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Stock-Based Compensation
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Stock-Based Compensation
The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, as follows:
December 31,
20242023
Cost of revenue
$10 $— 
Research and development841 4,010 
Sales and marketing6,467 8,481 
General and administrative22,697 31,201 
Total stock-based compensation expense$30,015 $43,692 

In the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, $72 thousand and no amount of stock-based compensation expense was capitalized as internally developed software and included in property and equipment, net.
Equity Incentive Plans
Skillz Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan
In December 2020, the Board adopted the Skillz Inc. 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan became effective upon consummation of the FEAC business combination and succeeds the Company’s legacy equity incentive plans. Under the 2020 Plan, the Company may grant stock-based awards to purchase or directly issue shares of common stock to employees, directors and consultants. Options are granted at a price per share equal to the fair market value of the underlying common stock at the date of grant. Options granted are exercisable over a maximum term of 10 years from the date of grant. RSUs are also granted under the 2020 Plan. These awards typically have a cliff vesting period of one year and continue to vest quarterly thereafter. The 2020 Plan also permits the Company to grant stock-based awards with company-performance or market-performance conditions. In connection with the closing of the FEAC business combination, the Company entered into certain option agreements that include vesting conditions contingent upon the attainment of volume weighted average price targets related to the Company’s Class A common stock on the NYSE.
As of December 31, 2024, the 2020 Plan permitted the Company to deliver up to 6,465,771 shares of common stock pursuant to awards issued under the 2020 Plan, consisting of 750,000 shares which may be of Class A and/or Class B common stock, 4,597,406 shares of Class A common stock and 1,118,365 shares of Class B common stock. The total number of shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock that will be reserved and that may be issued under the 2020 Plan will automatically increase on the first trading day of each calendar year, beginning with calendar year 2021, by a number of shares equal to 5% of the total number of shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, respectively, outstanding on the last day of the prior calendar year.
Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)
The following represents the activities for stock options and RSUs during the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands, except for share, per share, and contractual term data):
Options OutstandingRestricted Stock Units
Number of Shares Available for Issuance Under the PlanNumber of Shares Outstanding Under the PlanWeighted- Average Exercise PriceWeighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)Aggregate Intrinsic ValueNumber of Plan shares outstandingWeighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per share
Balance at December 31, 20232,152,407 701,833 $303.73 6.95$91 2,497,773 $14.93 
Additional shares authorized1,074,898 — — 
Granted(662,088)— — 662,088 5.86 
Exercised/Vested— (1,787)1.28 (647,873)18.04 
Cancelled/Forfeited/Expired760,358 (18,317)9.07 (742,041)13.78 
Balance at December 31, 20243,325,575 681,729 $312.44 5.96$30 1,769,947 $10.52 
Exercisable at December 31, 202481,729 $10.30 4.01$30 
Unvested at December 31, 2024600,000 $353.60 5.96$— 
The number of RSUs granted and outstanding does not include 0.7 million of performance based RSUs the Company issued as of December 31, 2023 as these awards are not deemed granted for accounting purposes as they are subject to the Company achieving performance targets that were not met. The performance targets in 2024 were based on Net Gaming Revenue (“NGR” or GMV less prizes and other incentives paid to players) and Adjusted EBITDA. For 2023, the targets were based on Revenue After Engagement Marketing, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin. Additionally, the activity related to stock options and RSUs presented in the table above does not include the 2022 CFO RSUs and performance awards, the 2022 CEO RSUs and performance awards, and the 2021 CEO performance award, described below.

Equity award shares exercised/vested as presented in the above table are net of shares withheld to cover tax obligations on stock-based compensation.
As of December 31, 2024, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, RSUs and performance-based RSUs was $26.2 million. Restricted stock generally vests over periods of one to eight years. The weighted-average period over which such compensation expense will be recognized is 1.82 years.
The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was $9.6 thousand and $0.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

No options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
2022 Former CFO Restricted Stock Unit and Performance Award
The Company granted the Company’s former President and Chief Financial Officer (“Former CFO”) a restricted stock unit award covering shares of the Class A common stock with a grant date value equal to $15.0 million, comprised of 0.5 million restricted stock units. These grants vest 25% on the first anniversary of the Former CFO’s start date and the remainder vest in 12 substantially equal quarterly installments, in each case subject to continuous service with the Company through each applicable vesting date, provided that the grant vests in full if the Former CFO is terminated without cause following a change of control of the Company. On September 30, 2022, the number of shares became fixed, as such the restricted stock unit award was re-measured based on the fair value of an underlying share of the Class A common stock, which was equal to $10.7 million, and the Company then reclassified the liability classified award to additional paid-in capital.
In addition, the Company issued to the Former CFO a performance stock unit award covering shares of the Class A common stock with a fair value of $5.0 million as of the issuance date, comprised of 0.2 million performance stock units. Such award vests over four one-year periods, with pro-rata vesting for the first and last performance periods, in each case subject to continuous service with the Company through each applicable vesting date and the attainment of certain corporate performance goals. The Company did not award any performance stock units for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 as the performance goals were not achieved.

On January 5, 2024, the Former CFO informed the Company of his decision to step down from his position. The grants under the 2022 CFO RSUs and performance award were forfeited in 2024.
2022 CEO Restricted Stock Unit and Performance Award
The Company granted the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) a restricted stock unit award covering shares of the Class A common stock with a grant date fair value equal to $25.9 million, comprised of 1.4 million restricted stock units. The grant was comprised of 25% time-based RSUs and 75% performance based RSUs. Such grant vests 25% on the first anniversary of January 1, 2023 and the remainder vests in 12 substantially equal quarterly installments, in each case subject to continuous service with the Company through each applicable vesting date, and with respect to performance-based RSUs, the satisfaction of the applicable performance metrics, provided that the grant vests in full if the CEO is terminated without cause following a change of control of the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $3.7 million in compensation expense related to this grant. As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the non-vested CEO restricted stock unit award was $6.9 million. The Company expects this cost to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of approximately 2.62 years.
The reduction in additional paid-in capital of $1.4 million from the issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and release of RSUs in 2024 was associated with shares withheld to cover tax obligations on stock-based compensation related to this award in 2024.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In June 2021, the Company commenced its first offering period under the Skillz Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the Employee Stock Purchase Plan), which assists employees in acquiring a stock ownership interest in the Company and encourages them to remain in the employment of the Company. The Employee Stock Purchase Plan is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Employee Stock Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock at a discount through payroll deductions during specified offering periods. No employee may purchase more than $25 thousand worth of stock in any calendar year. The price of shares purchased under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan is equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower. The total Employee Stock Purchase plan expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was immaterial.
Founders’ Option Agreements
In December 2020, the Company entered into option agreements with each of the CEO and Chief Strategy Officer (“CSO”) (the “Option Agreements”) awarding them options to purchase (i) 498,000 shares of Class B common stock to the CEO and (ii) 102,000 shares of Class A common stock to the CSO with an exercise price of $353.60. The options will vest in three equal increments as follows (i) one-third (1/3) of the options shall vest and become exercisable as of the date, following the grant date, that the volume weighted average price on the NYSE over a ten (10) trading day period of underlying Class A common stock (“VWAP”) equals or exceeds 3.0x the VWAP of the shares as of the Closing Date (as defined in the Options Agreements), (ii) one-third (1/3) of the options shall vest and become exercisable as of the date, following the grant date, that the VWAP of the shares equals or exceeds 4.0x the VWAP of the shares as of the Closing Date; and (iii) one-third (1/3) of the options shall vest and become exercisable as of the date, following the grant date, that the VWAP of the shares equals or exceeds 5.0x the VWAP of the shares as of the Closing Date.

The $93.4 million grant date fair value of the Founders’ Options was estimated using a model based on multiple stock price paths developed through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates into the valuation the possibility that the market condition targets may not be satisfied. The significant inputs to the valuation included the Class A stock price and the risk-free interest rate as of the grant date, as well as the estimated volatility of the Class A common stock. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $19.5 million in compensation expense related to these grants. As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the Option Agreements was $14.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted-average vesting period of 0.87 years.