Phoenix Tree Holdings Limited
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Room 212, Chao Yang Shou Fu
8 Chao Yang Men Nei Street
Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010
People's Republic of China
+86-10-5717-6925
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant's principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.
10 E. 40th Street, 10th Floor
New York, NY10016, United States
+1-212-947-7200
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. o

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. o

† The term "new or revised financial accounting standard" refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

This is an initial public offering of American depositary shares, or ADSs, representing Class A ordinary shares of Phoenix Tree Holdings Limited.

We are offering ADSs. Each ADS represents Class A ordinary shares, US$0.00002 par value per share. We anticipate the initial public offering price per ADS will be between US$ and US$ .

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our shares. We will apply to list the ADSs on the New York stock Exchange, or the NYSE, under the symbol "DNK."

We are an "emerging growth company" under applicable United States federal securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements.

See "Risk Factors" on page 22 to read about factors you should consider before buying the ADSs.

Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

To the extent that the underwriters sell more than ADSs in this offering, the underwriters have a 30-day option to purchase up to an aggregate of additional ADSs from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions.

Upon the completion of this offering, our outstanding share capital will consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote; and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to twenty (20) votes and is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon the completion of this offering, we will be a "controlled company" as defined under the NYSE Listed Company Manual because Jing Gao, our co-founder, director and chief executive officer, will beneficially own all of our Class B ordinary shares representing % of the voting power of our total issued and outstanding shares immediately after the completion of this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment in New York, New York on , 2019.

No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent as to anything not contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. You must not rely on any unauthorized information or representations. This prospectus is an offer to sell, and we are seeking offers to buy, only the ADSs offered hereby, and only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the ADSs.

Neither we nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or the possession or distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus in any jurisdiction where other action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus or any free writing prospectus filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus outside of the United States.

Until , 2019 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ADSs, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information contained in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in our ADSs. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, including "Risk Factors" and the financial statements, before making an investment decision. This prospectus contains information from an industry report commissioned by us and prepared by iResearch Global Inc., or iResearch, an independent industry research firm, to provide information regarding our industry and our market position in China. We refer to this report, which was dated August 28, 2019, as the iResearch Report.

Our Mission

Our mission is to help people live better.

Our Business

We are redefining the residential rental market through technology. We started Danke in 2015 to provide young people with comfortable yet affordable homes. Today, we are one of the largest co-living platforms in China with the fastest growth, according to iResearch. We established operations in 13 cities in China as of September 30, 2019 and have become a major player in each of the 10 cities that we entered into prior to June 30, 2019. We grew the number of apartment units we operated from 2,434 as of December 31, 2015 to 406,746 as of September 30, 2019, a 166-fold increase over less than four years.

Number of apartment units of Danke Apartment (in thousands)

(1): Increase over the three years and nine months from December 31, 2015 to September 30, 2019.
(2): CAGR over the three years from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2018.

China's residential rental market is expected to nearly double its size from 2018 to reach RMB3.0 trillion in 2023. We see an enormous opportunity within this addressable market, one of the last conventional markets to be touched by technology. China's residential rental market is highly

fragmented and inefficient, and one in which both individual property owners and renters suffer from numerous pain points. We provide solutions to both property owners and renters through our innovative "new rental" business model, which is defined by the following features:

•: Centralization. We centrally operate the apartments sourced from property owners and rent them out to our residents.
•: Standardization. We standardize the design, renovation and furnishing of our apartment units, and provide high-quality, reliable one-stop services.
•: Online. Our entire business process is empowered by technology to enable seamless online experience for both property owners and residents. We have had no physical storefront since inception.

(1): According to a survey conducted by iResearch of China's leading co-living platforms, including us and our peers.

We operate two branded products, "Danke Apartment ( )" and "Dream Apartment ( )." Danke Apartment has been the primary focus of our business since our inception in 2015. We source and lease apartments from individual property owners on a long-term basis, design, renovate and furnish such apartments in a standardized and stylish manner, and rent them out to individual residents, either as private rooms within an apartment or an entire apartment. Leveraging our experience in operating Danke Apartment, we introduced Dream Apartment in November 2018 to target the large but underserved blue-collar apartment segment. We lease entire buildings or floors in a building, transform them into dormitory-style apartments, and rent them to corporate clients for employee accommodation. For all of our residents, we provide high-quality one-stop services, including cleaning, repair and maintenance, WiFi as well as 24/7 resident support.

We run Danke like a data science company. As our founders are technology veterans, technology is deeply rooted in our DNA. At the core of our technology system is our proprietary artificial intelligence decision engine, or "Danke Brain," which makes real-time and unbiased decisions based on data analytics to guide each step of our business operations and generate valuable business intelligence. Danke Brain has self-learning capability. It is able to apply what it learns in existing cities and neighborhoods to new cities and neighborhoods, and improves from each transaction and interaction. It reduces our reliance on local expertise, enables higher efficiency and facilitates rapid expansion. Danke Brain is supported by our big data platform, which continually processes and structurizes a massive amount of data with over 100 dimensions. Connecting everything together, our IT infrastructure digitizes our business operation and links all of our employees, property owners, residents and third-party service providers.

Leveraging our robust technology capabilities, we are able to handle complicated and large-scale business operations. For instance, pricing decisions represent a core competency for a co-living platform, yet pricing is complex due to the heterogeneous nature of apartments, neighborhoods and cities. Our technology system enables us to make tens of thousands of pricing decisions each day with approximately 95% accuracy rate of the estimated lease-out price, without the need to rely on the local expertise of individual agents. We also have strong capabilities to manage the dynamic supply chain through technology. We can effectively manage an extensive network of renovation contractors to simultaneously renovate 50,000 apartment units scattered in thousands of neighborhoods across 13 cities and maintain consistent quality. We use proprietary technologies to achieve precise budgeting, accurate time estimate, and seamless workflow coordination across our supply chain.

Empowered by our data, technology and apartment network, we have created a vibrant and expanding ecosystem to connect and benefit property owners, residents and third-party service providers. Their interaction forms a virtuous cycle, while also providing us with significant monetization opportunities.

Our disruptive business model has enabled us to achieve unparalleled growth, operational excellence and customer satisfaction. We are particularly proud of the following achievements, where in each case we ranked the highest amongst our peers, according to iResearch:

(1): Growth over the three and a half years from December 31, 2015 to June 30, 2019. We achieved 166-fold increase in the number of apartment units we held over the period between December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2019.
(2): As of June 30, 2019. Our occupancy rate was 87% as of September 30, 2019.
(3): Percentage of residents surveyed that would recommend our platforms to others, according to a survey conducted by iResearch in August 2019.
(4): For the first half of 2019; excluding residents who entered into leases with Aishangzu prior to our acquisition of Aishangzu. The renewal rate of our residents exceeded 50% in each of 2017 and 2018. We improved our ranking among our peers in terms of such renewal rate from the third in 2017 to the first in 2018 and the first half of 2019, according to iResearch. The renewal rate of our residents for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was 52%.
(5): For the period between our inception and June 30, 2019; excluding property owners who entered into leases with Aishangzu prior to our acquisition of Aishangzu. The renewal rate of our property owners for the period between our inception and September 30, 2019 was 79%.

We currently generate revenues primarily from rents and service fees. Our revenues increased by 307.3% from RMB656.8 million in 2017 to RMB2,675.0 million (US$374.3 million) in 2018, and by 198.8% from RMB1,673.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 to RMB4,999.7 million (US$699.5 million) in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

We are just taking off. Our business model not only enables us to achieve strong performance, but also places us in a unique position to capture the enormous potential of China's residential rental market.

Our Market Opportunities

China's residential rental market size reached RMB1.8 trillion in 2018 and is expected to grow to RMB3.0 trillion in 2023, according to iResearch. The residential rental market size of China's tier 1 and tier 2 cities reached RMB1.2 trillion in total in 2018 and is expected to grow to RMB2.0 trillion in 2023.

The growth in China's residential rental market is mainly driven by the following factors:

•: Continued urbanization
•: High housing prices, particularly in tier 1 and tier 2 cities
•: Changes in young people's consumption habits and lifestyle
•: Favorable policies supporting the residential rental market

Currently most of the residential rental properties in China are still owned and operated by individual property owners. Property owners and renters suffer from numerous pain points, as illustrated below:

Property Owners		Renters

• Upgrade costs		• Affordability
• Maintenance burden		• High search costs
• Inefficient rental process		• Poor housing conditions
• Vacancy risk		• Counterparty risk
• Renter credit risk		• Lack of services

As a result, there are massive opportunities for co-living platforms that centralize the leasing and operation of rental properties. In particular, affordability is the biggest issue for young renters today, particularly in tier 1 and tier 2 cities. In the conventional residential rental market, the smallest unit available for rent is often an entire apartment, as individual property owners are generally unable or otherwise unwilling to bear the burden and risk of renting out private rooms. Co-living platforms reduce the smallest unit available for rent to a private room, thereby providing an affordable alternative. For instance, Danke enables renters to enjoy substantial savings by offering private rooms at less than half of the price of renting a studio or one-bedroom apartment in the same neighborhood in Beijing in the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Average Monthly Rent in Beijing

(1): Average monthly rent for a studio or one-bedroom apartment in the six urban districts of Beijing, namely Haidian, Chaoyang, Dongcheng, Xicheng, Fengtai and Shijingshan.
(2): Average monthly rent for Danke's private room with shared common space, such as living room, kitchen and bathroom, in the six urban districts of Beijing mentioned above.

Source: iResearch

Co-living platforms are rapidly gaining popularity in China, benefiting from the sharing economy, online consumption, consumption upgrade and increasing acceptance by property owners. Currently, properties operated by co-living platforms offering standardized renovation, furnishing and services only accounted for approximately 2% of all residential rental properties in China as of December 31, 2018. In the United States and Japan, the percentage of renovated or serviced rental apartments operated by institutions was around 57% and 80%, respectively. This presents an enormous growth potential for co-living platforms in China.

As co-living platforms achieve scale, they accumulate a large, captive pool of renters to whom value-added services can be provided. Typical renters spend more than ten hours each day at home, and during their stay, they may demand a wide range of services including cleaning, repair and maintenance, laundry, relocation, food delivery, smart home and online insurance, among others. These services represented a nearly RMB2.4 trillion market in China in 2018, according to iResearch.

We see China's overall residential rental market as our total addressable market and residential rental market in tier 1 and tier 2 cities as our serviceable addressable market. We see the provision of value-added services to renters as an incremental opportunity beyond that presented by the residential rental market.

Our Ecosystem

We have created a vibrant ecosystem. Our data, technology and apartment network serve as the basis of our ecosystem, which bring in and connect the key stakeholders in our ecosystem — property owners, residents and third-party service providers. The interaction among these stakeholders forms a virtuous cycle which brings benefits to each one of them, while also allowing us to act as a demand

aggregator and providing us with significant monetization opportunities. Our ecosystem continues to expand and attract more participants as we scale up.

Our Value Propositions to Property Owners

•: Hassle-free process. We act as a trustworthy, single point-of-contact. Property owners do not need to interact with multiple agents and potential renters. We save them time and money in upgrading their properties and handling trivial requests from residents. We also conduct regular maintenance of apartments and reduce damage risks.
•: Stable returns. We sign long-term leases with property owners, which help them minimize vacancy risks and generate stable long-term income.

Our Value Propositions to Residents

•: Affordability. We offer affordable rental options to our residents. We save them the trouble of subletting by offering quality co-living apartment units.
•: Consistent quality. We renovate all of our apartment units with standardized design and quality, which relieves our residents from concerns about poor housing conditions.
•: Hassle-free process. We serve as a trustworthy, single point-of-contact for our residents. They do not need to deal with multiple agents, property owners or other service providers.
•: Best-in-class services. Our in-house services team delivers one-stop services of high quality and to the satisfaction of our residents.

Our Value Propositions to Third-Party Service Providers

•: Large monetization opportunities. We have a large number of well-educated young residents in our ecosystem with long-term, high-frequency consumption demand, which provides third-party service providers with numerous monetization opportunities.
•: Personalization and user stickiness. We are able to identify specific needs of our residents with our data analytics and help third-party service providers reach and acquire their target users with personalized services. We also create a feedback loop between residents and third-party service providers, and help build valuable customer relationships with increased stickiness.

Our Economics

We aim to operate our business so that each new apartment unit is accretive to our long-term financial performance. After we sign new leases with the property owners, we need to invest in renovating and furnishing the newly sourced apartment units, which generally takes 17-21 days before they are ready for renting to our residents. Before an apartment unit is filled, we incur leasing cost to the property owner in addition to initial investment, without generating revenues.

We fill our ready-to-move-in apartment units leveraging our sales and marketing efforts. After we rent out a unit, we start collecting rents and service fees from our resident, generating a recurring stream of revenues and cash flows. At this point, the net cash flows shift from outgoing to incoming. As we generate revenues over each period after the apartment unit is filled, the cumulative incoming cashflow will allow us to recover our initial investment after a certain period of time and start realizing returns from such apartment unit. We refer to the amount of time required to recover the initial capital investment for the apartment units sourced in a given period as payback period. It is calculated as the average cost for renovation and furnishing per unit for such period divided by the average rental spread for such period. From the first quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2019, the payback period for the apartment units sourced in each quarter typically ranged between 12 to 20 months. As we expand our scale, we will be able to improve our cost efficiency, further enhance our return and shorten our payback period.

We typically sign leases for four to six years with property owners to lock in favorable terms and asset exclusivity, and one-year leases with our residents. We are therefore able to lock in stable leasing cost over the terms of the leases with property owners and enjoy potential upside from rent increase on the resident side. In addition, as we introduce more value-added services to our residents, we will continue to increase the overall lifetime value of each of our apartment unit.

We intend to continue to deploy capital to grow and source new apartment units. Since we are currently in a rapid growth stage, we expect to continue to incur upfront investment for our newly sourced apartment units. As a higher percentage of our apartment units pass their pay-back period over time, we believe that our profitability profile will continue to improve.

Our Strengths

We believe the following competitive strengths are key drivers of our success and set us apart from our competitors:

Our Strategies

We intend to further grow our business and reinforce our leading market position by pursuing the following strategies:

•: continue to enhance our technological capabilities;
•: further expand our scale;
•: expand and enhance our product and service offerings;
•: promote brand awareness and influence; and
•: strengthen and expand our ecosystem.

Our Challenges

Our business and successful execution of our strategies are subject to certain challenges, risks and uncertainties including:

•: our limited operating history in a rapidly evolving market;
•: our ability to effectively execute our strategies, manage our growth and control our expenses;
•: our ability to obtain sufficient capital through financing or other sources on favorable terms in a timely manner;
•: our ability to maintain and expand our apartment network, retain existing residents and acquire new residents;
•: our ability to compete effectively in the industry we operate;
•: our ability to increase the strengths of our brand and reputation;
•: our ability to further improve the effectiveness of our technology system; and
•: our ability to maintain the quality and safety of our apartments.

In addition, we face risks and uncertainties related to our corporate structure and regulatory environment in China, including:

•: regulatory risks related to the residential rental market in China;

•: risks associated with our control over our consolidated variable interest entities, or consolidated VIEs, in China, which is based on contractual arrangements rather than equity ownership; and
•: changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government.

We also face other risks and uncertainties that may materially affect our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects. You should consider the risks discussed in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus before investing in our ADSs.

Our History and Corporate Structure

We commenced our operations in China through Zi Wutong (Beijing) Asset Management Co., Ltd, or Zi Wutong, in January 2015. In June 2015, we incorporated Phoenix Tree Holdings Limited under the laws of Cayman Islands, which became our ultimate holding company through a series of transactions. In March 2019, we acquired 100% equity interest in Hangzhou Aishang Danke Technology Co., Ltd., or Aishangzu, a residential rental apartment operator that primarily operated in Hangzhou, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Qing Wutong Co., Ltd. We primarily operate our business through our subsidiaries, consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries in China.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure with our principal subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus. Unless otherwise indicated, equity interests depicted in this diagram are held as to 100%. The relationships between Xiaofangjian (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Xiaofangjian, and each of our consolidated VIEs, namely Zi Wutong, and Yishui (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Yishui, and their shareholders, as illustrated in this diagram are governed by contractual arrangements and do not constitute equity ownership.

(1): Our co-founders, Jing Gao and Yan Cui, each holds 57% and 43% equity interest in Zi Wutong, respectively.
(2): Our co-founders, Jing Gao and Yan Cui, each holds 67% and 33% equity interest in Yishui, respectively.
(3): Qing Wutong holds, directly and indirectly, 70%, 60% and 51% of equity inetest in Xi'an Daoyi Tongxiang Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd., Beijing Baijiaxiu Commerce Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou Jianxin Aishangzu Dwelling Service Co., Ltd., respectively.

Our Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at Room 212, Chao Yang Shou Fu, 8 Chao Yang Men Nei Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-10-5717-6925. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Investors should submit any inquiries to the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices set forth above.

Our main website is www.danke.com. The information contained on this website is not a part of this prospectus. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 10 E. 40th Street, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10016, United States.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenue for the last fiscal year, we qualify as an "emerging growth company" pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, related to the assessment of the effectiveness of the emerging growth company's internal control over financial reporting. The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to take advantage of such exemptions.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (a) the last day of our fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.07 billion; (b) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (c) the date on which we have, during the previous three year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (d) the date on which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer" under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our ADSs that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer and a Controlled Company

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act and, as such, we are permitted to follow the corporate governance practices of our home country, the Cayman Islands, in lieu of the NYSE corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic companies. For example, we are not required to have a majority of the board consisting of independent directors nor have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors. We intend to continue to follow our home country's corporate governance practices as long as we remain a foreign private issuer. As a result, you may not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of U.S. domestic companies that are subject to NYSE corporate governance requirements. As a foreign private issuer, we are also subject to reduced disclosure requirements and are exempt from certain provisions of the U.S. securities rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers such as the rules regulating solicitation of proxies and certain insider reporting and short-swing profit rules.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be a "controlled company" as defined under the NYSE Listed Company Manual because Jing Gao, our co-founder, director and chief executive officer, will beneficially own all of our Class B ordinary shares representing % of the voting power of our

total issued and outstanding shares immediately after the completion of this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs. Under the NYSE Listed Company Manual, a "controlled company" may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements. Currently, we do not plan to utilize the "controlled company" exemptions with respect to our corporate governance practice after we complete this offering.

Conventions That Apply to This Prospectus

Unless we indicate otherwise, references in this prospectus to:

•: "accuracy rate" are to a percentage rate which equals one minus mean absolute percentage error, or MAPE. MAPE is a statistical measure which represents the average percentage deviation of the estimated lease-out price calculated by Danke Brain from the actual lease-out price;
•: "ADSs" are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents Class A ordinary shares, and "ADRs" are to the American depositary receipts that evidence our ADSs;
•: "apartment unit" or "unit" are to our smallest rental unit, which could be an entire apartment or a private room with separate digital door lock within an apartment that we rent to individual residents under Danke Apartment;
•: "average cost for renovation and furnishing per unit" are to total renovation and furnishing cost for a given period divided by the net addition of apartment units opened in such period;
•: "average leasing cost per unit per month" are to leasing cost (i.e., the sum of rental cost and pre-opening expense) recorded in the period presented divided by total unit days (i.e., the simple sum of the number of days we operated each apartment unit during a particular period) in such period multiplied by the average number of days per month (assuming 30 days per month);
•: "average rental spread" are to the average revenues per rented-out unit per month less the average leasing cost per unit per month;
•: "average revenues per rented-out unit per month" are to the revenues recognized in the period presented divided by rented-out unit days (i.e., the simple sum of the number of days we rented out each apartment unit during a particular period) in such period multiplied by the average number of days per month (assuming 30 days per month);
•: "CAGR" are to compound annual growth rate;
•: "co-living platform" are to an apartment rental platform operated by an institution that centralizes the leasing and operating of apartments sourced from property owners, renovates and furnishes such apartments, rents them out and provides services to renters;
•: "China" and the "PRC" are to the People's Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this prospectus only, Taiwan, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region;
•: "occupancy rate" are to the number of rented-out apartment units as a percentage of the number of opened apartment units as of a given date;
•: "opened apartment units" are to apartment units which have been renovated and furnished and have achieved ready-to-move-in status;
•: "OEMs" are to original equipment manufacturers that we cooperate with to manufacture our self-designed furniture;

•: "online platform" are to our official website www.danke.com, our mobile apps and mini programs on Wechat, Alipay and Baidu;
•: "payback period" are to the amount of time required to recover the initial capital investment for the apartment units sourced in a given period. It is calculated as the average cost for renovation and furnishing per unit for such period divided by the average rental spread for such period;
•: "pre-opening" are to the status of in-between the effective date of the lease with the property owner and the date when the relevant apartment units achieve ready-to-move-in status;
•: "renewal rate of our residents" are to the percentage of residents who choose to renew their lease with us or rent another apartment unit from us after the expiration of the original lease;
•: "renewal rate of property owners" are to the percentage of property owners who choose to renew their lease with us after the expiration of the original lease;
•: "resident" are to an individual who stays in Danke Apartment or Dream Apartment;
•: "RMB" or "Renminbi" are to the legal currency of China;
•: "shares" or "ordinary shares" are to our ordinary shares, par value US$0.00002 per share;
•: "tier 1 and tier 2 cities" are to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Changchun, Changsha, Changzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Dongguan, Foshan, Fuzhou, Guiyang, Ha'erbin, Hangzhou, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Nanjing, Nanchang, Nanning, Ningbo, Qingdao, Quanzhou, Shenyang, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Taiyuan ,Tianjin, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Wuxi, Xi'an, Xiamen, Zhengzhou and Zhuhai;
•: "US$," "U.S. dollars," or "dollars" are to the legal currency of the United States; and
•: "we," "us," "the Company," "our company," and "our" are to Phoenix Tree Holdings Limited, its subsidiaries and its consolidated VIEs and their respective subsidiaries, as the context requires.

Unless specifically indicated otherwise or unless the context otherwise requires, all references to our ordinary shares exclude (i) ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options with respect to our ordinary shares under our 2017 stock incentive plan and (ii) assumes that the underwriters will not exercise the over-allotment option to purchase additional ADSs.

This prospectus contains translations between Renminbi and U.S. dollars solely for the convenience of the reader. The translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this prospectus were made at a rate of RMB7.1477 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on September 30, 2019. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

THE OFFERING


Price per ADS		We currently estimate that the initial public offering price will be between US$ and US$ per ADS.
ADSs Offered by Us		ADSs
ADSs Outstanding Immediately After This Offering		ADSs (or ADSs if the underwriters exercise in full the over-allotment option).
Ordinary Shares Outstanding Immediately After This Offering		Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares (or Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full), excluding (i) 178,022,914 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and 96,204,007 Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our 2017 stock incentive plan as of the date of this prospectus and (ii) 230,000,000 Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our 2019 equity incentive plan, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering.
The ADSs		Each ADS represents Class A ordinary shares.
		The depositary or its nominee will be the holder of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs and you will have the rights of an ADR holder as provided in the deposit agreement among us, the depositary and all holders and beneficial owners of ADSs issued thereunder.
		You may surrender your ADSs to the depositary to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. The depositary will charge you a fee for such exchange.
		We may amend or terminate the deposit agreement for any reason without your consent. Any amendment that imposes or increases fees or charges or which materially prejudices any substantial existing right you have as an ADS holder will not become effective as to outstanding ADSs until 30 days after notice of the amendment is given to ADS holders. If an amendment becomes effective, you will be bound by the deposit agreement as amended if you continue to hold your ADSs.
		To better understand the terms of the ADSs, you should carefully read the section in this prospectus entitled "Description of American Depositary Shares." We also encourage you to read the deposit agreement, which is an exhibit to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.


Ordinary Shares		Our ordinary shares will be divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares upon the completion of this offering. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders' vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to twenty votes, voting together as one class. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder to any person or entity which is not an affiliate of such holder, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically converted into the equivalent number of Class A ordinary shares. See "Description of Share Capital" for more information.
Over-Allotment Option		We have granted to the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an aggregate of additional ADSs at the initial public offering price less underwriting discounts and commissions, solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments.
Use of Proceeds		We estimate that we will receive net proceeds of approximately US$ million from this offering, or approximately US$ million if the underwriters exercise in full the over-allotment option, assuming an initial public offering price of US$ per ADS, the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We anticipate using the net proceeds of this offering for:
		• expanding our scale, including sourcing and renovating additional apartment units;
		• enhancing our technological capabilities; and
		• general corporate purposes, including branding and marketing, and potential acquisitions and investments (although we are not currently negotiating any such acquisitions or investments).
		See "Use of Proceeds" for more information.
Lock-up		[We, our officers and directors and our existing shareholders] have agreed with the underwriters not to sell, transfer or dispose of any ADSs, ordinary shares or similar securities for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, subject to certain exceptions. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale" and "Underwriting."
Risk Factors		See "Risk Factors" and other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of the risks relating to investing in our ADSs. You should carefully consider these risks before deciding to invest in our ADSs.


Listing		We have applied to list our ADSs on the NYSE. Our ordinary shares will not be listed on any exchange or quoted for trading on any over-the-counter trading system.
NYSE Trading Symbol		DNK.
Payment and settlement		The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment on , 2019, through the facilities of the Depository Trust Company, or DTC.
Depositary		Citibank, N.A.

The total number of ordinary shares that will be outstanding immediately after this offering will be Class A ordinary shares and be Class B ordinary shares, which is based upon (i) the conversion and re-designation of all of the issued and outstanding 1,448,506,852 preferred shares into 1,448,506,852 ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (ii) the creation of an additional 47,500,000,000 ordinary shares, to rank pari passu in all respects with the existing ordinary shares, such that following such increase, the total number of authorized shares of our company is 50,000,000,000; (iii) the reorganization and re-classification of 246,000,000 ordinary shares held by YIHAN HOLDINGS LIMITED into 246,000,000 Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (iv) the reorganization and re-classification of all of the remaining ordinary shares (including the ordinary shares resulting from the conversion of the preferred shares) into 49,754,000,000 Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one-basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and (v) Class A ordinary shares issued in connection with this offering (assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs), but excludes:

•: 178,022,914 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding share options under our 2017 stock incentive plan;
•: 96,204,007 Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our 2017 stock incentive plan; and
•: 230,000,000 Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our 2019 equity incentive plan, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering.

SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA

The following summary consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data and summary consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 and summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. The following summary consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data and summary consolidated statements of cash flows data for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 and summary consolidated balance sheets data as of September 30, 2019 have been derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus and have been prepared on the same basis as our consolidated financial statements.

Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any future period. The following summary consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated are qualified by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and related notes and the information under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," both of which are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Summary Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands, except for share and per share data)
Summary Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Revenues		656,782			2,675,031			374,251			1,673,002			4,999,740			699,489
Operating expenses:
Rental cost		(511,697	)		(2,171,755	)		(303,840	)		(1,300,709	)		(4,450,199	)		(622,606	)
Depreciation and amortization		(98,984	)		(373,231	)		(52,217	)		(227,339	)		(790,357	)		(110,575	)
Other operating expenses		(46,456	)		(295,141	)		(41,292	)		(187,436	)		(552,859	)		(77,348	)
Pre-opening expense		(62,119	)		(270,399	)		(37,830	)		(181,292	)		(186,344	)		(26,070	)
Sales and marketing expenses		(80,991	)		(471,026	)		(65,899	)		(287,881	)		(793,722	)		(111,046	)
General and administrative expenses		(49,960	)		(203,847	)		(28,519	)		(129,307	)		(395,766	)		(55,370	)
Technology and product development expenses		(25,194	)		(110,954	)		(15,523	)		(71,281	)		(143,601	)		(20,091	)

Operating loss		(218,619	)		(1,221,322	)		(170,869	)		(712,243	)		(2,313,108	)		(323,617	)
Interest expenses		(55,013	)		(163,357	)		(22,854	)		(101,906	)		(252,981	)		(35,393	)
Loss before income taxes		(271,636	)		(1,369,637	)		(191,618	)		(812,884	)		(2,518,387	)		(352,336	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		112			(112	)		(16	)		(112	)		2,167			303

Net loss		(271,524	)		(1,369,749	)		(191,634	)		(812,996	)		(2,516,220	)		(352,033	)



Net loss per share
—Basic and diluted		(2.55	)		(7.95	)		(1.11	)		(4.89	)		(11.40	)		(1.60	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share
—Basic and diluted		111,848,958			185,677,083			185,677,083			176,692,708			242,698,917			242,698,917

Summary Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

	As of December 31,

	2017			2018						As of September 30, 2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Summary Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:
Total current assets		473,884			3,155,228			441,433			2,974,428			416,135
Total non-current assets		660,862			2,674,383			374,159			4,700,004			657,556
Total assets		1,134,746			5,829,611			815,592			7,674,432			1,073,691
Total current liabilities		1,160,879			4,582,077			641,055			7,434,964			1,040,189
Total non-current liabilities		199,601			234,185			32,764			226,489			31,687
Total liabilities		1,360,480			4,816,262			673,819			7,661,453			1,071,876
Total mezzanine equity		140,661			2,859,632			400,077			4,758,577			665,749
Total shareholders' deficit		(366,395	)		(1,846,283	)		(258,304	)		(4,745,598	)		(663,934	)

Summary Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Summary Consolidated Cash Flows Data:
Net cash used in operating activities		(114,578	)		(1,164,248	)		(162,884	)		(697,813	)		(1,629,289	)		(227,945	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(489,282	)		(1,324,021	)		(185,237	)		(502,153	)		(1,668,826	)		(233,478	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		822,440			4,692,659			656,527			2,151,819			3,081,858			431,168
Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash		212,470			2,251,532			315,001			1,023,885			(167,746	)		(23,468	)
Cash and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		1,532			214,002			29,940			214,002			2,465,534			344,941
Cash and restricted cash at the end of the period		214,002			2,465,534			344,941			1,237,887			2,297,788			321,473

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss, each a non-GAAP financial measure, in evaluating our operating results and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. We believe that these measures help us identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be distorted by the effect of certain expenses and income that we include in net loss. We believe that these measures provide useful information about our operating results, enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allow for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making.

EBITDA represents net loss before depreciation and amortization, interest expenses, interest income, and income tax benefit (expense).

when the relevant apartment is sourced and amortize such cost on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease with the property owner, which is generally four to six years. Share-based compensation represents compensation expenses in connection with the restricted shares granted to our co-founders. Share-based compensation used in the calculation of the adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss represents compensation expenses in connection with the issuance of restricted shares to our co-founders. It does not, however, include the share-based compensation in connection with the repurchase in cash in January 2019 of the share options previously granted to certain employees.

The presentation of the non-GAAP financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We present the non-GAAP financial measures because they are used by our management to evaluate operating performance and formulate business plans. We believe that the non-GAAP financial measures help identify underlying trends in our business, provide further information about our results of operations, and enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects.

The non-GAAP financial measures are not defined under U.S. GAAP and are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools. Our non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect all items of income and expense that affect our operations and do not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures. Further, the non-GAAP measures may differ from the non-GAAP information used by other companies, including peer companies, and therefore their comparability may be limited. We compensate for these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measures to the nearest U.S. GAAP performance measure, both of which should be considered when evaluating performance. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Net Loss		(271,524	)		(1,369,749	)		(191,634	)		(812,996	)		(2,516,220	)		(352,033	)
Add:
Depreciation and amortization		98,984			373,231			52,217			227,339			790,357			110,575
Interest expenses		55,013			163,357			22,854			101,906			252,981			35,393
Income tax expense/(benefit)		(112	)		112			16			112			(2,167	)		(303	)
Subtract:
Interest income		831			20,226			2,830			6,449			47,702			6,674

EBITDA		(118,470	)		(853,275	)		(119,377	)		(490,088	)		(1,522,751	)		(213,042	)



Add:
Incentives for apartment sourcing		7,655			31,077			4,348			18,536			57,303			8,017
Share-based compensation		8,569			5,808			813			4,393			4,511			631

Adjusted EBITDA		(102,246	)		(816,390	)		(114,216	)		(467,159	)		(1,460,937	)		(204,394	)

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Net Loss		(271,524	)		(1,369,749	)		(191,634	)		(812,996	)		(2,516,220	)		(352,033	)
Add:
Incentives for apartment sourcing		7,655			31,077			4,348			18,536			57,303			8,017
Share-based compensation		8,569			5,808			813			4,393			4,511			631

Adjusted Net Loss		(255,300	)		(1,332,864	)		(186,473	)		(790,067	)		(2,454,406	)		(343,385	)

Key Operating Metrics

We regularly review a number of key operating metrics to evaluate our business and measure our performance, which are set forth in the table below.

	As of December 31,						As of September 30,

	2016		2017		2018		2018		2019
Number of cities in which we operated		3		6		9		9		13
Number of apartment units we operated:
Pre-opening apartment units⁽¹⁾		633		3,510		27,007		11,235		14,835
Opened apartment units⁽²⁾		12,866		48,671		209,413		152,809		391,911

Total		13,499		52,181		236,420		164,044		406,746



Number of apartment units we operated:
Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen		13,499		46,472		152,630		114,518		213,866
Other cities		0		5,709		83,790		49,526		192,880

Total		13,499		52,181		236,420		164,044		406,746

(1): Represent apartment units that are within the pre-opening period.
(2): Represent apartment units that achieve ready-to-move-in status, including those rented out and to be rented out.

	Year Ended				Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017		2018		2018		2019
	(in RMB)
Average revenues per rented-out unit per month⁽¹⁾		2,439		2,352		2,408		2,155
Average leasing cost per unit per month⁽²⁾		1,718		1,637		1,656		1,564

(1): Represents the revenues recognized in the period presented divided by rented-out unit days (i.e., the simple sum of the number of days we rented out each apartment unit during a particular period) in such period multiplied by the average number of days per month (assuming 30 days per month).

(2): Represents leasing cost (i.e., the sum of rental cost and pre-opening expense) recorded in the period presented divided by total unit days (i.e., the simple sum of the number of days we operated each apartment unit during a particular period) in such period multiplied by the average number of days per month (assuming 30 days per month).

	As of December 31,						As of September 30,

	2017			2018			2018			2019
Occupancy rate⁽¹⁾		85.8	%		76.9	%		82.9	%		86.9	%

(1): Represents the aggregate number of rented-out apartment units as a percentage of the number of opened apartment units as of a given date.

	As of December 31,				As of September 30,

	2017		2018		2019
Revenue Backlog (in RMB thousands)⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		749,377		2,365,982		5,478,881

(1): Represents total rents, service fees and utility charges to be recognized as our revenues under our leases with residents and corporate clients existing as of the date specified, assuming all of these leases will be performed to the end of their terms and not renewed.
(2): The continuous increase in revenue backlog from 2017 to 2018 and further to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily driven by the rapid expansion of our apartment network.

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. You should consider carefully all of the information in this prospectus, including the risks and uncertainties described below, before making an investment in our ADSs. Any of the following risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

We have a limited operating history in a rapidly evolving market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our results of operations and future prospects. In particular, our historical growth may not be indicative of our future growth.

We commenced operations in January 2015 and have a limited operating history. We operate in China's residential rental market, which is a rapidly evolving market, and have experienced rapid growth. Our total revenues increased significantly by 307.3% from RMB656.8 million in 2017 to RMB2,675.0 million (US$374.3 million) in 2018, and increased by 198.8% from RMB1,673.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 to RMB4,999.7 million (US$699.5 million) in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The number of apartment units we operated increased from 2,434 as of December 31, 2015 to 236,420 as of December 31, 2018, representing a CAGR of 359.7%. This number further increased to 406,746 as of September 30, 2019. However, our strong historical growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth, and we may not be able to generate similar growth rates in future periods. Our growth rates may decline for a number of possible reasons, some of which are beyond our control, including decreasing disposable income, increasing competition, declining growth of China's residential rental market, the emergence of alternative business models, changes in rules, regulations, government policies or general economic conditions. In addition, we operate under an innovative "new rental" business model, which may not develop as we expect. It is difficult to evaluate our prospects, as we may not have sufficient experience in addressing the risks to which companies operating in rapidly evolving markets may be exposed. If our growth rate declines, investors' perceptions of our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected and the market price of the ADSs could decline.

If we fail to effectively execute our strategies, manage our growth or control our expenses, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be harmed.

Our business growth depends on our ability to effectively execute our expansion strategies and increase the number of apartment units we operate. There can be no assurance that we will be able to source more apartments from additional property owners to expand our apartment network in our existing cities and new cities, or that the existing property owners will renew their leases with us at the expiration of the lease terms. Failure to maintain or expand our apartment network would restrict our growth, and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to retain existing residents and attract new residents in a cost-effective and timely manner is also critical to our growth as we generate revenues primarily from the rents and service fees we charge our residents. Our existing residents may not continue to lease our apartment units if we fail to provide satisfactory residential experience. We may also lose our existing residents due to reasons beyond our control, such as changes in our residents' personal or financial condition or lower rents offered by our competitors or individual property owners. In addition, we may not be successful in attracting new residents if we fail to provide attractive apartment units at reasonable prices or expand our service offerings to meeting their evolving needs. If we fail to maintain or expand our resident

base, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, our rapid growth will place significant demand on our management, operational and financial resources. We expect our costs and expenses to continue to increase in the future as we increase the number of apartments we operate, serve more property owners and residents, upgrade our renovation and furnishing solutions and provide new services. In addition, our operating expenses, such as our labor-related expenses and sales and marketing expenses, have grown rapidly as we expanded our business, and we expect to continue to incur increasing operating expenses to support our anticipated future growth. To manage our growth and expansion, we also plan to continue to invest in our technology infrastructure to further increase our operational efficiency. We will also need to further expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce and manage our relationships with stakeholders in our ecosystem, including property owners, residents and third-party service providers. All of these endeavors involve risks and will require substantial management efforts and skills and significant additional expenditures. Our further expansion may divert our management, operational, technological and financial resources from our existing business operations, or we may fail to implement our growth strategies, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We have incurred net loss and negative cash flow from operating activities in the past, and we may continue to experience losses and negative cash flow from operating activities in the future.

We incurred net losses of RMB271.5 million, RMB1,369.7 million (US$191.6 million) and RMB2,516.2 million (US$352.0 million) in 2017, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. We had negative cash flow from operating activities of RMB114.6 million, RMB1,164.2 million (US$162.9 million) and RMB1,629.3 million (US$227.9 million) in the same periods respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profits or positive cash flow from operating activities in the future. Our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and generate positive cash flow from operating activities will depend in large part on our ability to, among other things, expand our apartment network, increase the number of our residents, maintain healthy occupancy rate and optimize our cost structure. We may not be able to achieve any of the above. We intend to continue to invest heavily for the foreseeable future in expanding our apartment network, improving the quality of our apartments, expanding our service offerings and developing our technology system to support our growth. These expenditures might make it difficult for us to achieve profitability or generate positive cash flow from operating activities, and we cannot predict whether we will be able to do so in the near term or at all. We also expect to incur additional sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses as we grow. Our operating expenses and other expenses may be greater than we anticipate, and our investments to make our business and our operations more efficient may not be successful. We may be unable to achieve profitability and may face challenges in managing our cash flows.

Our business requires significant capital to expand our apartment network and renovate and furnish our apartments. Inability to obtain capital through financing or other sources on favorable terms in a timely manner or at all would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

We need significant capital to make continued investments in various aspects of our business operations in order to remain competitive. We generally incur substantial upfront capital outlay before we start to generate revenues on the relevant apartments. This includes capital outlay for sourcing and leasing apartments from property owners and renovation and furnishing of the apartments as necessary to make them suitable for lease-out to residents. We also incur ongoing expenditures in repair, maintenance, cleaning and other services, including but not limited to repair or replacement of

furniture, fixtures and appliances and making other leasehold improvements. If we are unable to obtain capital through financing or other sources on favorable terms and in a timely manner, we may be unable to expand as planned or maintain consistent quality of our apartments. As a result, we may lose market share to our competitors and our occupancy rates may decline, which would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

Currently, significant sources of our capital include upfront payment from financial institutions in connection with rent financing and advance from our residents. As of December 31, 2017, 2018 and September 30, 2019, we had upfront payment from financial institutions of RMB937.6 million, RMB2,127.0 million (US$297.6 million) and RMB3,105.7 million (US$434.5 million), respectively, and advance from our residents of RMB105.7 million, RMB279.5 million (US$39.1 million) and RMB794.3 million (US$111.1 million), respectively. We will need to return the upfront payment for the remaining lease terms to the financial institutions or relevant residents, as applicable, in the event of early termination of the leases or defaults by the residents on loan repayment. In 2017, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the total amount of upfront payment that we returned to financial institutions in the event of early termination of the leases or defaults by the residents on loan repayment was RMB436.6 million, RMB1,757.1 million (US$245.8 million) and RMB1,759.4 million (US$246.1 million), respectively. We were able to re-rent the relevant apartment units and generate working capital in a relatively short time frame, thus minimizing adverse impact on our liquidity. However, if we are required to return a significant portion of the upfront payment within a short time period, there will be constraints on our working capital and we may need to seek alternative sources of capital, which may not be available.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain capital through financing or other sources on favorable terms in a timely manner, or at all. We may be unable to obtain debt financing if we cannot reach agreement on financing terms with banks or due to reasons beyond our control, such as economic recession or tightening of credit market. If debt financing is not available, we may need to raise additional funds through issuance of equity securities, in which case the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted, and the newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders.

The lease term with property owners is longer than the lease term with residents and corporate clients, which subjects us to risk of fluctuations in market rent and vacancy risk, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The long-term nature of our leases with our property owners and the relatively shorter terms of our leases with our residents or corporate clients, may subject us to certain risks. For Danke Apartment, we generally enter into four- to six-year leases with property owners and one-year leases with residents. For Dream Apartment, we typically sign leases on a ten-year term with property owners and leases on one- or two-year term with corporate clients. Due to the mismatch between the lease terms with property owners, on the one hand, and residents or corporate clients, on the other hand, our revenues may be materially and adversely affected if a decline in market rental rates renders us unable to rent out our apartments to our residents or corporate clients at rental rates higher than what we pay to the property owners. Additionally, since the lease terms of our residents and corporate clients are shorter than those of the property owners, we may be subject to vacancy risk if our residents or corporate clients do not renew their leases or if we fail to find new residents or corporate clients to cover the remainder of the lease terms of our leases with the property owners. We may also need to incur sales and marketing expenses to acquire succeeding residents or corporate clients.

Some of our apartments employ the N+1 model, which may be viewed as not in compliant with existing regulations and may violate new laws, regulations or policies.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Leasing of Commodity Housing, or the Administrative Measures, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, or MOHURD, a residential rental unit for lease shall not be smaller than an individual room under the original design. In the event of non-compliance, competent government authorities may force the relevant person to restore the property to its original condition and may impose a fine ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000 for any such violation. In addition, according to the Real Estate Brokerage Management Methods, real estate brokerage entities and brokers are prohibited from modifying the structure of residential rental properties for leasing purpose. Competent government authorities may impose a fine of RMB30,000 on the real estate brokerage entities and RMB10,000 on the real estate brokers for any such violation and may force the relevant entity or broker to restore the property to its original condition.

We convert some of the apartment units we operate from living rooms, which is known as the "N+1 model." Although we take measures to make sure that such apartment units comply with the requirements for the minimum per capita floor area imposed by the relevant local governments, it is uncertain whether the Administrative Measures or the Real Estate Brokerage Management Methods can be interpreted as prohibiting the N+1 model. In 2017, the Ministry of Commerce proposed the Administrative Regulations on House Leasing and Sale (Consultation Draft), or the Consultation Draft, which provides that living rooms can be partitioned for leasing purposes as long as certain requirements are met. However, such Consultation Draft has not been adopted yet. Due to the ambiguity of the relevant provisions under the Administrative Measures and the Real Estate Brokerage Management Methods and lack of clear guidance from MOHURD, local governments may have different interpretations of these provisions. We cannot assure you that any such local government will not interpret these provisions in a manner that renders our N+1 model non-compliant. For instance, we were fined for operating some apartment units under the N+1 model and requested to restore such apartment units to original conditions by the local government authorities in Beijing. In addition, local governments in the cities where we operate or may operate in the future may issue new rules that prohibit or restrict our N+1 model. If we were deemed to have violated laws, regulations and policies prohibiting the N+1 model, we might be subject to penalties and might be required to restore the non-compliant apartment units to original conditions and relocate the residents staying in such apartment units. We might even need to adjust our business model, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

The residential rental market is highly competitive, and we face competition in several major aspects of our business. If we fail to compete successfully against our current or future competitors, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We face strong competition in our business. Our competitors include, among others, (i) other co-living platforms, (ii) traditional real estate agents, (iii) real estate developers that rent out their own properties and (iv) hotel and serviced apartment operators. With the influx of new entrants and the expansion of current participants, we expect competition in our industry to continue and intensify, which could harm our ability to increase revenues and attain or sustain profitability. The aspects of our business where we face competition include competition in acquiring and retaining property owners and residents, provision of attractive apartments and services, and advertising and marketing activities. Some of our competitors have more resources and longer operating history or are better capitalized than us. Our competitors may successfully attract residents with cheaper apartments in more convenient locations, better incentives, amenities and value-added services, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain quality residents and rent out our apartment units on terms that are favorable to us. In

addition, our competitors may have better access to property owner and resident information, which helps them identify and acquire quality apartment and residents more quickly.

Competition may result in fewer apartments available to us, higher rental rates to be paid by us to property owners, and difficulties in acquiring and retaining residents. We may be required to spend additional resources to further enhance our brand recognition and promote our services, and such additional spending could adversely affect our profitability. Furthermore, if we are involved in disputes with any of our competitors that result in negative publicity to us, such disputes, regardless of their veracity or outcome, may harm our reputation or brand image.

We are highly dependent on our technology system. Our technology system may contain undetected errors or ineffective algorithm, or may experience unexpected system failure, interruption, inadequacy, security breaches or cyber-attacks. Our reputation, business and results of operations may be materially harmed by service disruptions or by our failure to timely and effectively upgrade and our existing technology and infrastructure.

Our business relies heavily on our technology system, including our proprietary artificial intelligence decision engine—Danke Brain, our big data platform and IT infrastructure, which work seamlessly together as the backbone of our business. We are highly dependent on the ability of such technology system to process and manage immense amounts of data and make decisions to guide each step of our operational process. Our technology system may contain undetected error or bugs or ineffective algorithm, which may result in inaccurate estimate or decisions and thus materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, we rely on Danke Brain to estimate rental price for our residents, renovation cost and the deal terms we offer to property owners. If Danke Brain makes any mistake in making such estimate and calculations, we may offer pricing terms that are less favorable to us or incur unnecessary cost, which would have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we derive valuable insights from Danke Brain in planning our city-level and neighborhood-level expansion. Any inaccurate analytics by Danke Brain could result in failures of our expansion strategies.

We have benefited from the fact that the type of proprietary technology system equivalent to which we employ has not been widely available to our competitors. If our technology becomes widely available to our current or future competitors for any reason, our operating results may be adversely affected. Also, any adoption or development of similar or more advanced technologies by our competitors may require that we devote substantial resources to the development of more advanced technology to remain competitive. Additionally, to keep pace with changing technologies and residents demands, we should correctly interpret and address market trends and enhance the features and functionality of our technology system in response to these trends, which may lead to significant research and development costs. We may be unable to accurately determine the needs of our residents or the trends in the residential rental market or to design and implement the appropriate features and functionality of our technology in a timely and cost-effective manner, which could result in decreased demand for our products and services and a corresponding decrease in our revenues. We may not be able to keep up with rapid changes of technology, develop new technology, realize a return on amounts invested in developing new technologies or remain competitive in the future.

Our technology infrastructure may encounter disruptions or other outages caused by problems or defects in our technology system, such as malfunctions in software or network overload. Our technology infrastructure may be vulnerable to damage or interruption caused by telecommunication failures, power loss, human error or other accidents. Despite of any precautionary measures we may take, the occurrence of unanticipated problems that affect our technology infrastructure could result in interruptions in the availability of our services. It may be difficult for us to respond to such interruptions in a timely manner, or at all. Such interruptions would damage our reputation, reduce our future revenues, harm our future profits, subject us to regulatory scrutiny and cause our customers to seek alternative solutions. Furthermore, our physical infrastructure is also vulnerable to damages from

fires, floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters, power loss and telecommunication failures. Any network interruption or inadequacy that causes interruptions to our operations, or failure to maintain the network and server or solve such problems in a timely manner, could reduce our customer satisfaction, which in turn could adversely affect our reputation, business and financial condition.

Our failure to maintain the quality and safety of our apartments could damage our brand image and negatively affect our results of operations.

Under the relevant PRC laws, regulations and technical standards, we are required to ensure that our apartments meet certain environmental standards, including the air quality and environmental protection standards for preventing the indoor environmental hazards generated by construction materials and decorative building materials. We may also be required to comply with various fire, health, life-safety and similar laws and regulations. We may be subject to civil liabilities or administrative penalties for our failure to comply with environmental, construction, fire or other laws or regulations. In addition, under the PRC laws, if the leased residential property imposes a threat to the safety or health of the resident, the resident is entitled to terminate the lease at any time. Although we have taken measures to avoid environmental and fire hazards, including testing air quality after renovation and taking fire precaution measures, we cannot assure you that our residents will not raise any health or safety claims. In addition, we cannot assure you that future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose more stringent environmental or fire safety requirement or that the current environmental condition of our apartments will not be affected by the activities of residents, existing conditions of the land, operations in the vicinity of the apartments or the activities of unrelated third parties.

Moreover, although we have taken measures to protect the safety of our residents, including installing each apartment unit with digital door lock and conducting background check of our residents before signing leases with them, there could still be safety incidents, particularly in apartments in which the private rooms are rented to different residents. Personal injuries or property losses suffered by our residents or other disputes between our residents or between our residents and other third-parties could expose us to legal liability, harm our reputation, result in resident attrition and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on the strengths of our brand and reputation. If we fail to maintain or enhance our brand and reputation as a result of our actions or the actions of third parties, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business and financial performance depends on the strength and the market acceptance of our brand. We have established a strong brand name and reputation in China. Any loss of trust in our products and services could harm the value of our brand, which could materially reduce our revenues and profitability. From time to time, we organize marketing campaigns and work with media partners to promote our brand and our products and service offerings, which may cause us to substantially increase our marketing expenditures. We cannot assure you, however, that these activities will be successful or that we will be able to achieve the promotional effect we expect.

Our brand and reputation are vulnerable to many threats that can be difficult or impossible to control, and costly or impossible to remediate. Regulatory inquiries or investigations, lawsuits and other claims in the ordinary course of our business, perceptions of conflicts of interest, complaints made by our residents and market rumors, among other things, could substantially damage our reputation, even if they are baseless or fully addressed. For instance, to protect the safety of our residents, we conduct background check of potential residents who seek to rent our apartment units and may refuse to rent our apartment units to certain potential residents, which may lead to potential disputes or complaints, and may in turn harm our brand and reputation. Our brand and reputation could also be harmed by

the unauthorized, illegal or immoral conduct of our employees, dispatched workers or third-party service providers we collaborate with.

In addition, any negative media publicity about our platform or our industry in general may also negatively impact our brand and reputation. If we are unable to maintain our reputation, enhance our brand recognition or promote our product and service offerings, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Early termination or breach of the leases by a significant number of property owners may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Property owners may terminate the lease agreements with us before the end of their terms for various reasons. If the lease with a property owner is terminated before expiration or if a property owner breaches the lease, making the apartment no longer available, we would have to terminate our lease with the relevant resident or corporate client. For Danke Apartment, we will need to return the balance of the upfront payment to such resident or to the financial institution that provide rent financing to such resident, as the case may be, which would negatively affect our cash flow. Alternatively, we would facilitate the resident to relocate to our other apartment unit. In either way, we may incur additional costs and expenses and may cause resident dissatisfaction. In addition, although our leases generally provide that property owners shall pay a penalty to both us and our residents or corporate clients for early termination and also compensate us for pro rata renovation cost, the penalty and compensation may not be sufficient to cover our loss or may be lowered if the court deems the penalty prescribed under our lease agreements to be unfair. There can be no assurance that we are able to receive fair compensation for our losses, and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected if a significant number of our property owners seek early terminations.

If our residents or corporate clients seek early termination of their leases or fail to meet their obligations under their leases, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Our residents or corporate clients may seek early termination of their leases or fail to meet their obligations in connection with the leases. For example, residents or corporate clients may default on rental payments or residents may default on repayment of rental installment loans. If a resident defaults on his/her payment obligations and fails to cure the default within the applicable grace period, we may terminate the lease and repossess the apartment pursuant to the lease and relevant PRC laws. We also need to return prepaid rents to the relevant resident or financial institution, as applicable, which might have negative impact on our cash flow. Similarly, if a corporate client defaults on its rental payment and fails to cure the default within the applicable grace period, we have the right to terminate the lease and repossess the apartment. In the event of lease breach or early termination, we may not be able to find a new resident or corporate client to fill the vacancy in a timely manner, under the same terms or at all, and the security deposit or penalty of the defaulting resident or corporate client may not be sufficient to cover our losses for the period in between the leases. Our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected if a significant number of our residents or corporate clients seek early termination nor fail to meet their obligations in connection with the lease.

In addition, residents may use our apartments for illegal purposes or engage in illegal activities in our apartments, damage or make unauthorized structural changes to our apartments, refuse to leave the apartments upon default or termination of the lease, disturb nearby residents with noise, trash, odors or eyesores, sublet our apartments in violation of our lease or permit unauthorized persons to live in our apartments. Although we have the right to terminate the leases under such circumstances and the residents are responsible for damages caused by their wrongful conduct, we may still suffer

from negative impact on our business and reputation. Damage to our apartments may delay re-leasing, necessitate expensive repairs or impair the rental income of the apartments resulting in a lower than expected rate of return.

We may face challenges regarding our cooperation with financial institutions in offering rent financing.

We cooperate with licensed financial institutions which offer rent financing to certain of our residents. Under such arrangement, the financial institutions perform credit assessment on the residents who opt for rent financing, and if approved, will enter into financing agreements with these residents. To ensure proper use of the funds, the financial institutions will make upfront payment to us and the residents should repay the loan to the financial institutions in monthly installments pursuant to the financing agreements. Under our arrangements with certain financial institutions, we are obligated to transfer part of the funds to a separate escrow account at such financial institutions. In the event of an early termination of a resident's lease or a resident's default on repayment of monthly installments, we would be required to return the upfront payment for the remaining lease term to the relevant financial institution, which would cause a cash outflow and a reduction in our working capital. We cannot fully predict when and how many of our residents will early terminate their leases or default on the loan repayment, which makes our cash outflow unpredictable. In the event of a substantial number of early terminations or defaults, we may face cash flow shortage and our business operations and financial condition would be negatively affected.

We utilize the upfront payment from the financial institutions to support our expansion. We cannot assure you that the rent financing arrangement will not be challenged by the competent governmental authorities. We currently work with a limited number of financial institutions and we cannot assure you that such financial institutions will continue to cooperate with us on commercially favorable terms, or at all, or that existing or potential financial institutions will be able to sufficiently meet the rent financing needs of our residents. If new laws, regulations or rules are enacted to restrict or prohibit such arrangement, or if any financial institution discontinues the cooperation with us, for example, as a result of its disqualification from engaging in financing business or default by a large number of residents, we may need to find alternative sources of capital or seek alternative business arrangement. Failure to do so could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and growth prospects.

We pay interest on rent financing to the relevant financial institutions. Such arrangement may place a heavy strain on our financial resources and subject us to risks associated with an increase in interest rate if the number of residents who opt for rent financing increase significantly as we expand our resident base. If we cease such arrangement due to a significant increase in interest rate or for other reasons, potential residents may be unwilling to bear the interest expenses and may be less willing to rent our apartment units, which could in turn negatively impact our business and results of operations.

We plan to enter new cities which we believe have strong growth potential, such as cities with vibrant economic growth, net inflow of migrants and favorable local polices on residential rental market. However, entering new markets may expose us to a variety of risks, and we may not be able to operate successfully in new markets. These risks include, among others:

Failure to succeed in new market may hamper our growth. Also, since expansion into new market requires significant initial capital outlay, failure to achieve targeted return in the new market could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may engage in business practices that violate PRC laws and regulations and we may fail to obtain or maintain licenses and permits necessary to conduct our operations. If we are deemed to have violated any PRC laws and regulations or if we fail to obtain or maintain the necessary licenses and permits, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Our business is subject to various compliance and operational requirements under the PRC laws and regulations, some of which are ambiguous and constantly changing. We may not be in full compliance with all of the applicable laws, regulations and other requirements. If we are deemed to have violated any PRC laws and regulations, we may be required to modify or even cease the non-compliant practice. We may also be subject to administrative penalties, including the confiscation of illegal revenue, fines and suspension of business operations, which may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our reputation.

For example, we have not withheld income taxes on behalf of the property owners for the rents we paid to them, which may be deemed as in violation of Individual Income Tax Law and Law on the Administration of Tax Collection. We may be subject to fines for such violation and may be required to take corrective measures.

Moreover, two of our entities, one that engages in construction design and the other that engages in subcontracting business, have not obtained design permit, construction enterprise qualification or safety production permit, as required by the relevant PRC laws and regulations. We are in the process of applying for such permits and qualifications. Failure to do so in a timely manner may subject us to fines or we may be required by the relevant authority to take remedial action within a specified period of time or cease our construction projects, which could cause a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to maintain the quality of the services that we provide to our residents could harm our brand and reputation, reduce resident satisfaction and cause resident attrition.

We provide one-stop services to our residents, including cleaning, repair and maintenance, WiFi and 24/7 resident hotline. We also plan to expand our service offerings to include additional value-added services, such as IoT smart home, moving services, financial and insurance services, new retail and other local services. The quality of our services is one important factor that attracts our residents. If we or our third-party service providers fail to maintain the quality of the services we provide or fail to timely respond to residents' request and offer fast and effective solutions, our residents may become dissatisfied with us, which in turn may result in resident attrition.

We may be subject to significant costs and reputational harm if our employees, dispatched workers or third-party service providers commit any misconduct or violate any laws or regulations during the course of our operations.

We have a large number of employees, dispatched workers or third-party service providers that are involved in our daily operations and serve our residents. Although we have implemented policies and

procedures to govern their conducts, there can be no assurance that they will not commit any misconduct or violate any laws or regulations during the course of our operations. For instance, they may make misrepresentations to our residents when renting out our apartment units, cause personal injuries or property losses to our residents when performing cleaning or maintenance services inside their apartment units, or breach our data policy. Any such incident may subject us to disputes or legal proceedings, result in negative publicity and cause reputational harm to us.

Any negative publicity, including false rumors, about us, our business, our operations, our management, our business partners or the residential rental market in general, may materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and growth prospects.

We have from time to time received negative publicity, including negative internet and blog postings and news reportings on traditional media about our company, our business, our management or our services. Certain of such negative publicity may be the result of malicious harassment or unfair competition acts by third parties. We may even be subject to government or regulatory investigation as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to spend significant time and incur substantial costs to defend ourselves against such third-party conduct, and we may not be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Our brand and reputation may be materially and adversely affected as a result of any negative publicity, which in turn may cause us to lose market share, property owners, residents, corporate clients and third-party business partners. In addition, negative publicity about residential rental market or co-living platforms in general may also materially and adversely harm customer confidence in us.

We depend on third parties for different aspects of our business and the services that we offer, including but not limited to strategic partners, financial institutions, third-party service providers and third-party payment companies. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation may be materially and adversely affected if the third parties do not continue to maintain their relationship with us, or fail to provide services or products according to the terms of our contracts or otherwise below standard.

We currently cooperate and rely on a number of business partners in our daily operations. For instance, we cooperate with third-party service providers which provide cleaning and maintenance services, renovation partners which renovate our apartments, licensed financial institutions which provide rent financing to our residents, and commercial banks and third-party payment companies which process rental payments for us. Pursuing, establishing and maintaining relationships with our business partners requires significant time and resources. If we cannot successfully pursue, establish or maintain relationships with our business partners, our business operations may be adversely affected. In addition, our agreements with our business partners generally do not prohibit them from working with our competitors or offering competing services. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to our business partners, which may cause our business partners to favor business relationship with them over their relationship with us and devote more resources toward our competitors. Moreover, our business partners may devote more resources to support their own competing businesses, which may compete with our business and adversely affect our business relationship with these business partners. Furthermore, if our business partners fail to perform their obligations under our agreements with them, we may have disagreements or disputes with them or suspend or terminate our business relationship, which could adversely affect our business operations and brand image. If our relationship with any of our existing business partners is suspended or terminated, we may not be able to find replacement business partners in a timely and cost-effective manner or at all, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business partners may be subject to regulatory penalties or punishments because of their regulatory compliance failures or may be infringing upon other parties' legal rights, which may, directly

or indirectly, disrupt our business. Although we conduct review of legal formalities and certifications before entering into contractual relationships with third parties, and take measures to reduce the risks that we may be exposed to in case of any non-compliance by third parties, we cannot be certain whether such third party has violated any regulatory requirements or infringed or will infringe any other parties' legal rights. We cannot rule out the possibility of incurring liabilities or suffering losses due to any non-compliance by third parties. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify irregularities or non-compliance in the business practices of third parties we conduct business with, or that such irregularities or non-compliance will be corrected in a prompt and proper manner. Any legal liabilities and regulatory actions affecting third parties involved in our business may affect our business activities and reputation, and may in turn affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, we cannot guarantee that all the service providers will always adhere to our standards for quality of services, or that our residents' experience with such third-party service providers will always be positive. Any poor performance of third parties involved in our business could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to retain and acquire residents.

We may not be able to effectively control the timing, quality and costs relating to the renovation and furnishing of our apartments, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our success depends on our ability to quickly renovate, furnish and rent out apartments with high quality and in a cost-effective and efficient manner. Nearly all of our apartments require some level of renovation when we lease them from property owners. We are exposed to risks inherent in apartment renovation and furnishing, including but not limited to, potential cost overruns, increases in labor and materials costs, delays in renovation work, and poor workmanship. Potential supply chain interruptions, such as failure of our OEMs to timely manufacture our self-designed furniture or failure of our suppliers to deliver raw materials, furniture or appliances on time, may also delay our progress and increase our costs. If we fail to complete renovation and furnishing within our schedule or if our timing and cost estimation for renovation and furnishing prove to be materially inaccurate, our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects would be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we fail to control the quality of renovation and lead to any potential complaints from, or damages to, our residents, we could be exposed to material liability and be held responsible for damages, fines or penalties, and our reputation may suffer.

Any accidents, injuries, diseases or death in our rental apartments may adversely affect our reputation and subject us to liabilities.

While we endeavor to provide our residents with high quality and safe living conditions, there are inherent risks of accidents or injuries in our apartments. One or more accidents or injuries such as fire accident, injury or death due to any criminal behavior, slip and fall, or suicide in any of our apartments could subject us to disputes or legal proceedings, adversely affect our reputation, decrease our overall occupancy rate and increase our costs for taking additional measures to further improve the effectiveness of our safety precautions.

In addition, if any fire accident occurs in any of our apartments that do not possess fire safety inspection certificate or if any incident occurs in apartments where the actual use and the designated land use are inconsistent, there could be substantial negative publicity, and may even trigger large-scale government actions that impact all of our apartments, which in turn will have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Moreover, a substantial majority of the furniture in our apartments are designed by us and manufactured by OEMs that we cooperate with. Any personal injuries or other accidents caused by quality issues of our furniture may subject us to potential lawsuits and liabilities.

Our business is susceptible to changes in China's national and regional economic conditions and real estate market, particularly residential rental market.

Our business depends substantially on conditions of China's real estate market, particularly the residential rental market. Demand for residential rental properties in China has grown steadily in recent years, primarily driven by favorable trends in residential rental market, including increase in rural-to-urban migration resulting from continued urbanization, high residential property prices in tier 1 and tier 2 cities, changes in the consumption habits of young people who tend to prefer renting over purchasing properties, consumption upgrade leading to demand for better living experience and services, and favorable government policies supporting the growth of residential rental market. However, there is no assurance that such favorable trend could sustain. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in China's economy, any slowdown or discontinuation of urbanization in our target markets, or any changes in government policies that restrain the development of residential rental market may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Economic downturn in China at large or in the cities we operate in could also result in a reduction of available apartments we could source from as fewer people may purchase properties for investment purpose or some property owners may have to sell their properties for liquidity. In addition, in the event of recession, our potential residents or existing residents may choose cheaper rental options due to budget constraint, or we may have to reduce our rent to prevent resident attrition, which may result in our rent expense exceeding our revenues and would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, the geographic concentration of our business operation may subject us to heightened risks in the event of adverse changes in regional economic condition or real estate market. For instance, the apartment units we operated in our top 3 cities, Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou, accounted for approximately 56.4% of the total number of apartment units we operated as of September 30, 2019. If any of these cities undergoes recession in general economic condition or real estate market, we may be unable to maintain our current operations in such cities, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

New laws, regulations and policies may be promulgated to strengthen the regulation on residential rental market, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospect.

PRC laws, regulations and policies concerning residential rental market are developing and evolving. Although we have been taking measures to comply with the laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to our business operations, PRC legislature or government authorities may promulgate new laws and regulations in the future that may impose more stringent requirements on us. We cannot assure you that our practice would not be deemed to violate any new PRC laws, regulations or policies, or that we are able to comply with any new PRC laws, regulations or policies without unreasonable efforts or expenses, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

For instance, if PRC legislature or regulators promulgate or adopt new laws, regulations and policies imposing requirements on the minimum number of days between completion of renovation and renting out our apartments, we might be forced to keep our apartments vacant for a longer period of time, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, government agencies may adopt policies intending to control rent levels, which may adversely affect our revenues and profitability. Moreover, we impose an automatic lock-out of our residents through digital door locks in the event of rent delinquency for seven days or more. Although we believe that such policy does not violate any PRC laws or regulations, new laws or regulations may be enacted that impose restrictions on tenant eviction, which may adversely affect our business.

Our leasehold interest may be defective and our legal right to lease certain properties may be challenged, which could cause significant disruption to our business.

Under the PRC laws and regulations, all leases are required to be registered with the local authorities. Although failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, lessees may not be able to defend these leases against bona fide third parties and may also be exposed to potential fines if they fail to rectify such non-compliance within the prescribed time frame after receiving notice from the relevant PRC government authorities. Most of our leases, including leases with property owners, residents and corporate clients as well as leases for our offices and warehouses, have not been registered as required, which may expose us to potential fines ranging from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each unregistered lease, at the discretion of the relevant authority. In the event that any fine is imposed on us for our failure to register our leases, we may not be able to recover such losses from the contract counterparties. Some of our rights under the unregistered leases may also be subordinated to the rights of other interested third parties.

Moreover, certain of our apartments have defects on the land use rights. Under the PRC laws, land shall be used strictly in line with the approved usage of the land unless the land alteration registration procedures are completed. If any land is illegally used beyond the approved usage, the land administrative departments of the PRC government at and above the county level may force the property owner to complete the land alteration registration procedures within a time limit. Certain of our apartments are currently premised on the rural collectively-owned land, not on the land with a construction usage for dwelling house, which is in contravention of the aforesaid legal requirements. As a result, the property owners of such apartments may be forced to go through the required procedures, which may cause interruptions to our business operations and negatively affect our results of operations. In addition, some property owners of these apartments have not obtained ownership certificates and therefore our legal right to rent out such apartments may be challenged.

Any challenge to our legal rights to rent out the apartment units we operate, if successful, could impair the operations of such apartments. We are also subject to the risk of potential disputes with property owners or third parties who claim their rights to or interests in the apartment we operate. Such disputes, whether resolved in our favor or not, may divert management's attention, harm our reputation or otherwise disrupt our business.

Our business generates, obtains and processes a large amount of data, which subjects us to governmental regulations and other legal obligations and risks related to privacy, information security, use of data and data protection. Any improper use or disclosure of such data by us, our employees or our business partners, or theft by third-parties, could subject us to significant reputational, financial, legal and operational consequences.

Information security risks have generally increased in recent years due to the rise in new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of perpetrators of cyberattacks. In the ordinary course of our business we acquire and store sensitive data, including our intellectual properties, our proprietary business information and personally identifiable information, such as names, identification card numbers, contacts and electronic signatures, of property owners, residents, employees and third-party service providers. The secure processing and maintenance of such information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Our property owners, residents,

employees and third-party service providers expect that we will adequately protect their personal information.

We are also required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect and to take adequate security measures to safeguard the information we collect. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by computer hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other unauthorized access or disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored therein could be accessed, publicly disclosed, misused, lost or stolen. Because the techniques used by computer programmers who may attempt to penetrate and sabotage our proprietary internal and third-party data change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques. Security and privacy concerns have become an important legislative and rule making focus in China. Any unauthorized access, disclosure, misuse or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, regulatory penalties, disruption to our operations and the services we provide to customers or damage our reputation, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, reputation and competitive position.

Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our key management and experienced and capable personnel as well as our ability to recruit new talents. If we fail to hire, train, retain or motivate our staff, our business may suffer.

Our future success is significantly dependent upon the continued service of our key management as well as experienced and capable personnel generally. Our key management have been crucial to the development of our culture and strategic direction. If we lose the services of any member of key management, we may not be able to locate suitable or qualified replacements, and may incur additional expenses to recruit and train new staff, which could severely disrupt our business and growth. If any of our key management joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose customers, know-how and key professionals and staff members. Our management has entered into employment agreements and confidentiality and non-competition agreements with us. However, if any dispute arises between any of our management member and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

Our rapid growth also requires us to hire and retain a wide range of talents who can adapt to a dynamic, competitive and challenging business environment and are capable of helping us develop online and offline capabilities. We will need to continue to attract and retain experienced and capable personnel at all levels as we expand our business and operations. Competition for talent in the industries in which we operate is intense, and we may need to offer a more attractive compensation and other benefits package, including share-based compensation, to attract and retain them. Even if we were to offer higher compensation and other benefits, there is no assurance that these individuals will choose to join or continue to work for us. Any failure to attract, retain or motivate key management and experienced and capable personnel could severely disrupt our business and growth.

Our financial condition and results of operations may fluctuate significantly due to seasonality, and our quarterly financial results may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and will fluctuate in the future due to seasonality. We generally rent out a higher number of apartment units during the graduation season when college students start to look for off-campus rental apartments. We typically experience a lower level of rental around lunar year-end when a large number of migrants return to their hometowns to celebrate the Chinese New Year. It generally picks up after the Chinese New Year when these migrants return to work. As a result of these factors, our revenues may vary from quarter to quarter and our quarterly results may not be comparable to the corresponding periods of prior years, and you may not

be able to predict our annual results of operations based on a quarter-to-quarter comparison of our results of operations. The quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and results of operations could result in volatility and cause the price of our ADSs to fall. As our revenues grow, these seasonal fluctuations may become more pronounced. Given our limited operating history and the rapidly evolving markets in which we compete, our historical operating results may not be useful to you in predicting our future operating results.

We may be unable to conduct our sales and marketing activities cost-effectively.

We have incurred significant expenses on a variety of sales and marketing efforts designed to expand our resident base and enhance our brand recognition, including payroll expenses to our sales team, advertising expenses and expenses for organizing marketing campaigns. We incurred RMB81.0 million, RMB471.0 million (US$65.9 million) and RMB793.7 million (US$111.0 million) in sales and marketing expenses in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 and in the nine months ended September 30, 2019, representing 12.3%, 17.6% and 15.9%, respectively, of our revenues in the corresponding periods. We may not be able to conduct our sales and marketing activities cost-effectively, and our sales and marketing activities may not be well received and may not result in the levels of brand recognition and resident increases that we anticipate. We may also need to explore new sales and marketing methods, which may lead to significantly higher sales and marketing expenses and may not yield satisfactory results. Failure to refine our existing sales and marketing approaches or to introduce new sales and marketing approaches in a cost-effective manner could negatively affect our revenues and profitability.

Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights or prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property could materially and adversely affect our revenues and harm our competitive position.

We rely primarily on a combination of copyright, trade secret, trademark and anti-unfair competition laws and contractual rights to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We cannot assure you that the steps we have taken or will take in the future to protect our intellectual property will prove to be sufficient. For example, although we require our employees to enter into confidentiality agreements in order to protect our proprietary information, these agreements might not effectively prevent disclosure of our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and might not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of such confidential information. In addition, others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, and in such cases we could not assert any trade secret rights against such parties. Implementation of intellectual property-related laws in China has historically been lacking, primarily due to ambiguity in the PRC laws and enforcement difficulties. Accordingly, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protection in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Current or potential competitors may use our intellectual property without our authorization in the development of products and services that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours, which could reduce demand for our solutions and services, adversely affect our revenues and harm our competitive position. Even if we were to discover evidence of infringement or misappropriation, our recourse against such competitors may be limited or could require us to pursue litigation, which could involve substantial costs and diversion of management's attention from the operation of our business.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims, which could be time-consuming and costly to defend and, if determined adversely against us, could materially impact our business.

We cannot be certain that our services, technology system, information provided on our online platform do not or will not infringe patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims alleging

infringement of patents, trademarks or copyrights, or misappropriation of creative ideas or formats, or other infringement of proprietary intellectual property rights. The validity, enforceability and scope of intellectual property rights protection in internet-related industries, particularly in China, are uncertain and still evolving. For example, as we face increasing competition and litigation is frequently used to resolve disputes in China, we face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims and legal proceedings. Any such proceeding could result in significant costs to us and divert our management's time and attention from the operation of our business, as well as potentially adversely impact our reputation, even if we are ultimately absolved of all liability.

Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

We believe we maintain insurance policies in line with industry standards. However, insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as are offered by insurance companies in more developed economies. As such, we may not be able insure certain risks related to our assets or business even if we desire to. Although we maintain property insurance covering apartment units we operate, we do not maintain property insurance covering our equipment and other property that are essential to our business operation, business interruption insurance, key-man life insurance or litigation insurance. In addition, although we maintain personal injury insurance that covers personal injuries of our renters caused by certain types of accidents in a majority of our apartments, such insurance may not be sufficient to cover all types of accidents that may occur or cover all possible losses. Any uninsured occurrence of business disruption, litigation, accidents or natural disaster, or significant damages to our uninsured equipment or facilities could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. Our current insurance coverage may not be sufficient to prevent us from any loss and there is no certainty that we will be able to successfully claim our losses under our current insurance policy on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur any loss that is not covered by our insurance policies, or the compensated amount is significantly less than our actual loss, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China.

Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Our IT infrastructure is currently deployed, and our data is currently maintained through a customized cloud computing system. Our servers are housed at third-party data centers. Such service provider may have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China's internet infrastructure or the fixed telecommunications networks provided by telecommunication service providers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing number and variety of transactions on our platform. There can be no assurance that our internet infrastructure and the fixed telecommunications networks in China will be able to support the demands associated with the continued growth in internet usage.

We, our directors and our management may be involved in legal or administrative proceedings or commercial disputes, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We, our directors and our management may be subject to claims and various legal and administrative proceedings, and hence penalties as well, that may arise in the ordinary course of business. In addition, agreements entered into by us sometimes include indemnification provisions which may subject us to costs and damages in the event of a claim against an indemnified third party. We may be subject to various intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims, see "—We may be subject to intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims, which could be time-consuming and costly to defend and, if determined adversely against us, could materially impact our business"

Regardless of the merit of particular claims, legal and administrative proceedings, litigations, injunctions and governmental investigations against us, our directors and management may be expensive, time-consuming or disruptive to our operations and distracting to management. In recognition of these considerations, we may enter into agreements or other arrangements to settle litigation and resolve such disputes. No assurance can be given that such agreements can be obtained on acceptable terms or that litigation will not occur. These agreements may also significantly increase our operating expenses.

In addition, new legal or administrative proceedings and claims may arise in the future and the current legal or administrative proceedings and claims we face are subject to inherent uncertainties. If one or more legal or administrative matters were resolved against us or an indemnified third party for amounts in excess of our management's expectations or certain injunctions are granted to prevent us from using certain technologies in our solutions, our business and financial conditions could be materially and adversely affected. Further, such an outcome could result in significant compensatory, punitive monetary damages, disgorgement of revenue or profits, remedial corporate measures, injunctive relief or specific performance against us that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

If we fail to remediate our material weakness and implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified one material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a "material weakness" is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness that has been identified relates to insufficient accounting personnel with appropriate U.S. GAAP knowledge for accounting of complex transactions, presentation and disclosure of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. The material weakness, if not remediated timely, may lead to material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements in the future. Neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control for purposes of identifying and reporting material weaknesses and other control deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. Had we performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional deficiencies may have been identified.

Following the identification of the material weakness and other significant control deficiencies, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remediate these deficiencies. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting." However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address these deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. Our failure to correct these deficiencies or our failure to discover and address any other deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. Commencing with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2020, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, once we cease to be an "emerging growth company" as the term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. This will require that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures, and we were never required to test our internal controls within a specified period, and, as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting.

In addition, our internal controls over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of the ADSs could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Our failure to fully comply with PRC labor-related laws may expose us to potential penalties.

Companies operating in China are required to participate in mandatory employee social security schemes that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing provident funds. Such schemes have not been implemented consistently by the local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations, but generally require us to make contributions to employee social security plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. In the past, we did not make full contributions to social insurance and housing provident funds for some of our employees. Our failure to make full contributions to social insurance and to comply with applicable PRC labor-related laws regarding housing funds may subject us to late payment penalties and other fines or labor disputes, and we could be required to make up the contributions for these plans, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

According to applicable PRC laws and regulations, employers must open social insurance registration accounts and housing provident fund accounts and pay social insurance and housing provident funds for employees. Some of our subsidiaries or consolidated affiliated entities have not opened social insurance registration accounts or housing provident fund accounts, and engage third-party human resources agencies to pay social insurance and housing provident funds for some of their employees. We may be subject to penalties imposed by the local social insurance authorities and the local housing provident fund management centers for failing to discharge our obligations in relation to payment of social insurance and housing provident funds as an employer.

In addition, the use of employees of third-party labor dispatch agencies, who are known in China as "dispatched workers," is mainly regulated by the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatching, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security in January 2014. It provides that an employer may use dispatched workers only for temporary, auxiliary or substitute positions, and shall strictly control the number of workers under labor dispatching arrangements. The number of dispatched workers used by an employer shall not exceed 10% of the total number of its employees. As of the date of this prospectus, the number of our dispatched workers as a percentage of our total number of employees exceeds such threshold. If the governmental authorities find us to be in violation of the relevant employment regulations, we may be subject to penalties and be required to reduce the number of dispatched workers. As a result, we may incur significant costs to find replacement for dispatched workers and experience disruptions in our operations. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that we will be able to find suitable employees to replace the dispatched workers. If we fail to comply within the time period specified by the labor authority, we may be subject to a penalty ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB10,000 per dispatched worker exceeding the 10% threshold.

We face risks related to catastrophic weather, natural disasters, potential climate change, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to catastrophic weather, natural disasters and other calamities. Some of our apartments are located in areas that may experience catastrophic weather and other natural events from time to time, including earthquakes mudslides, fires, typhoons, tornadoes, floods, snow, ice storms, or other severe inclement weather. We may also experience power loss or telecommunications failures. Such events may cause physical damage to our apartments, injure our residents and result in negative publicity about us, which may in turn cause a decrease in demand for our apartments in these areas. Additionally, the accidental death or injury of our residents due to fire, natural disasters or other hazards could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our insurance coverage may not cover all losses associated with such events, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, such events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide our services.

We may experience break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Actual or threatened such events and other acts of violence or war could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results. Attacks that directly impact one or more of the properties under our management could significantly affect our ability to operate those properties and thereby impair our ability to achieve our expected results. In addition, the adverse effects that such violent acts and threats of future attacks could have on the Chinese economy could similarly have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business could also be adversely affected by the effects of Ebola virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, or other epidemics. Our business operations could be disrupted if any of our employees is suspected of having Ebola virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, SARS or another contagious disease or condition, since it could require

our employees to be quarantined and/or our offices to be disinfected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any of these epidemics harms the Chinese economy in general.

Our use of certain leased properties for our warehouses and office could be challenged by third parties or governmental authorities, which may cause interruptions to our business operations.

Certain lessors of our leased warehouses and offices in China have not provided us with their property ownership certificates or any other documentation proving their right to lease those properties to us. If any of our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the relevant governmental authorities to lease such properties to us, our lease arrangements with such lessors could be invalid. If any of our leases are invalid, we may have to vacate the properties and seek alternative office and warehouse locations, or we may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or other parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us. This may cause interruptions to our business operations or financial losses. Although we may seek damages from such lessors, such damages may not fully cover the actual losses we suffer.

Our revenue backlog as of a given date represents total rents, service fees and utility charges to be recognized as our revenues under our leases with residents and corporate clients existing as of the date specified, assuming all of these leases will be performed to the end of their terms and not renewed. However, as we, our residents or corporate clients may terminate the lease by paying an early termination fee, we cannot assure you that all of our existing leases will be performed to the end of their terms. Any early termination or renegotiation of our existing leases or any default on our existing leases will affect expected revenues reflected in our revenue backlog. Our revenue backlog is not necessarily indicative of future earnings or revenues and we may not ultimately realize our revenue backlog.

We will recognize a substantial amount of share-based compensation expense upon the completion of this offering, which will have a significant impact on our results of operations.

Pursuant to our 2017 stock inventive plan, as amended and restated, we may grant options to purchase no more than 274,226,921 of our ordinary shares. As of the date of this prospectus, we have outstanding options with respect to 178,022,914 ordinary shares that have been granted to our employees and directors under the 2017 stock inventive plan. We are required to account for share options granted to our employees, directors and consultants in accordance with Codification of Accounting Standards, or ASC 718, "Compensation—Stock Compensation." We are required to classify share options granted to our employees, directors as equity awards and recognize share-based compensation expense based on the fair value of such share options, with the share-based compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. Because the exercisability of the share options granted by us is conditional upon completion of this offering, we have not recognized share-based compensation expense relating to these share options granted by us yet.

As a result, upon the completion of this offering, we expect to begin to recognize a substantial amount of share-based compensation expense, and we expect the recognition of such share-based compensation expenses to have a significant impact on our results of operations in the fiscal quarter in which this offering is completed. As of September 30, 2019, the total unrecognized compensation costs associated with share options granted to employees amounted to RMB1,276.5 million (US$178.6 million). Moreover, if additional share options or other equity incentives are granted to our employees, directors or consultants in the future, we will incur additional share-based compensation

expense and our results of operations will be further adversely affected. For further information on our equity incentive plans and information on our recognition of related expenses, please see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments and Estimates—Share-Based Compensation" and "Management—Equity Incentive Plans."

In addition, we granted in aggregate 281,290,000 restricted shares to the two entities controlled by our co-founders respectively pursuant to a restricted share agreement. We recognized share-based compensation expenses in relation to the restricted shares in an amount of RMB8.6 million, RMB5.8million (US$812.6 thousand) and RMB4.5 million (US$631.1 thousand) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their respective shareholders to operate our business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control and otherwise have a material adverse effect as to our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders to operate our business. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see "Our History and Corporate Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and Their Shareholders." These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our consolidated VIEs. If our consolidated VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under these contractual arrangements, we only have indirect recourse to the assets held by our consolidated VIEs and we may have to incur substantial costs and expend significant resources to enforce such arrangements in reliance on legal remedies under PRC law. These remedies may not always be effective, particularly in light of uncertainties in the PRC legal system. Furthermore, in connection with litigation, arbitration or other judicial or dispute resolution proceedings involving shareholders of our consolidated VIEs, assets under the name of such share holder, including the equity interest in our consolidated VIEs, may be put under court custody. As a consequence, we cannot be certain that the equity interest in our consolidated VIEs will be disposed pursuant to our contractual arrangement with their shareholders.

All of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In the event that we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant time delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, it would be very difficult to exert effective control over our consolidated VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business and our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. See "—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations."

Any failure by our consolidated VIEs or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We, through one of our subsidiaries and a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in the PRC, have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see "Our History and Corporate Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and Their Shareholders." If our consolidated VIEs

or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC laws, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective under PRC laws. For example, if the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in the consolidated VIEs to us or our designee when we exercise the call option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. See "—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations." Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final and parties cannot appeal arbitration results in court unless such rulings are revoked or determined unenforceable by a competent court. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event that we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our consolidated VIEs and relevant rights and licenses held by it which we require in order to operate our business, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

The shareholders of our consolidated VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The interests of the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs in their capacities as such shareholders may differ from the interests of our company as a whole, as what is in the best interests of our consolidated VIEs, including matters such as whether to distribute dividends or to make other distributions to fund our offshore requirement, may not be in the best interests of our company. There can be no assurance that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these individuals will act in the best interests of our company or those conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. In addition, these individuals may breach or cause our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractual arrangements with us.

Currently, we do not have arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs may encounter, on one hand, and as a beneficial owner of our company, on the other hand. We, however, could, at all times, exercise our call options under the exclusive call option agreements to cause them to transfer all of their equity interest in our consolidated VIEs to us or a person or persons designated by us as permitted by the then applicable PRC laws. In addition, if such conflicts of interest arise, we could also, in the capacity of attorney-in-fact of the then existing shareholders of our consolidated VIEs as provided under the power of attorney agreements, directly appoint new directors of our consolidated VIEs. We rely on the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs to comply with PRC laws and regulations, which protect contracts and provide that directors and executive officers owe a duty of loyalty to our company and require them to avoid conflicts of interest and not to take advantage of their positions for personal gains, and the laws of the Cayman Islands,

which provide that directors have a duty of care and a duty of loyalty to act honestly in good faith with a view to our best interests. However, the legal frameworks of the PRC and the Cayman Islands do not provide guidance on resolving conflicts in the event of a conflict with another corporate governance regime. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIEs do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

The PRC government regulates telecommunications-related businesses through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. These laws and regulations also include limitations on foreign ownership of PRC companies that engage in telecommunications-related businesses. Specifically, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than a 50% equity interest in any PRC company engaging in value-added telecommunications businesses. The primary foreign investor must also have experience and a good track record in providing value-added telecommunications services, or VATS, overseas.

Because we are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and our wholly foreign-owned enterprise in the PRC is a foreign-invested enterprise, or FIE. Accordingly, none of these subsidiaries are eligible to operate VATS business in China. We conduct our VATS business in the PRC through one of our consolidated VIEs. Xiaofangjian, one of our PRC subsidiaries has entered into a series of contractual arrangements with our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders, which enable us to (i) exercise effective control over the consolidated VIEs, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the consolidated VIEs and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interest in the consolidated VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have control over and are the primary beneficiary of the consolidated VIEs and hence consolidate their financial results as our consolidated VIEs under U.S. GAAP. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see "Our History and Corporate Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Consolidated VIEs and Their Shareholders."

If our corporate structure and contractual arrangements are deemed by the MIIT or the MOFCOM or other regulators having competent authority to be illegal, either in whole or in part, we may lose control of our consolidated VIEs and have to modify such structure to comply with regulatory requirements. However, there can be no assurance that we can achieve this without material disruption to our VATS business. Further, if our corporate structure and contractual arrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

Furthermore, if future PRC laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations.

Our corporate actions are significantly influenced by our co-founder, director and chief executive officer, Jing Gao, who has the ability to exert significant influence over important corporate matters that require approval of shareholders, which may deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your ADSs and materially reduce the value of your investment.

Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, our outstanding share capital will be re-designated into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote and each Class B ordinary share is entitled to twenty (20) votes at general meetings of our shareholders. Immediately after the completion of this offering, Jing Gao, our co-founder, director and chief executive officer, will beneficially own all of our Class B ordinary shares representing % of the voting power of our total issued and outstanding shares, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs. As a result of the concentration of ownership, Jing Gao will have considerable influence over corporate matters such as mergers, acquisitions, consolidations, the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, reorganization, restructuring, liquidation and other significant corporate actions. This concentration of ownership and the protective provisions in our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering, may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the dual effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and reducing the price of the ADSs. In addition, in the event that we issue additional Class B ordinary shares after completion of this offering, it will cause further dilution to the voting power of our Class A ordinary shareholders. As a result of the foregoing, the value of your investment could be materially reduced.

Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the newly enacted PRC Foreign Investment Law.

On March 15, 2019, the National People's Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which will take effect on January 1, 2020 and replace three existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprise Law of the PRC, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law of the PRC and the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law of the PRC, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. Since it is relatively new, uncertainties exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify whether variable interest entities that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign invested enterprises if they are ultimately "controlled" by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under definition of "foreign investment" that includes investments made by foreign investors in the PRC through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council. Therefore it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over our consolidated VIEs through contractual arrangements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future.

The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either "restricted" or "prohibited" from foreign investment in a "negative list" that is yet to be published. It is unclear whether the "negative list" to be published will differ from the current Special Administrative Measures for Market Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List). If our control over our consolidated VIEs through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of our consolidated VIEs is "restricted" or "prohibited" from foreign investment under the "negative list" effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over our consolidated VIEs may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operation.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations.

Contractual arrangements in relation to our consolidated VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that our consolidated VIEs owes additional taxes, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. The PRC enterprise income tax law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its related parties to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm's length principles. We may face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders were not entered into on an arm's length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules, and adjust their income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary or consolidated VIEs for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing their tax expenses. In addition, if our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary requests the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs to transfer their equity interests in our consolidated VIEs at nominal value pursuant to these contractual arrangements, such transfer could be viewed as a gift and subject the relevant subsidiary to PRC income tax. Furthermore, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our PRC subsidiary and consolidated VIEs for adjusted but unpaid taxes according to applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if the tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiary and consolidated VIEs increase, or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by our consolidated VIEs that are material to the operation of our business if the entity goes bankrupt or becomes subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

Our consolidated VIEs hold a substantial portion of our assets. Under the contractual arrangements, our consolidated VIEs may not and their shareholders may not cause it to, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of its assets or its legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. However, in the event that the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs breach these contractual arrangements and voluntarily liquidate our consolidated VIEs, or our

consolidated VIEs declares bankruptcy and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If our consolidated VIEs undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and may result in our inability to sustain our growth and expansion strategies.

All of our operations are conducted in the PRC and all of our revenues are sourced from the PRC. Accordingly, our business, results of operations and financial condition are affected to a significant extent by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC.

The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the extent of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China's economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material and adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, the PRC government has implemented in the past certain measures to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our services and consequently have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.

All of our operations are conducted in the PRC, and are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs are subject to laws, rules and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws, rules and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws, rules and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China or may be subject to significant degrees of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding nature of such decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation.

Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, may be required in connection with this offering under a PRC regulation. The regulation also establishes more complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by foreign investors that could make it more difficult for us to grow through acquisitions.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the MOFCOM, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, or the SASAC, the State Administration of Taxation, the SAIC, the CSRC, and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which came into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle that is controlled by PRC domestic companies or individuals and that has been formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies or assets to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle's securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

While the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, based on the advice of our PRC legal counsel, Haiwen & Partners, that the CSRC approval is not required in the context of this offering because (i) our wholly-owned PRC subsidiaries were incorporated as foreign-invested enterprises by means of foreign direct investments rather than by merger with or acquisition of any PRC domestic companies as defined under the M&A Rules and (ii) there is no statutory provision that clearly classifies the contractual arrangement among our Xiaofangjian (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Xiaofangjian and our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders as transactions regulated by the M&A Rules. There can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC legal counsel. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC's approval for this

offering or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules before our listing that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals for this offering, we may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition as well as our ability to complete this offering. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before settlement and delivery of the ADSs offered by this prospectus. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that such settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring us to obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain waivers of such approval requirements. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such approval requirements could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

These regulations also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. For example, the M&A rules require that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that have or may have impact on the national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. The approval from the MOFCOM shall be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. Mergers, acquisitions or contractual arrangements that allow one market player to take control of or to exert decisive impact on another market player must also be notified in advance to the MOFCOM when the threshold under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, or the Prior Notification Rules, issued by the State Council in August 2008 is triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise "national defense and security" concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise "national security" concerns are subject to strict review by the MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. We may grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Complying with the requirements of the new regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. See "Regulations—M&A Rules and Overseas Listings."

PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents' Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as "SAFE Circular 75" promulgated by the SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and

financing, with such PRC residents' legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a "special purpose vehicle." Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, "control" refers to the act through which a PRC resident obtains the right to carry out business operation of, to gain proceeds from or to make decisions on a special purpose vehicle by means of, among others, shareholding entrustment arrangement. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015.

If our shareholders who are PRC residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE, NDRC or MOC branches, our PRC subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries. In addition, our shareholders may be required to suspend or stop the investment and complete the registration within a specified time, and may be warned or prosecuted for criminal liability if a crime is constituted. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We have notified all PRC residents or entities who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents or entities to complete the foreign exchange registrations or outbound investment filings. Nevertheless, we may not be aware of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and there can be no assurance that all of our PRC-resident or PRC-entities beneficial owners will comply with SAFE registration or outbound investment filings requirements, and there is no assurance that the registration under SAFE, NDRC or MOC regulations will be completed in a timely manner, or will be completed at all. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities to register or amend their foreign exchange registrations or outbound investment filings in a timely manner, or the failure of future beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents or entities to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE, NDRC or MOC regulations, may subject such beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions. Failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries' ability to distribute dividends to our company. These risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding our employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employees of the PRC subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who have been granted options may follow SAFE Circular 37 to apply for the foreign exchange registration before our company becomes an overseas listed company. After our company becomes an overseas listed company upon completion of this offering, we and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who have been granted options will be subject to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas

Publicly Listed Company, issued by SAFE in February 2012, according to which, employees, directors, supervisors and other management members participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company who are PRC residents are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. We will make efforts to comply with these requirements upon completion of our initial public offering. However, there can be no assurance that they can successfully register with SAFE in full compliance with the rules. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit the ability to make payment under our share incentive plan or receive dividends or sales proceeds related thereto, or our ability to contribute additional capital into our wholly-foreign owned enterprise in China and limit our wholly-foreign owned enterprise's ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional share incentive plan for our directors and employees under PRC law.

The State Administration of Taxation has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC operating subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company and rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries and on remittances from the consolidated VIEs, for our offshore cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, fund inter-company loans, service any debt we may incur outside of China and pay our expenses. When our PRC subsidiaries or the consolidated VIEs incur additional debt, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions or remittances to us. Furthermore, the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our PRC subsidiaries and certain other subsidiaries permit payments of dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with applicable accounting standards and regulations.

Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, each of our subsidiaries and our consolidated VIEs incorporated in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its net income each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not distributable as cash dividends. As a result of these laws, rules and regulations, our subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs incorporated in China are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to their shareholders as dividends, loans or advances. In addition, registered share capital and capital reserve accounts are also restricted from withdrawal in the PRC, up to the amount of net assets held in each operating subsidiary.

Limitations on the ability of our consolidated VIEs to make remittance to the wholly-foreign owned enterprise and on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities, including to make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends to our shareholders or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside of China with "de facto management bodies" located in China may be considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes and may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their global income. "De facto management body" refers to a managing body that exercises substantive and overall management and control over the production and business, personnel, accounting books and assets of an enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, on April 22, 2009. Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the "de facto management body" of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation's general position on how the "de facto management body" test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the Enterprise Income Tax Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term "de facto management body."

Dividends payable to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or ordinary shares by our foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs, and any gain realized from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and would as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions. If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends payable to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within the PRC and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares may decline significantly.

We and our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, which partially replaced and supplemented previous rules under the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Circular 698, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on December 10, 2009. Pursuant to this Bulletin 7, an "indirect transfer" of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, "PRC taxable assets" include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immovable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a "reasonable commercial purpose" of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payor fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor is required to declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Bulletin 7 does not apply to income derived by a non-resident enterprise from indirect transfer of taxable assets in PRC through buying and selling the equity securities of the same listed overseas enterprise on the open market. On October 17, 2017, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source ("SAT Circular 37"), which became effective on December 1, 2017, and SAT Circular 698 then was repealed with effect from December 1, 2017. SAT Circular 37, among other things, simplified procedures of withholding and payment of income tax levied on non-resident enterprises.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions under Bulletin 7 and SAT Circular 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Bulletin 7 and SAT Circular 37. As a result, we may be required

to expend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 7 and SAT Circular 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

All of our revenues is denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently convertible under the "current account," which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the "capital account," which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from our onshore subsidiaries or consolidated VIEs. Currently, certain of our PRC subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of "current account transactions," including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Since a significant amount of our future revenues and cash flow will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, and may limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our onshore subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and our consolidated VIEs, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

In utilizing the proceeds of this offering, we, as an offshore holding company, are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries, which is treated as a foreign-invested enterprise under PRC laws, through loans or capital contributions. However, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE and capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in the Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System, and registration with other governmental authorities in China.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, effective on June 1, 2015, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, the Notice from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Businesses, or Circular 59, and the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses, or Circular 45. According to Circular 19, the flow and use of the Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that Renminbi capital may not be used for the issuance of Renminbi entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although Circular 19 allows Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within the PRC, it also reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes

beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue Renminbi entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from this offering, to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.

Due to the restrictions imposed on loans in foreign currencies extended to any PRC domestic companies, we are not likely to make such loans to our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries, each a PRC domestic company. Meanwhile, we are not likely to finance the activities of our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries by means of capital contributions given the restrictions on foreign investment in the businesses that are currently conducted by our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or any consolidated VIEs or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use foreign currency, including the proceeds we received from this offering, and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

If the custodians or authorized user of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts that our business relies on, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant PRC industry and commerce authorities.

In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to authorized employees. Although we monitor such authorized employees, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees could abuse their authority, for example, by entering into a contract not approved by us or seeking to gain control of one of our subsidiaries or affiliates. If any employee obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve and divert management from our operations.

It may be difficult to effect service of process upon us or our directors or executive officers who reside in China or to enforce against them in China any judgments obtained from non-PRC courts.

Our directors and executive officers reside within China, and most of our assets and the assets of those persons are located within China. It may not be possible for investors to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside China or to enforce against us or them in China any judgments obtained from non-PRC courts. China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan or most other western countries. However, judgments rendered by Hong Kong courts may be recognized and enforced in China if the requirements set forth by the Arrangement on Mutual Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters by Courts of Mainland and of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Pursuant to Agreed Jurisdiction by Parties Concerned are met.

Therefore recognition and enforcement in China of judgments of a court in any of these jurisdictions other than Hong Kong in relation to any matter not subject to binding arbitration provisions may be difficult or impossible.

Fluctuations in exchange rate could result in foreign currency exchange losses and could materially reduce the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Following the removal of the U.S. dollar peg, the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, or the SDR, and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi is determined to be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Renminbi had depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. This depreciation halted in 2017, and the Renminbi appreciated approximately 7% against the U.S. dollar during this one-year period. Starting from the beginning of 2019, the Renminbi has depreciated significantly against the U.S. dollar again. In early August 2019, the PBOC set the Renminbi's daily reference rate at RMB7.0039 to US$1.00, the first time that the exchange rate of Renminbi to U.S. dollar exceeded 7.0 since 2008. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

All of our revenues and all of our costs are denominated in Renminbi. We are a holding company and we rely on dividends paid by our operating subsidiaries in China for our cash needs. Any significant revaluation of Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial position reported in Renminbi when translated into U.S. dollars, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, the ADSs in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount.

The audit report included in this prospectus is prepared by an auditor who is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, our investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in our prospectus filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditors are not currently inspected by the PCAOB. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. The joint statement reflects a heightened interest in an issue that has vexed U.S. regulators in recent years. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms' audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditors' audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditors' audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against PRC affiliates of the "big four" accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011, the PRC affiliates of the "big four" accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and PRC law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the PRC firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the PRC accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC's internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms were to receive matching Section 106 requests, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they failed to meet specified criteria, during a period of four years starting from the settlement date, the SEC retained authority to impose a variety of additional remedial

measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four PRC-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. It is uncertain whether the SEC will further challenge the four PRC-based accounting firms' compliance with U.S. laws in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions. If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the "big four" accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event the Chinese affiliates of the "big four" become subject to additional legal challenges by the SEC or PCAOB, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in China, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from the NYSE or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

There has been no public market for our shares or ADSs prior to this offering, and you may not be able to resell our ADSs at or above the price you paid, or at all.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our shares or ADSs. We will apply to list our ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares on the NYSE. Our ordinary shares will not be listed on any exchange or quoted for trading on any over-the-counter trading system. If an active trading market for our ADSs does not develop after this offering, the market price and liquidity of our ADSs will be materially and adversely affected.

Negotiations with the underwriters will determine the initial public offering price for our ADSs which may bear no relationship to their market price after the initial public offering. There can be no assurance that an active trading market for our ADSs will develop or that the market price of our ADSs will not decline below the initial public offering price.

The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you.

The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed companies based in China. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of other Chinese companies' securities after their offerings, including technology companies and residential rental companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the U.S., which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance

practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Furthermore, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the U.S., China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009, the second half of 2011, in 2015 and late 2018, which may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of our ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline significantly. Upon completion of this offering, we will have ordinary shares outstanding, including Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs newly issued in connection with this offering, assuming the underwriters do not exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs. All ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable by persons other than our "affiliates" without restriction or additional registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. All of the other ordinary shares outstanding after this offering will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the lock-up periods described elsewhere in this prospectus beginning from the date of this prospectus (if applicable to such holder), subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these ordinary shares may be released prior to the expiration of the applicable lock-up period at the discretion of the designated representatives. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the applicable lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline significantly. See "Shares Eligible for Future Sale—Lock-up Agreements."

Certain major holders of our ordinary shares after completion of this offering will have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares, subject to the applicable lock-up periods in connection with this offering. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline significantly.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

As our initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase ADSs in this offering, you will pay more for your ADSs than the amount paid by our existing shareholders for their ordinary shares on a per ADS basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of approximately US$ per ADS (assuming no exercise of outstanding options to acquire ordinary shares and no exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional ADSs), representing the difference between our pro forma net tangible book value per ADS of US$ , as of , 2019, after giving effect to this offering. In addition, you will experience further dilution to the extent that our ordinary shares are issued upon the vesting of restrictive shares or exercise of share options under our then equity incentive plans. All of the ordinary shares issuable under our then equity incentive plans will be issued at a purchase price on a per ADS basis that is less than the public offering price per ADS in this offering. See "Dilution" for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our ADSs will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

Because we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering, you may not receive any return on your investment unless you sell your ordinary shares or ADSs for a price greater than that which you paid for them.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See "Dividend Policy." Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs are voted.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of the ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. If we instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders to convene a general meeting will be ten days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective prior to the completion of this offering, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We have agreed to give the depositary at least 10 days' prior notice of shareholder meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement and the deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs, which may include claims arising under the U.S. federal securities laws, may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. However, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such forum selection provision. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with the U.S.

federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. See "Description of American Depositary Shares" for more information.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the U.S. unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings in the future and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive cash dividends if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary will pay cash dividends on the ADSs only to the extent that we decide to distribute dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities, and we do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See "Dividend Policy." To the extent that there is a distribution, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you.

We will incur increased costs and become subject to additional regulations and requirements as a result of becoming a public company, which could lower our profits or make it more difficult to run our business.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and NYSE, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, once we are no longer an "emerging growth company," we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We

are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company's securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management's attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit our shareholders' opportunity to sell their shares, including ordinary shares represented by our ADSs, at a premium.

We have adopted the eleventh amended and restated articles of association to be effective upon the completion of this offering that contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or

publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. All of our assets are located outside the U.S. In addition, all of our directors and executive officers and the experts named in this prospectus reside outside the U.S., and most of their assets are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against them in the U.S. in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands, China or other relevant jurisdiction may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and China, see "Enforcement of Civil Liabilities."

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs, including purchasers of ADSs in secondary transactions, bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiffs in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Upon the completion of the offering, our corporate affairs are governed by our post-offering memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the U.S. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the U.S. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the U.S.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors will have discretion under our post-offering amended and restated memorandum and articles of association expected to be effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the U.S. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the U.S. and their shareholders, see "Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law."

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the U.S. that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: (i) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (iii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iv) the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to

that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

We are an emerging growth company and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period. As a result of this election, our future financial statements may not be comparable to other public companies that comply with the public company effective dates for these new or revised accounting standards.

If we are a passive foreign investment company for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, United States holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares could be subject to adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

A non-United States corporation will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether a non-United States corporation is a PFIC for that year. Based on the past and projected composition of our income and assets, and the valuation of our assets, including goodwill (which we have determined based on the expected price of our ADSs in this offering), we do not believe we were a PFIC for our most recent taxable year, and we do not expect to become a PFIC in the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future, although there can be no assurance in this regard.

It is possible that we may become a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year due to changes in our asset or income composition. The composition of our assets and income may be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets and the cash raised in this offering. Because we have valued our goodwill based on the expected market value of our ADSs, a decrease in the price of our ADSs may also result in our becoming a PFIC.

In addition, there is uncertainty as to the treatment of our corporate structure and ownership of our consolidated VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes. For United States federal income tax purposes, we consider ourselves to own the equity of our consolidated VIEs. If it is determined, contrary to our view, that we do not own the equity of our consolidated VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes (for instance, because the relevant PRC authorities do not respect these arrangements), we may be treated as a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a United States person holds ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to such

United States person. See "Taxation—Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company."

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

We are a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and we will apply to list our ADSs on the NYSE. The NYSE market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

For instance, we are not required to: (i) have a majority of the board be independent; (ii) have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or (iii) have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year.

We intend to rely on some of these exemptions. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including statements based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and our industry. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled "Prospectus Summary," "Risk Factors," "Use of Proceeds," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," "Industry Overview" and "Business." These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as "may," "will," "expect," "anticipate," "aim," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "potential," "continue," "is/are likely to" or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements included in this prospectus relate to, among others:

This prospectus also contains market data relating to the residential rental market in China, including market position, market size, and growth rates of the markets in which we participate, that are based on industry publications and reports. This prospectus contains statistical data and estimates published by iResearch, including a report which we commissioned iResearch to prepare and for which we paid a fee. This information involves a number of assumptions, estimates and limitations. These industry publications, surveys and forecasts generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. Nothing in such data should be construed as advice. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in these industry publications and reports. The residential rental market in China may not grow at the rates projected by market data, or at all. The failure of these markets to grow at the projected rates may materially and adversely affect our business and the market price of our ADSs. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data turns out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we have referred to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$ , or approximately US$ if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the estimated offering expenses payable by us and based upon an assumed initial public offering price of US$ per ADS (the mid-point of the estimated initial public offering price range shown on the front cover of this prospectus). A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$ per ADS would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by US$ , after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no change to the number of ADSs offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

The foregoing represents our intentions as of the date of this prospectus with respect of the use and allocation of the net proceeds of this offering based upon our present plans and business conditions, but our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds of the offering. The occurrence of unforeseen events or changed business conditions may result in application of the net proceeds of this offering in a manner other than as described in this prospectus.

To the extent that the net proceeds we receive from this offering are not immediately applied for the above purposes, we intend to invest our net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing debt instruments or bank deposits.

In utilizing the proceeds of this offering, we, as an offshore holding company, are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiary only through loans or capital contributions and to our consolidated VIEs only through loans. Subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements, we may extend inter-company loans to our PRC subsidiary or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary to fund its capital expenditures or working capital. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. For further information, see "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may restrict or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiaries and our consolidated VIEs, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries."

Since inception, we have not declared or paid any dividends on our shares. We do not have any present plan to pay any dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Any other future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and may be based on a number of factors, including our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our Class A ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See "Description of American Depositary Shares." Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. In order for us to distribute any dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders, we may rely on dividends distributed by our PRC subsidiaries. Certain payments from our PRC subsidiaries to us may be subject to PRC withholding income tax. In addition, regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends of a PRC company only out of accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the accounting standards and regulations in China. Each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards every year to a statutory common reserve fund until the aggregate amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of the registered capital of such subsidiary. Such statutory reserves are not distributable as loans, advances or cash dividends.

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of September 30, 2019 presented on:

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only and our capitalization following the closing of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the initial public offering price of our ADSs and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results

of Operations" and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

	As of September 30, 2019

	Actual						Pro Forma		Pro Forma as Adjusted
	RMB			US$			RMB	US$	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Mezzanine Equity:
Total mezzanine equity		4,758,577			665,749
Shareholders' deficit:
Ordinary Shares (US$0.00002 par value, 287,500,000 shares issued and outstanding actual; US$0.00002 par value, shares issued and outstanding pro forma; US$0.00002 par value, shares issued and outstanding pro forma as adjusted)		35			5
Class A ordinary shares
Class B ordinary shares
Accumulated other comprehensive income loss		(91,602	)		(12,816	)
Accumulated deficit		(4,649,047	)		(650,426	)
Total shareholders' deficit attributable to ordinary shareholders		(4,740,614	)		(663,237	)

If you invest in our ADSs, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the book value per Class A ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares and holders of our convertible redeemable preferred shares which will automatically convert into our Class A ordinary shares upon the completion of this offering.

Our net tangible book value as of September 30, 2019 was approximately US$70.2 million in deficit, or US$0.25 per ordinary share in deficit as of that date, and US$ per ADS. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated assets, less the amount of our intangible assets, goodwill and total consolidated liabilities. Dilution is determined by subtracting net tangible book value per ordinary share from our consolidated total assets, after giving effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares into Class A ordinary shares immediately upon the completion of this offering and (ii) the issuance and sale by us of shares in the form of ADSs in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$ per ADS (the mid-point of the estimated initial public offering price range shown on the front cover page of this prospectus) after deduction of the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Without taking into account any other changes in net tangible book value after September 30, 2019, other than to give effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares into Class A ordinary shares immediately upon the completion of this offering and (ii) the issuance and sale by us of Class A ordinary shares in the form of ADSs in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$ per ADS (the mid-point of the estimated initial public offering price range shown on the front cover page of this prospectus) after deduction of the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of September 30, 2019 would have been US$ million, or US$ per outstanding ordinary share and US$ per ADS. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$ per ordinary share and US$ per ADS to the existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$ per ordinary share and US$ per ADS to investors purchasing ADSs in this offering.

The amount of dilution in net tangible book value to new investors in this offering set forth above is calculated by deducting (i) the pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to the automatic conversion of our outstanding convertible redeemable preferred shares from (ii) the pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to the automatic conversion of our convertible redeemable preferred shares and this offering.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis as of September 30, 2019, the differences between existing shareholders, including holders of our convertible redeemable preferred shares, and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares (in the form of ADSs or shares) purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share and per ADS paid before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. The total number of ordinary shares does not include Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs issuable upon the exercise of the option to purchase additional ADSs granted to the underwriters.

A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$ per ADS (the mid-point of the estimated initial public offering price range shown on the front cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to the offering by US$ million, the pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS after giving effect to this offering by US$ per ordinary share and US$ per ADS and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS to new investors in this offering by US$ per ordinary share and US$ per ADS, assuming no change to the number of ADS offered by us as set forth on the front cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other estimated offering expenses.

The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our ADSs and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

The discussion and tables above take into consideration the automatic conversions of all of our outstanding convertible redeemable preferred shares immediately upon the completion of this offering, and they do not take into consideration of any outstanding share options. As of the date of this prospectus, there are also (i) 178,022,914 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding share options under our 2017 stock incentive plan; (ii) 96,204,007 Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our 2017 stock incentive plan; and (iii) 230,000,000 Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our 2019 equity incentive plan, which will become effective upon the completion of this offering. If any of these options are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides protections for investors to a lesser extent. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC, and substantially all of our assets are located in the PRC. In addition, most of our directors and officers are residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in United States courts judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc. as our agent to receive service of process with respect to any action brought against us in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York under the federal securities laws of the United States or of any state in the United States or any action brought against us in the Supreme Court of the State of New York in the County of New York under the securities laws of the State of New York.

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, and Haiwen & Partners, our counsel as to PRC law, have advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would, respectively, (1) recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States and (2) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP has further advised us that a final and conclusive judgment obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States will be recognised and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment: (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is not in respect of taxes, fines, penalties or similar charges and (d) is neither obtained in a manner nor is of a kind the enforcement of which is against natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a punitive judgment of a United States court predicated upon the liabilities provision of the federal securities laws in the United States without retrial on the merits if such judgment gives rise to obligations to make payments that may be regarded as fines, penalties or similar charges.

Haiwen & Partners has advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedure Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedure Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the Cayman Islands that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign

judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the Cayman Islands. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, foreign shareholders may originate actions based on PRC law against a company in China for disputes if they can establish sufficient nexus to the PRC for a PRC court to have jurisdiction, and meet other procedural requirements, including, among others, the plaintiff must have a direct interest in the case, and there must be a concrete claim, a factual basis and a cause for the suit. However, it would be difficult for foreign shareholders to establish sufficient nexus to the PRC by virtue only of holding our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure with our principal subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries as of the date of this prospectus. Unless otherwise indicated, equity interests depicted in this diagram are held as to 100%. The relationships between Xiaofangjian and each of our consolidated VIEs, namely Zi Wutong, and Yishui (Shanghai) Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Yishui, and their shareholders, as illustrated in this diagram are governed by contractual arrangements and do not constitute equity ownership.

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, value-added telecommunication services, or the VATS, which include the operation of internet content providers, or ICPs, we, similar to all other entities with foreign-incorporated holding company structures operating in our industry in China, currently conduct these activities mainly through Yishui, one of our consolidated VIEs. In order to maintain flexibility of financings in China, we established another consolidated VIE, Zi Wutong, during the course of the reorganization in connection with the

establishment of Phoenix Tree Holdings Limited. We effectively control each consolidated VIEs through a series of contractual arrangements with such VIEs, its shareholders and Xiaofangjian, as described in more detail below, which collectively enables us to:

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of our consolidated VIEs and their subsidiaries. We have consolidated their financial results in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

However, we have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel, Haiwen & Partners, that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, rules and regulations. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may in the future take a view that is contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the aforesaid business we engage in, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing operations. See "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure."

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. For additional information, see "Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by our consolidated VIEs or their respective shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition." Such arbitration provisions have no effect on the rights of our shareholders to pursue claims against us under United States federal securities laws.

The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among our wholly-owned subsidiary, Xiaofangjian, each of our consolidated VIEs and its shareholders.

Agreements that Provide Us with Effective Control over Our Consolidated VIEs and their Subsidiaries

Equity Interest Pledge Agreements. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, shareholders of our consolidated VIEs have pledged all of their equity interest in our consolidated VIEs to respectively guarantee the performance of obligations by our consolidated VIEs and their shareholders under the relevant contractual arrangements, which include the power of attorney agreements, exclusive business cooperation agreements and exclusive call option agreements. If our consolidated VIEs or any of their shareholders breach their contractual obligations under these agreements, Xiaofangjian, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights regarding the pledged equity interests, including forcing the auction or sale of all or part of the pledged equity interests of the applicable consolidated VIE and

receiving proceeds from such auction or sale in accordance with PRC law. Each of the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs agrees that, during the term of the equity interest pledge agreements, such shareholder will not transfer the pledged equity interests or create or allow creation of any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests or any portion thereof, without the prior written consent of Xiaofangjian, except for the performance of the relevant contractual agreement. Each equity interest pledge agreement will remain effective until the applicable consolidated VIE and its shareholders discharge all of their obligations under the contractual arrangements or all secured indebtedness has been fully paid.

Power of Attorney Agreements. Pursuant to the power of attorney agreements, each shareholder of our consolidated VIEs has irrevocably authorized Xiaofangjian, or any individuals designated by Xiaofangjian to act as such shareholder's exclusive attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including without limitation to: (1) the right to attend on shareholder's meetings of the applicable consolidated VIE, (2) the right to exercise all the shareholder's rights and shareholder's voting rights such shareholder is entitled to under the laws of China and the Articles of Association of the applicable consolidated VIE, including but not limited to the sale or transfer or pledge or disposition of its shareholding in part or in whole and (3) designate and appoint on behalf of such shareholder the legal representative, the directors, supervisors, the chief executive officer and other senior management members of the applicable consolidated VIE. Each power of attorney agreement is irrevocable and continuously effective from the execution date.

Agreements that Allow Us to Receive Economic Benefits from Our Consolidated VIEs and their Subsidiaries

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements. Under the exclusive business cooperation agreements, Xiaofangjian has the exclusive right to provide each of the consolidated VIEs with comprehensive business support, technical services and consulting services. In exchange, Xiaofangjian is entitled to receive a service fee from each of the consolidated VIEs on a quarterly basis at an amount as agreed by Xiaofangjian. Xiaofangjian owns the intellectual property rights arising out of the performance of the exclusive business cooperation agreement. Unless otherwise terminated by Xiaofangjian and each of the consolidated VIEs in writing, each exclusive business cooperation agreement continuously remain effective.

Agreements that Provides Us with the Option to Purchase the Equity Interest in Our Consolidated VIEs

Exclusive Call Option Agreements. Pursuant to the exclusive call option agreements, each of the shareholders of our consolidated VIEs has irrevocably granted Xiaofangjian an exclusive option to purchase by itself or by Xiaofangjian's designate person or persons, at Xiaofangjian's discretion at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of such shareholder's equity interests in the applicable consolidated VIEs. The purchase price of the equity interests in a consolidated VIE should be RMB1 or the minimum price as permitted by PRC law. Each consolidated VIE and its shareholders have agreed that, without Xiaofangjian's prior written consent, such consolidated VIE shall not, among others, amend its articles of association, increase or decrease its registered capital, sell, transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of its assets and beneficial interest, create or allow any encumbrance thereon, or provide any loans or guarantees that is not within its ordinary course of business, etc. Each exclusive call option agreement will remain effective until all equity interests of the applicable consolidated VIE held by its shareholders have been transferred or assigned to Xiaofangjian or its designated person(s).

Spouse Consent Letters. Pursuant to the Spousal Consent Letters executed by each spouse of each shareholder of our consolidated VIEs, each signing spouse confirmed that she does not enjoy any right or interest in connection with the equity interests of our consolidated VIEs. The spouse also irrevocably agreed that she would not claim in the future any right or interest in connection with the equity interests in our consolidated VIEs held by her spouse.

The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data and summary consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 and summary consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data and summary consolidated statements of cash flows data for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2019 and selected consolidated balance sheets data as of September 30, 2019 have been derived from our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus and have been prepared on the same basis as our consolidated financial statements.

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands, except for share and per share data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data:
Revenues		656,782			2,675,031			374,251			1,673,002			4,999,740			699,489
Operating expenses:
Rental cost		(511,697	)		(2,171,755	)		(303,840	)		(1,300,709	)		(4,450,199	)		(622,606	)
Depreciation and amortization		(98,984	)		(373,231	)		(52,217	)		(227,339	)		(790,357	)		(110,575	)
Other operating expenses		(46,456	)		(295,141	)		(41,292	)		(187,436	)		(552,859	)		(77,348	)
Pre-opening expense		(62,119	)		(270,399	)		(37,830	)		(181,292	)		(186,344	)		(26,070	)
Sales and marketing expenses		(80,991	)		(471,026	)		(65,899	)		(287,881	)		(793,722	)		(111,046	)
General and administrative expenses		(49,960	)		(203,847	)		(28,519	)		(129,307	)		(395,766	)		(55,370	)
Technology and product development expenses		(25,194	)		(110,954	)		(15,523	)		(71,281	)		(143,601	)		(20,091	)

Operating loss		(218,619	)		(1,221,322	)		(170,869	)		(712,243	)		(2,313,108	)		(323,617	)
Interest expenses		(55,013	)		(163,357	)		(22,854	)		(101,906	)		(252,981	)		(35,393	)
Loss before income taxes		(271,636	)		(1,369,637	)		(191,618	)		(812,884	)		(2,518,387	)		(352,336	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		112			(112	)		(16	)		(112	)		2,167			303

Net loss		(271,524	)		(1,369,749	)		(191,634	)		(812,996	)		(2,516,220	)		(352,033	)



Net loss per share
—Basic and diluted		(2.55	)		(7.95	)		(1.11	)		(4.89	)		(11.40	)		(1.60	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share
—Basic and diluted		111,848,958			185,677,083			185,677,083			176,692,708			242,698,917			242,698,917

	As of December 31,

	2017			2018						As of September 30 2019,
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheets Data:
Total current assets		473,884			3,155,228			441,433			2,974,428			416,135
Total non-current assets		660,862			2,674,383			374,159			4,700,004			657,556
Total assets		1,134,746			5,829,611			815,592			7,674,432			1,073,691
Total current liabilities		1,160,879			4,582,077			641,055			7,434,964			1,040,189
Total non-current liabilities		199,601			234,185			32,764			226,489			31,687
Total liabilities		1,360,480			4,816,262			673,819			7,661,453			1,071,876
Total mezzanine equity		140,661			2,859,632			400,077			4,758,577			665,749
Total shareholders' deficit		(366,395	)		(1,846,283	)		(258,304	)		(4,745,598	)		(663,934	)

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Cash Flows Data:
Net cash used in operating activities		(114,578	)		(1,164,248	)		(162,884	)		(697,813	)		(1,629,289	)		(227,945	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(489,282	)		(1,324,021	)		(185,237	)		(502,153	)		(1,668,826	)		(233,478	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		822,440			4,692,659			656,527			2,151,819			3,081,858			431,168
Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash		212,470			2,251,532			315,001			1,023,885			(167,746	)		(23,468	)
Cash and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		1,532			214,002			29,940			214,002			2,465,534			344,941
Cash and restricted cash at the end of the period		214,002			2,465,534			344,941			1,237,887			2,297,788			321,473

EBITDA represents net loss before depreciation and amortization, interest expenses, interest income and income tax benefit (expense).

Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA before share-based compensation and incentives for apartment sourcing. Adjusted net loss represents net loss before share-based compensation and incentives for apartment sourcing. Incentives for apartment sourcing consist of commissions and lead generation fees related to apartment sourcing. We pay commissions and lead generation fees upfront when the relevant apartment is sourced and amortize such cost on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease with the property owner, which is generally four to six years. Share-based compensation used in the calculation of the adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net loss represents compensation expenses in connection with the issuance of restricted shares to our co-founders. It does not, however, include the

share-based compensation in connection with the repurchase in cash in January 2019 of the share options previously granted to certain employees.

The non-GAAP financial measures are not defined under U.S. GAAP and are not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools. Our non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect all items of income and expense that affect our operations. Further, the non-GAAP measures may differ from the non-GAAP information used by other companies, including peer companies, and therefore their comparability may be limited. We compensate for these limitations by reconciling the non-GAAP financial measures to the nearest U.S. GAAP performance measure, both of which should be considered when evaluating performance. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,									Nine Months Ended September 30,

	2017			2018						2018			2019
	RMB			RMB			US$			RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Net Loss		(271,524	)		(1,369,749	)		(191,634	)		(812,996	)		(2,516,220	)		(352,033	)
Add:
Depreciation and amortization		98,984			373,231			52,217			227,339			790,357			110,575
Interest expenses		55,013			163,357			22,854			101,906			252,981			35,393
Income tax expense/(benefit)		(112	)		112			16			112			(2,167	)		(303	)
Subtract:
Interest income		831			20,226			2,830			6,449			47,702			6,674

EBITDA		(118,470	)		(853,275	)		(119,377	)		(490,088	)		(1,522,751	)		(213,042	)



Add:
Incentives for apartment sourcing		7,655			31,077			4,348			18,536			57,303			8,017
Share-based compensation		8,569			5,808			813			4,393			4,511			631

Adjusted EBITDA		(102,246	)		(816,390	)		(114,216	)		(467,159	)		(1,460,937	)		(204,394	)

We regularly review a number of key operating metrics to evaluate our business and measure our performance, which are set forth in the table below.

	As of December 31,						As of September 30,

	2016		2017		2018		2018		2019
Number of cities in which we operated		3		6		9		9		13
Number of apartment units we operated:
Pre-opening apartment units⁽¹⁾		633		3,510		27,007		11,235		14,835
Opened apartment units⁽²⁾		12,866		48,671		209,413		152,809		391,911

Total		13,499		52,181		236,420		164,044		406,746



Number of apartment units we operated:
Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen		13,499		46,472		152,630		114,519		213,866
Other cities		0		5,709		83,790		49,525		192,880

Total		13,499		52,181		236,420		164,044		406,746

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the section entitled "Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data" and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this prospectus.

We are redefining the residential rental market through technology. We started Danke in 2015 to provide young people with comfortable yet affordable homes. Today, we are one of the largest co-living platforms in China with the fastest growth, according to iResearch. We established operations in 13 cities as of September 30, 2019 and have become a major player in each of the 10 cities that we entered into prior to June 30, 2019. We grew the number of apartment units we operated from 2,434 as of December 31, 2015 to 406,746 as of September 30, 2019, a 166-fold increase over less than four years.

We provide a solution to both property owners and renters who suffer from numerous pain points in the residential rental market through our innovative "new rental" business model. We centrally operate the apartments sourced from property owners and rent them out to our residents. We standardize the design, renovation and furnishing of our apartment units, and provide high-quality, reliable one-stop services. We have no physical storefronts since inception. Our entire business process is empowered by technology to enable seamless online experience for both property owners and residents. Our technology system reduces our reliance on local expertise, enables higher efficiency and facilitates rapid expansion. Our disruptive business model has enabled us to achieve unparalleled growth, operational excellence and customer satisfaction.

We operate two branded products, "Danke Apartment ( )" and "Dream Apartment ( )." Danke Apartment has been the primary focus of our business since our inception in 2015. We source and lease apartments from individual property owners on a long-term basis, design, renovate and furnish such apartments in a standardized and stylish manner, and rent them out to individual residents, either as private rooms within an apartment or an entire apartment. Leveraging our experience in operating Danke Apartment, we introduced Dream Apartment in November 2018 to target the large but underserved blue-collar apartment segment. We lease entire buildings or floors in a building, transform them into dormitory-style apartments, and provide to corporate clients for employee accommodation. For all of our residents, we provide high-quality one-stop services, including cleaning, repair and maintenance, WiFi as well as 24/7 resident support.

Our results of operations are affected by the general factors affecting China's residential rental market, including, among others, China's overall economic growth and urbanization rate, level of housing prices and rental prices, growth of population with rental needs, consumption upgrade driving demand for better services, increasing usage of internet for browsing and transactions, and emergence of co-living platforms. It is also affected by changes in regulatory environment, such as adoption of

favorable policies supporting the growth of residential rental market. While our business is influenced by general factors affecting our industry, our results of operations are more directly affected by company-specific factors, including the following major factors:

Our ability to continuously expand our co-living platform and source a large number of apartment units is the basis of our rapid business expansion and revenues growth. We plan to increase such number by exploring new neighborhoods in our existing cities and expanding into new cities that are economically vibrant and have a large population with rental needs. Whether we can succeed in continually increasing the number of our apartment units depends on the accuracy of our city-level and neighborhood-level planning as well as the competitive landscape in the geographic areas we target. It also depends to a large extent on our efficiency in sourcing apartments, including the size and resources of our business development team and the effectiveness of our technology system in aiding our geographic expansion through analytics of multi-dimensional rental-related data.

In addition, we typically enter into four- to six-year leases with property owners of Danke Apartment and ten-year leases with property owners of Dream Apartment. Our ability to secure high-quality apartments on a long-term basis at locked-in cost helps us achieve promising return over the entire lifecycle.

We currently generate substantially all of our revenues from rents and service fees, and plan to offer additional value-added services, such as IoT smart home, moving services, financial and insurance services, new retail and other local services, which would increase our service fees. The level of rents and service fees we are able to charge depends on the market rates in the geographic areas we operate and the intensity of competition in such areas. We operate in a mix of cities in China, and some cities, in particular Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, generally have higher market rents than the other cities. We utilize an Intelligent Pricing System to set pricing for our apartment units through algorithms and big data analytics. The effectiveness of such system impacts our ability to optimize pricing.

Our results of operations are affected by our ability to manage the occupancy rate of our apartment units. After we source an apartment from the property owner, we need to renovate and furnish the apartment and seek residents to fill the apartment, which will adversely affect our occupancy rate during such period. As such, when we rapidly expand our co-living platform and acquire a large number of apartment units, our occupancy rate for the relevant period may be adversely affected.

We endeavor to continuously improve the quality of our apartment units and services and upgrade and diversify our product and service offerings to appeal to more potential residents, which we believe help shorten the vacancy period of our apartment units. The efficiency of our sales team and the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, including general brand advertising and targeted marketing campaigns to improve our brand awareness, also play an important role. As we improve the efficiency of our sales team and enhance our sales and marketing efforts, we will be able to shorten the vacancy period of our apartment units and improve our occupancy rate. The effectiveness of our artificial intelligence technology in making personalized recommendations also helps improve our occupancy rate.

Our ability to effectively manage our operating expenses while continuing to grow our business is essential to our results of operations. Rental cost collectively with pre-opening expense represent the rents we pay to the property owners, which constitute the largest component of our operating expenses. In particular, pre-opening expense is incurred during a period in which no revenue is generated, and thus our ability to improve our efficiency in renovation and furnishing and reduce the average length of the pre-opening period is an important factor affecting our results of operations. The pre-opening period approximates the time required for renovation and furnishing. The average time for renovation and furnishing was 22.4 days, 21.1 days and 18.7 days in 2017, 2018 and the nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. Increased business scale and enhanced brand influence will improve our bargaining power with property owners and enable us to more effectively control our rental cost. In addition, the long-term nature of our leases with property owners enables us to lock in rental cost with relatively low rent escalation at an early stage. Depreciation and amortization is another major component of our operating expenses, which corresponds with our renovation and furnishing cost. Our ability to control renovation and furnishing cost depends largely on our supply chain efficiency and bargaining power with our suppliers to obtain more favorable pricing terms, which can be achieved through economies of scale. Moreover, our ability to effectively manage our sales and marketing expenses also affect our results of operations. As our business further grows, we believe we will be able to take advantage of increased economies of scale to further improve our operational efficiency over time.

We regularly review a number of key operating metrics to evaluate our business and measure our performance, which are set forth in the table below.

	As of December 31,						As of September 30,

	2016		2017		2018		2018		2019
Number of cities in which we operated		3		6		9		9		13
Number of apartment units we operated:
Pre-opening apartment units⁽¹⁾		633		3,510		27,007		11,235		14,835
Opened apartment units⁽²⁾		12,866		48,671		209,413		152,809		391,911

Total		13,499		52,181		236,420		164,044		406,746



Number of apartment units we operated:
Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen		13,499		46,472		152,630		114,518		213,866
Other cities		0		5,709		83,790		49,526		192,880

Total		13,499		52,181		236,420		164,044		406,746

Title of Each Class of Securities to be Registered⁽¹⁾	Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price⁽²⁾⁽³⁾	Amount of Registration Fee




Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.00002 per share	US$100,000,000	US$12,980.00


Citigroup	Credit Suisse	J.P. Morgan
(in alphabetical order)

	Ordinary Shares Total

				Total Consideration			Average Price per Ordinary Share
				Total Consideration				Average Price per ADS
	Number	Percent		Amount	Percent			Average Price per ADS
Existing shareholders			%	US$		%	US$	US$
New investors			%	US$		%	US$	US$

Total			%	US$		%


Cayman Islands (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		7370 (Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		Not Applicable (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)


Copies to:
Chris K.H. Lin, Esq. Daniel Fertig, Esq. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP 35th Floor, ICBC Tower 3 Garden Road Central, Hong Kong +852-2514-7600		Benjamin Su, Esq. Daying Zhang, Esq. Latham & Watkins LLP 18th Floor, One Exchange Square 8 Connaught Place Central, Hong Kong +852-2912-2500

	Per ADS	Total




Initial public offering price	US$	US$

Underwriting discounts and commissions⁽¹⁾	US$	US$

Proceeds, before expenses, to us	US$	US$


Prospectus Summary			1
The Offering			14
Summary Consolidated Financial and Operating Data			17
Risk Factors			22
Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements and Industry Data			68
Use of Proceeds			70
Dividend Policy			71
Capitalization			72
Dilution			74
Enforcement of Civil Liabilities			76
Our History and Corporate Structure			78
Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data			81
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			86
Industry Overview			111
Business			116
Regulations			143
Management			154
Principal Shareholders			166
Related Party Transactions			170
Description of Share Capital			171
Description of American Depositary Shares			184
Shares Eligible for Future Sale			196
Taxation			198
Underwriting			206
Expenses Related to This Offering			217
Legal Matters			218
Experts			219
Where You Can Find More Information			220
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements			F-1

	Per Ordinary Share	Per ADS

Actual net tangible book value per share as of September 30, 2019	US$	US$
Pro forma net tangible book value per share after giving effect to the automatic conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares into Class A ordinary shares	US$	US$
Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to (i) the automatic conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares into Class A ordinary shares and (ii) this offering	US$	US$
Assumed initial public offering price	US$	US$
Dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors in the offering	US$	US$