The Company sponsors both funded and unfunded foreign defined benefit pension plans that cover a portion of the Company's employees, and the largest plans are closed to new participants and frozen for accrual of future service.

On June 20, 2023, an annuity purchase transaction, commonly known as a “buy-in”, was executed for the two pension plans in the United Kingdom. Under the terms of the contract, which is issued by a third-party insurance company with no affiliation to the Company, all pension obligations will be funded by the insurer’s annuity payments, but the plans still retain full legal responsibility to pay the benefits to plan participants using the insurance payments. As the plans maintain full legal responsibility, with the annuity contracts being assets of the plans, settlement accounting has not been applied and the contracts represent a change in investment strategy and not a significant change in the plan structure requiring a remeasurement at the interim date. Given the funded status of the plans, the Company does not expect any future contributions to be required.

The components of the net periodic pension benefit for the defined benefit pension plans are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Service cost	$	1		$	4
Interest cost		16			8
Expected return on plan assets		(19	)		(18	)
Net periodic pension benefit	$	(2	)	$	(6	)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2022
Service cost	$	2		$	6
Interest cost		31			17
Expected return on plan assets		(37	)		(38	)
Net periodic pension benefit	$	(4	)	$	(15	)

Certain subsidiaries of the Company contribute amounts to multiemployer pension plans and other multiemployer benefit plans and trusts, which are recorded as a component of employee wages and salaries within costs of revenues on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Contributions are generally based on fixed amounts per hour per employee for employees covered under these plans. Multiemployer plan contribution rates are determined annually and assessed on a pay-as-you-go basis based on union employee payrolls. Union payrolls cannot be determined for future periods because the number of union employees employed at a given time and the plans in which they participate vary depending upon the location, the number of ongoing projects, and the need for union resources in connection with those projects. Total consolidated contributions to multiemployer plans were $27 and $27 during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively and $50 and $51 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company has a trustee-administered profit-sharing retirement plan covering substantially all of the Company's employees in the U.S. not covered by collective bargaining agreements and a profit sharing plan for employees in Canada (collectively, “Profit Sharing Plans”). The Profit-Sharing Plans provide for annual discretionary contributions in amounts based on a performance grid as determined by the Company’s directors, which may be settled in shares of the Company's common stock or in cash. In connection with these plans, the Company recognized $5 and $4 in expense during the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $10 and $6 in expense during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Most of the Company’s employees in the U.S. and Canada, including named executive officers, are eligible to participate in the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). Sales of shares of the Company’s common stock under the ESPP are generally made pursuant to offerings that are intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. The ESPP permits employees of the Company to purchase common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lesser of (i) the market value of the common stock on the first day of the offering period, or (ii) the market value of the common stock on the purchase date, whichever is lower. Participants are subject to eligibility requirements and may not purchase more than 500 shares in any offering period or more than ten thousand dollars of common stock in a year under the ESPP. The Company recognized $1 of expense during each of the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, and $3 and $2 of expense during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.