the normal course of business. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. By their nature, all such instruments involve risk, including the credit risk of non-performance by counterparties. However, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no significant risk of loss in the event of non-performance of the counterparties to these financial instruments. We control our exposure to credit risk through monitoring procedures and by selection of reputable counterparties. Collateral is generally not required for these types of instruments. See Note 2 for our financial instrument accounting policy.

Our objective in managing our exposure to interest rates is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on our earnings, cash flows and financial position, and to lower our overall borrowing costs. To achieve these objectives, we maintain a practice that floating-rate debt be managed within a minimum and maximum range of our total debt exposure. To manage our exposure and limit volatility, we may use fixed-rate debt, floating-rate debt and/or interest rate swaps. We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet.

We use interest rate swaps to manage the impact of interest rate changes on our earnings. Under the swap agreements, we make monthly payments based on the fixed interest rate and receive monthly payments based on the floating rate. The purpose of the swaps is to mitigate the variation of future cash flows from changes in the floating interest rates on our existing debt. The swaps are designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges. Changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments are recorded in OCI, net of tax, and reclassified to earnings in the same line item associated with the hedged item when the hedged item impacts earnings.

On March 2, 2022, the Company entered into three-year interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $250 million, effective February 28, 2022 through February 27, 2025. For these swaps, the Company pays a fixed rate of 1.629% and receives the one-month Term SOFR rate.

On March 30, 2021, the Company entered into three-year interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $1,000 million, effective March 29, 2021 through March 27, 2024. For these swaps, the Company pays a fixed rate of 0.467% and receives the one-month LIBOR rate.

On February 2, 2023, the Company entered into three-year interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional amount of $1,500 million, effective January 27, 2023 through February 8, 2026. For these swaps, the Company pays a fixed rate of 3.695% and receives the one-month LIBOR rate through June 27, 2023 and one-month Term SOFR rate after June 27, 2023 for the remainder of the term.

Our objective in managing exposure to foreign currency fluctuations is to reduce the volatility caused by foreign exchange rate changes on the earnings, cash flows and financial position of our international operations. From time to time, we follow a practice of hedging certain balance sheet positions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency

applicable to each of our various subsidiaries. In addition, we are subject to foreign exchange risk associated with our international earnings and net investments in our foreign subsidiaries. We may use short-term, foreign exchange forward and, from time to time, option contracts to execute our hedging strategies. Certain derivatives are designated as accounting hedges.

These contracts are denominated primarily in the British pound sterling, the Euro, the Swedish Krona, and the Norwegian Krone. Our foreign exchange forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments under authoritative guidance and typically have maturities of 12 months or less.

To decrease earnings volatility, we currently hedge substantially all our intercompany balance positions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency applicable to each of our various subsidiaries with short-term, foreign exchange forward contracts. The underlying transactions and the corresponding foreign exchange forward contracts are marked to market at the end of each quarter and the fair value impacts are reflected within “Non-operating income (expense) – net” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). In addition, in connection with the acquisition of Bisnode, we entered into a zero-cost foreign currency collar in October 2020, with a notional amount of SEK 4.8 billion to reduce our foreign currency exposure. Unrealized gain associated with the instrument was $23.5 million at December 31, 2020. We settled the collar on January 8, 2021 with a total realized gain of $21.0 million upon the close of the Bisnode transaction, resulting in a loss of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, reflected within “Non-operating income (expense) – net” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the notional amounts of our foreign exchange contracts were $455.1 million and $448.5 million, respectively. Realized gains and losses associated with these contracts were $34.1 million and $48.2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022; $11.4 million and $10.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021; and $17.4 million and $9.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020. Unrealized gains and losses associated with these contracts were $3.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022; $1.9 million and $0.7 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021; and $2.0 million and $0.9 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020.

To protect the value of our investments in our foreign operations against adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates, we hedge a portion of our net investment in one or more of our foreign subsidiaries by using cross-currency interest rate swaps. Cross currency swaps are designated as net investment hedges of a portion of our foreign investments denominated in the non-U.S. dollar currency. The component of the gains and losses on our net investment in these designated foreign operations driven by changes in foreign exchange rates, are partly offset by movements in the fair value of our cross-currency swap contracts. The change in the fair value of the swaps in each period is reported in OCI, net of tax. Such amounts will remain in accumulated OCI until the liquidation or substantial liquidation of our investment in the underlying foreign operations. Through the respective maturity dates of each of the swap contracts, we receive monthly fixed-rate interest payments, which are recorded as contra expense within "Interest expense" in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During 2022, we entered into various cross currency swaps as discussed below. They are all designated as net investment hedges of a portion of our foreign investments denominated in the Euro currency.

On April 13, 2022, the Company entered into three tranches of cross currency interest rate swaps, each with a notional amount of $125 million (€116 million) at two, three, and four-year terms, where we receive USD coupons at fixed rates of 1.920%, 1.730%, and 1.550%, respectively, and pay EUR coupons of 0%. These swaps were terminated on April 28, 2022. Upon the termination of the swaps, we received $5.8 million, which was reported in OCI for the year ended December 31, 2022 and will remain within accumulated OCI until the period in which a disposal or substantial liquidation of the entities being hedged occurs.

On April 28, 2022, we executed three tranches of cross currency swaps, each with a notional amount of $125 million (€119 million) at two, three, and four-year terms, where we receive USD coupons at fixed rates of 2.187%, 1.997%, and 1.855%, respectively, and pay EUR coupons of 0%. These swaps were terminated on July 15, 2022 and replaced with new swaps with similar notional amounts (see discussion below). Upon the termination of the swaps, we received cash of $14.2 million, which was reported in OCI for the year ended December 31, 2022 and will remain within accumulated OCI until the period in which a disposal or substantial liquidation of the entities being hedged occurs. We also received payments of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 which were recorded as contra expense within "Interest expense" in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

On July 15, 2022, we executed three tranches of cross currency swaps, each with a notional amount of $125 million (€124 million) at two, three, and four-year terms, where we receive USD coupons at fixed rates of 2.205%, 1.883%, and 1.723%, respectively, and pay EUR coupons of 0%. On the maturity date of each tranche, we will receive the notional amount of $125 million, and pay the counterparty €124 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, aggregate payments of $3.3 million were recorded as contra expense within "Interest expense" in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).


	Asset derivatives						Liability derivatives
	December 31,						December 31,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	Balance sheet location	Fair value		Balance sheet location	Fair value		Balance sheet location	Fair value		Balance sheet location	Fair value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Cash flow hedge derivative:
Interest rate swaps	Other current assets	$	65.7	Other current assets	$	10.1	Other accrued & current liabilities	$	—	Other accrued & current liabilities	$	—
Net investment hedge derivative:
Cross-currency swaps	Other current assets	—		Other current assets	—		Other accrued & current liabilities	17.1		Other accrued & current liabilities	—
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments		$	65.7		$	10.1		$	17.1		$	—
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other current assets	$	3.5	Other current assets	$	1.9	Other accrued & current liabilities	$	0.3	Other accrued & current liabilities	$	0.7

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments		$	3.5		$	1.9		$	0.3		$	0.7
Total derivatives		$	69.2		$	12.0		$	17.4		$	0.7


	Amount of pre-tax gain or (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative
	Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	2022		2021		2020
Cash flow hedge derivative:
Interest rate swaps	$	55.6	$	11.1	$	0.9
Net investment hedge derivative:
Cross-currency swaps	$	2.9	$	—	$	—


		Amount of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income
		Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	Location of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income	2022		2021		2020
Cash flow hedge derivative:
Interest rate swaps	Interest expense	$	13.2	$	(3.4)	$	(2.8)


		Amount of gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivative
		Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments	Location of gain or (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income	2022		2021		2020
Cash flow hedge derivative:
Interest rate swaps	Interest expense	$	13.2	$	(3.4)	$	(2.8)


		Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivatives
		Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments	Location of gain or (loss) recognized in income on derivatives	2022		2021		2020
Make-whole derivative liability	Non-operating income (expenses) – net	$	—	$	—	$	(32.8)
Foreign exchange collar	Non-operating income (expenses) – net	$	—	$	(2.5)	$	23.5
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Non-operating income (expenses) – net	$	(12.1)	$	1.4	$	9.0

Our financial assets and liabilities that are reflected in the consolidated financial statements include derivative financial instruments, cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, accounts payable, short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings.


	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level I)		Significant other observable inputs (Level II)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)		Balance at December 31, 2022
Assets:
Cash equivalents (1)	$	0.9	$	—	$	—	$	0.9
Other current assets:
Foreign exchange forwards (2)	$	—	$	3.5	$	—	$	3.5

Interest rate swap arrangements (3)	$	—	$	65.7	$	—	$	65.7
Liabilities:
Other accrued and current liabilities:
Foreign exchange forwards (2)	$	—	$	0.3	$	—	$	0.3
Cross-currency swap arrangements (3)	$	—	$	17.1	$	—	$	17.1


	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level I)		Significant other observable inputs (Level II)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level III)		Balance at December 31, 2021
Assets:
Cash equivalents (1)	$	1.7	$	—	$	—	$	1.7
Other current assets:
Foreign exchange forwards (2)	$	—	$	1.9	$	—	$	1.9
Interest rate swap arrangements (3)	$	—	$	10.1	$	—	$	10.1
Other accrued and current liabilities:
Foreign exchange forwards (2)	$	—	$	0.7	$	—	$	0.7

At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables and accounts payable approximated carrying value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The estimated fair values of other financial instruments subject to fair value disclosures, determined based on valuation models using discounted cash flow methodologies with market data inputs from globally recognized data providers and third-party quotes from major financial institutions (categorized as Level II in the fair value hierarchy), are as follows:

In addition to assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, we record assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as required by GAAP. Generally, assets are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as a result of impairment charges and for acquisition accounting in accordance with the guidance in ASC 805 "Business Combinations."