing the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereby, and (b) file a Current Report on Form 6-K, including the Transaction Documents as exhibits thereto, with the Commission within the time required by the Exchange Act, provided that the Company shall not be required to file such a Current Report on Form 6-K if the Transaction Documents have been previously filed with the Commission as exhibits to a pre-effective or post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement.  From and after the issuance of such press release, the Company represents to the Purchasers that it shall have publicly disclosed all material, non-public information delivered to any of the Purchasers by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, employees, Affiliates or agents, including, without limitation, the Placement Agent, in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.  In addition, effective upon the issuance of such press release, the Company acknowledges and agrees that any and all confidentiality or similar obligations under any agreement, whether written or oral, between the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees, Affiliates or agents, including, without limitation, the Placement Agent, on the one hand, and any of the Purchasers or any of their Affiliates on the other hand, shall terminate and be of no further force or effect. The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions in securities of the Company. The Company and each Purchaser shall consult with each other in issuing any other press releases with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby, and neither the Company nor any Purchaser shall issue any such press release nor otherwise make any such public statement without the prior consent of the Company, with respect to any press release of any Purchaser, or without the prior consent of each Purchaser, with respect to any press release of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be withheld or delayed, except if such disclosure is required by law, in which case the disclosing party shall promptly provide the other party with prior notice of such public statement or communication.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not publicly disclose the name of any Purchaser, or include the name of any Purchaser in any filing with the Commission or any regulatory agency or Trading Market, without the prior written consent of such Purchaser, except (a) as required by federal securities law in connection with the filing of final Transaction Documents with the Commission and (b) to the extent such disclosure is required by law or Trading Market regulations, in which case the Company shall provide the Purchasers with prior notice of such disclosure permitted under this clause (b) and reasonably cooperate with such Purchaser regarding such disclosure.

4.5          Shareholder Rights Plan.  No claim will be made or enforced by the Company or, with the consent of the Company, any other Person, that any Purchaser is an “Acquiring Person” under any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or similar anti-takeover plan or arrangement in effect or hereafter adopted by the Company, or that any Purchaser could be deemed to trigger the provisions of any such plan or arrangement, by virtue of receiving Securities under the Transaction Documents or under any other agreement between the Company and the Purchasers.

4.6          Non-Public Information.   Except with respect to the material pricing terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, which shall be disclosed pursuant to Section 4.4, the Company covenants and agrees that neither it, nor any other Person acting on its behalf will provide any Purchaser or its agents or counsel with any information that constitutes, or the Company reasonably believes constitutes, material non-public information, unless prior thereto such Purchaser shall have consented in writing to the receipt of such information and agreed in writing with the Company to keep such information confidential.  The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions in securities of the Company.  To the extent that the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or Affiliates delivers any material, non-public information to a Purchaser without such Purchaser’s consent, the Company hereby covenants and agrees that such Purchaser shall not have any duty of confidentiality to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, employees, Affiliates or agents, including, without limitation, the Placement Agent, or a duty to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers, directors, employees, Affiliates or agents, including, without limitation, the Placement Agent, not to trade on the basis of, such material, non-public information, provided that the Purchaser shall remain subject to applicable law. To the extent that any notice provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously with the delivery of such notice file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 6-K.  The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions in securities of the Company.

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4.7          Use of Proceeds.  Except as set forth in the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, the Company shall use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder for working capital purposes and shall not use such proceeds: (a) for the satisfaction of any portion of the Company’s debt (other than payment of trade payables in the ordinary course of the Company’s business and prior practices), (b) for the redemption of any Ordinary Shares or Ordinary Share Equivalents, (c) for the settlement of any outstanding litigation or (d) in violation of FCPA or OFAC regulations.

4.8          Indemnification of Purchasers.   Subject to the provisions of this Section 4.8, the Company will indemnify and hold each Purchaser and its directors, officers, shareholders, members, partners, employees and agents (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding a lack of such title or any other title), each Person who controls such Purchaser (within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of the Exchange Act), and the directors, officers, shareholders, agents, members, partners or employees (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding a lack of such title or any other title) of such controlling persons (each, a “Purchaser Party”) harmless from any and all losses, liabilities, obligations, claims, contingencies, damages, costs and expenses, including all judgments, amounts paid in settlements, court costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs of investigation that any such Purchaser Party may suffer or incur as a result of or relating to (a) any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by the Company in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents or (b) any action instituted against the Purchaser Parties in any capacity, or any of them or their respective Affiliates, by any shareholder of the Company who is not an Affiliate of such Purchaser Party, with respect to any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (unless such action is solely based upon a breach of such  Purchaser Party’s representations, warranties or covenants under the Transaction Documents or any agreements or understandings such Purchaser Party may have with any such shareholder or any violations by such Purchaser Party of state or federal securities laws or any conduct by such Purchaser Party which is finally judicially determined to constitute fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct or malfeasance).  If any action shall be brought against any Purchaser Party in respect of which indemnity may be sought pursuant to this Agreement, such Purchaser Party shall promptly notify the Company in writing, and the Company shall have the right to assume the defense thereof with counsel of its own choosing reasonably acceptable to the Purchaser Party.  Any Purchaser Party shall have the right to employ separate counsel in any such action and participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Purchaser Party except to the extent that (i) the employment thereof has been specifically authorized by the Company in writing, (ii) the Company has failed after a reasonable period of time to assume such defense and to employ counsel or (iii) in such action there is, in the reasonable opinion of counsel,  a material conflict on any material issue between the position of the Company and the position of such Purchaser Party, in which case the Company shall be responsible for the reasonable fees and expenses of no more than one such separate counsel.  The Company will not be liable to any Purchaser Party under this Agreement (y) for any settlement by a Purchaser Party effected without the Company’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed; or (z) to the extent, but only to the extent that a loss, claim, damage or liability is attributable to any Purchaser Party’s breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by such Purchaser Party in this Agreement or the other Transaction Documents.  The indemnification required by this Section 4.8 shall be made by periodic payments of the amount thereof during the course of the investigation or defense, as and when bills are received or are incurred; provided that, in the event that it is judicially determined in a final judgment not subject to appeal by a court of competent jurisdiction that such Purchaser Party was not entitled to receive payments for legal and other expenses pursuant to this subparagraph, the Purchaser Party will promptly return all sums that had been advanced pursuant hereto.  The indemnity agreements contained herein shall be in addition to any cause of action or similar right of any Purchaser Party against the Company or others and any liabilities the Company may be subject to pursuant to law.

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4.9          Reservation of Ordinary Shares. As of the date hereof, the Company has reserved and the Company shall continue to reserve and keep available at all times, free of preemptive rights, a sufficient number of Ordinary Shares for the purpose of enabling the Company to issue Shares pursuant to this Agreement and Warrant Shares pursuant to any exercise of the Warrants.

4.10          Listing of Ordinary Shares. The Company hereby agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the listing or quotation of the Ordinary Shares on the Trading Market on which it is currently listed, and concurrently with the Closing, the Company shall apply to list or quote all of the Shares and Warrant Shares on such Trading Market and promptly secure the listing of all of the Shares and Warrant Shares on such Trading Market. The Company further agrees, if the Company applies to have the Ordinary Shares traded on any other Trading Market, it will then include in such application all of the Shares and Warrant Shares, and will take such other action as is necessary to cause all of the Shares and Warrant Shares to be listed or quoted on such other Trading Market as promptly as possible.  The Company will then take all action reasonably necessary to continue the listing and trading of its Ordinary Shares on a Trading Market and will comply in all respects with the Company’s reporting, filing and other obligations under the bylaws or rules of the Trading Market.  The Company agrees to use commercially reasonably efforts to maintain the eligibility of the Ordinary Shares for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation, including, without limitation, by timely payment of fees to the Depository Trust Company or such other established clearing corporation in connection with such electronic transfer.

4.11          Subsequent Equity Sales.

(a)          From the date hereof until sixty (60) days after the Closing Date, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary shall (i) issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any Ordinary Shares or Ordinary Share Equivalents or (ii) file any registration statement or amendment or supplement thereto, other than the Prospectus or filing a registration statement on Form S-8 in connection with any employee benefit plan.

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(b)          From the date hereof until the one (1) year anniversary of the Closing Date, the Company shall be prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of Ordinary Shares or Ordinary Share Equivalents (or a combination of units thereof) involving a Variable Rate Transaction.  “Variable Rate Transaction” means a transaction in which the Company (i) issues or sells any debt or equity securities that are convertible into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive additional Ordinary Shares either (A) at a conversion price, exercise price or exchange rate or other price that is based upon and/or varies with the trading prices of or quotations for the Ordinary Shares at any time after the initial issuance of such debt or equity securities, or (B) with a conversion, exercise or exchange price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt or equity security or upon the occurrence of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company or the market for the Ordinary Shares or (ii) enters into, or effects a transaction under, any agreement, including, but not limited to, an equity line of credit or an “at-the-market offering”, whereby the Company may issue securities at a future determined price regardless of whether shares pursuant to such agreement have actually been issued and regardless of whether such agreement is subsequently canceled; provided, however, that, after sixty (60) days after the Closing Date, the entry into and/or issuance of Ordinary Shares in an “at the market” offering with the Placement Agent as sales agent shall not be deemed a Variable Rate Transaction.  Any Purchaser shall be entitled to obtain injunctive relief against the Company to preclude any such issuance, which remedy shall be in addition to any right to collect damages.

(c)          Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section 4.12 shall not apply in respect of an Exempt Issuance, except that no Variable Rate Transaction shall be an Exempt Issuance.

4.12          Equal Treatment of Purchasers.  No consideration (including any modification of any Transaction Document) shall be offered or paid to any Person to amend or consent to a waiver or modification of any provision of the Transaction Documents unless the same consideration is also offered to all of the parties to the Transaction Documents.  For clarification purposes, this provision constitutes a separate right granted to each Purchaser by the Company and negotiated separately by each Purchaser, and is intended for the Company to treat the Purchasers as a class and shall not in any way be construed as the Purchasers acting in concert or as a group with respect to the purchase, disposition or voting of Securities or otherwise.

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4.13          Certain Transactions and Confidentiality. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that neither it nor any Affiliate acting on its behalf or pursuant to any understanding with it will execute any purchases or sales, including Short Sales of any of the Company’s securities during the period commencing with the execution of this Agreement and ending at such time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.4.  Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that until such time as the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are publicly disclosed by the Company pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.4, such Purchaser will maintain the confidentiality of the existence and terms of this transaction and the information included in the Disclosure Schedules.  Notwithstanding the foregoing and notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, the Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that (i) no Purchaser makes any representation, warranty or covenant hereby that it will not engage in effecting transactions in any securities of the Company after the time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.4, (ii) no Purchaser shall be restricted or prohibited from effecting any transactions in any securities of the Company in accordance with applicable securities laws from and after the time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.4 and (iii) no Purchaser shall have any duty of confidentiality or duty not to trade in the securities of the Company to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, employees, Affiliates, or agent, including, without limitation, the Placement Agent, after the issuance of the initial press release as described in Section 4.4.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser that is a multi-managed investment vehicle whereby separate portfolio managers manage separate portions of such Purchaser’s assets and the portfolio managers have no direct knowledge of the investment decisions made by the portfolio managers managing other portions of such Purchaser’s assets, the covenant set forth above shall only apply with respect to the portion of assets managed by the portfolio manager that made the investment decision to purchase the Securities covered by this Agreement.

4.14          Exercise Procedures.  The form of Notice of Exercise included in the Warrants set forth the totality of the procedures required of the Purchasers in order to exercise the Warrants.  No additional legal opinion, other information or instructions shall be required of the Purchasers to exercise their Warrants.  Without limiting the preceding sentences, no ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise form be required in order to exercise the Warrants.  The Company shall honor exercises of the Warrants and shall deliver Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms, conditions and time periods set forth in the Transaction Documents.

4.15          Lock-Up Agreements. The Company shall not amend, modify, waive or terminate any provision of any of the Lock-Up Agreements except to extend the term of the lock-up period and shall enforce the provisions of each Lock-Up Agreement in accordance with its terms. If any party to a Lock-Up Agreement breaches any provision of a Lock-Up Agreement, the Company shall promptly use its best efforts to seek specific performance of the terms of such Lock-Up Agreement.

ARTICLE V.
MISCELLANEOUS

5.1          Termination.  This Agreement may be terminated by any Purchaser, as to such Purchaser’s obligations hereunder only and without any effect whatsoever on the obligations between the Company and the other Purchasers, by written notice to the other parties, if the Closing has not been consummated on or before the fifth (5^th) Trading Day following the date hereof; provided, however, that no such termination will affect the right of any party to sue for any breach by any other party (or parties).

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5.2          Fees and Expenses.  Except as expressly set forth in the Transaction Documents to the contrary, each party shall pay the fees and expenses of its advisers, counsel, accountants and other experts, if any, and all other expenses incurred by such party incident to the negotiation, preparation, execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement.  The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees (including, without limitation, any fees required for same-day processing of any instruction letter delivered by the Company and any exercise notice delivered by a Purchaser), stamp taxes and other taxes and duties levied in connection with the delivery of any Securities to the Purchasers.

5.3          Entire Agreement.  The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, the Pricing Prospectus and the Prospectus, contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules.

5.4          Notices.  Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the second (2^nd) Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.  The address for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto.

5.5          Amendments; Waivers.  No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by the Company and Purchasers which purchased at least 50.1% in interest of the Shares and Prefunded Warrants based on the initial Subscription Amounts hereunder (or, prior to the Closing, the Company and each Purchaser) or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against whom enforcement of any such waived provision is sought, provided that if any amendment, modification or waiver disproportionately and adversely impacts a Purchaser (or group of Purchasers), the consent of at least 50.1% in interest of such disproportionally impacted Purchaser (or group of Purchasers) shall also be required.  No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right.

5.6          Headings.  The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof.

5.7          Successors and Assigns.  This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns.  The Company may not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of each Purchaser (other than by merger, consolidation or amalgamation).  Any Purchaser may assign any or all of its rights under this Agreement to any Person to whom such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities, provided that such transferee qualifies as an “accredited investor” as set forth herein and agrees in writing to be bound, with respect to the transferred Securities, by the provisions of the Transaction Documents that apply to the “Purchasers.”

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5.8          No Third-Party Beneficiaries.  The Placement Agent shall be the third party beneficiary of the representations, warranties, and covenants of the Company in this Agreement and the representations, warranties, and covenants of the Purchasers in this Agreement.  This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person, except as otherwise set forth in Section 4.8 and this Section 5.8.

5.9          Governing Law.  All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of the Transaction Documents shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof.  Each party agrees that all legal Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York.  Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any Action or Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such Action or Proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such Proceeding.  Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such Action or Proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof.  Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.   If any party shall commence an Action or Proceeding to enforce any provisions of the Transaction Documents, then, in addition to the obligations of the Company under Section 4.8, the prevailing party in such Action or Proceeding shall be reimbursed by the non-prevailing party for its reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such Action or Proceeding.

5.10          Survival.  The representations and warranties contained herein shall survive the Closing and the delivery of the Securities.

5.11          Execution.  This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party, it being understood that the parties need not sign the same counterpart.  In the event that any signature is delivered by e-mail delivery of a “.pdf” format data file, such signature shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such “.pdf” signature page were an original thereof.

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5.12          Severability.  If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.

5.13          Rescission and Withdrawal Right.  Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of) any of the other Transaction Documents, whenever any Purchaser exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company does not timely perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Purchaser may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights; provided, however, that, in the case of a rescission of an exercise of a Warrant, the applicable Purchaser shall be required to return any Ordinary Shares subject to any such rescinded exercise notice concurrently with the return to such Purchaser of the aggregate exercise price paid to the Company for such shares and the restoration of such Purchaser’s right to acquire such shares pursuant to such Purchaser’s Warrant (including, issuance of a replacement warrant certificate evidencing such restored right).

5.14          Replacement of Securities.  If any certificate or instrument evidencing any Securities is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company shall issue or cause to be issued in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation thereof (in the case of mutilation), or in lieu of and substitution therefor, a new certificate or instrument, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of such loss, theft or destruction.  The applicant for a new certificate or instrument under such circumstances shall also pay any reasonable third-party costs (including customary indemnity) associated with the issuance of such replacement Securities.

5.15          Remedies.  In addition to being entitled to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, each of the Purchasers and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents.  The parties agree that monetary damages may not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations contained in the Transaction Documents and hereby agree to waive and not to assert in any Action for specific performance of any such obligation the defense that a remedy at law would be adequate.

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5.16          Payment Set Aside.  To the extent that the Company makes a payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction Document or a Purchaser enforces or exercises its rights thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other Person under any law (including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred.

5.17          Independent Nature of Purchasers’ Obligations and Rights.  The obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction Document are several and not joint with the obligations of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser shall be responsible in any way for the performance or non-performance of the obligations of any other Purchaser under any Transaction Document.  Nothing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document, and no action taken by any Purchaser pursuant hereto or thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Purchasers as a partnership, an association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a presumption that the Purchasers are in any way acting in concert or as a group with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.  Each Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its rights including, without limitation, the rights arising out of this Agreement or out of the other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for any other Purchaser to be joined as an additional party in any Proceeding for such purpose.  Each Purchaser has been represented by its own separate legal counsel in its review and negotiation of the Transaction Documents.  For reasons of administrative convenience only, each Purchaser and its respective counsel have chosen to communicate with the Company through EGS.  EGS does not represent any of the Purchasers and only represents the Placement Agent.  The Company has elected to provide all Purchasers with the same terms and Transaction Documents for the convenience of the Company and not because it was required or requested to do so by any of the Purchasers.  It is expressly understood and agreed that each provision contained in this Agreement and in each other Transaction Document is between the Company and a Purchaser, solely, and not between the Company and the Purchasers collectively and not between and among the Purchasers.

5.18          Liquidated Damages.  The Company’s obligations to pay any partial liquidated damages or other amounts owing under the Transaction Documents is a continuing obligation of the Company and shall not terminate until all unpaid partial liquidated damages and other amounts have been paid notwithstanding the fact that the instrument or security pursuant to which such partial liquidated damages or other amounts are due and payable shall have been canceled.

5.19          Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc.If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day.

5.20          Construction. The parties agree that each of them and/or their respective counsel have reviewed and had an opportunity to revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore, the normal rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents or any amendments thereto. In addition, each and every reference to share prices and Ordinary Shares in any Transaction Document shall be subject to adjustment for reverse and forward share splits, share dividends, share combinations and other similar transactions of the Ordinary Shares that occur after the date of this Agreement.

5.21          WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL.  IN ANY ACTION, SUIT, OR PROCEEDING IN ANY JURISDICTION BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY AGAINST ANY OTHER PARTY, THE PARTIES EACH KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY, TO THE GREATEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HEREBY ABSOLUTELY, UNCONDITIONALLY, IRREVOCABLY AND EXPRESSLY WAIVES FOREVER TRIAL BY JURY.

(Signature Pages Follow)

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

PAINREFORM LTD.	Address for Notice:
By:__________________________________________      Name:      Title: With a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):	E-Mail:

[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

SIGNATURE PAGE FOR PURCHASER FOLLOWS]

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[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGES TO PAINREFORM LTD. SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: ________________________________________________________

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: _________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: _______________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: ________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: _________________________________________

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

Address for Delivery of Securities to Purchaser (if not same as address for notice):

Subscription Amount: $_________________

Shares: _________________

Prefunded Warrant Shares: ___________   Beneficial Ownership Blocker □ 4.99% or □ 9.99%

Ordinary Warrant Shares: __________________  Beneficial Ownership Blocker □ 4.99% or □ 9.99%

EIN Number: ____________________

☐  Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, by checking this box (i) the obligations of the above-signed to purchase the securities set forth in this Agreement to be purchased from the Company by the above-signed, and the obligations of the Company to sell such securities to the above-signed, shall be unconditional and all conditions to Closing shall be disregarded, (ii) the Closing shall occur on the second (2^nd) Trading Day following the date of this Agreement and (iii) any condition to Closing contemplated by this Agreement (but prior to being disregarded by clause (i) above) that required delivery by the Company or the above-signed of any agreement, instrument, certificate or the like or purchase price (as applicable) shall no longer be a condition and shall instead be an unconditional obligation of the Company or the above-signed (as applicable) to deliver such agreement, instrument, certificate or the like or purchase price (as applicable) to such other party on the Closing Date.

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[SIGNATURE PAGES CONTINUE]

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EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form F-1 of PainReform Ltd. of our report dated February 29, 2024, relating to the financial statements, which appears in PainReform Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023. We also consent to the reference to us under the heading “Experts” in such Registration Statement.

/s/ Kesselman & Kesselman

Certified Public Accountants (Isr.)

A member of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited

Tel-Aviv, Israel

April 15, 2024

Kesselman & Kesselman, 146 Derech Menachem Begin St. Tel-Aviv 6492103, Israel,
P.O Box 7187 Tel-Aviv 6107120, Telephone: +972 -3- 7954555, Fax:+972 -3- 7954556, www.pwc.com/il

Kesselman & Kesselman is a member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, each member firm of which is a separate legal entity