Note 8 – Fair Values of Financial Instruments -

Fair Value Disclosures

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. In accordance with FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, the fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based on quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments.

In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

The fair value accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under this guidance are described below.

Level 1 - Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

Level 2 - Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include the following:

Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, that is, markets in which there are few transactions for the asset or liability, the prices are not current, or price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers (for example, some brokered markets), or in which little information is released publicly (for example, a principal-to principal market);

Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks, and default rates); and

Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market-corroborated inputs).

Level 3 - Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs shall be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

Therefore, unobservable inputs shall reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). Unobservable inputs shall be developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which might include the reporting entity’s own data.

However, the reporting entity’s own data used to develop unobservable inputs shall be adjusted if information is reasonably available without undue cost and effort that indicates that market participants would use different assumptions.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Recurring Basis

Fair values of investment securities and mortgage-backed securities were primarily measured using information from a third-party pricing service. This pricing service provides information by utilizing evaluated pricing models supported with market data information. Standard inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data from market research publications.

The following tables present the balances of assets measured on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The Company did not record any liabilities at fair value for which measurement of the fair value was made on a recurring basis.


	Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active		Significant
			Markets		Other		Significant
			for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
March 31, 2020:	Fair		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Mortgage-Backed Securities
FHLMC	$	2,518	$	—	$	2,518	$	—
SBA 7a Pools		2,602		—		2,602		—
Total Investment Securities	$	5,120	$	—	$	5,120	$	—


	Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
			Quoted Prices
			in Active		Significant
			Markets		Other		Significant
			for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
December 31, 2019:	Fair		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
(in thousands)	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Mortgage-Backed Securities
FHLMC	$	2,645	$	—	$	2,645	$	—
SBA 7a Pools		2,675		—		2,675		—
Total Investment Securities	$	5,320	$	—	$	5,320	$	—

Non-recurring Basis

The Company has segregated all financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date in the table below. The Company did not record any liabilities at fair value for which measurement of the fair value was made on a non-recurring basis.

The fair value of the impaired loans is measured at the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. Impaired loans are Level 2 assets measured using appraisals from external parties of the collateral less any prior liens. Repossessed assets are initially recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell. The fair value of repossessed assets is based on property appraisals and an analysis of similar properties available. As such, the Company records repossessed assets as Level 2. The Company had no impaired loans or repossessed assets at March 31. 2020 or December 31, 2019.

FASB ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate fair value, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. The derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated through comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instrument. FASB ASC 825 excludes certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Further, the disclosures do not include estimated fair values for items which are not financial instruments but which represent significant value to the Company, including core deposit intangibles and other fee-generating operations of the business. Reasonable comparability of fair value estimates between financial institutions may not be possible due to the wide range of permitted valuation techniques and numerous assumptions involved. The aggregate fair value amounts presented do not, and are not intended to, represent an aggregate measure of the underlying fair value of the Company.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:

Cash and Cash Equivalents - For those short-term instruments, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Interest-Bearing Deposits - The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Investment Securities (including mortgage-backed securities) - For investment securities, including mortgage-backed securities, fair value equals quoted market price, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities.

Loans - The fair value of loans is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using the interest rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities.

Loans Held-for-Sale - The loans held-for sale are recorded at the lower of aggregate cost or market value which is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

FHLB Stock - The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance - The carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable - The carrying amounts of accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate the fair values.

Deposits - The fair value of savings accounts and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (carrying value). The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Advances from the FHLB - The fair values of the Advances from the FHLB are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

Loan Commitments - For commitments to extend credit, fair value considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates.

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are as follows as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in thousands):


	March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	Amount		Value		Amount		Value
Financial Assets:
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	13,950	$	13,950	$	11,875	$	11,875
Interest-Bearing Deposits		4,735		4,735		1,740		1,740
Investment Securities		5,120		5,120		5,320		5,320
Loans - Net		74,262		79,181		78,785		82,267
Loans Held-for-Sale		2,349		2,572		1,637		1,670
Accrued Interest Receivable		331		331		321		321
FHLB Stock		1,426		1,426		1,418		1,418
Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance		4,067		4,067		4,044		4,044
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits		57,752		59,708		58,045		59,053
Advances from FHLB		23,597		24,640		21,581		22,007
Accrued Interest Payable		105		105		137		137

The carrying amounts in the preceding table are included in the balance sheet under the applicable captions; accrued interest payable is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the balance sheet. The contract or notional amounts of the Company’s financial instruments with off balance sheet risk are disclosed in Note 7.