Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

6. Fair value measurements

The following tables summarize the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on the three-tier fair value hierarchy:

		December 31, 2021
	Valuation Hierarchy	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Holding Gains		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses			Estimated Fair Value
		(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	Level 1	$	224,671	$	-	$	-		$	224,671
Corporate debt securities	Level 2		2,345		-		-			2,345
Total cash equivalents			227,016		-		-			227,016
Short-term marketable securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	Level 2		162,854		1		(195	)		162,660
Corporate debt securities	Level 2		135,441		-		(134	)		135,307
Total short-term marketable securities			298,295		1		(329	)		297,967
Long-term marketable securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	Level 2		176,492		-		(925	)		175,567
Corporate debt securities	Level 2		20,427		-		(113	)		20,314
Total long-term marketable securities			196,919		-		(1,038	)		195,881
Other assets	Level 3		426		-		-			426
Total financial assets		$	722,656	$	1	$	(1,367	)	$	721,290
Financial liabilities:
Short-term financial liabilities:
Contingent consideration	Level 3	$	51,382	$	-	$	-		$	51,382
Success payment liabilities	Level 3		5,000		-		-			5,000
Total short-term financial liabilities			56,382		-		-			56,382
Long-term financial liabilities:
Contingent consideration	Level 3		102,361		-		-			102,361
Success payment liabilities	Level 3		97,525		-		-			97,525
Total long-term financial liabilities			199,886		-		-			199,886
Total financial liabilities		$	256,268	$	-	$	-		$	256,268

		December 31, 2020
	Valuation Hierarchy	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Holding Gains		Gross Unrealized Holding Losses			Estimated Fair Value
		(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	Level 1	$	48,359	$	-	$	-		$	48,359
U.S. government and agency securities	Level 2		40,727		1		(1	)		40,727
Corporate debt securities	Level 2		1,138		-		-			1,138
Total cash equivalents			90,224		1		(1	)		90,224
Short-term marketable securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	Level 2		244,637		30		(5	)		244,662
Corporate debt securities	Level 2		8,798		-		(2	)		8,796
Total short-term marketable securities			253,435		30		(7	)		253,458
Long-term marketable securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	Level 2		33,724		7		-			33,731
Total long-term marketable securities			33,724		7		-			33,731
Total financial assets		$	377,383	$	38	$	(8	)	$	377,413
Financial liabilities:
Long-term financial liabilities:
Contingent consideration	Level 3	$	121,901	$	-	$	-		$	121,901
Success payment liabilities	Level 3		76,494		-		-			76,494
Total financial liabilities		$	198,395	$	-	$	-		$	198,395

The Company measures the fair value of money market funds based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Level 2 marketable securities include U.S. government, agency securities, and corporate debt securities and are valued based on either recent trades of securities in inactive markets or quoted market prices of similar instruments and other significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data. As of December 31, 2021, all marketable securities had an effective maturity date of two years or less.

Securities in an unrealized loss position have been in an unrealized loss position for less than one year. The Company determined that there was no material change in the credit risk of the above investments during the year ended December 31, 2021. As such, an allowance for credit losses has not been recognized. As of December 31, 2021, the Company does not intend to sell such securities, and it is not more-likely-than-not that the Company will be required to sell the securities prior to the recovery of the amortized cost basis.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) included net unrealized gains (losses) related to the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities. There were no material realized gains or losses recognized on the sale or maturity of available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities:

	Contingent Consideration			Cobalt Success Payment Liability			Harvard Success Payment Liability
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	121,901		$	64,694		$	11,800
Changes in fair value - expense (gain)		11,393			91,757			23,900
Balance as of March 31, 2021		133,294			156,451			35,700
Changes in fair value - expense (gain)		7,163			(66,632	)		(16,556	)
Balance as of June 30, 2021		140,457			89,819			19,144
Changes in fair value - expense (gain)		(8,476	)		21,790			3,439
Balance as of September 30, 2021		131,981			111,609			22,583
Changes in fair value - expense (gain)		21,762			(23,256	)		(8,411	)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	153,743		$	88,353		$	14,172

Contingent consideration

The Company utilizes significant estimates and assumptions it believes would be made by a market participant in determining the estimated fair value of the Cobalt Contingent Consideration at each balance sheet date. The fair value of the Cobalt Contingent Consideration was determined by calculating the probability-weighted estimated value of the pre-specified development milestone payments based on the assessment of the likelihood and estimated timing that the milestones would be achieved and the applicable discount rates. The discount rate captures the credit risk associated with the payment of the contingent consideration when earned and due. The Company assesses these estimates on an on-going basis as additional data impacting the assumptions are obtained.

The fair value of the Cobalt Contingent Consideration was calculated using the following unobservable inputs:

	December 31,
	2021		2020
Unobservable Input	Range	Weighted-Average	Range	Weighted-Average
Discount rates	10.9% - 11.6%	11.2%	10.5% - 10.8%	10.6%
Probability of milestone achievement	5.0% - 75.0%	33.8%	2.5% - 65.0%	27.6%

The weighted-average unobservable inputs were calculated based on the relative value of the pre-specified development milestones. The estimated fair value of the Cobalt Contingent Consideration may change significantly as development progresses and additional data are obtained, impacting the assumptions regarding probabilities of successful achievement of the milestones used to estimate the fair value of the liability and the timing in which they are expected to be achieved. In evaluating the fair value assumptions, judgment is required to interpret the market data used to develop the estimates. The estimates of fair value may not be indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. Accordingly, the use of different market assumptions, inputs, and/or different valuation techniques could result in materially different fair value estimates.

Success payments

The Company utilizes significant estimates and assumptions in determining the estimated fair value of the success payment liabilities and the associated expense or gain at each balance sheet date. The estimated fair value of the Cobalt and Harvard success payment liabilities was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation methodology, which models the estimated fair value of the liability based on several key assumptions, including the expected volatility, remaining term, risk-free interest rate, estimated number and timing of valuation measurement dates on the basis of which payment may be triggered, and for the Cobalt Success Payment, the Company’s market capitalization, and for the Harvard Success Payments, the per share fair value of the Company’s common stock.

Prior to the IPO, the calculation of the estimated fair value of the success payment liabilities incorporated the estimated future per share value of the Company’s Series A convertible preferred stock and the estimated future value of the Company implied by the estimated future per share value of the Company’s Series B convertible preferred stock at issuance. Concurrent with the closing of the Company’s IPO in February 2021, the Company’s Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock converted into common stock. As such, subsequent to the IPO, the computation of the estimated fair value of the Harvard Success Payment liabilities incorporates the per share fair market value of the Company’s common stock, and the estimated fair value of the Cobalt Success Payment liability incorporates the market capitalization of the Company.

The fair values of the Cobalt and Harvard success payments were calculated using the following unobservable inputs:

	December 31,
	2021		2020
Unobservable Input	Cobalt	Harvard	Cobalt	Harvard
Expected stock price volatility	70%	70%	70%	70%
Expected term (years)	17.1	9.2	18.1	10.2

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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