UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K/A

	(Mark One)
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
	For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission file number: 001-38839

Shift Technologies, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	82-5325852
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)
290 Division Street, Suite 400, San Francisco, California 94103-4893 (Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (855) 575-6739

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	SFT	Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (without admitting that any person whose shares are not included in such calculation is an affiliate), computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold on June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $54,978,700.

As of March 30, 2023 the registrant had 17,228,479 shares of Class A common stock outstanding.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Shift Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) is filing this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A (the “Amendment”) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2022, which was originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 31, 2023 (the “Original Report”), for the sole purpose of amending Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 (the "Exhibits") that were filed with the Original Report. The Exhibits were amended to include the required certifications of internal control over financial reporting in paragraph 4 of the Exhibits, which were omitted due to administrative oversight.

Except as described above, no other changes have been made to the Original Report and this Amendment does not modify or update disclosures in the Original Report and does not reflect subsequent events occurring after the date of the Original Report. Accordingly, this Amendment should be read in conjunction with the Original Report, which continues to speak as of the date of the Original Report, and the Company’s other filings with the SEC. The filing of this Amendment is not an admission that the Original Report, when filed, included any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary to make a statement not misleading.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	Part I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	10
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	39
Item 2.	Properties	39
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	40
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	41
	Part II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	42
Item 6.	[Reserved]	42
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	43
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	61
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	62
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures	107
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	107
Item 9B.	Other Information	109
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	109
	Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	110
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	118
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	132
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	134
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	136
	Part IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	137
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	137
Signatures		137

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance, business strategies, and expectations for our business constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “approximately,” “shall,” the negative of any of these and any similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to:

•general business and economic conditions and risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including, but not limited to, unemployment levels, consumer confidence, fuel prices, changes in the prices of used vehicles, and interest rates;

•competition, and the ability of the Company to grow and manage growth profitably;

•our history of losses and ability to achieve or maintain profitability in the future;

•our ability to establish our software as a platform to be used by automotive dealers;

•risks relating to our inspection, reconditioning and storage facilities;

•impacts of COVID-19 and other pandemics;

•our reliance on third-party carriers for transportation:

•our current geographic concentration where we provide reconditioning services and store inventory;

•cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents;

•the impact of copycat websites;

•failure to adequately protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information;

•our reliance on third-party service providers to provide financing;

•the impact of federal and state laws related to financial services on our third-party service providers;

•risks that impact the quality of our customer experience, our reputation, or our brand;

•changes in the prices of new and used vehicles;

•our ability to correctly appraise and price vehicles;

•access to desirable vehicle inventory;

•our ability to expeditiously sell inventory;

•our ability to expand product offerings;

•risks that impact the affordability and availability of consumer credit;

•changes in applicable laws and regulations and our ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations;

•risks related to income taxes and examinations by tax authorities;

•access to additional debt and equity capital;

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•potential dilution resulting from future sales or issuances of our equity securities;

•risks related to compliance with NASDAQ listing standards;

•risks related to compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act;

•changes in government regulation of ecommerce;

•changes in technology and consumer acceptance of such changes;

•risks related to online payment methods;

•risks related to our marketing and branding efforts;

•our reliance on internet search engines, vehicle listing sites and social networking sites to help drive traffic to its website;

•any restrictions on the sending of emails or messages or an inability to timely deliver such communications;

•our reliance on Lithia Motors for certain support services;

•seasonal and other fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations;

•changes in the auto industry and conditions affecting automotive manufacturers;

•customers choosing not to shop online;

•natural disasters, adverse weather events and other catastrophic events;

•adequacy and availability of insurance coverage;

•our dependence on key personnel;

•increases in labor costs and compliance with labor laws;

•our reliance on third-party technology and information systems;

•our use of open-source software;

•claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers;

•significant disruptions in service on our platform;

•impairment charges;

•our level of indebtedness, changes in interest rates, and reliance on our Flooring Line of Credit with Ally Bank;

•volatility in the price of our common stock;

•issuances of our Class A common stock and future sales of our Class A common stock;

•anti-takeover provisions in Delaware corporate law;

•risks related to our financial guidance and coverage by securities analysts;

•our ability to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

•the effect of the announcement of the restructuring on our ability to retain and hire key personnel and maintain relationships with its customers, suppliers and others with whom we do business;

•our ability to successfully realize the anticipated benefits of the Restructuring Plan;

iii

•our ability to successfully integrate Fair Dealer Services, LLC’s operations, technologies and employees;

•the ability to realize anticipated benefits and synergies of the Fair acquisition, including the expectation of enhancements to our products and services, greater revenue or growth opportunities, operating efficiencies and cost savings;

•the ability to realize anticipated benefits and synergies of the CarLotz Merger, including the expectation of enhancements to our products and services, greater revenue or growth opportunities, operating efficiencies and cost savings; and

•the ability to ensure continued performance and market growth of the combined company’s business.

•other economic, business and/or competitive factors, risks and uncertainties, including those described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws. We caution you not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this filing.

iv

Part I

Item 1. Business

Overview

Shift Technologies, Inc. ("Shift", the "Company") is a consumer-centric omnichannel retailer transforming the used car industry by leveraging its end-to-end ecommerce platform and retail locations to provide a technology-driven, hassle-free customer experience.

Formed in 2013 and launched in 2014, Shift started as a pure ecommerce seller and buyer of used cars, aimed at transforming the customer experience within the industry. Since inception, Shift has invested significantly in its technology platform in an effort to create an exceptional customer experience and to support and leverage the internal operations of the Company.

In August 2022, Shift announced both a strategic and operational restructuring and a merger with CarLotz, Inc. ("CarLotz"), a consignment-to-retail used vehicle marketplace that operated a technology-enabled buying, sourcing, and selling model with an omnichannel experience. With the implementation of the restructuring in the second half of 2022 and the close of the merger on December 9, 2022, Shift evolved into an omnichannel used vehicle retailer and established a plan to position the Company for long-term profitable growth by prioritizing unit economics, reducing operating expenses and maximizing liquidity.

The Company has three markets in California and Oregon, where customers can test drive vehicles and work with sales associates during any point of the sale process. Each market has Shift-managed reconditioning centers to prepare each vehicle for sale using a 150+ point inspection process. In-house reconditioning provides better control of timing and greater efficiency within our operations. In addition to performing the 150+ point inspection, we offer customers a seven-day, 200-mile return policy, to ensure consumer confidence in their purchase from Shift.

Following the merger with CarLotz, Shift has adopted an omnichannel distribution strategy. A car purchase can be complicated and is typically one of the largest purchases in an individual’s life. Because diverse buyers and sellers like to transact differently, the omnichannel business model allows Shift to meet our customers where they would like to be served. For those who embrace a fully online experience, Shift has a highly rated end-to-end ecommerce platform. For those who would like personal help, Shift has three markets with trained sales consultants who will walk a customer through the entire research and sales process.

Shift's approach has always been driven by technology. Our technology enables a superior customer experience and is critical to our scalability in many areas of our operations.

•The Shift technology platform provides a seamless consumer experience for buying a car - from the search and discover experience on the website to a seamless digitally-driven purchase transaction including financing and vehicle protection products.

◦The Shift technology platform provides a comprehensive experience for those selling cars as well. Customers go online, enter information about their car, and get an instant online quote. The machine learning-driven acquisition engine predicts the price we will pay for the vehicle, the price at which we can resell the vehicle, the level of reconditioning required to determine impact on margin and operations, and the likelihood that consumers will purchase ancillary products in connection with the sale of the vehicle.

We use proprietary technology in many areas of our operations including inventory acquisition, pricing, and reconditioning processes to improve efficiency and allow us to scale operations. For example, mechanics use an app that displays a step-by-step guide for inspection and reconditioning, while tracking this data in a cloud database for real-time analytics and decision engine processing to provide optimized reconditioning standards.

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Industry and Market Opportunity

The U.S. used automotive market is massive, fragmented, and ripe for disruption.

•Massive market: According to Cox Automotive, the U.S. used vehicle market hit an all-time record of 40.9 million units in 2021. At an average selling price in 2021 of approximately $26,700 per Statista, the industry generated over $1 trillion in sales.

•Highly fragmented: Market share in the US is extremely fragmented with the top 100 used vehicle retailers accounting for only approximately 11.1% of total used car sales in the US, according to Automotive News.

•Ripe for disruption: The used car buying process suffers from poor overall consumer experience, which is attributable to opaque pricing, high pressure sales tactics, inventory of questionable and widely varying quality, and a generally arduous and lengthy sales process. The peer-to-peer market has even greater challenges for consumers including lack of transparency, the possibility of fraud, logistical challenges, limited or no ability to test drive or return vehicles, lack of financing or warranty options.

•Limited ecommerce penetration: The used automotive market remains among the least penetrated ecommerce markets in the US with consumer interest in online auto purchases increasing. According to Data Feed Watch, 61% of US car buyers are open to purchasing online versus only 32% before COVID-19.

•Consumer desire for omnichannel experience: While Shift was founded as a pure e-commerce used auto buyer and seller and has invested heavily in technology to provide a consumer-centric platform, we believe many consumers would like to choose how they shop. According to Auto Success Online, roughly 90% of consumers now expect retail businesses to offer omni-channel experiences and many in the auto industry believe shopping for a car will become a true omnichannel approach, allowing customers to research and build deals online, but still meet someone at a dealership if desired and convenient.

2

We are focused on the largest segment of the used car market, which comprises inventory between 3 and 10 years of age — a category that makes up approximately 84% of all used vehicle transactions based on a 2019 NIADA report. We believe this makes us well positioned to take market share from legacy auto retailers as its inventory is most heavily concentrated in the deepest pool of demand in the used auto market. In mid-2019, to address a perceived need in the lower price point market, we classified our inventory into two categories, Shift Value and Shift Certified. Shift Value inventory is made up of cars that are over 8 years old or have more than 80,000 miles. Shift Certified inventory consists of vehicles less than 8 years old with less than 80,000 miles. While all vehicles are subjected to the same 150+ point inspection and our high mechanical and safety standards, this segmentation allows us to focus sales and marketing strategies, as well as optimize cosmetic reconditioning costs, for cars with a lower overall purchase price. Consumers seeking Shift Value vehicles are generally less concerned with cosmetic deficiencies; therefore, we have focused our reconditioning on these vehicles to safety and longevity issues, passing on savings to customers while also increasing profitability. This strategy allows us to effectively sell selected older and higher-mileage inventory. In addition, in-house reconditioning provides better control of timing and greater efficiency, especially amongst Shift Value vehicles, and provides the ability to customer standards by distinct categories.

__________________________________________

2Based on a 2018 survey by UBS Evidence Lab

3

How Shift Delivers on its Mission to Make Car Purchase and Ownership Simple

Shift’s mission is to make car purchase and ownership simple – to make buying or selling a used car fun, fair and accessible to everyone.

•Unique Inventory: We source the vast majority of our vehicles from consumers and third-party consumer facing partners who use the Shift platform. We believe our differentiated ability to purchase vehicles directly from consumer-sellers utilizing proprietary software provides Shift with access to a deep pool of scarce, highly desirable inventory. The proprietary software predicts real-time market-based demand and establishes a profitable market clearing price for the vehicles. Shift’s strategy offers a wide variety of vehicles across the entire spectrum of model, price, age, and mileage to provide the right car for buyers regardless of interest, need, budget, or credit. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Shift sourced 95% of its inventory from consumer-sellers and partners driving improved margins and nearly eliminating reliance on volatile auction markets to source inventory.

•Omnichannel Experience: We believe customers value convenience and choice in inventory, vehicle products and services, and especially in how they purchase a vehicle. By providing an omnichannel experience, we can deliver the experience the customer chooses and prefers. Our end-to-end ecommerce platform and our three markets in California and Oregon support all experiences.

◦Buy online: Customers can buy a car sight-unseen without a test drive and have it delivered to their home quickly with the same seven-day, 200-mile return policy as is offered on cars bought in person.

◦In-person at a Shift location: Customers may come to a location to see and test drive multiple cars. Sales consultants on-site can answer questions and walk a customer through the entire search for and purchase of a car. However, if customers would like to search inventory at a location on their own, when they arrive, they can scan a QR code on each car to immediately view all relevant details, including ownership & service history, inspection reports, vehicle history reports, and most importantly, dynamic pricing and market price comparisons, giving customers control in this stage of the search process.

◦A combination of the online experience and in-person experience at a Shift location. A customer may start a transaction online and, at any point in the process, pick up where they left off at a location and finish in-person.

•Customized Research and Discovery: The vast majority of consumer auto purchases involve online research. Our continued investments in our research and discovery functionality, including our machine learning-enabled recommendation engine, create a platform that draws customers to engage with the Shift website and provide a seamless search experience.

•Value-Added Products to Support Ownership: Like other used car dealerships, Shift offers a full suite of products to finance and protect their vehicle. However, unlike traditional used car dealership where these products and services are sold in a high pressured in-person environment, Shift makes this process hassle-free. Products include vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection and wheel and tire coverage. If a customer chooses an in-person experience at one of our locations, a trained sales consultant can walk each customer through the financing and product options in a low-pressure environment, partnering with the customer to find the best products for their situation. If a customer chooses an online experience, we connect customers to various lending partners for a completely digital end-to-end process for financing and service products. A customer can also complete a short online prequalification form and immediately see a filtered view of cars that meet their budget based on the financing options for which they are likely to be able to qualify. Customers can also get approved for financing before they even test drive a car, making it much more likely that the customer will purchase a car from us.

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•Easy Tech-Enabled Selling Experience: Shift’s technology makes selling a car just as easy as buying a car. Sellers are able to go to Shift.com, submit information on their car, and get a quote instantly. Shift uses a proprietary algorithm for pricing that utilizes current market information about market conditions, demand and supply, and car option data, among other factors. Using proprietary pricing, Shift provides an immediate quote for a customer’s trade-in vehicle, and will schedule a pickup at the customer’s location. Shift provides selling customers with information on market rates and, when a customer is ready to sell their car, we can digitally initiate e-contracting and an ACH transfer and conveniently take the car on the seller’s behalf so the seller doesn’t even have to leave his or her home to sell their car.

•Exceptional Overall Customer Experience: Shift was born from a dissatisfaction with the traditional used car-buying experience, which can feel time-consuming, stressful, and dishonest. Our goal is to turn what is generally regarded as a burdensome necessity into a delightful and convenient experience. We achieve this by offering customers no-haggle pricing and a “partner not push” buying experience all within our omnichannel sales model. And, unlike many traditional used car dealers, we don’t employ pushy salespeople.

Competition

The used vehicle market in the United States is highly fragmented, with the top 100 used vehicle retailers accounting for only approximately 11.1% of total used car sales according to Automotive News as well as a large number of transactions occurring in the peer-to-peer market. Competitors in the used vehicle market include:

•traditional new and used car dealerships;

•the peer-to-peer market, utilizing sites such as Facebook, Craigslist, OfferUp, eBay Motors and Nextdoor;

•used car ecommerce businesses or online platforms, mainly Carvana and Vroom; and

•sales by rental car companies directly to consumers of used vehicles which were previously utilized in rental fleets, such as Hertz Car Sales and Enterprise Car Sales.

Our primary competitors, traditional brick-and-mortar used auto dealers, are operating under an outdated business model, which relies on a lack of transparency, high pressure sales tactics, limited inventory, and scarce physical locations to which the customer must travel. These drawbacks in the traditional retail model have allowed ecommerce and omnichannel competitors to rapidly gain share of the used car dealer market in recent years. Additionally, we are well-positioned to gain share from the peer-to-peer market given our focus on acquiring inventory from consumers rather than auctions.

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Our Competitive Strengths

•Omnichannel experience: We believe an omnichannel experience broadens our customer base by including all sales channels and increases customer satisfaction by offering convenience and more choices in how they can transact. With these benefits of an omnichannel model, there is opportunity to drive retail unit sales given and increase product attach rate with knowledgeable sales consultants supporting the in-store purchases.

•Purpose-built ecommerce platform: The Shift platform was built to be an end-to-end online auto solution for consumers who yearn for a differentiated, simple and efficient transaction. The streamlined nature of our business allows for scalability and efficiency in costs compared to our competitors in the auto retail industry, and technology creates a better overall experience for the consumer.

•Consumer-centric technology: Our technology enhances the auto shopping experience while making the process fun and easy compared to the poorly rated experience of dealing with a traditional brick-and-mortar dealer. Most customers begin their car search online and spend most of their car-shopping experience online. Therefore, we believe the best way to enhance the overall process is to provide a digitally driven omnichannel approach to not only begin, but seamlessly complete, the car-buying experience online.

•Exceptional Customer Experience: Customer response to the Shift experience is extremely positive, resulting in a rating of 4.1 out of 5 starts on Trustpilot as of March 2023, compared to an average review of 2.6 out of 5 stars for our two largest ecommerce peers. These positive experiences are expected to allow Shift to serve customers over the entire lifecycle of vehicle ownership and retain customers for repeat sales and purchases. By continuing to invest in services that benefit the customer throughout the ownership phase of the lifecycle, we will continue to establish a long-term customer base that we expect will return for future transactions, thereby reducing our customer acquisition costs over time.

•Broad Inventory Selection Including the Shift Value Segment: We believe that a differentiated ability to purchase vehicles directly from consumer-sellers as compared to our competitors, who purchase a higher percentage through the wholesale market and OEMs, provides Shift access to a deeper pool of scarce, highly desirable inventory. In addition, our data-driven vehicle evaluations help ensure acquisition of the right inventory at the right price to reduce days to sale.

Our unique acquisition strategy allows us to offer inventory that includes a wide spectrum of ages and price, rather than focusing exclusively on newer and more expensive cars. We focus on vehicle models over five years old, with selling prices that are accessible to a broader array of customers. We also have a differentiated “Shift Value” segment of vehicles which are over eight years old or have more than 80,000 miles. This category of inventory is highly desirable to a large market segment, and counter-cyclical, with demand increasing in poor economic conditions. Our inventory is thus diverse enough and better positioned to weather a down economy and shifting consumer preferences. We believe that to be successful in the value segment, it is critical to own the reconditioning process in our markets and offer consumers a test drive option at a Shift location during the purchase process.

6

Our Growth Strategies and Path to Profitability

During 2022, to improve the financial performance of the business and the Company’s liquidity position, Shift implemented the Project Focus Restructuring Plan (the "Restructuring Plan") in August 2022 and acquired CarLotz in December 2022. The Restructuring Plan outlined a plan to position the Company for long-term profitable growth by prioritizing unit economics, reducing operating expenses, and maximizing liquidity.

•Improve Unit Economics: Our short-term priority is to achieve positive unit economics including customer acquisition costs through gross profit per unit ("GPU") expansion and leveraging selling and marketing expenses. To achieve this goal, first, we are carefully managing our vehicle acquisition costs in the volatile pricing environment using our proprietary software and algorithms. Second, we are optimizing marketing spend through focusing on lower-funnel activities to drive higher conversion and targeting more efficient customer acquisition channels. And third, we believe the addition of in-person selling as part of our omnichannel selling experience will drive higher conversion rates for cars and products.

•Increase Market Penetration in Existing Markets: Our plan is to increase share in existing markets given the large and highly fragmented industry in which we operate. We are focused on our mature markets where we can leverage our large markets with reconditioning facilities and brand recognition to drive retail unit sales. We believe our omnichannel model has appeal to a broader base of customers who would like to have choice in how they transact.

•Geographic Expansion: We currently operate three markets in California and Oregon. Over time, we will evaluate entering new markets that meet our requirements for regional market demand, desirable real estate to deliver our omnichannel experience, and estimated store economics.

•Enhanced Cost Control: The Company has taken significant steps to right-size the cost structure for the omnichannel business model and will manage costs judiciously to achieve long-term profitable growth.

•Support Vehicle Ownership Throughout the Entire Lifecycle and Capitalize on Ancillary Product Offering: We offer service, maintenance, and repair work at each of our three markets in an effort to support the entire lifecycle of vehicle ownership. We seek to become the single company consumers think of every time they want to do anything with a car — buy, sell, service or protect — to make car ownership simple. The service and maintenance business has the opportunity to add recurring revenue and gross profit while increasing customer loyalty and reducing future customer acquisition costs.

•Leverage Scalable Proprietary Marketplace and Logistics Platform: Not only do we use our technology to buy, sell, and maintain the cars we sell through our own markets, but we have also built modular, scalable proprietary technology solutions for a logistics management and mobile transactions platform that can be leveraged by other car sellers including other dealers. Our vision is to evolve into a true platform marketplace that lists and fulfills third-party inventory, enabling traditional dealers to modernize through this platform and those who might otherwise build a traditional dealership channel to make use of the Shift platform instead. By becoming the online destination for consumers who want to buy or sell a car, we also plan to become the platform for dealers who want to transact with those consumers.

•Accelerate Growth Through Strategic M&A: The market for used cars is highly fragmented. We intend to consider acquisitions that further our strategy of developing an omnichannel distribution platform, combining digital delivery and strategic retail presence.

Marketing

We believe our customer base is representative of the overall market for used cars as our vehicles cover the full spectrum of used car price points. Our sales and marketing efforts utilize a multi-channel approach, built on a seasonality-adjusted, market-based model budget. We direct marketing to both buyers and sellers, which is part of why we are able to acquire a majority of our inventory directly from customers. We believe our strong customer focus ensures customer loyalty which will drive both repeat purchases and referrals. We drive Buyer and Seller traffic to the Shift platform with SEM, Paid Social, SEO, and Affiliate programs. In addition, for Buyer, we also leverage third-party auto lead sources to drive traffic.

7

Service Providers

We utilize several top banking partners to finance purchases of our vehicles by customers who desire or need such financing. We also offer value-added products to our customers through third-party partners, including vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection and wheel and tire coverage. None of these third-party partners are individually significant to our operations.

Seasonality

We expect our quarterly results of operations, including our revenue, gross profit, profitability, if any, and cash flow to vary significantly in the future, based in part on, among other things, consumers’ car buying patterns. We have typically experienced higher revenue growth rates in the second and third quarters of the calendar year than in each of the first or fourth quarters of the calendar year. We believe these results are due to seasonal buying patterns driven in part by the timing of income tax refunds, which we believe are an important source of car buyer down payments on used vehicle purchases. However, we recognize that in the future our revenues may be affected by these seasonal trends (including any disruptions to normal seasonal trends arising from the COVID-19 pandemic), as well as cyclical trends affecting the overall economy, specifically the automotive retail industry.

Intellectual Property

The protection of our technology and other intellectual property is an important aspect of our business. We seek to protect our intellectual property through patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright law, as well as confidentiality agreements, other contractual commitments and security procedures. We generally enter into confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants to control access to, and clarify ownership of, our technology and other proprietary information.

We own one issued U.S. patent and have one pending U.S. patent application. We also have an application pending to register Shift™ as a trademark in the United States. We regularly review our technology development efforts and branding strategy to identify and assess the protection of new intellectual property.

Intellectual property laws, contractual commitments and security procedures provide only limited protection, and any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. Further, intellectual property laws vary from country to country, and we have not sought patents or trademark registrations outside of the United States. Therefore, in other jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect certain of our proprietary technology, brands, or other intellectual property.

Government Regulation

Our business is and will continue to be subject to extensive U.S. federal, state and local laws and regulations. The advertising, sale, purchase, financing and transportation of used vehicles are regulated by every state in which we operate and by the U.S. federal government. We also are subject to state laws related to titling and registration and wholesale vehicle sales, and our sale of value-added products is subject to state licensing requirements, as well as federal and state consumer protection laws. These laws can vary significantly from state to state. In addition, we are subject to regulations and laws specifically governing the internet and ecommerce and the collection, storage and use of personal information and other customer data. We are also subject to federal and state consumer protection laws, including the Equal Credit Opportunities Act and prohibitions against unfair or deceptive acts or practices. The federal governmental agencies that regulate our business and have the authority to enforce such regulations and laws against us include the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. For example, the FTC has jurisdiction to investigate and enforce our compliance with certain consumer protection laws and has brought enforcement actions against auto dealers relating to a broad range of practices, including the sale and financing of value-added or add-on products. Additionally, we are subject to regulation by individual state dealer licensing authorities, state consumer protection agencies and state financial regulatory agencies. We also are subject to audit by such state regulatory authorities.

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State dealer licensing authorities regulate the purchase and sale of used vehicles by dealers within their respective states. The applicability of these regulatory and legal compliance obligations to our ecommerce business is dependent on evolving interpretations of these laws and regulations and how our operations are, or are not, subject to them. We are licensed as a dealer in California and Oregon and all of our vehicle transactions are conducted under our California and Oregon licenses. We believe that our activities in other states are not currently subject to their vehicle dealer licensing laws, however if we determine that obtaining a license in another state is necessary, either due to expansion or otherwise, we may not be able to obtain such a license within the timeframe we expect or at all.

Some states regulate retail installment sales, including setting a maximum interest rate, caps on certain fees or maximum amounts financed. In addition, certain states require that retail installment sellers file a notice of intent or have a sales finance license or an installment sellers license in order to solicit or originate installment sales in that state. All of our installment sale transactions are currently conducted under our California or Oregon dealer licenses. However, as we seek to expand to other states, we may be required to obtain additional licenses and our ability to do so cannot be assured.

In addition to these laws and regulations that apply specifically to the sale and financing of used vehicles, our facilities and business operations are subject to laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, occupational health and safety, and other broadly applicable business regulations. We also are subject to laws and regulations involving taxes, tariffs, privacy and data security, anti-spam, pricing, content protection, electronic contracts and communications, mobile communications, consumer protection, information-reporting requirements, unencumbered internet access to our platform, the design and operation of websites and internet neutrality. In connection with the closing of the merger, we are also now subject to laws and regulations affecting public companies, including securities laws and exchange listing rules.

For a discussion of the various risks we face from regulation and compliance matters, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Insurance

We maintain insurance policies to cover directors’ and officers’ liability, fiduciary, crime, property, workers’ compensation, automobile, cyber, general liability and umbrella insurance.

All of our insurance policies are with third-party carriers and syndicates with financial ratings of A or better. We and our global insurance broker regularly review our insurance policies and believe the premiums, deductibles, coverage limits and scope of coverage under such policies are reasonable and appropriate for our business.

Employees

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we had an average of approximately 970 employees. As of March 30, 2023 we had approximately 360 full-time employees. As discussed further in Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring to the accompanying consolidated financial statements, headcount has been reduced pursuant to a Restructuring Plan and scaled to match a reduced geographic footprint. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We consider our relationships with our employees to be good and have not experienced any interruptions of operations due to labor disagreements.

Available Information

Our website is www.shift.com. The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC under the Exchange Act. The Company makes available, free of charge, on its website its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The Company's reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

In addition, we have posted on our website the charters for our (i) Audit Committee and (ii) Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee, as well as our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct and Corporate Governance Guidelines. We will provide a copy of these documents without charge to stockholders upon written request to Investor Relations, Shift Technologies, Inc., 290 Division Street, Fourth Floor San Francisco, California 94103-4234. Our website and information included in or linked to our website are not part of this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Described below are certain risks to our business and the industry in which we operate. Our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the financial and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public disclosures. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities you should also refer to the other information contained in this annual report.

Summary of Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the key risks and uncertainties described below that we believe are material to us at this time:

•general business and economic conditions and risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including, but not limited to, unemployment levels, consumer confidence, fuel prices, changes in the prices of used vehicles, and interest rates;

•competition, and the ability of the Company to grow and manage growth profitably;

•our history of losses and ability to achieve or maintain profitability in the future;

•our ability to establish our software as a platform to be used by automotive dealers;

•risks relating to our inspection, reconditioning and storage facilities;

•impacts of COVID-19 and other pandemics;

•our reliance on third-party carriers for transportation:

•our current geographic concentration where we provide reconditioning services and store inventory;

•cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents;

•the impact of copycat websites;

•failure to adequately protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information;

•our reliance on third-party service providers to provide financing;

•the impact of federal and state laws related to financial services on our third-party service providers;

•risks that impact the quality of our customer experience, our reputation, or our brand;

•changes in the prices of new and used vehicles;

•our ability to correctly appraise and price vehicles;

•access to desirable vehicle inventory;

•our ability to expeditiously sell inventory;

•our ability to expand product offerings;

•risks that impact the affordability and availability of consumer credit;

•changes in applicable laws and regulations and our ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations;

•risks related to income taxes and examinations by tax authorities;

•access to additional debt and equity capital;

•potential dilution resulting from future sales or issuances of our equity securities;

•risks related to compliance with NASDAQ listing standards;

•risks related to compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act;

•changes in government regulation of ecommerce;

•changes in technology and consumer acceptance of such changes;

•risks related to online payment methods;

•risks related to our marketing and branding efforts;

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•our reliance on internet search engines, vehicle listing sites and social networking sites to help drive traffic to its website;

•any restrictions on the sending of emails or messages or an inability to timely deliver such communications;

•our reliance on Lithia Motors for certain support services;

•seasonal and other fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations;

•changes in the auto industry and conditions affecting automotive manufacturers;

•customers choosing not to shop online;

•natural disasters, adverse weather events and other catastrophic events;

•adequacy and availability of insurance coverage;

•our dependence on key personnel;

•increases in labor costs and compliance with labor laws;

•our reliance on third-party technology and information systems;

•our use of open-source software;

•claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers;

•significant disruptions in service on our platform;

•impairment charges;

•our level of indebtedness, changes in interest rates, and reliance on our Flooring Line of Credit with Ally Bank;

•volatility in the price of our common stock;

•issuances of our Class A common stock and future sales of our Class A common stock;

•anti-takeover provisions in Delaware corporate law;

•risks related to our financial guidance and coverage by securities analysts;

•our ability to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

•the effect of the announcement of the restructuring on our ability to retain and hire key personnel and maintain relationships with its customers, suppliers and others with whom we do business;

•our ability to successfully realize the anticipated benefits of the Restructuring Plan;

•our ability to successfully integrate Fair Dealer Services, LLC’s operations, technologies and employees;

•the ability to realize anticipated benefits and synergies of the Fair acquisition, including the expectation of enhancements to our products and services, greater revenue or growth opportunities, operating efficiencies and cost savings;

•the ability to realize anticipated benefits and synergies of the CarLotz Merger, including the expectation of enhancements to our products and services, greater revenue or growth opportunities, operating efficiencies and cost savings; and

•the ability to ensure continued performance and market growth of the combined company’s business.

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Risks Relating to Our Business

General business and economic conditions, and risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including consumer demand, could adversely affect the market for used cars, which could reduce our sales and profitability.

The market for used cars in the United States is affected by general business and economic conditions. The United States economy often experiences periods of instability, and this volatility may result in reduced demand for our vehicles and value-added products, reduced spending on vehicles, the inability of customers to obtain credit to finance purchases of vehicles, and decreased consumer confidence to make discretionary purchases. Consumer purchases of vehicles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected.

Purchases of used vehicles are discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy and other factors, including rising interest rates, the cost of energy and gasoline, the availability and cost of consumer credit, reductions in consumer confidence and fears of recession, stock market volatility, increased regulation and increased unemployment. Increased environmental regulation has made, and may in the future make, the used vehicles that we sell more expensive and less desirable for consumers.

In the event of a sustained revenue decline suffered by participants in the automotive markets, our competitors may attempt to increase their sales by reducing prices or increasing marketing expenditures, car manufacturers may increase incentives to stimulate new car sales, and rental car companies may seek to reduce the sizes of their rental car fleets by selling vehicles, each of which may depress used car values. Additionally, increases in unemployment rates may increase the number of loan and lease defaults, leading to repossessions, which are typically then re-sold by lenders in the wholesale market, which also may depress used car values. While lower used vehicle prices reduce our cost of acquiring new inventory, lower prices could lead to reductions in the value of inventory we currently hold, which could have a negative impact on gross profit. Moreover, any significant changes in retail prices due to scarcity or competition for used vehicles could impact our ability to source desirable inventory for our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and could result in fewer used-car sales and lower revenue. Furthermore, any significant increases in wholesale prices for used vehicles could have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing wholesale margins.

In addition, changing trends in consumer tastes, negative business and economic conditions and market volatility may make it difficult for us to accurately forecast vehicle demand trends, which could cause us to increase our inventory carrying costs and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We participate in a highly competitive industry, and pressure from existing and new companies may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As described in greater detail in “Description of Business,” our business is involved in the purchase and sale of used vehicles. Companies that provide listings, information, and lead generation, as well as car-buying and car-selling services designed to help potential customers and to enable dealers to reach these customers, produce significant competition to our business. Some of these companies include:

•traditional used vehicle dealerships, including those which may increase investment in their technology and infrastructure in order to compete directly with our digital business model;

•large, national car dealers, such as CarMax and AutoNation, which are expanding into online sales, including “omnichannel” offerings;

•used car dealers or marketplaces that currently have existing ecommerce businesses or online platforms, such as Carvana and Vroom;

•the peer-to-peer market, utilizing sites such as Facebook, Craigslist.com, eBay Motors and Nextdoor.com; and

•sales by rental car companies directly to consumers of used vehicles which were previously utilized in rental fleets, such as Hertz Car Sales and Enterprise Car Sales.

Internet and online automotive sites, such as Google, Amazon, AutoTrader.com, Edmunds.com, KBB.com, Autobytel.com, TrueCar.com, CarGurus, and Cars.com, could change their models to directly compete with us. In addition, automobile manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford, and Volkswagen could change their sales models to better compete with our model through technology and infrastructure investments. While such enterprises may change their business models and endeavor to compete with us, the purchase and sale of used vehicles through ecommerce presents unique challenges.

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Our competitors also compete in the online market through companies that provide listings, information, lead generation and car buying services designed to reach customers and enable dealers to reach these customers and providers of offline, membership-based car buying services such as the Costco Auto Program. We also expect that new competitors will continue to enter the traditional and ecommerce automotive retail industry with competing brands, business models and products and services, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue, business and financial results. For example, traditional car dealers could transition their selling efforts to the internet, allowing them to sell vehicles across state lines and compete directly with our online offering and no-negotiating pricing model.

Our current and potential competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, and the ability to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and support of their businesses, platforms, and related products and services. Additionally, they may have more extensive automotive industry relationships, longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. As a result, these competitors may be able to respond more quickly to consumer needs with new technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing or promotional campaigns. If we are unable to compete with these companies, the demand for our used vehicles and value-added products could substantially decline.

In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if our competitors develop business models, products or services with similar or superior functionality to our platform, it may adversely affect our business. Additionally, our competitors could use their political influence and increase lobbying efforts to encourage new regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would prevent us from operating in certain markets.

We face significant challenges in establishing our software as a platform to be used by automotive dealers.

Our current business model relies in part upon the establishment of our ecommerce solutions as a platform to be used by existing automobile dealers, most of whom are not familiar with and have not used our software platform, and also may not recognize our brand and corporate identity. Acceptance of our software platform by automotive dealers will depend on many factors, including consumer acceptance of our software, price, reliability, performance, and service accessibility and effectiveness. In addition, some of our primary ecommerce competitors may offer a similar software platform to automobile dealers, which may make it more difficult for us to differentiate our offering, attract automobile dealers to our platform, and derive the results we hope to achieve from this channel.

We face a variety of risks associated with the operation of our inspection, reconditioning and storage facilities.

We operate our inspection, reconditioning and storage centers in California and Oregon. If we are unable to operate our inspection, reconditioning and storage centers efficiently, we could experience delivery delays, a decrease in the quality of our reconditioning services, delays in listing our inventory, additional expenses and loss of potential and existing customers and related revenues, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, our future growth depends in part on scaling and expanding our inspection and reconditioning operations. Our business model relies on centralized inspection, reconditioning and storage centers, which have an average radius of service equal to 2 hours of driving time. We anticipate that in order to expand our geographic footprint, we will need to open additional inspection, reconditioning and storage centers. If for any reason we are unable to expand our reconditioning operations as planned, this could limit our ability to expand our geographic footprint.

Additionally, our business model assumes that we will yield efficiencies from our internal inspection and reconditioning capability, but we also rely on third-party providers to perform inspection and reconditioning services for us to the extent we are not currently able to fully absorb those operations internally. If our third-party providers of inspection and reconditioning services are unable to provide those services reliably, we may experience delays in delivery and listing of our inventory. In addition, to the extent our third-party providers do not maintain the quality of our reconditioning services, we may suffer reputational harm and be subject to claims by consumers. In addition, if we are not able to meet our goals of bringing inspection and reconditioning fully in house, or if we are not able to obtain the efficiencies we expect to gain from doing so, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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Additionally, we are required to obtain approvals, permits and licenses from state regulators and local municipalities to operate our centers. We may face delays in obtaining the requisite approvals, permits, financing and licenses to operate our centers or we may not be able to obtain them at all. If we encounter delays in obtaining or cannot obtain the requisite approvals, permits, financing and licenses to operate our centers in desirable markets, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on third-party carriers to transport our vehicle inventory throughout the United States. Thus, we are subject to business risks and costs associated with such carriers and with the transportation industry, many of which are out of our control.

We rely on third-party carriers to transport vehicles from auctions or individual sellers to our facilities, and then from our facilities to our customers. As a result, we are exposed to risks associated with the transportation industry such as weather, traffic patterns, local and federal regulations, vehicular crashes, gasoline prices and lack of reliability of many independent carriers. In addition, our transportation costs may increase as carriers have increased prices. Our third-party carriers’ failure to successfully manage our logistics and fulfillment process could cause a disruption in our inventory supply chain and decrease our inventory sales velocity, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, third-party carriers that deliver vehicles to our customers could adversely affect the customer experience if they do not perform to our standards of professionalism and courtesy, which could adversely impact our business (including our reputation), financial condition and results of operations.

The current geographic concentration where we provide reconditioning services and store inventory creates an exposure to local and regional downturns or severe weather or catastrophic occurrences that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently conduct our business through our inspection, reconditioning and storage centers in California and Oregon. Any unforeseen events or circumstances that negatively affect areas where we operate or may operate in the future, particularly our facilities in California, a state that has experienced significant natural and other disasters in the past including earthquakes, wildfires and blackouts, could materially and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations. Changes in demographics and population or severe weather conditions and other catastrophic occurrences in areas in which we operate or from which we obtain inventory may materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Such conditions may result in physical damage to our properties, loss of inventory, and delays in the delivery of vehicles to our customers. In addition, our geographic concentration means that changes in policy at the state level, including regulatory changes and government shutdowns in response to pandemics and other crises, may have more significant impact on our business.

If we sustain cyber-attacks or other privacy or data security incidents that result in security breaches, we could suffer a loss of sales and increased costs, exposure to significant liability, reputational harm and other negative consequences.

Our information technology has been and may in the future be subject to cyber-attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, theft, computer hacking, phishing, employee error or malfeasance or other security breaches or loss of service. Hackers and data thieves are becoming increasingly sophisticated and large-scale and complex automated attacks are becoming more prevalent. Experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our security controls and misappropriate or compromise sensitive personal, proprietary or confidential information, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. They also may be able to develop and deploy malicious software programs that attack our systems or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities. Our systems and the data stored on those systems also may be vulnerable to security incidents or security attacks, acts of vandalism or theft, coordinated attacks by activist entities, misplaced, blocked or lost data, human errors, or other similar events that could negatively affect our systems and the data stored on or transmitted by those systems, including the data of our customers or business partners. Further, third parties that provide services to us, such as hosted solution providers, also could be a source of security risks in the event of a failure of their own security systems and infrastructure. Our technology infrastructure may be subject to increased risk of slowdown or interruption as a result of integration with third-party services, including cloud services, and/or failures by such third parties, which may be out of our control.

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The costs to eliminate or address the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities before or after a cyber-incident could be significant. Our remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service and loss of existing or potential suppliers or players. As threats related to cyber-attacks develop and grow, we may also find it necessary to make further investments to protect our data and infrastructure, which may impact our results of operations. Although we have insurance coverage for losses associated with cyber-attacks, as with all insurance policies, there are coverage exclusions and limitations, and our coverage may not be sufficient to cover all possible losses and claims, and we may still suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business (including reputational damage). We could also be negatively impacted by existing and proposed U.S. laws and regulations, and government policies and practices related to cybersecurity, data privacy, data localization and data protection. In the event that we or our service providers are unable to prevent, detect, and remediate the foregoing security threats and vulnerabilities in a timely manner, our operations could be disrupted, or we could incur financial, legal or reputational losses arising from misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or intentional or accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information systems and networks, including personal information of our employees and our customers. In addition, outside parties may attempt to fraudulently induce our employees or employees of our vendors to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data. The number and complexity of these threats continue to increase over time. Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent these events from occurring, and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls, and processes require ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. Despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely.

We may be subject to adverse impacts from the existence of copycat websites that attempt to defraud our potential customers.

We have in the past, and may in the future, experience disruption in our business and adverse impacts to our brand from the posting by third parties of copycat websites that attempt to imitate the branding and functionality of our website and defraud our consumers. If we become aware of such activities, we intend to employ technological or legal measures in an attempt to halt these operations. However, we may be unable to detect all such activities or operations in a timely manner and, even if we do detect such activities or operations, our attempts and implementing technological measures and seeking legal recourse from appropriate governmental authorities may be insufficient to halt these operations. In some cases, particularly in the case of entities operating outside of the United States, our available remedies may not be adequate to protect us or our consumers against the impact of the operation of such websites. Regardless of whether we can successfully enforce our rights against the operators of these websites, any measures that we may take could require us to expend significant financial or other resources, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, to the extent that such activity creates confusion among consumers, our brand and business could be materially harmed.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The protection of intellectual property, technology and confidential information is crucial to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright law, as well as contractual restrictions, to protect our intellectual property (including our brand, technology and confidential information). While it is our policy to protect and defend our rights to our intellectual property, we cannot predict whether steps taken by us to protect our intellectual property will be adequate to prevent infringement, misappropriation, dilution or other violations of our intellectual property rights. We also cannot guarantee that others will not independently develop technology that has the same or similar functionality as our technology. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or obtain and use our technology to develop competing solutions and policing unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property rights may be difficult and may not be effective. Furthermore, we have faced and may in the future face claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property that could interfere with our ability to market, promote and sell our vehicles and related services. Any litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or defend ourselves against claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could be costly, divert attention of management and may not ultimately be resolved in our favor. Moreover, if we are unable to successfully defend against claims that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of others, we may be prevented from using certain intellectual property and may be liable for damages, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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As part of our efforts to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information, we require certain of our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality and assignment of inventions agreements, and we also require certain third parties to enter into nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not effectively grant all necessary rights to any inventions that may have been developed by our employees and consultants. In addition, these agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. Changes in the law or adverse court rulings may also negatively affect our ability to prevent others from using our technology.

We are currently the registrant of the shift.com internet domain name and various other related domain names. The regulation of domain names in the United States is subject to change. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may not be able to acquire or maintain domain names that are important for our business.

In addition, the Shift® trademark is important to our business. We may not be able to protect our rights in this trademark, which we need in order to build name recognition with consumers. If we fail to adequately protect or enforce our rights under this trademark, we may lose the ability to use it, or to prevent others from using it, which could adversely harm our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we are actively seeking registration of the Shift trademark in the U.S., it is possible that others may assert senior rights to similar trademarks and seek to prevent our use and registration of our trademark in certain jurisdictions. In addition, registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names that we own may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. If third parties succeed in registering or developing common law rights in our trademarks or trade names, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks or trade names to develop brand recognition of our technologies, products or services. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively. Further, it is possible that our trademark “Shift” may be deemed to be generic and therefore ineligible for registration. If any of these events were to occur, our pending trademark application for Shift® may not result in such mark being registered, which could adversely affect our branding, or require us to adopt new branding, which would cause us to incur increased marketing, infrastructure and capital expense, and all of which could adversely affect our business, financial performance and results of operations. In addition, even if we are able to protect our trademarks, scammers may attempt to mimic our website in order to defraud potential customers.

While software is protected under copyright law, we have chosen not to register any copyrights in our software. We also rely on trade secret law to protect our proprietary software. In order to bring a copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States, the copyright would need to be registered. Accordingly, the remedies and damages available to us for unauthorized use of our software may be limited. Our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary materials may be revealed to the public or our competitors or independently developed by our competitors and no longer provide protection for the related intellectual property. Furthermore, our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary materials may be revealed to the public or our competitors or independently developed by our competitors and no longer provide protection for the related intellectual property.

We rely on third-party service providers to provide financing, as well as value-added products, to our customers, and we cannot control the quality or fulfillment of these products and services.

We rely on third-party lenders to finance purchases of our vehicles by customers who desire or need such financing. We also offer value-added products to our customers through third-party service providers, including vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”), and wheel and tire coverage. Because we utilize third-party service providers, we cannot control all of the factors that might affect the quality and fulfillment of these services and products, including (i) lack of day-to-day control over the activities of third-party service providers, (ii) that such service providers may not fulfill their obligations to us or our customers or may otherwise fail to meet expectations, which in the case of vehicle service contracts, could require us to refund amounts paid or underwrite the risk ourselves, and (iii) that such service providers may terminate their arrangements with us on limited or no notice or may change the terms of these arrangements in a manner unfavorable to us for reasons outside of our control. Such providers also are subject to state and federal regulations and any failure by such third-party service providers to comply with applicable legal requirements could cause us financial or reputational harm.

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Our revenues and results of operations are partially dependent on the actions of these third parties. If one or more of these third-party service providers cease to provide these services or products to our customers, tighten their credit standards or otherwise provide services to fewer customers or are no longer able to provide them on competitive terms, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and results of operations. If we were unable to replace the current third-party providers upon the occurrence of one or more of the foregoing events, it could also have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and results of operations. Delays or errors by these third-party service providers are not in the Company’s control but may cause dissatisfaction with our customers that could result in reputational harm to us. In addition, disagreements with such third-party service providers could require or result in costly and time-consuming litigation or arbitration.

Moreover, we receive fees from these third-party service providers in connection with finance, service and vehicle protection products purchased by our customers. A portion of the fees we receive on such products is subject to chargebacks in the event of early termination, default or prepayment of the contracts by end-customers, which could adversely affect our business, revenues and results of operations.

Certain of our third-party service providers are highly regulated financial institutions, and the federal and state laws related to financial services could have a direct or indirect materially adverse effect on our business.

We have entered into agreements with various third-party financial institutions related to the financing by those institutions of our customers’ vehicle purchases as well as the provision of various value-added products. Our financial institution counterparties are subject to extensive federal and state laws and regulations related to the provision of financial services, and their ability to provide financing and other products and services could be materially limited or eliminated at any time as a result of financial regulatory or supervisory issues as well as changes in federal or state laws, regulations, or guidance related to the provision of financial services. In the event of such disruptions, our business could be materially adversely affected if we are unable in a commercially reasonable manner to identify and enter into replacement arrangements with other institutions on substantially similar terms as those that exist with our current providers. Moreover, we are subject to contractual obligations requiring that we comply with, or help to facilitate compliance by our financial institution counterparties with, a broad range of regulatory requirements and obligations, including without limitation those related to customer data, data security, privacy, anti-money laundering, and the detection and prevention of financial crimes. The federal and state regulators responsible for implementing and enforcing these laws and regulations routinely examine our financial institution counterparties with respect to their compliance with such laws and regulations, including the extent to which these institutions’ third-party relationships may present compliance risks. Despite our best efforts to comply with all applicable regulatory and contractual obligations, it is possible that there could be some perceived or actual deficiency in our ability to adequately satisfy financial regulatory requirements or to serve as a contractual counterparty to a regulated financial institution. Any such perceived or actual deficiency or risk to a regulated financial institution could result in a disruption of our relationship with that institution as well as with other lenders and other financial services counterparties, which could have a materially adverse impact on our business.

If the quality of our customer experience, our reputation, or our brand were negatively affected, our business, sales, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our business model is based on our ability to enable consumers to buy and sell used vehicles through our ecommerce platform in a seamless, transparent and hassle-free transaction. If we fail to sustain a high level of integrity and our reputation suffers as a result, customers, partners, and vendors may lose trust in our business, and our revenues and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Even if, despite our best efforts, there is a perceived deterioration in quality of our value proposition, our revenues and results of operations could decline. Additionally, to the extent our historic rapid growth continues in the future, it may become challenging to maintain the quality of our customer experience.

We operate a consumer-facing business and are likely to receive complaints or negative publicity about our business. For example, we may receive complaints about our business practices, marketing and advertising campaigns, vehicle quality, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, data privacy and security or other aspects of our business, especially on blogs and social media websites. Such complaints, irrespective of their validity, could diminish customer confidence in our vehicles, products, and services and adversely affect our reputation. If we fail to correct or mitigate misinformation or negative information about any aspect of our business in a timely manner, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

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Our business is sensitive to changes in the prices of new vehicles as compared to the price of used vehicles.

If the prices of new vehicles decline relative to the prices of used vehicles, our customers may become more likely to purchase a new vehicle rather than a used vehicle, which could reduce our vehicle sales and lower our revenue. A potential contributing factor to the narrowing of the price gap between new and used vehicles is manufacturers providing incentives for the purchase of new vehicles, such as favorable financing terms. Additionally, factors that cause used vehicle prices to increase, such as a decrease in the number of new vehicle lease returns or a decrease in vehicle stock from rental car companies could cause consumers to favor the purchases of new vehicles. In addition, supply chain issues impacted new vehicle production throughout 2021 and 2022. As a result of these factors, automotive vehicle pricing and demand continues to be difficult to predict.

Our business and inventory are dependent on our ability to correctly appraise and price vehicles we buy and sell.

When purchasing a vehicle from us, our customers sometimes trade in their current vehicle and apply the trade-in value towards their purchase. We also acquire vehicles from consumers independent of any purchase of a vehicle from us. We appraise and price vehicles we buy and sell based on a field evaluation of the vehicle using data science and proprietary algorithms based on a number of factors, including mechanical soundness, consumer desirability and demand, vehicle history, market prices and relative value as prospective inventory. If we are unable to correctly appraise and price both the vehicles we buy and the vehicles we sell, we may be unable to acquire or sell inventory at attractive prices or to manage inventory effectively, and accordingly our revenue, gross margins and results of operations would be affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular, when a customer trades in their current vehicle and applies the trade-in value towards their purchase, our ability to effectively appraise the vehicle based on a field evaluation is important, as we believe that unwinding a transaction due to the discovery of a defect in the vehicle would negatively affect the customer’s experience.

Our business is dependent upon access to desirable vehicle inventory. Obstacles to acquiring attractive inventory, whether because of supply, competition or other factors, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In the year ended December 31, 2022, we obtained 95% of the vehicles we sell in our retail segment from customers and partners. If we are unable to purchase a sufficient number of vehicles directly from consumer-sellers and our partners, we will need to find alternative sources of vehicles and we may not be able to purchase vehicles of the same quality and at the same price as the vehicles we currently purchase. A reduction in the availability of or access to sources of inventory for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent upon our ability to expeditiously sell inventory. Failure to expeditiously sell our inventory could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We regularly project demand for used vehicles purchased by customers on our platform and purchase inventory in accordance with those projections. If we fail to accurately project demand, we could experience an over-supply of used vehicle inventory that may create a downward pressure on our used vehicle sales prices and margins. As well, an over-supply of used vehicle inventory would be expected to increase the average number of days required to sell a unit of inventory.

Used vehicle inventory comprises the largest component of our total assets other than cash, and used vehicle inventories generally depreciate rapidly. An increase in the average number of days required to sell a unit of inventory could materially adversely impact our ability to liquidate inventory at prices that allow us to recover costs and generate profit. Additionally, an increase in the rate at which customers return vehicles, which in turn increases our used vehicle inventory, could have the same effect.

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Our ability to expand value-added product offerings and introduce additional products and services may be limited, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Currently, our third-party value-added products consist of finance and vehicle protection products, which includes third-party financing of customers’ vehicle purchases, as well as other value-added products, such as vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection, and wheel and tire coverage. If we introduce new value-added products or expand existing offerings on our platform, such as insurance and/or insurance referral services, music services or vehicle diagnostic and tracking services and maintenance, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter these markets successfully. Entry into new markets may require us to compete with new companies, cater to new customer expectations, and comply with new complex regulations and licensing requirements, each of which will be unfamiliar. Accordingly, we could need to invest significant resources in market research, legal counsel, and our organizational infrastructure, and a return on such investments may not be achieved for several years, if at all. Additionally, failure to comply with applicable regulations or to obtain required licenses could result in penalties or fines. Further, we may fail in demonstrating the value of any new value-added product to customers, which would compromise our ability to successfully create new revenue streams or receive returns in excess of investments. Any of these risks, if realized, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Vehicle retail sales depend heavily on affordable interest rates and availability of credit for vehicle financing and a substantial increase in interest rates could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

If interest rates continue to rise, market rates for vehicle financing will generally be expected to rise as well, which may make our vehicles less affordable to customers or steer customers to less expensive vehicles that would be less profitable for us, adversely affecting our financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if consumer interest rates increase substantially or if financial service providers tighten lending standards or restrict their lending to certain classes of credit, customers may not desire or be able to obtain financing to purchase our vehicles. As a result, a substantial increase in customer interest rates or tightening of lending standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Failure to comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, or the expansion of current or the enactment of new laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection and consumer protection, as well as our actual or perceived failure to protect such information, could harm our reputation and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We collect, store, process, and use personal information and other customer data, and we rely in part on third parties that are not directly under our control to manage certain of these operations. For example, we rely on encryption, storage and processing technology developed by third parties to securely transmit, operate on and store such information. Due to the volume and sensitivity of the personal information and data we and these third parties manage and expect to manage in the future, as well as the nature of our customer base, the security features of our information systems are critical. We expend significant resources to protect against security breaches and may need to expend more resources in the event we need to address problems caused by potential breaches. Any failure or perceived failure to maintain the security of personal and other data that is provided to us by customers and vendors could harm our reputation and brand and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have in the past experienced security vulnerabilities, though such vulnerabilities have not had a material impact on our operations. While we have implemented security procedures and virus protection software, intrusion prevention systems, access control and emergency recovery processes to mitigate risks like these with respect to information systems that are under our control, they are not fail-safe and may be subject to breaches. Further, we cannot ensure that third parties upon whom we rely for various services will maintain sufficient vigilance and controls over their systems. Our inability to use or access those information systems at critical points in time, or unauthorized releases of personal or confidential information, could unfavorably impact the timely and efficient operation of our business, including our results of operations, and our reputation, as well as our relationships with our customers, employees or other individuals whose information may have been affected by such cybersecurity incidents.

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There are numerous federal, state and local laws regarding privacy and the collection, processing, storing, sharing, disclosing, using and protecting of personal information and other data, the scope of which are changing and expanding as we move into new markets, subject to differing interpretations, and which may be costly to comply with, inconsistent between jurisdictions or conflicting with other rules. We are also subject to specific contractual requirements contained in third-party agreements governing our use and protection of personal information and other data. We generally seek to comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our privacy policies and the privacy- and security-related obligations to third parties. We strive to comply with applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data protection, to the extent possible. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. Additionally, new regulations could be enacted with which we are not familiar. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to customers or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which may include personally identifiable information or other customer data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause customers, vendors and receivable-purchasers to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, if vendors, developers or other third parties that we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put customers’ or vendors’ information at risk and could in turn harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect that new industry standards, laws and regulations will continue to be proposed and implemented regarding privacy, data protection and information security where we do business. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020, gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Some observers have noted that the CCPA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent state privacy legislation in the U.S., which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. Further, if individual U.S. states pass data privacy laws that place different obligations or limitations on the processing of personal data of individuals in those states, it will become more complex to comply with these laws and our compliance costs may increase.

A significant data breach or any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any federal, state or local privacy or consumer protection-related laws, regulations or other principles or orders to which we may be subject or other legal obligations relating to privacy or consumer protection could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, and may result in claims, investigations, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others or other penalties or liabilities or require us to change our operations and/or cease using certain data sets. Depending on the nature of the information compromised, we may also have obligations to notify users, law enforcement or payment companies about the incident and may need to provide some form of remedy, such as refunds, for the individuals affected by the incident.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and are subject to a wide range of federal, state and local laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, some of these laws establish either a private right of action or permit private individuals and entities to enforce the same in the name of the relevant government entity.

Our business is and will continue to be subject to a wide range of federal, state, and local laws and regulations, some of which are novel and without relevant precedent. Such laws and regulations include, but are not limited to:

•state and local licensing requirements;

•state and local titling and registration requirements;

•state laws regulating the sale of motor vehicles and related products and services;

•federal and state laws regulating vehicle financing;

•federal and state consumer protection laws; and

•federal and state data privacy laws.

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The federal governmental agencies that regulate our business and have the authority to enforce such regulations and laws against us include the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”), the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. For example, the FTC has jurisdiction to investigate and enforce our compliance with certain consumer protection laws and has brought enforcement actions against auto dealers relating to a broad range of practices, including the sale and financing of value-added or add-on products. We are also subject to a variety of federal laws that may require us to incur costs in order to be in compliance with such laws, including the United States Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA and any state equivalents. Additionally, we are subject to regulation and audit by individual state dealer licensing authorities, state consumer protection agencies and state financial regulatory agencies and are subject to a variety of state laws, including California’s Lemon Law. We are also subject to audit by such state regulatory authorities.

Our marketing and disclosure regarding the sale and servicing of vehicles is regulated by federal, state and local agencies, including the FTC and state attorneys general. Some of these authorities either establish a private right of action or permit a private individual or entity to enforce on behalf of a state entity (“private attorney general”). We have in the past experienced claims under these laws, and we may experience additional claims in the future.

State dealer licensing authorities regulate the purchase and sale of used vehicles by dealers within their respective states. The applicability of these regulatory and legal compliance obligations to our ecommerce business is dependent on evolving interpretations of these laws and regulations and how our operations are, or are not, subject to them, and we may face regulatory action if regulators believe that we are not in compliance with such obligations. We are licensed as a dealer in California and Oregon and all of our vehicle transactions are conducted under our California and Oregon licenses. We believe that our activities in other states are not currently subject to their vehicle dealer licensing laws, however regulators could seek to enforce those laws against us. In addition, if we determine or are instructed by state regulators that obtaining a license in another state is necessary, either due to expansion or otherwise, we may not be able to obtain such a license within the timeframe we expect or at all.

Some states regulate retail installment sales, including setting a maximum interest rate, caps on certain fees or maximum amounts financed. In addition, certain states require that retail installment sellers file a notice of intent or have a sales finance license or an installment sellers license in order to solicit or originate installment sales in that state. All vehicle sale transactions and applicable retail installment financings are conducted under our California and Oregon dealer licenses. As we seek to expand our operations and presence into other states, we may be required to obtain additional finance or other licenses, and we may not be able to obtain such licenses within the timeframe we expect or at all.

Any failure to renew or maintain any of the foregoing licenses would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Many aspects of our business are subject to regulatory regimes at the state and local level, and we may not have all licenses required to conduct business in every jurisdiction in which we operate. In addition, as we expand nationally to operate in new jurisdictions, we may face regulatory action if regulators believe we are not compliant with local rules. Despite our belief that we are not subject to certain licensing requirements of those state and local jurisdictions, regulators may seek to impose punitive fines for operating without a license or demand we seek a license in those state and local jurisdictions, any of which may inhibit our ability to do business in those state and local jurisdictions, increase our operating expenses and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to these laws and regulations that apply specifically to the purchase and sale of used vehicles, our facilities and business operations are subject to laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, occupational health and safety, and other broadly applicable business regulations. We also are subject to laws and regulations involving taxes, tariffs, privacy and data security, anti-spam, pricing, content protection, credit and financing, electronic contracts and communications, mobile communications, consumer protection, information reporting requirements, unencumbered internet access to our platform, the design and operation of websites and internet neutrality.

We are also subject to laws and regulations affecting public companies, including securities laws and exchange listing rules. The violation of any of these laws or regulations could result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties or in a cease-and-desist order against our business operations, any of which could damage our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have incurred and will continue to incur capital and operating expenses and other costs to comply with these laws and regulations.

The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to evolving interpretations and continuous change.

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Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States, and our tax liabilities will be subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

•changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities;

•expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances;

•expiration of or detrimental changes in research and development tax credit laws; or

•changes in tax laws, regulations, or interpretations thereof.

In addition, we may be subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal and state authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

We may require additional debt and equity capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances. If such capital is not available to us, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We expect to make significant capital investments to grow and innovate our business, and our response to business challenges and unforeseen circumstances may also require significant capital. To fund these expenditures, we may need to conduct equity or debt financings to secure additional liquidity. There is a risk that we may not be able to secure such additional liquidity in a timely manner, on terms which are acceptable to us, or at all. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock.

As a result of a late Current Report on Form 8-K filing in 2023, we are not eligible to use our “shelf” registration statement for the remainder of the 2023 fiscal year. Because of that limitation, our ability to quickly access U.S. capital markets will be somewhat constrained.

Our flooring line of credit facility with Ally Bank expires on December 9, 2023. The Senior Unsecured Notes with SB LL Holdco will mature on May 11, 2025. Additionally, our Convertible Senior Notes mature on May 15, 2026. Please see Note 10 - Borrowings to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information. The terms of any future debt financing may be on less favorable economic terms or include restrictive covenants which could limit our ability to secure additional liquidity and pursue business opportunities. Volatility in the credit markets may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing and may impact the ability or willingness of our lenders or guarantors to fulfill their obligations under their agreements with us. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, we may be forced to obtain financing on undesirable terms or our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Future sales or issuances of equity securities could decrease the value of our common stock, dilute investors’ voting power and reduce our earnings per share.

We may sell additional equity securities in subsequent offerings (including through the sale of securities convertible into equity securities and may issue equity securities in acquisitions). We cannot predict the size of future issuances of equity securities or the size and terms of future issuances of debt instruments or other securities convertible into equity securities or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of our common stock.

Additional issuances of our securities may involve the issuance of a significant number of common stock at prices less than the current market price for the common stock. Issuances of substantial numbers of common stock, or the perception that such issuances could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. Any transaction involving the issuance of previously authorized but unissued common stock, or securities convertible into common stock, would result in dilution, possibly substantial, to security holders.

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Sales of substantial amounts of our securities by us or our existing shareholders, or the availability of such securities for sale, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for our securities and dilute investors’ earnings per share. Exercises of presently outstanding share options or warrants may also result in dilution to security holders. A decline in the market prices of our securities could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities should we desire to do so.

As of March 30, 2023, we had outstanding approximately 17,228,479 shares of our common stock and securities exercisable for and convertible into approximately 2,533,116 shares of common stock (of which approximately 521,969 were exercisable as of that date). We also had convertible debt outstanding that is convertible into a maximum of 2,269,289 shares of our common stock. The sale or the availability for sale of a large number of our common stock in the public market could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

There is no assurance we will continue to meet the Nasdaq listing standards.

We must meet continuing listing standards to maintain the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq. If we fail to comply with listing standards and Nasdaq delists our common stock, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

•a limited availability of market quotations for our common stock;

•reduced liquidity for our common stock;

•a determination that our common stock are “penny stock,” which would require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possible result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock;

•a limited amount of news about us and analyst coverage of us; and

•a decreased ability for us to issue additional equity securities or obtain additional equity or debt financing in the future.

If we fail to comply with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, we may face significant damages, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We utilize telephone calls and text messages as a means of responding to and marketing to customers interested in purchasing, trading in and/or selling vehicles and value-added products. We generate leads from our website and online advertising by prompting potential customers to provide their phone numbers so that we can contact them in response to their interest in selling a vehicle, purchasing a vehicle, trading in a vehicle or obtaining financing terms. We must ensure that our SMS texting practices comply with regulations and agency guidance under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”), a federal statute that protects consumers from unwanted telephone calls, faxes and text messages. While we strive to adhere to strict policies and procedures that comply with the TCPA, the Federal Communications Commission, as the agency that implements and enforces the TCPA, may disagree with our interpretation of the TCPA and subject us to penalties and other consequences for noncompliance. Determination by a court or regulatory agency that our SMS texting practices violate the TCPA could subject us to civil penalties and could require us to change some portions of our business.

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Government regulation of the internet and ecommerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes or failure by us to comply with these regulations could substantially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business model relies extensively on the internet and ecommerce, and accordingly we are subject to laws and regulations which specifically govern the internet and ecommerce. The evolution of existing laws and regulations, and the passage of new laws and regulations, could limit how we can use the internet and ecommerce and in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These laws and regulations may affect a number of aspects of our business, including taxes, tariffs, privacy and data security, anti-spam, pricing, content protection, electronic contracts and communications, mobile communications, consumer protection, information reporting requirements, unencumbered internet access to our platform, the design and operation of websites and internet neutrality. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes and consumer privacy apply to the internet as the vast majority of these laws were adopted prior to the advent of the internet and do not contemplate or address the unique issues raised by the internet or ecommerce. Similarly, existing laws governing state regulation of automotive dealers largely predate the advent of the internet and it is not clear how these laws apply to ecommerce automotive retailers. It is possible that general business regulations and laws, or those specifically governing the internet or ecommerce, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one market segment to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. For example, federal, state and local regulation regarding privacy, data protection and information security has become more significant, and proposed or newly implemented regulations such as the CCPA may increase our costs of compliance. We cannot be sure that our practices have complied, comply or will comply fully with all such laws and regulations. The enactment of new laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations in an unfavorable way may affect the operation of our business, directly or indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, civil or criminal penalties, including fines, adverse publicity, decreased revenues and increased expenses.

We actively use anonymous online data for targeting ads online and if ad networks are compelled by regulatory bodies to limit use of this data, it could materially affect our ability to do effective performance modeling. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation, a loss in business and proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others. Any such proceeding or action could hurt our reputation, force us to spend significant amounts in defense of these proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, decrease the use of our sites by customers and suppliers and result in the imposition of monetary liability. We also may be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any such laws or regulations. Adverse legal or regulatory developments could substantially harm our business, our ability to attract new customers may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to maintain or grow our revenue and expand our business as anticipated.

If we do not adequately address our customers’ desire to utilize mobile device technology, our results of operations could be harmed and our growth could be negatively affected.

Shift.com is a mobile-friendly website that consumers can access and utilize from their mobile devices. As customers rely more on mobile technology for buying and selling products and services, the future success of our business will be significantly driven by our ability to provide an effective and customer-friendly mobile application for buying and selling used vehicles. The shift to mobile technology by our users may harm our business in the following ways:

•customers visiting our website from a mobile device may not accept mobile technology as a viable long-term platform to buy or sell a vehicle. This may occur for a number of reasons, including our ability to provide the same level of website functionality to a mobile device that we provide on a desktop computer, the actual or perceived lack of security of information on a mobile device and possible disruptions of service or connectivity;

•we may be unable to provide sufficient website functionality to mobile device users, which may cause customers using mobile devices to believe that our competitors offer superior products and features;

•problems may arise in developing applications for alternative devices and platforms and the need to devote significant resources to the creation, support and maintenance of such applications; or

•regulations related to consumer finance disclosures, including the Truth in Lending Act and the Fair Credit Reporting Act, may be interpreted, in the context of mobile devices, in a manner which could expose us to legal liability in the event we are found to have violated applicable laws.

If customers do not respond positively to using our mobile application, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.

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We are subject to risks related to online payment methods.

We accept payments, including payments on deposits and on recurring payments that are due to us, through a variety of methods, including credit card and debit card through a third-party processor. As we offer new payment options to customers, we may be subject to additional regulations, compliance requirements or fraud. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards, we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and raise our operating costs. We are also subject to payment card association operating rules and certification requirements, including the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. As our business changes, we also may be subject to different rules under existing standards, which may require new assessments that involve costs above what we currently pay for compliance. If we fail to comply with the rules or requirements of any provider of a payment method we accept, if the volume of fraud in our transactions limits or terminates our rights to use payment methods we currently accept, or if a data breach occurs relating to our payment systems, we may, among other things, be subject to fines or higher transaction fees and may lose, or face restrictions placed upon, our ability to accept credit card and debit card payments from customers or facilitate other types of online payments. If any of these events were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We occasionally receive orders placed with fraudulent credit card data, including stolen credit card numbers, or from clients who have closed bank accounts or have insufficient funds in open bank accounts to satisfy payment obligations. We may suffer losses as a result of orders placed with fraudulent credit card data even if the associated financial institution approved payment of the orders. Under current credit card practices, we may be liable for fraudulent credit card transactions. If we are unable to detect or control credit card or other fraud, our liability for these transactions could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our future growth and profitability rely heavily on the effectiveness and efficiency of our marketing and branding efforts, and these efforts may not be successful.

We rely heavily on marketing and advertising to attract new customers, connect with existing customers, and further build our brand and reputation. A significant amount of our operating expenses are and will continue to be attributed to marketing and advertising, but there is no assurance that we will achieve a significant, or even positive, return on our investment on such expenditures, or that such expenditures will be otherwise effective. As a result, our future growth and profitability will depend in part on:

•the effectiveness of our performance-based digital marketing efforts;

•the effectiveness and efficiency of our online advertising and search marketing programs in generating consumer awareness of, and sales on, our platform;

•our ability to prevent confusion among customers that can result from search engines that allow competitors to use or bid on our trademarks to direct customers to competitors’ websites;

•our ability to prevent internet publication of false or misleading information regarding our platform or our competitors’ offerings; and

•the effectiveness of our direct-to-consumer advertising to reduce our dependency on third-party aggregation websites.

We currently advertise primarily through a blend of direct-advertising channels and are expanding our brand advertising channels in the future with the goal of increasing the strength, recognition and trust in the Shift brand and driving more unique visitors to our platform. Our marketing strategy includes performance marketing through digital platforms, including both auto-centric lead generation platforms and broader consumer-facing platforms. We have also strategically use targeted television and radio campaigns and other local advertising in key markets. As such, a significant component of our marketing spend involves the use of various marketing techniques, including programmatic ad-buying, interest targeting, retargeting and email nurturing. Future growth and profitability will depend in part on the cost and efficiency of our promotional advertising and marketing programs and related expenditures, including our ability to create greater awareness of our platform and brand name, to appropriately plan for future expenditures, and to drive the promotion of our platform.

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We rely on internet search engines, vehicle listing sites and social networking sites to help drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results or fail to drive traffic through paid advertising, our traffic would decline and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We depend in part on internet search engines, such as Google and Bing, vehicle listing sites, and social networking sites such as Facebook and Instagram, to drive traffic to our website. Our ability to maintain and increase the number of visitors directed to our platform is not entirely within our control. Search engines frequently change the algorithms that determine the ranking and display of results of a user’s search, which could reduce the number of organic visits to our websites, in turn reducing new client acquisition and adversely affecting our operating results. Our competitors may increase their search engine marketing efforts and outbid us for placement on various vehicle listing sites or for search terms on various search engines, resulting in their websites receiving a higher search result page ranking than ours. Additionally, internet search engines could revise their methodologies in a way that would adversely affect our search result rankings. If internet search engines modify their search algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, if vehicle listing sites refuse to display any or all of our inventory in certain geographic locations, or if our competitors’ efforts are more successful than ours, overall growth in our customer base could slow or our customer base could decline. Internet search engine providers could provide automotive dealer and pricing information directly in search results, align with our competitors or choose to develop competing services. Our platform has experienced fluctuations in search result rankings in the past, and we anticipate similar fluctuations in the future. We could reach a point of inventory saturation at third-party aggregation websites whereby we will exceed the maximum allowable inventory that will require us to spend greater than market rates to list our inventory.

In addition, social networks are important as a source of new clients and as a means by which to connect with current clients, and their importance may be increasing. We may be unable to effectively maintain a presence within these networks, which could lead to lower than anticipated brand affinity and awareness, and in turn could adversely affect our operating results. Further, mobile operating system and web browser providers, such as Apple and Google, have announced or recently implemented product changes to limit the ability of advertisers to collect and use data to target and measure advertising. For example, Apple recently made a change to iOS 14 to require apps to get a user’s opt-in permission before tracking or sharing the user’s data across apps or websites owned by companies other than the app’s owner. Google further restricted the use of third-party cookies in its Chrome browser in 2022, consistent with similar actions taken by the owners of other browsers, such as Apple in its Safari browser, and Mozilla in its Firefox browser. These changes are expected to reduce our ability to efficiently target and measure advertising, in particular through online social networks, making our advertising less cost effective and successful. Any reduction in the number of users directed to our platform through internet search engines, vehicle listings sites or social networking sites could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business relies on email and other messaging services, and any restrictions on the sending of emails or messages or an inability to timely deliver such communications could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is dependent in part upon email and other messaging services for promoting our platform and vehicles available for purchase. Promotions offered through email and other messages sent by us are an important part of our marketing strategy. We provide emails to customers and other visitors informing them of the convenience and value of using our platform, as well as updates on new inventory and price updates on listed inventory, and we believe these emails, coupled with our general marketing efforts, are an important part of our customer experience and help generate revenue. If we are unable to successfully deliver emails or other messages to our subscribers, or if subscribers decline to open our emails or other messages, our revenues could be materially and adversely affected. Any changes in how webmail applications organize and prioritize email may reduce the number of subscribers opening our emails. For example, Google’s Gmail service has a feature that organizes incoming emails into categories (such as primary, social and promotions). Such categorization or similar inbox organizational features may result in our emails being delivered in a less prominent location in a subscriber’s inbox or viewed as “spam” by our subscribers and may reduce the likelihood of that subscriber opening our emails.

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In addition, actions by third parties to block, impose restrictions on or charge for the delivery of emails or other messages could also adversely impact our business. From time to time, internet service providers or other third parties may block bulk email transmissions or otherwise experience technical difficulties that result in our inability to successfully deliver email or other messages to third parties. Changes in the laws or regulations that limit our ability to send such communications or impose additional requirements upon us in connection with sending such communications could also materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our use of email and other messaging services to send communications about our sites or other matters may also result in legal claims against us, which may cause us to incur increased expenses, and if successful might result in fines and orders with costly reporting and compliance obligations or might limit or prohibit our ability to send emails or other messages. We also rely on social networking messaging services to send communications and to encourage customers to send communications. Changes to the terms of these social networking services to limit promotional communications, any restrictions that would limit our ability or our customers’ ability to send communications through their services, disruptions or downtime experienced by these social networking services or decline in the use of or engagement with social networking services by customers and potential customers could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Seasonal and other fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations are likely and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

We expect our quarterly results of operations, including our revenue, cash flow, and net profit or loss, to vary significantly in the future based in part on, among other things, seasonal and cyclical patterns in vehicle sales in the United States. Vehicle sales generally exhibit seasonality, with sales increasing in the first quarter and continuing through the end of the summer, before exhibiting a steep drop in the fall. This seasonality historically corresponds with the timing of income tax refunds, which can provide a primary source of funds for customers’ payments on used vehicle purchases. Used vehicle prices also exhibit seasonality, with used vehicles depreciating at a faster rate in the last two quarters of each year and a slower rate in the first two quarters of each year. COVID-19 and related supply chain disruptions have somewhat disrupted these seasonal patterns in 2021 and 2022, posing additional challenges to buying and selling inventory at favorable prices.

Additionally, a significant portion of our expenses are fixed and do not vary proportionately with fluctuations in revenues. In total, our results in any quarter may not be indicative of the results we may achieve in any subsequent quarter or for the full year, and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful.

Changes in the auto industry may threaten our business model if we are unable to adapt.

The market for used vehicles may be impacted by the significant, and likely accelerating, changes to the broader automotive industry, which may render our existing or future business model or our ability to sell vehicles, products, and services less competitive, unmarketable, or obsolete. Consumer purchases of new and used vehicles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected. For example, the number of used vehicle sales in the United States decreased from approximately 41.4 million in 2007 to approximately 35.5 million in 2009, according to CNW Research Retail Automotive Summary. Purchases of new and used vehicles are typically discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy and other factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, rising interest rates, the cost of energy and gasoline, the availability and cost of credit, reductions in business and consumer confidence, stock market volatility, increased regulation and increased unemployment. Increased environmental regulation has made, and may in the future make, used vehicles more expensive and less desirable for consumers. In addition, ride-hailing and ride-sharing services are becoming increasingly popular as a means of transportation and may decrease consumer demand for the used vehicles we sell, particularly as urbanization increases. The availability of ride-hailing and ride-sharing services may also encourage urban consumers to rely on public transportation, bicycles and other alternatives to car ownership. More long-term technology is currently being developed to produce automated, driverless vehicles that could reduce the demand for, or replace, traditional vehicles, including the used vehicles that we acquire and sell. Furthermore, new technologies such as autonomous driving software have the potential to change the dynamics of vehicle ownership in the future. If we are unable to or otherwise fail to successfully adapt to such industry changes, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Our business is sensitive to conditions affecting automotive manufacturers, including manufacturer recalls.

Adverse conditions affecting one or more automotive manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could impact our supply of used vehicles. In addition, manufacturer recalls are a common occurrence that have accelerated in frequency and scope in recent years. In the instance of an open recall, we may have to temporarily remove vehicles from inventory and may be unable to liquidate such inventory in a timely manner or at all. Because we do not have manufacturer authorization to complete recall-related repairs, some vehicles we sell may have unrepaired safety recalls. Such recalls, and our lack of authorization to make recall-related repairs or potential unavailability of parts needed to make such repairs, could (i) adversely affect used vehicle sales or valuations, (ii) cause us to temporarily remove vehicles from inventory, (iii) cause us to sell any affected vehicles at a loss, (iv) force us to incur increased costs and (v) expose us to litigation and adverse publicity related to the sale of recalled vehicles, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Prospective purchasers of vehicles may choose not to shop online, which would prevent us from growing our business.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract additional customers who have historically purchased vehicles through traditional dealers. The online market for vehicles is significantly less developed than the online market for other goods and services such as books, music, travel and other consumer products. If this market does not gain widespread acceptance, our business may suffer. Furthermore, we may have to incur significantly higher and more sustained advertising and promotional expenditures or offer more incentives than we currently anticipate in order to attract additional consumers to our platform and convert them into purchasing customers. Specific factors that could prevent consumers from purchasing vehicles through our ecommerce platform include:

•pricing that does not meet consumer expectations;

•delayed deliveries;

•inconvenience with returning or exchanging vehicles purchased online;

•concerns about the security of online transactions and the privacy of personal information; and

•usability, functionality and features of our platform.

If the online market for vehicles does not continue to develop and grow, our business will not grow and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, while we have experienced increased ecommerce sales during the pendency of the COVID-19 pandemic, we can offer no assurance that these increased levels will be sustained following the cessation of the pandemic.

Our business is subject to the risk of natural disasters, adverse weather events and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as terrorism.

Our business is vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, global pandemics, human errors and similar events. The third-party systems and operations on which we rely are subject to similar risks. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or flood, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. Acts of terrorism could also cause disruptions in our businesses, consumer demand or the economy as a whole. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in some circumstances, such as if a natural disaster affects locations that store a significant amount of our inventory vehicles. As we rely heavily on our computer and communications systems and the internet to conduct our business and provide high-quality customer service, any disruptions in the same could negatively affect our ability to run our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

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We could be negatively affected if losses for which we do not have third-party insurance coverage increase or our insurance coverages prove to be inadequate.

We maintain third-party insurance coverage, subject to limits, for risks that we face in the operation of our business that we believe is reasonable and customary for businesses of our size and type. Nevertheless, we may incur losses that we are unable to insure against or with respect to matters for which we have determined that obtaining insurance is not economical. Claims filed against us in excess of insurance limits, or for which we are otherwise self-insured, or the inability of our insurance carriers to pay otherwise insured claims, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. These risks include the risk of theft or destruction of the vehicles we own, which account for a substantial percentage of our net assets. In addition, insurance we maintain may not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us and such coverage may not be adequate to cover the types of liabilities actually incurred. A significant loss, if not covered by available insurance coverage, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on key personnel to operate our business, and if we are unable to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel, our ability to develop and successfully grow our business could be harmed.

We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our executives and employees. The Company’s success is highly dependent on its continuing ability to identify, hire, train, motivate and retain highly qualified personnel and employees. The competition for qualified personnel in the industries in which we operate is intense and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to attract and retain all personnel necessary for the development and operation of our business. In periods of higher activity, it may become more difficult to find and retain qualified employees which could limit growth, increase operating costs, or have other material adverse effects on our operations. In addition, the loss of any of our key employees or senior management could materially and adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and strategy, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. Our executive officers and other employees are at-will employees, which means they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and their knowledge of our business and industry would be extremely difficult to replace. We may not be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the spread of new variants, our hiring, training, and retention efforts may be hindered by the constraints placed on our business, including measures that we take proactively and those that are imposed upon us by government authorities. As a result of such measures, it is possible that we may lose a portion of our workforce. In addition, labor shortages, the inability to hire or retain qualified employees nationally, regionally or locally or increased labor costs could have a material adverse effect on our ability to control expenses and efficiently conduct operations.

Increases in labor costs, including wages, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The labor costs associated with our operations, including our inspection, reconditioning and storage centers, are subject to many external factors, including unemployment levels, prevailing wage rates, minimum wage laws, potential collective bargaining arrangements, health insurance costs and other insurance costs and changes in employment and labor legislation or other workplace regulation. From time to time, legislative proposals are made to increase the federal minimum wage in the United States, as well as the minimum wage in a number of individual states and municipalities, and to reform entitlement programs, such as health insurance and paid leave programs. As minimum wage rates increase or related laws and regulations change, our labor costs may increase. Any increase in the cost of our labor could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or if we fail to pay such higher wages we could suffer increased employee turnover. Increases in labor costs could force us to increase prices, which could adversely impact our sales. If competitive pressures or other factors prevent us from offsetting increased labor costs by increases in prices, our profitability may decline and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our failure to comply with various applicable federal and state employment and labor laws and regulations could have a material, adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Various federal and state employment and labor laws and regulations govern our relationships with our employees. These laws and regulations relate to matters such as employment discrimination, wage and hour laws, requirements to provide meal and rest periods or other benefits, family leave mandates, employee and independent contractor classification rules, requirements regarding working conditions and accommodations to certain employees, citizenship or work authorization and related requirements, insurance and workers’ compensation rules, healthcare laws, scheduling notification requirements and anti-discrimination and anti-harassment laws. While the scope of these laws and regulations are subject to change in all jurisdictions, California routinely makes changes to the scope of such laws and regulations, many of which may be strictly enforced, and some of which have been in the past, and may be in the future, implemented on a retrospective basis (meaning we may not have an opportunity to change our employment practices in advance to avoid non-compliance). Complying with these laws and regulations, including ongoing changes thereto, subjects us to substantial expense and non-compliance could expose us to significant liabilities. In particular, we have been subject to employment litigation with respect to classification and wage and hour issues in the past. While we have not incurred material losses with respect to this litigation in the past, we may be subject to material claims in the future.

We rely on third-party technology and information systems to complete critical business functions. If that technology fails to adequately serve our needs, and we cannot find alternatives, it may negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on third-party technology for certain of our critical business functions, including customer identity verification for financing, transportation fleet telemetry, network infrastructure for hosting our website and inventory and supply chain data, software libraries, development environments and tools, services to allow customers to digitally sign contracts and customer experience center management. Our business is dependent on the integrity, security and efficient operation of these systems and technologies. Our systems and operations or those of our third-party vendors and partners could be exposed to damage or interruption from, among other things, fire, natural disaster, power loss, telecommunications failure, unauthorized entry, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks, acts of terrorism, human error, vandalism or sabotage, financial insolvency, bankruptcy and similar events. The failure of these systems to perform as designed, the failure to maintain or update these systems as necessary, the vulnerability of these systems to security breaches or attacks or the inability to enhance our information technology capabilities, and our inability to find suitable alternatives could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our platform utilizes open-source software, and any defects or security vulnerabilities in the open-source software could negatively affect our business.

Our platform employs open-source software, and we expect to use open-source software in the future. To the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of open-source software, any undetected errors or defects in this open-source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platform, delay the introduction of new solutions, result in a failure of our platform and injure our reputation. For example, undetected errors or defects in open-source software could render it vulnerable to breaches or security attacks, and, in conjunction, make our systems more vulnerable to data breaches.

In addition, the terms of various open-source licenses are sometimes ambiguous and have not been interpreted by United States courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market our platform. Some open-source licenses might require us to make our source code available at no cost or require us to make our source code publicly available for modifications or derivative works if our source code is based upon, incorporates, or was created using the open-source software. While we try to insulate our proprietary code from the effects of such open-source license provisions, we cannot guarantee we will be successful. In addition to risks related to open-source license requirements, usage of open-source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licenses generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Many of the risks associated with usage of open-source software cannot be eliminated and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may be subject to claims asserting that our employees, consultants or advisors have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their current or former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and advisors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these individuals have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s current or former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the creation or development of intellectual property on our behalf to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in having all such employees and contractors execute such an agreement. The assignment of intellectual property may not be self-executing or the assignment agreement may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties or defend claims that they may bring against us to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

We may be accused of infringing intellectual property rights of third parties.

We are also at risk of claims by others that we have infringed their copyrights, trademarks, or patents, or improperly used or disclosed their trade secrets. The costs of supporting any litigation or disputes related to these claims can be considerable, and we cannot assure you that we will achieve a favorable outcome of any such claim. If any such claims are valid, we may be compelled to cease our use of such intellectual property and pay damages, which could adversely affect our business. Even if such claims are not valid, defending them could be expensive and distracting, adversely affecting our operating results.

A significant disruption in service on our platform could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers, which could harm our brand or our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract customers depend on the reliable performance of our platform and the supporting systems, technology and infrastructure. We may experience significant interruptions to our systems in the future. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, programming or configuration errors, computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins, could affect the availability of our inventory on our platform and prevent or inhibit the ability of customers to access our platform. Problems with the reliability or security of our systems could harm our reputation, result in a loss of customers and result in additional costs.

Problems faced by our third-party web-hosting providers, such as AWS and Google Cloud, could inhibit the functionality of our platform. For example, our third-party web-hosting providers could close their facilities without adequate notice or suffer interruptions in service caused by cyber-attacks, natural disasters or other phenomena. Disruption of their services could cause our website to be inoperable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any financial difficulties, up to and including bankruptcy, faced by our third-party web-hosting providers or any of the service providers with whom they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. In addition, if our third-party web-hosting providers are unable to keep up with our growing capacity needs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance or reliability problems with our platform could interrupt our customers’ access to our inventory and our access to data that drives our inventory purchase operations, which could harm our reputation or our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have recognized impairment charges related to long-lived assets.

We are required to test intangible assets with an indefinite life and other long-lived assets for possible impairment on the same date each year and on an interim basis if there are indicators of a possible impairment. There is significant judgment required in the analysis of a potential impairment of long-lived assets. If, as a result of a general economic slowdown or deterioration in one or more of the markets in which we operate or in our financial performance or future outlook, or if the estimated fair value of our long-lived assets decreases, we may determine that one or more of our long-lived assets is impaired. An impairment charge would be determined based on the estimated fair value of the assets and any such impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our level of indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate sufficient cash to fulfill our obligations under such indebtedness, to react to changes in our business and to incur additional indebtedness to fund future needs.

As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding $150.0 million in principal amount under Senior Convertible Notes which mature on May 15, 2026, as well as $20.0 million in principal amount under Senior Unsecured Notes due May 11, 2025. Additionally, we had $24.8 million aggregate principal amount of borrowings under our Flooring Line of Credit with Ally Bank (as defined in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources”) as of December 31, 2022, which expires on December 9, 2023 (the "Ally FLOC"). Our interest expense resulting from indebtedness outstanding from time to time during fiscal 2022 was $11.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. Our ability to restructure, refinance or replace our current or future debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing or replacement of our existing debt could be at higher interest rates and may require it to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. Any failure to make payments of interest and principal on our outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis or failure to comply with certain restrictions in its debt instruments, including the maintenance of certain liquidity requirements that further restrict its cash usage, would result in a default under its debt instruments. In the event of a default under any of our current or future debt instruments, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under such debt instruments to be due and payable. Furthermore, our flooring line of credit is secured by substantially all of our assets and contains customary restrictive covenants which, among other things, restrict our ability to dispose of assets and/or use the proceeds from the disposition. We may not be able to consummate any such dispositions or to obtain the proceeds that it could realize from them and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.

In addition, our indebtedness under our flooring line of credit bears interest at variable rates. Because we have variable rate debt, fluctuations in interest rates may affect its cash flows or business, financial condition and results of operations. We may attempt to minimize interest rate risk and lower our overall borrowing costs through the utilization of derivative financial instruments, primarily interest rate swaps.

We currently rely on an agreement with Ally Bank to finance our vehicle inventory purchases under our Flooring Line of Credit. If our relationship with this lender were to terminate, and we fail to acquire alternative sources of funding to finance our vehicle inventory purchases, we may be unable to maintain sufficient inventory, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on a revolving credit agreement with Ally to finance our vehicle inventory purchases under our flooring line of credit will Ally Bank. Outstanding borrowings are due as financed vehicles are sold, and the flooring line of credit is secured by our vehicle inventory and certain other assets. If we are unable to maintain our flooring line of credit, which expires in December 2023, absent renewal, on favorable terms or at all, or if the agreement is terminated or expires and is not renewed with our existing third-party lender or we are unable to find a satisfactory replacement, our inventory supply may decline, resulting in fewer vehicles available for sale on our website. Moreover, new funding arrangements may be at higher interest rates or subject to other less favorable terms. These financing risks, in addition to potential rising interest rates and changes in market conditions, if realized, could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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Risks Relating to Our Securities

Our common stock price may be volatile and the value of our common stock may decline regardless of our operating performance.

It is possible that an active trading market for shares of our common stock will not be sustained. If an active trading market for our common stock is not sustained, the liquidity of our common stock, your ability to sell your shares of our common stock when desired and the prices that you may obtain for your shares of common stock will be adversely affected.

Many factors, some of which are outside our control, may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly, including those described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section and this prospectus, as well as the following:

•our operating and financial performance and prospects;

•our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;

•conditions that impact demand for our offerings and platform, including demand in the automotive industry generally and the performance of the third parties through whom we conduct significant parts of our business;

•future announcements concerning our business or our competitors’ businesses;

•the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

•coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;

•market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

•strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

•changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;

•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

•changes in senior management or key personnel;

•issuances, exchanges, sales or stock splits, or expected issuances, exchanges, sales or stock splits of our capital stock;

•changes in our dividend policy;

•adverse resolution of new or pending litigation or other claims against us; and

•changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, global pandemics, acts of war and responses to such events.

As a result, volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent investors from being able to sell their common stock at or above the public offering price. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment. Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, regulatory, and market conditions, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In addition, extreme price and volume fluctuations in the stock markets have affected and continue to affect many ecommerce and other technology companies’ stock prices. Often, their stock prices have fluctuated in ways unrelated or disproportionate to the companies’ operating performance, and because of these fluctuations, comparing companies’ operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful.

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In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention. In addition, you should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our Class A common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings forecasts that we may provide.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, industry trends and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Any such decision also will be subject to compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing our current indebtedness. In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness, the terms of which may further restrict or prevent us from paying dividends on our common stock. As a result, you may have to sell some or all of your common stock after price appreciation in order to generate cash flow from your investment, which you may not be able to do. Our inability or decision not to pay dividends could also adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our board of directors has the authority to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of the shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium to the market price, and materially and adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.

The issuance by us of additional shares of common stock or convertible securities may dilute your ownership of us and could adversely affect our stock price.

We may issue additional capital stock in the future that will result in dilution to all other stockholders. We also expect to continue to grant equity awards to employees, directors and consultants under our equity incentive plans. From time to time in the future, we may also issue additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock pursuant to a variety of transactions, including acquisitions. The issuance by us of additional shares of our common stock or securities convertible into our common stock would dilute your ownership of us and the sale of a significant amount of such shares in the public market could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. Concentrated sales of our common stock by these employees and other shareholders following the expiration of the lock-up restrictions or upon the triggering of the early release thresholds, if triggered, could harm the price of our common stock.

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Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, and depress the market price of our common stock.

Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation, second amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Among others, our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include the following provisions:

•limitations on convening special stockholder meetings, which could make it difficult for our stockholders to adopt desired governance changes;

•advance notice procedures, which apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders;

•no authorization of cumulative voting, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;

•provides for a classified board of directors; and

•the authorization of undesignated or “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned 85% of the common stock or (iii) following board approval, the business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not held by such interested stockholder.

Any provision of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation, second amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

If our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet the guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our common stock may decline.

We may, but are not obligated to, provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods. Any such guidance will be comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our common stock may decline. Even if we do issue public guidance, there can be no assurance that we will continue to do so in the future.

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If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our company, or if they issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

Our stock price and trading volume are heavily influenced by the way analysts and investors interpret our financial information and other disclosures. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, delay publishing reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, regardless of accuracy, our common stock price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our common stock depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If the number of analysts that cover us declines, demand for our common stock could decrease and our common stock price and trading volume may decline. Even if our common stock is actively covered by analysts, we do not have any control over the analysts or the measures that analysts or investors may rely upon to forecast our future results. Over-reliance by analysts or investors on any particular metric to forecast our future results may result in forecasts that differ significantly from our own. Regardless of accuracy, unfavorable interpretations of our financial information and other public disclosures could have a negative impact on our stock price. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates, for any of the reasons discussed above or otherwise, or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or change their opinion of our common stock, our stock price would likely decline.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we continue to fail to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, or report them in a timely manner.

We are a public reporting company subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC. These rules and regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. Reporting obligations as a public company place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes and controls, as well as on our personnel.

In addition, as a public company, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404(a)”) requires that management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, Section 404(b) requires our independent registered public accounting firm to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our compliance with Section 404(a) has and will continue to require that we incur substantial expenses and expend significant management efforts.

If we are unable to establish effective internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm cannot render an unqualified opinion on management’s assessment and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at such time as it is required to do so, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, a loss of public and investor confidence, and to litigation from investors and stockholders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our stock price. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to manage our business effectively or accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could cause us to lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, causing the price of our common stock to decline.

We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and our business and stock price may be adversely affected if our internal control over financial reporting is not effective.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to an insufficiency of personnel with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, experience and training in the application of generally accepted accounting principles commensurate with the Company’s financial reporting requirements and the complexity of the Company’s operations and transactions. Remediation efforts undertaken by the Company in 2021 identified an additional material weakness related to insufficient selection and development of Information Technology General Controls (ITGCs).

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

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While we are in the process of implementing a remediation plan to remediate these material weaknesses, there can be no assurance that the material weaknesses will be promptly remediated or that we will not identify additional material weaknesses in the future. The occurrence of, or failure to remediate, this material weakness and any future material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting may adversely affect the accuracy and reliability of our financial statements. A more complete description of this material weakness is included in Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company’s losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception, its current cash and working capital position, and the upcoming expiration of the floorplan financing arrangement raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Since inception, the Company has generated recurring losses which has resulted in an accumulated deficit of $612.8 million as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had negative operating cash flows of $110.4 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $96.2 million and total working capital of $83.1 million. Our current floorplan financing arrangement expires on December 9, 2023. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next twelve months. However, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to obtain additional equity or debt financing or generate profitable operations. Historically, we have funded operations through issuances of common and preferred stock and through a reverse recapitalization via the IAC Merger in October 2020, as well as through inventory floorplan financing and net cash received as part of out merger with CarLotz Inc in December 2022. We have also historically funded vehicle inventory purchases through our vehicle floorplan facilities. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available or will be available on commercially reasonable terms. The inclusion of disclosures expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern could materially adversely affect our stock price and our ability to raise new capital or enter into strategic alliances.

Acquisitions such as the Fair acquisition, CarLotz merger, joint ventures and other strategic alliances may have an adverse effect on our business; we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such transactions.

In order to position ourselves to take advantage of growth opportunities, from time to time we may make strategic acquisitions and enter into joint ventures and other strategic alliances that involve significant risks and uncertainties. Risks and uncertainties relating to these transaction and any other acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic alliances we may undertake include:

•the difficulty in combining, integrating and managing newly acquired businesses or any businesses of a joint venture or strategic alliance in an efficient and effective manner;

•the challenges in achieving the objectives, cost savings, synergies and other benefits expected from such transactions;

•the risk of diverting resources and the attention of senior management from the operations of our business;

•additional demands on management related to integration efforts or the increase in the size and scope of our company following an acquisition or to the complexities of a joint venture or strategic alliance, including challenges of coordinating geographically dispersed organizations and addressing differences in corporate cultures or management philosophies;

•difficulties in the assimilation and retention of key employees and in maintaining relationships with present and potential customers, distributors and suppliers;

•the lack of unilateral control over a joint venture or strategic alliance and the risk that joint venture or strategic partners have business goals and interests that are not aligned with ours, or the failure of a joint venture partner to satisfy its obligations or its bankruptcy or malfeasance;

•costs and expenses associated with any undisclosed or potential liabilities of an acquired business;

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•delays, difficulties or unexpected costs in the integration, assimilation, implementation or modification of platforms, systems, functions (including corporate, administrative, information technology, marketing and distribution functions), technologies, infrastructure, and product and service offerings of the acquired business, joint venture or strategic alliance, or in the harmonization of standards, controls (including internal accounting controls), procedures and policies;

•the risk that funding requirements of the acquired business, joint venture or combined company may be significantly greater than anticipated;

•the risks of entering markets in which we have less experience; and

•the risks of disputes concerning indemnities and other obligations that could result in substantial costs.

We may not achieve the anticipated growth, cost savings or other benefits from the Fair acquisition, CarLotz merger or any other transaction we may undertake without adversely affecting current revenues and investments in future growth. Moreover, the anticipated growth, cost savings, synergies and other benefits of the Fair acquisition, CarLotz merger, or any other transaction we may undertake may not be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. Additionally, we may inherit legal, regulatory, and other risks of the acquired business, whether known or unknown to us, which may be material to the combined company. Moreover, uncertainty about the effect of a pending transaction on employees, suppliers and customers may have an adverse effect on us and/or the acquired business, which uncertainties may impair our or its ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel, and could cause our or its customers, suppliers and distributors to seek to change existing business relationships with either of us. In addition, in connection with acquisitions, joint ventures or strategic alliances, we may incur debt, issue equity securities, assume contingent liabilities or have amortization expenses and write-downs of acquired assets, which could cause our earnings per share to decline.

In addition, companies such as Fair that are private companies at the time of acquisition are not subject to reporting requirements and may not have accounting personnel specifically employed to review internal controls over financial reporting and other procedures or to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Bringing the legacy systems for these businesses into compliance with those requirements and integrating them into our compliance and accounting systems may cause us to incur substantial additional expense, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources.

Mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition. We may not be able to successfully integrate the businesses, products, technologies or personnel that we might acquire in the future, and any strategic investments we make may not meet our financial or other investment objectives. Any failure to do so could seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Restructuring Plan and the associated workforce reduction may not result in anticipated savings, could result in total costs and expenses that are greater than expected and could disrupt our business.

In August 2022, we announced a reduction in workforce by approximately 60% in connection with the Restructuring Plan to prioritize and focus on improving unit economics and reducing selling, general and administrative costs. We may not realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits, savings and improvements in our operating structure from our restructuring efforts due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or unexpected costs. If we are unable to realize the expected operational efficiencies and cost savings from the restructuring, our operating results and financial condition, and cash flows would be adversely affected. We also cannot guarantee that we will not have to undertake additional workforce reductions or restructuring activities in the future.

Furthermore, our strategic Restructuring Plan may be disruptive to our operations. For example, our workforce reductions could yield unanticipated consequences, such as attrition beyond planned staff reductions, increased difficulties in our day-to-day operations and reduced employee morale. If employees who were not affected by the reduction in force seek alternate employment, this could result in us needing to seek contract support at unplanned additional expense or harm our productivity. Our workforce reductions could also harm our ability to attract and retain qualified management and personnel who are critical to our business. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any failure to attract or retain qualified personnel.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Shift's corporate headquarters is located in San Francisco, California, and consists of approximately 9,255 square feet of space under a lease that expires on December 31, 2023. These facilities provide corporate functions and support, including meeting space and mail services, to our primarily remote workforce.

Shift operates three omnichannel markets including vehicle storage and sales facilities located in Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California, and Portland, Oregon. Following the Restructuring Plan described in detail in Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring to the accompanying consolidated financial statements, certain legacy Shift facilities in California, Washington, and Texas are no longer in use. Following the merger with CarLotz, Inc. (see Note 3 - Business Combinations to the accompanying consolidated financial statements), the Company has facilities that are not in use in Alabama, Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia. The Company is actively engaged in efforts to dispose of the properties not in use. The Company's leases expire between January 1, 2023 and December 30, 2036.

We believe our existing facilities are sufficient for our current needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Other than the matter discussed below, Management is not currently aware of any matters that will have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.

Stifel matter

On May 7, 2021, we were named in a lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Inc. v. Shift Technologies, Inc. 21-cv-04135) by a former financial advisor, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Inc. (“Stifel”), claiming that we are required to pay the former financial advisor certain compensation as a result of the IAC Merger. In addition, the complaint seeks punitive damages as a result of alleged unjust enrichment for the amount of the benefits allegedly conferred on Shift by Stifel. On August 24, 2022, Stifel's suit was dismissed with prejudice. On September 16, 2022, Stifel filed a Notice of Appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and formally filed its appeal with the Second Circuit on January 20, 2023. Shift has until April 20, 2023 to file its responsive pleading. Following the dismissal of Stifel's initial suit, the probable incurred losses related to the claim are immaterial as of December 31, 2022. Based on such information as is available to us, the range of additional reasonably possible losses related to the claim does not exceed $4.0 million, excluding any punitive damages which the Company cannot currently estimate. The Company believes the claim is without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously; however, there can be no assurances that the Company will be successful in its defense.

CarLotz stockholder matters

On November 4, 2022, a lawsuit entitled Derek Dorrien v. CarLotz, Inc. et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-09463, was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against CarLotz and the members of the CarLotz board of directors (the “Dorrien Action”). On November 4, 2022, a lawsuit entitled Sholom D. Keller v. CarLotz, Inc. et al., Case No. 2022-1006-NAC, was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against CarLotz and the members of the CarLotz board of directors (the “Keller Action” and together with the Dorrien Action, the “Actions”). The Dorrien Action alleges that the defendants violated Sections 14(a) (and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act by, among other things, omitting certain allegedly material information with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Transactions”) in the registration statement on Form S-4 (the “Registration Statement”) filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 26, 2022. The Keller Action alleges that the members of the CarLotz board of directors and Lev Peker, in his capacity as an officer of CarLotz, breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the Transactions. The Actions seek, among other things, injunctive relief, money damages and the costs of the Actions, including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees. Shift is not named as a defendant in the Actions. We believe that the plaintiffs’ allegations in the Actions are without merit; however, litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance that CarLotz’s or our defense of the action will be successful.

In addition, on October 3, 2022, a purported stockholder of CarLotz sent a demand to CarLotz and us regarding the Registration Statement (the “CarLotz Stockholder Demand”). The CarLotz Stockholder Demand alleges the Registration Statement omits material information with respect to the Transactions and demands that CarLotz, the CarLotz board of directors, and Shift provide corrective disclosures. Shift disagrees with and intends to vigorously defend against any claim, if asserted, arising from the CarLotz Stockholder Demand.

Delaware Section 205 Petition

On March 6, 2023, Shift filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery under Section 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) to resolve potential uncertainty with respect to the Company’s share capital. Such uncertainty was introduced by a recent decision in Garfield v. Boxed, Inc., 2022 WL 17959766 (Del. Ch. Dec. 27, 2022) that potentially affects the Company and many other similarly situated companies that were formed and became publicly traded as a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”). Out of an abundance of caution, the Company elected to pursue the remedial actions described below. Concurrently with the filing of the Petition, the Company filed a motion to expedite the hearing on the Petition, which was subsequently granted on March 6, 2023.

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In October 2020, the Company, which was then a SPAC named Insurance Acquisition Corp. (“IAC”), held a special meeting of stockholders (the “IAC Special Meeting”) to approve certain matters relating to the merger between IAC and a privately held company then called Shift Technologies, Inc. One of these matters was a proposal to amend and restate IAC’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “SPAC Charter”) in order to, among other things, increase the number of authorized shares of Class A common stock from 50,000,000 to 500,000,000 (such proposal, the “Share Increase Proposal” and, together with such other amendments to the SPAC Charter, the “Charter Proposals”). At the IAC Special Meeting, the Charter Proposals were approved by a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and a majority of the outstanding shares of Class B common stock of IAC as of the record date for the IAC Special Meeting, voting together as a single class. After the IAC Special Meeting, IAC and Shift Technologies, Inc. closed the merger pursuant to which the Company became the parent of Shift Technologies, Inc. (now named Shift Platform, Inc.), and the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended to give effect to the Charter Proposals and to change the Company’s name to Shift Technologies, Inc., became effective.

The recent ruling by the Delaware Court of Chancery in the Boxed case introduced uncertainty as to whether Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL would have required the Share Increase Proposal to be approved by the vote of the majority of IAC’s then-outstanding shares of Class A common stock, voting as a separate class. The Company had been operating with the understanding that the Charter Proposals were validly approved at the IAC Special Meeting. In light of this recent ruling, however, to resolve potential uncertainty with respect to the Company’s share capital, the Company filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery under Section 205 of the DGCL to seek validation of the Charter Proposals. Section 205 of the DGCL permits the Court of Chancery, in its discretion, to ratify and validate potentially defective corporate acts.

On March 6, 2023, the Court of Chancery granted the motion to expedite and set a hearing date for the Petition to be heard. On March 17, 2023, the hearing took place and the Court of Chancery approved the Company’s request for relief. The Court of Chancery then entered an order under Section 205 of the DGCL on March 17, 2023, declaring (i) the increase in aggregate number of authorized shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001, of the Company from 50,000,000 to 500,000,000 under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) and the Certificate of Incorporation, including the filing and effectiveness thereof, are validated and declared effective retroactive to the date of its filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 13, 2020 and (2) all shares of capital stock of the Company issued in reliance on the effectiveness of the Certificate of Incorporation are validated and declared effective as of the date and time of the original issuance of such shares.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

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Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company's common stock is traded on the Nasdaq under the symbol “SFT.”

Holders

As of March 30, 2023, there were 429 holders of record of our Class A common stock. These numbers do not include beneficial owners holding our securities through nominee names.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will depend upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors at such time. Our flooring line of credit with Ally Bank contains certain restrictive covenants that may limit the Company’s ability to pay distributions.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

On May 11, 2022, the Company completed the Fair acquisition and issued an aggregate of 206,697 shares of Class A common stock. Such shares were issued pursuant to an exemption from registration in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Equity and Asset Purchase Agreement dated May 11, 2022, the Sellers represented to the Company that they are “accredited investors” as that term is defined in Regulation D of the Securities Act. Appropriate legends stating that such shares have not been registered under the Securities Act and may not be offered or sold absent registration or pursuant to an exemption therefrom were affixed to the certificates or book entry statements evidencing such shares. See Note 3 - Business Combinations to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further information.

On May 27, 2021, the Company completed a private offering of its 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”). The aggregate principal amount of the Notes sold in the offering was $150.0 million. Please see Note 10 - Borrowings to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This discussion contains forward-looking statements about Shift’s business, operations and industry that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements regarding Shift’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Shift’s future results and financial condition may differ materially from those currently anticipated by Shift as a result of the factors described in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Throughout this section, unless otherwise noted “we”, “us”, “our” and the “Company” refer to Shift and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

Shift is a consumer-centric omnichannel retailer transforming the used car industry by leveraging its end-to-end ecommerce platform and retail locations to provide a technology-driven, hassle-free customer experience.

Launched in 2014, Shift started as a pure ecommerce seller and buyer of used cars, aimed at transforming the customer experience within the industry. Since inception, Shift has invested significantly into its technology platform to create an exceptional customer experience and to support and leverage the internal operations of the Company.

On October 13, 2020, Insurance Acquisition Corp. (“IAC”), an entity listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trade symbol “INSU”, acquired Shift Platform, Inc., formerly known as Shift Technologies, Inc. (“Legacy Shift”), by the merger of IAC Merger Sub, Inc., a direct wholly owned subsidiary of IAC, with and into Legacy Shift, with Legacy Shift continuing as the surviving entity and a wholly owned subsidiary of IAC (the “ IAC Merger”). The public company resulting from the merger was renamed Shift Technologies, Inc.

In August 2022, Shift announced both a strategic and operational restructuring and a merger with CarLotz (the "CarLotz Merger"), a consignment-to-retail used vehicle marketplace that operated a technology-enabled buying, sourcing, and selling model with an omnichannel experience. With the implementation of the restructuring and the close of the merger, Shift evolved into an omnichannel experience and established a plan to position the Company for long-term profitable growth by prioritizing unit economics, reducing operating expenses and maximizing liquidity.

See Part I, Item 1 - "Business" for a detailed description and discussion of the Company's business.

Recent Events

Project Focus Restructuring Plan

On August 9, 2022, the Company announced the implementation of Project Focus, a restructuring plan designed to position the Company for long-term profitable growth by prioritizing unit economics, reducing our operating expenses and maximizing liquidity (the “Restructuring Plan”). The primary elements of the Restructuring Plan are as follows:

•Optimizing unit economics and GPU, by optimizing sales through Shift’s most profitable online channel, and rebalancing inventory mix to favor Value vehicles, which Shift defines as older than 8 years or over 80,000 miles;

•Consolidating Shift’s physical operations to three West Coast markets in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Portland to efficiently support our new omnichannel fulfillment model, and closing seven existing locations;

•Restructuring our workforce around our reduced physical footprint and more-efficient fulfillment model, eliminating approximately 650 positions or 60% of our workforce; and,

•Undertaking additional efforts to reduce spending on overhead.

In connection with the implementation of the Restructuring Plan, we incurred expenses of approximately $29.6 million, consisting primarily of inventory liquidation, disposals of long-lived assets, and personnel costs including one-time termination benefits. The restructuring activities associated with the Restructuring Plan were substantially completed during the third quarter of 2022. Further personnel costs were incurred in the fourth quarter 2022 related to one-time termination benefits unrelated to the Restructuring Plan.

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The foregoing estimates are based upon current assumptions and expectations but are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, we may not be able to fully realize the cost savings and benefits initially anticipated from the Restructuring Plan, and the expected costs may be greater than expected. See Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” for more information.

CarLotz Merger

The Company closed its acquisition of CarLotz, Inc. in December 2022. At the date of this filing, the Company has closed all former CarLotz locations except those serving our current major markets in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Portland. The workforce of the combined company has also been reduced in accordance with our smaller geographic footprint and to eliminate redundancies arising the from the CarLotz Merger.

CEO Transition

On September 1, 2022, the Company announced that Jeffrey Clementz was appointed as the Company's Chief Executive Officer, succeeding George Arison, one of our co-founders, as the Company's Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Arison will continue to serve in his capacity as a member of the Board. Mr. Clementz previously served as our President since September 2021. The Company has entered into an amended employment agreement with Mr. Clementz in connection with his appointment as Chief Executive Officer.

Nasdaq Deficiency Letter and Reverse Stock Split

On October 4, 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the bid price for our Class A common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the "Bid Price Requirement"). Under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) (the "Compliance Period Rule"), we have a 180-calendar day grace period, or until April 3, 2023 (the “Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. During this period, our Class A common stock will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market. If at any time before the Compliance Date the bid price of Class A common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days as required under the Compliance Period Rule, the Staff will provide written notification to the Company that it has regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement (unless the Staff exercises its discretion to extend this 10 business day period pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(H)).

At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on December 7, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-5 to 1-for-10. The Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio, and on March 7, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter Amendment”) to effect the reverse split effective March 8, 2023. On March 22, 2023, the Company was notified by Nasdaq that the Company has regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement.

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Business Description

Shift is an omnichannel retailer for buying and selling used cars, operating an end-to-end ecommerce platform and three stores located in California and Oregon. Each store provides vehicle inventory inspection, reconditioning and storage to prepare cars for sale. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had $670.8 million in revenue, an increase of 5% compared to $636.9 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The Company's plan to achieve long-term profitable growth prioritizes unit economics, operating expense reductions, and maximizing liquidity. Shift plans to increase market penetration in our urban, densely populated existing markets by using direct-to-consumer digital marketing and a responsive ecommerce sales approach

Shift's focus on improving unit economics is driven by direct vehicle acquisition channels, optimized inventory mix and ancillary product offerings, combined with streamlined inventory onboarding, controlled fulfillment costs, and centralized software. Shift’s differentiated consumer sourcing strategy offers a wide variety of vehicles across the entire spectrum of model, price, age, and mileage to ensure that Shift has the right car for buyers regardless of interest, need, budget, or credit. For the year ended December 31, 2022, Shift sourced 95% of its inventory from consumer-sellers and partners driving improved margins and customer acquisition cost. Our data-driven vehicle evaluations help ensure acquisition of the right inventory at the right price to reduce days to sale. We believe that a differentiated ability to purchase vehicles directly from consumer-sellers provides Shift with access to a deep pool of scarce, highly desirable inventory. Over time, we intend to expand our machine learning-enabled recommendation engine to better help customers find the cars best suited to them.

Shift offers a full suite of options to consumers to finance and protect their vehicle through our mobile point-of-sale solution or in our locations. These products include vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection, and tire coverage.

Since inception, Shift has invested significantly in its technology to provide a highly-rated customer experience, to support the operations of the business, and to allow the Company to scale over time. Our ecommerce platform has significant functionality that includes discover and search functionality for potential car buyers, the ability to connect customers to various lending partners for financing and service products, online prequalification form that filters inventory that meets their budget and financing requirements, ability to prequalify for financing, and the ability to get an instant online quote for car sellers. We will continue to develop our technology to improve the overall operations of the business and especially the customer experience.

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Revenue Model

Shift’s two-sided model generates value from both the purchase and sale of vehicles along with financing and vehicle protection products. We acquire cars directly from consumers, partners, and other sources and sell vehicles to consumers at one of our markets, directly, through our ecommerce platform in a seamless end-to-end process, or through a combination of online and in-person. This model captures value from the difference in the price at which the car is acquired and sold, as well as through fees on the sale of ancillary products such as financing and vehicle protection products, also referred to as finance and insurance (“F&I”), and services. If a car that we purchase does not meet our standards for retail sale, we generate revenue by selling through wholesale channels. These vehicles are primarily acquired from customers who trade-in their existing vehicles in connection with a purchase from us. Our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $670.8 million and $636.9 million, respectively.

Inventory Sourcing

We source the majority of our vehicles directly from consumers and partners who use the Shift platform to resell trade-in and other vehicles. These channels provide scarce and desirable local inventory of used cars of greater quality than those typically found at auction. In addition to those primary channels, we supplement our vehicle acquisitions with purchases from auto auctions, as well as some vehicles sourced locally through the trade-in program of an original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”).

Proprietary machine learning-enabled software inputs vast quantities of data across both the supply and demand sides to optimize our vehicle acquisition strategy. As we accumulate data, we expect to improve the performance of our model to optimize our vehicle selection and disposal.

Vehicle Reconditioning

All of the cars that Shift sells undergo a rigorous 150+ point mechanical inspection and reconditioning process in one of our markets (or at a third-party partner when additional capacity is needed) to help ensure that they are safe, reliable, up to cosmetic standards, and comfortable. We have created two classifications of inventory for reconditioning — Value and Certified — to optimize the level of reconditioning for each vehicle classification. This allows us to efficiently provide each customer with the greatest value through a tailored reconditioning approach. Value cars are typically sold at a lower price point and are sought after by consumers who have different expectations and tolerances for cosmetic reconditioning standards — therefore, we focus on mechanical and safety issues for these vehicles, with less emphasis on cosmetic repair, in order to optimize reconditioning costs. This operational flexibility in our reconditioning process improves our ability to grow profitably and is a primary factor in our decision to conduct reconditioning in-house.

Financing and Vehicle Protection Products

We generate revenue by earning no obligation referral fees for selling ancillary products to customers that purchase vehicles through the Shift platform. Since we earn fees for the F&I products we sell, our gross profit on these items is equal to the revenue we generate. Our current offering consists of financing from third-party lenders, guaranteed asset protection (“GAP”), vehicle protection plans and vehicle service contracts. We plan to offer additional third-party products to provide a wider product offering to customers and expect these products to contribute to reaching our revenue and profitability targets.

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Factors Affecting our Business Performance

Various trends and other factors have affected and may continue to affect our business, financial condition and operating results, including:

Deeper Market Penetration Within Our Existing Markets

We believe that there remains a substantial opportunity to capture additional market share within our existing service areas. We have proven our ability to command a strong market share through effective marketing channels, as demonstrated by our current market share in our most established cities.

Improvements in Technology Platform

We are constantly investing in our technology platform to improve both customer experience and our business performance. We regularly implement changes to our software to help customers find the right car for them, while the machine learning component of our inventory and pricing model ensures we get the right cars at the right price. As our algorithms evolve, we are able to better monetize our inventory of vehicles through improved pricing. Simultaneously, customers become more likely to purchase a car on our website, driving higher demand and sales volume.

Improvements in Reconditioning Processes

We learned early on from our experience in the used car sales business that in order to be a reliable used car resource with desirable inventory for all customer types, we needed to control our own reconditioning processes. Our reconditioning program has constantly improved over the course of our history, and we are happy with what we have achieved. Each unit of our inventory is reconditioned with a focus on safety first, while optimizing for repairs that will have the highest return on investment (“ROI”).

Growth in Other Revenue from Existing Revenue Streams

We have prioritized development of our “other revenue” streams, which comprise the financing and vehicle protection products as well as other ancillary products. We have invested in the technology and sales capabilities needed to increase the likelihood that consumers will purchase ancillary products in connection with the sale of a vehicle, and we see more opportunity for additional revenue within our existing channels from further expansion of our attach rates for our financing and vehicle protection product suite.

Growth in Other Revenue from Expansion of Product Offerings

We see great opportunity to further expand our other revenue streams through additional product offerings beyond the existing offerings on our platform. These incremental revenue streams will come in the form of on-boarding new lending partners to our existing loan program, as well as introducing entirely new financing and vehicle protection products to offer our customers. We intend to continue to grow this business segment to service every addressable need of our customers during the vehicle purchase process.

Seasonality

We expect our quarterly results of operations, including our revenue, gross profit, profitability, if any, and cash flow to vary significantly in the future, based in part on, among other things, consumers’ car buying patterns. We have typically experienced higher revenue growth rates in the second and third quarters of the calendar year than in each of the first or fourth quarters of the calendar year. We believe these results are due to seasonal buying patterns driven in part by the timing of income tax refunds, which we believe are an important source of car buyer down payments on used vehicle purchases. We recognize that in the future, our revenues may be affected by these seasonal trends (including any disruptions to normal seasonal trends arising from the COVID-19 pandemic), as well as cyclical trends affecting the overall economy, and specifically the automotive retail industry.

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Key Operating Metrics

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our progress and make strategic decisions. Our key operating metrics measure the key drivers of our performance, increasing our brand awareness through unique site visitors and continuing to offer a full spectrum of used vehicles to service all types of customers.

Retail Units Sold

We define retail units sold as the number of vehicles sold to customers in a given period, net of returns. We currently have a seven-day, 200 mile return policy. The number of retail units sold is the primary driver of our revenues and, indirectly, gross profit, since retail unit sales enable multiple complementary revenue streams, including all financing and protection products. We view retail units sold as a key measure of our growth, as growth in this metric is an indicator of our ability to successfully scale our operations while maintaining product integrity and customer satisfaction.

Wholesale Units Sold

We define wholesale units sold as the number of vehicles sold through wholesale channels in a given period. While wholesale units are not the primary driver of revenue or gross profit, wholesale is a valuable channel as it allows us to be able to purchase vehicles regardless of condition, which is important for the purpose of accepting a trade-in from a customer making a vehicle purchase from us, and as an online destination for consumers to sell their cars even if not selling us a car that meets our retail standards.

Retail Average Sale Price

We define retail average sale price (“ASP”) as the average price paid by a customer for an retail vehicle, calculated as retail revenue divided by retail units. Retail average sale price helps us gauge market demand in real-time and allows us to maintain a range of inventory that most accurately reflects the overall price spectrum of used vehicle sales in the market. We believe this metric provides transparency and is comparable to our peers.

Wholesale Average Sale Price

We define wholesale average sale price as the average price paid by a customer for a wholesale vehicle, calculated as wholesale revenue divided by wholesale units. We believe this metric provides transparency and is comparable to our peers.

Gross Profit per Unit

We define gross profit per unit as the gross profit for retail, other, and wholesale, each of which divided by the total number of retail units sold in the period. We calculate gross profit as the revenue from vehicle sales and services less the costs associated with acquiring and reconditioning the vehicle prior to sale. Gross profit per unit is primarily driven by retail vehicle revenue, which generates additional revenue through attachment of our financing and protection products, and gross profit generated from wholesale vehicle sales. We present gross profit per unit from our three revenues streams as Retail gross profit per unit, Wholesale gross profit per unit and Other gross profit per unit.

Average Monthly Unique Visitors

We define a monthly unique visitor as an individual who has visited our website within a calendar month, based on data collected on our website. We calculate average monthly unique visitors as the sum of monthly unique visitors in a given period, divided by the number of months in that period. To classify whether a visitor is “unique”, we dedupe (a technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data) each visitor based on email address and phone number, if available, and if not, we use the anonymous ID which lives in each user’s internet cookies. This practice ensures that we do not double-count individuals who visit our website multiple times within any given month. We view average monthly unique visitors as a key indicator of the strength of our brand, the effectiveness of our advertising and merchandising campaigns and consumer awareness.

Average Days to Sale

We define average days to sale as the number of days between Shift’s acquisition of a vehicle and sale of that vehicle to a customer, averaged across all retail units sold in a period. We view average days to sale as a useful metric in understanding the health of our inventory.

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Retail Vehicles Available for Sale

We define retail vehicles available for sale as the number of retail vehicles in inventory on the last day of a given reporting period. Until we reach an optimal pooled inventory level, we view retail vehicles available for sale as a key measure of our growth. Growth in retail vehicles available for sale increases the selection of vehicles available to consumers, which we believe will allow us to increase the number of vehicles we sell. Moreover, growth in retail vehicles available for sale is an indicator of our ability to scale our vehicle purchasing, inspection and reconditioning operations.

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Results of Operations

The following table presents our revenue, gross profit, and unit sales information by channel for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		Change
	($ in thousands, except per unit metrics)
Revenue:
Retail vehicle revenue, net	$	555,523	$	538,387	3.2	%
Other revenue, net	27,007		22,633		19.3	%
Wholesale vehicle revenue	88,223		75,849		16.3	%
Total revenue	$	670,753	$	636,869	5.3	%
Cost of sales:
Retail vehicle cost of sales	$	546,940	$	513,124	6.6	%
Wholesale vehicle cost of sales	98,480		74,957		31.4	%
Total cost of sales	$	645,420	$	588,081	9.8	%
Gross profit:
Retail vehicle gross profit	$	8,583	$	25,263	(66.0)	%
Other gross profit	27,007		22,633		19.3	%
Wholesale vehicle gross profit (loss)	(10,257)		892		(1,249.9)	%
Total gross profit	$	25,333	$	48,788	(48.1)	%
Unit sales information:
Retail vehicle unit sales	20,961		23,251		(9.8)	%
Wholesale vehicle unit sales	5,344		7,067		(24.4)	%
Average selling prices per unit (“ASP”):
Retail vehicles	$	26,503	$	23,155	14.5	%
Wholesale vehicles	$	16,509	$	10,733	53.8	%
Gross profit per unit:
Retail gross profit per unit	$	409	$	1,087	(62.4)	%
Other gross profit per unit	1,288		973		32.4	%
Wholesale gross profit (loss) per unit	(489)		38		(1,386.8)	%
Total gross profit per unit	$	1,208	$	2,098	(42.4)	%
Non-financial metrics
Average monthly unique visitors	735,824		659,358		11.6	%
Average days to sale	69		54		27.8	%
Retail vehicles available for sale	1,476		4,337		(66.0)	%

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We present operating results down to gross profit from three distinct revenue channels:

Retail Vehicles, Net: The retail channel within our Retail segment represents sales of used vehicles directly to our customers through our website.

Other, Net: The other channel within our Retail segment represents fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with the sale of retail vehicles.

Wholesale Vehicles: The Wholesale channel is the only component of our Wholesale segment and represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions.

Year Ended December 31, 2022

Retail Vehicle Revenue, Net

Retail vehicle revenue increased by $17.1 million, or 3.2%, to $555.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $538.4 million in the comparable period in 2021. The increase in retail vehicle revenue was partly due to an increase in retail ASP, which was $26,503 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $23,155 for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in retail ASP was primarily a reflection of increased demand for used vehicles coupled with lower-than-average inventory levels across the auto market as a whole as compared to the prior period.

This increase was partly offset by a decrease in retail unit sales, as we sold 20,961 retail vehicles in the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 23,251 retail vehicles in the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in unit sales was driven by the execution of the Restructuring Plan in the second half of 2022. Unit sales decreased due to the closure of inventory storage and reconditioning centers in California, Washington, and Texas and the associated reduction in inventory available for sale.

Following the Restructuring Plan, retail revenue and unit sales are expected to trend downwards in 2023 as the Company's smaller geographic footprint results in reduced unit volume, focusing on profitability over top-line growth.

Other Revenue, Net

Other revenue increased by $4.4 million, or 19.3%, to $27.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $22.6 million in the comparable period in 2021. This increase was primarily due to strategic investments to enhance and expand our ancillary product offerings to better monetize our unit sales.

Wholesale Vehicle Revenue

Wholesale vehicle revenue increased by $12.4 million, or 16.3%, to $88.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $75.8 million in the comparable period in 2021. This increase in wholesale vehicle revenue was primarily due to a 53.8% increase in ASP resulting from the fact that the Company liquidated a relatively high proportion of higher priced inventory as part of the Restructuring Plan that would ordinarily have been sold through the Retail channel. The increase in ASP was partly offset by a decrease in wholesale unit volume as we sold 5,344 wholesale vehicles during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 7,067 wholesale vehicles in the year ended December 31, 2021.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales increased by $57.3 million, or 9.8%, to $645.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $588.1 million in the comparable period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to increased buying and selling prices in the used auto market as a whole, caused by constrained supplies of new and used vehicles. The increase was partly offset by a decrease in unit sales as we sold 26,305 total vehicles in the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 30,318 total vehicles in the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Retail Vehicle Gross Profit

Retail vehicle gross profit decreased by $16.7 million, or 66.0%, to $8.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $25.3 million in the comparable period in 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in retail gross profit per unit, which shrank to $409 per unit for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $1,087 per unit in the comparable period in 2021. The decrease in retail vehicle gross profit was partly due to a decrease in retail units sold, as described in “Retail Vehicle Revenue, Net” above. The decrease in retail gross profit per unit was largely driven by atypical vehicle appreciation witnessed in the comparable period of 2021, as well as promotional discounts offered in 2022 to liquidate inventory as part of the Restructuring Plan. Retail vehicle gross profit is expected to improve through a more balanced sales mix of older and newer vehicles as well as through the return of normal depreciation and seasonality cycles.

Other Gross Profit

Other gross profit increased by $4.4 million, or 19.3%, to $27.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $22.6 million in the comparable period in 2021. The increase in other gross profit was partly due to the increase in other gross profit per unit to $1,288 during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $973 per unit in the comparable period in 2021. Other revenue consists of 100% gross margin products for which gross profit equals revenue. Therefore, changes in other gross profit and the associated drivers are identical to changes in other revenue and the associated drivers.

Wholesale Vehicle Gross Loss

Wholesale vehicle gross loss increased by $11.1 million, or 1,249.9%, to $10.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from a profit of $0.9 million in the comparable period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to the increase in wholesale gross loss per unit, which grew to $489 per unit for the year ended December 31, 2022, from a profit of $38 in the comparable period in 2021. The increase was primarily due to the liquidation of vehicles through the Wholesale channel as we adjust to a smaller geographic footprint pursuant to the Restructuring Plan.

Components of SG&A

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022			2021			Change
	($ in thousands)
Compensation and benefits	$	94,273		$	103,871		(9.2)	%
as a % of revenue	14.1		%	16.3		%
Marketing expenses	32,547			49,807			(34.7)	%
as a % of revenue	4.9		%	7.8		%
Other costs(1)	87,188			66,377			31.4	%
as a % of revenue	13.0		%	10.4		%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	214,008		$	220,055		(2.7)	%
as a % of revenue	31.9		%	34.6		%

____________

(1)Other costs include all other selling, general and administrative expenses such as facility operating costs, vehicle shipping costs for internal purposes, corporate occupancy, professional services, registration and licensing, and IT expenses, and M&A transaction costs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $6.0 million, or 2.7%, to $214.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, from $220.1 million in the comparable period in 2021. The decrease was partly due to the decrease in compensation costs of $9.6 million, driven by the decrease in average headcount to 970 from 1,037. The decrease was also partly due to a decrease in marketing expense of $17.3 million, which resulted from abnormally high marketing spend in the comparable period caused by overlapping marketing campaigns, as well as curtailed marketing spend in the second half of 2022. Lastly, other costs increased by $20.8 million due primarily to transaction costs incurred for the merger with CarLotz, Inc.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased as a percentage of revenue from 34.6% to 31.9% as the Company began to realize cost savings from the Restructuring Plan and various other efforts to improve overhead efficiency.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of liquidity

Our main source of liquidity is cash generated from financing activities. Cash generated from financing activities through December 31, 2022 primarily includes proceeds from the IAC Merger and PIPE financing completed in October 2020, issuance of convertible notes and senior unsecured notes, and proceeds from the Flooring Line of Credit facility with Ally (the "Ally FLOC"). Refer to Note 10 - Borrowings and Note 15 - Related Party Transactions of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information. In addition, we obtained $95.7 million in cash from the CarLotz Merger (see Note 3 - Business Combinations of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional information).

On May 27, 2021, the Company completed a private offering of its 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”). The aggregate principal amount of the Notes sold in the offering was $150.0 million. The Notes accrue interest payable semi-annually in arrears at a rate of 4.75% per year. The Notes will mature on May 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased by the Company. See Note 10 - Borrowings in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for additional details regarding the Notes. The Company used approximately $28.4 million of the net proceeds from the sale of the Notes to pay the cost of the Capped Call Transactions (see Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”), and is using the remaining proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes.

On May 11, 2022, in conjunction with the acquisition of Fair (See Note 3 - Business Combinations of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”), the Company entered into an agreement with SB LL Holdco, Inc. ("SB LL Holdco") to a sale of $20.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Unsecured Notes due May 11, 2025 ("Senior Unsecured Notes").

Since inception, the Company has generated recurring losses which has resulted in an accumulated deficit of $612.8 million as of December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had negative operating cash flows of $110.4 million. In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through equity-linked or debt financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we raise additional financing by incurring indebtedness, we will be subject to increased fixed payment obligations and could also be subject to restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Any future indebtedness we incur may result in terms that could be unfavorable to equity investors.

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Liquidity and Management's Plan

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company generated negative cash flows from operations of approximately $110.4 million and $211.0 million, respectively, and generated net losses of approximately $172.0 million and $166.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $96.2 million and total working capital of $83.1 million. Since inception, the Company has had negative cash flows and losses from operations which it has funded primarily through issuances of common and preferred stock and through a reverse recapitalization via the IAC Merger in October 2020. The Company has historically funded vehicle inventory purchases through its vehicle floorplan facilities (see Note 10 - Borrowings to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). The Company's current floorplan facility expires on December 9, 2023. The Company also continually assesses other opportunities to raise debt or equity capital.

The Company's plan is to raise capital to provide the liquidity necessary to satisfy its obligations over the next twelve months, and to secure a new or amended floorplan financing arrangement to provide continuity when the current floorplan expires. The Company's ability to raise capital may be constrained by the price of and demand for the Company's Class A common stock. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise sufficient additional capital or obtain financing that will provide it with sufficient liquidity to satisfy its obligations over the next twelve months.

The Company continues to implement the Restructuring Plan which is designed to improve the Company’s liquidity by improving unit economics and reducing selling, general, and administrative expenses. The Restructuring Plan seeks to achieve these goals by eliminating less profitable fulfillment channels, consolidating operations into fewer physical locations, and reducing headcount accordingly. Please see Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued or available to be issued. Management determined as a result of this evaluation, the Company’s losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception, combined with its current cash, working capital position, and expiration of the current floorplan financing arrangement on December 9, 2023, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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Debt obligations

See Note 10 - Borrowings of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” for information regarding the Company’s debt obligations.

Cash Flows — Year Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
	($ in thousands)
Cash Flow Data:
Net cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash used in operating activities	$	(110,416)	$	(211,046)
Net cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in) investing activities	65,995		(14,143)
Net cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(42,074)		183,989

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $110.4 million, a decrease of $100.6 million from cash used in operating activities of $211.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change is primarily due to an increase in cash provided by net sales of inventory of $162.1 million, offset by an increase of $50.1 million in net cash used to settle accounts payable and accrued liabilities.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net provided by investing activities of $66.0 million was primarily driven by the $95.7 million of cash acquired as part of the acquisition of CarLotz, Inc., offset by $15.0 million used to purchase Fair Dealer Services, LLC (See Note 3 - Business Combinations of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”) as well as capitalization of website and internal-use software costs and purchases of capital equipment.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $42.1 million, primarily due to net repayments on the Flooring Line of Credit of $58.4 million, offset by proceeds from the Senior Unsecured Notes of 19.6 million (See Note 10 - Borrowings of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”).

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company reported a liability for vehicles acquired under an OEM program of zero and $3.6 million, respectively. The Company records inventory received under the arrangement with the OEM equal to the amount of the liability due to the OEM to acquire such vehicles. The liability due to the OEM provider for such acquired vehicles is equal to the OEM’s original acquisition price.

The Company has various operating leases of real estate and equipment. See Note 6 - Leases to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the nature and timing of cash obligations due under these leases.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We are a party to an off-balance sheet arrangement, as the Company guaranteed the lease obligation of two closed locations assigned to a third-party (see Note 6 - Leases to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information). We are not a party to any other off-balance sheet arrangements, including guarantee contracts, retained or contingent interests, certain derivative instruments and variable interest entities that either have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes, as well as the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Management evaluates its accounting policies, estimates and judgments on an on-going basis. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

Critical accounting policies are those policies that management believes are very important to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations, and that require management to make estimates that are difficult, subjective or otherwise complex. Based on these criteria, management has identified the following critical accounting policies:

Revenue

We recognize revenue upon transfer of control of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Control passes to the customer at the time of delivery or pick-up. We may collect sales taxes and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale as required. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues or cost of sales.

We have determined that a portion of the value associated with warrant consideration paid to Lithia, as a customer of Shift, should be treated as contra-revenue.

We recognize revenue at a point in time as described below.

Retail Vehicle Revenue

We sell used vehicles to retail customers through our ecommerce platform. The price for used vehicles is the stand-alone selling price as set forth in the customer contract. Customers frequently trade-in their existing vehicle to apply toward the price of a used vehicle, which is included in the transaction price as non-cash consideration at the stated trade-in value within the contract. We satisfy our performance obligation and recognize revenue for sales of retail vehicles at a point in time when the vehicles are delivered to or picked up by the customer. The revenue recognized by Shift is the amount equal to the stand-alone selling price, including any service fees, less any discounts and an estimate for returns. Revenue excludes any sales taxes, title and registration fees, and other government fees that are collected from customers.

We receive payment for vehicle sales directly from the customer at the time of sale or, if the customer uses financing, from third-party financial institutions within a short period of time following the sale. Any payments received prior to the delivery or pick-up of used vehicles are recorded as deferred revenue within accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets until delivery or pick-up occurs.

Our return policy allows customers to initiate a return during the first seven days or 200 miles after delivery (whichever comes first). Retail vehicle revenue is recognized net of a reserve for returns, which is estimated using historical experience and trends. The returns reserve was $0.6 million at December 31, 2022 and $1.0 million at December 31, 2021, and is materially offset by matching reductions in cost of sales.

Other Revenue

We provide buyers on our platform with options for financing and vehicle protection products. All such services are provided by unrelated third-party vendors, with whom we have agreements giving us the right to offer such services on its platform. When a buyer selects a service from these providers, we earn a commission based on the actual price paid or financed, respectively. We concluded that we are an agent for these transactions because we do not control the products before they are transferred to the customer and our risk related to these products is limited to the commissions that we receive. Accordingly, we recognize commission revenue at the time of sale.

In the event that a customer cancels certain finance and insurance products, the Company may be obligated to return all or part of its commission. Other revenue is recognized net of a reserve for cancellations, which is estimated using historical experience and trends. The reserve for estimated cancellations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, and is presented in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Wholesale Vehicle Revenue

We also sell vehicles through wholesale auctions. These vehicles sold to wholesalers are primarily acquired from customers who trade-in their existing vehicles and such vehicles do not meet our quality standards to list and sell through our website. We satisfy our performance obligation and recognize revenue for wholesale vehicle revenue at a point in time when the vehicle is sold at auction or directly to a wholesaler. The transaction price is typically due and collected within one week of the date of the sale.

Costs to obtain or fulfill a contract

We elected, as a practical expedient, to expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Valuation of Inventory

Inventory consists of used vehicles, primarily acquired through auction and individual sellers, as well as some vehicles sourced locally through the trade-in program of an OEM. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Acquisition costs and vehicle reconditioning costs, including parts, applied labor, unapplied labor, inbound transportation costs and other incremental costs, are allocated to inventory via specific identification and standard costing, which approximate average costs. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price less costs to complete, dispose and transport the vehicles. Estimated selling price is derived from historical data and trends, such as sales price and average days to sell similar vehicles, along with independent market resources. To the extent that there are significant changes to estimated vehicle selling prices or decreases in demand for used vehicles, there could be significant adjustments to reflect our inventory at net realizable value.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.

In evaluating the ability to recover our deferred income tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including our operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event that we determine we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. Conversely, in the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period when such determination is made. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, we recorded a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets.

Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions are recognized when it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained during an audit. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included within the provision for income tax.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We classify stock-based awards granted in exchange for services as either equity awards or as liability awards. Stock-based compensation expense related to awards to employees and non-employees are measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The calculation of the stock-based compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes valuation model, which requires significant estimates including the expected volatility of our common stock, expected dividend yield, option term and risk-free rate. The fair value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. We elect to account for forfeitures as they occur by reversing compensation cost if the award is forfeited.

57

Determination of the Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Escrow Shares

The former Legacy Shift stockholders were entitled to receive up to an additional 600,021 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Escrow Shares”). The Escrow Shares were issued to a third-party escrow agent in connection with the closing of the IAC Merger, with each former Legacy Shift stockholder listed as beneficiary in proportion to their percentage ownership of Legacy Shift common shares immediately prior to the IAC Merger. The Escrow Shares will be released to the beneficiaries if the price of our common stock meets certain thresholds in the 30 months following the closing of the IAC Merger (see Note 3 - Merger in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information). The Escrow shares will be returned to the Company if these thresholds are not reached. On October 13, 2021, 50% of the Escrow Shares were returned to the Company as our common stock did not meet the required threshold for release of the first tranche.

The Escrow Shares meet the accounting definition of a derivative financial instrument. Prior to October 13, 2021, as the number of Escrow Shares that would ultimately be released was partially dependent on variables (namely, the occurrence of a change in control) that were not valuation inputs to a “fixed for fixed” option or forward contract, the Escrow Shares were not considered to be indexed to the Company’s common stock and were therefore classified as a liability. The Company’s obligation to release the Escrow Shares upon achievement of the milestones was recorded to financial instruments liability on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value as of the date of the IAC Merger, with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in change in fair value of financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations.

Following the return of the first tranche of the Escrow Shares to the Company on October 13, 2021, the Escrow Shares met the "fixed for fixed" option or forward contract criteria for equity classification. As such, changes in fair value of the Escrow Shares prior to October 13, 2021 were recorded in change in fair value of financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value of the shares on October 13, 2021 was reclassified to additional paid-in capital from financial instruments liability on the consolidated balance sheet.

The fair value of the Escrow Shares was determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model, which requires significant estimates including the expected volatility of our common stock.

Convertible Notes

On May 27, 2021, the Company completed a private offering of its 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”). The aggregate principal amount of the Notes sold in the offering was $150.0 million. The Notes accrue interest, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, beginning on November 15, 2021, at a rate of 4.75% per year. The Notes will mature on May 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased by the Company. Please see Note 7 - Borrowings to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information.

The Notes contain conversion and redemption features that were evaluated for separate accounting as bifurcated embedded derivatives under applicable GAAP. The conversion feature was determined to meet the scope exception for embedded features indexed to the Company's common stock, and therefore was not accounted for separately from the host debt instrument. The redemption feature was determined to meet the scope exception for embedded features that are clearly and closely related to the host instrument, and therefore was not accounted for separately from the host debt instrument. The Notes are presented on the consolidated balance sheets at par value, net of unamortized discounts and issuance costs.

58

Capped Call Transactions

On May 27, 2021, in connection with the issuance of the Notes (see Note 7 - Borrowings), the Company consummated privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Call Transactions”) with certain of the initial purchasers, their respective affiliates and other counterparties (the "Capped Call Counterparties"). The Capped Call Transactions initially cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Notes, the number of the Company’s Class A common shares underlying the Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to holders of the Company’s Class A common stock upon conversion of the Notes and/or offset the potential cash payments that the Company could be required to make in excess of the principal amount of any converted Notes upon conversion thereof, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The Capped Call Transactions are settled from time to time upon the conversion of the Notes, with a final expiration date of May 15, 2026. The Capped Call Transactions are settled in the same proportion of cash and stock as the converted Notes. The proportion of cash and stock used to settle the Notes is at the discretion of the Company.

The Capped Call Transactions are separate transactions entered into by the Company with the Capped Call Counterparties, are not part of the terms of the Notes and will not change any holder’s rights under the Notes. Holders of the Notes will not have any rights with respect to the Capped Call Transactions.

The Company used approximately $28.4 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes to pay the cost of the Capped Call Transactions. The Capped Call Transactions do not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as they are indexed to the Company's stock. The premiums paid for the Capped Call Transactions have been included as a net reduction to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires all assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be recorded at their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. Any excess consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. The determination of the acquisition date fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires significant estimates and assumptions, such as, if applicable, forecasted revenue growth rates and operating cash flows, royalty rates, customer attrition rates, obsolescence rates of developed technology, and discount rates. These estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. Depending on the nature of the acquired assets, we use either the income approach or the cost to recreate approach to measure the fair value of these intangible assets. Under the cost to recreate approach, the company estimates the cost to re-create an equivalent asset based on estimated labor hours, labor cost, other costs as applicable, and appropriate profit margins. Under the income approach, the Company estimates future cash flows and discounts these cash flows at a rate of return that reflects the Company’s relative risk. When estimating the significant assumptions to be used in the valuation we include consideration of current industry information, market and economic trends, historical results of the acquired business and other relevant factors. These significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. We engage the assistance of valuation specialists in connection with determining fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Evaluating long-lived assets for impairment or abandonment requires the use of estimates. To assess the recoverability of definite-lived assets, we estimate the remaining undiscounted cash flows pertaining to each asset group. For any asset groups that are not recoverable based on estimated future undiscounted cash flows, we estimate the fair value of the asset group and compare it to the carrying value of the assets. Any excess of carrying value over fair value is expensed as an impairment charge. Because of the magnitude of the carrying value of the Company's long-lived assets, modest changes in our estimates could have a material impact on the reported result and financial condition of the Company. The facility closures and the drop in our stock market capitalization were triggering events in the current period. A detailed discussion of estimates pertaining to the current period impairment assessment is included in Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

59

Goodwill

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually in the fourth fiscal quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. Goodwill impairment is recognized when the quantitative assessment results in the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeding its fair value, in which case an impairment charge is recorded to goodwill to the extent the carrying value exceeds the fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $0.5 million, which is included in loss on impairment on the consolidated statements of operations. There was no impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022, management determined that indicators of impairment existed and performed a goodwill impairment test. The facility closures and the drop in our stock price were indicators of impairment in the current period. Management engaged third party valuation consultants to determine the fair value of the Retail segment (which also meets the definition of a reporting unit for goodwill impairment purposes). The fair value was determined using a market approach based on comparison to peer company valuation multiples.

60

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable to Smaller Reporting Companies.

61

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34)	63
Consolidated Balance Sheets	64
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	65
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)	67
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	68
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	69

62

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Shift Technologies, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Shift Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, since inception, the Company has suffered recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations, combined with its current cash and working capital position, and expiration of the current floorplan financing arrangement on December 9, 2023, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases effective January 1, 2022, due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

San Francisco, California

March 31, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2018.

63

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	96,159	$	182,616
Restricted cash, current	10,632		—
Marketable securities at fair value	1,264		—
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $93 and $304	4,558		20,084
Inventory	40,925		122,743
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	7,657		7,392
Operating and finance lease assets, property and equipment, accounts receivable, and other assets held for sale	17,226		—
Total current assets	178,421		332,835
Restricted cash, non-current	1,055		11,725
Marketable securities at fair value, non-current	707		—
Property and equipment, net	6,797		7,940
Operating lease assets	44,568		—
Finance lease assets, net	152		—
Capitalized website and internal use software costs, net	10,657		9,262
Goodwill	2,070		—
Deferred borrowing costs	268		564
Other non-current assets	3,323		3,414
Total assets	$	248,018	$	365,740
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	12,085	$	15,175
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	33,872		43,944
Operating lease liabilities, current	8,865		—
Finance lease liabilities, current	271		—
Operating and finance lease liabilities and other liabilities associated with assets held for sale	15,432		—
Flooring line of credit	24,831		83,252
Total current liabilities	95,356		142,371
Long-term debt, net	163,363		144,335
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	44,985		—
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	3,989		—
Other non-current liabilities	111		3,762
Total liabilities	307,804		290,468
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity (deficit):
Preferred stock – par value $0.0001 per share; 1,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	—		—
Common stock – par value $0.0001 per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; 17,212,130 and 8,136,931 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	2		1
Additional paid-in capital	552,968		515,982
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(3)		—
Accumulated deficit	(612,753)		(440,711)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	(59,786)		75,272
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	248,018	$	365,740

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

64

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue
Retail revenue, net	$	555,523	$	538,387
Other revenue, net	27,007		22,633
Wholesale vehicle revenue	88,223		75,849
Total revenue	670,753		636,869
Cost of sales	645,420		588,081
Gross profit	25,333		48,788
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative expenses	214,008		220,055
Depreciation and amortization	10,456		5,586
Restructuring expenses	21,001		—
Loss on impairment	17,319		—
Total operating expenses	262,784		225,641
Loss from operations	(237,451)		(176,853)
Change in fair value of financial instruments	—		18,893
Gain on bargain purchase	76,685		—
Interest and other expense, net	(10,950)		(8,082)
Loss before income taxes	(171,716)		(166,042)
Provision for income taxes	326		226
Net loss	$	(172,042)	$	(166,268)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(19.92)	$	(21.29)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted	8,638,073		7,811,414

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

65

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Net loss	$	(172,042)	$	(166,268)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Unrealized loss on marketable securities	(3)		—
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(3)		—
Total comprehensive loss	$	(172,045)	$	(166,268)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

66

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	Common Stock		Additional Paid in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020	8,390,418	1	511,624	(274,443)	—	237,182
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of vested options	36,299	—	506	—	—	506
Repurchase of shares related to early exercised options	(2,292)	—	—	—	—	—
Vesting of early exercised options	—	—	436	—	—	436
Stock-based compensation	—	—	25,967	—	—	25,967
Warrant exchange	12,516	—	(497)	—	—	(497)
Purchase of capped calls	—	—	(28,391)	—	—	(28,391)
Cancellation and reclassification of Escrow Shares	(300,010)	—	6,337	—	—	6,337
Net loss and comprehensive loss	—	—	—	(166,268)	—	(166,268)
Balance at December 31, 2021	8,136,931	1	515,982	(440,711)	—	75,272
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of vested options	1,293	—	3	—	—	3
Repurchase of shares related to early exercised options	(2,285)	—	—	—	—	—
Vesting of early exercised options	—	—	92	—	—	92
Stock-based compensation	—	—	14,299	—	—	14,299
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans, net of shares exchanged for withholding tax	313,162	—	(2,861)	—	—	(2,861)
Issuance of common stock as consideration in business combinations	8,763,029	1	25,453	—	—	25,454
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—	—	—	(3)	(3)
Net loss	—	—	—	(172,042)	—	(172,042)
Balance at December 31, 2022	17,212,130	2	552,968	(612,753)	(3)	(59,786)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

67

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(172,042)	$	(166,268)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	11,787		6,253
Stock-based compensation expense	13,029		25,130
Unrealized losses on equity securities	24		—
Gain on bargain purchase	(76,685)		—
Change in fair value of financial instruments	—		(18,893)
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets	10,496		—
Contra-revenue associated with milestones	637		637
Amortization of debt discounts	2,011		2,741
Loss on impairment and non-cash restructuring expenses	30,692		—
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	18,158		(11,658)
Inventory	88,409		(73,657)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(203)		(1,914)
Other non-current assets	767		(1,186)
Accounts payable	(4,352)		4,359
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(19,020)		22,375
Operating lease liabilities	(10,770)		—
Other non-current liabilities	(3,354)		1,035
Net cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash used in operating activities	(110,416)		(211,046)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment	(4,665)		(7,524)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	317		—
Purchases of marketable securities	(67)		—
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities	115		—
Capitalized website internal-use software costs	(10,368)		(6,619)
Cash received from acquisition of CarLotz, Inc.	95,663		—
Cash paid for acquisition of Fair Dealer Services, LLC	(15,000)		—
Net cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in) investing activities	65,995		(14,143)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from flooring line of credit facility	382,090		329,981
Repayment of flooring line of credit facility	(440,511)		(261,217)
Exchange of warrants for cash	—		(497)
Proceeds from Senior Unsecured Notes, net of discounts	19,591		—
Payment of debt issuance costs	(175)		(88)
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes	—		143,768
Premiums paid for Capped Call Transactions	—		(28,391)
Principal payments on finance leases	(127)		—
Proceeds from stock option exercises, including from early exercised options	—		506
Payment of tax withheld for common stock issued under stock-based compensation plans	(2,861)		—
Repurchase of shares related to early exercised options	(81)		(73)
Net cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(42,074)		183,989
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(86,495)		(41,200)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	194,341		235,541
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	107,846	$	194,341

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Cash paid for interest	$	10,338	$	4,230
Cash paid for income taxes	214		102
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Capital expenditures in accounts payable	$	126	$	141
Vesting of exercised options	92		436
Other receivables resulting from stock option exercises	—		35
Stock-based compensation capitalized to internal-use software	1,270		841
Issuance of shares as consideration in business acquisitions	2,481		—
Imputation of debt discounts reducing consideration transferred in business acquisitions	2,103		—
Establishment of operating lease right of use assets and lease liabilities
Operating lease right of use assets	67,603		—
Operating lease liabilities	72,202		—
Finance lease right of use assets	4,488		—
Finance lease liabilities	9,423		—
Other Assets	1,716		—
Other Liabilities	2,492		—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

68

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

Shift Technologies, Inc., which, together with its subsidiaries we refer to as Shift, we, us, our, SFT, or the Company, conducts its business through its wholly owned subsidiaries. Shift Platform, Inc., formerly known as Shift Technologies, Inc. (“Legacy Shift”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on December 9, 2013.

Shift Technologies, Inc. is a consumer-centric omnichannel retailer transforming the used car industry by leveraging its end-to-end ecommerce platform and retail locations to provide a technology-driven, hassle-free customer experience.

The Company currently is organized into two reportable segments: Retail and Wholesale. The Retail segment represents retail sales of used vehicles through the Company’s ecommerce platform and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicles sales such as vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection waiver coverage, prepaid maintenance plans, and appearance protection plans. The Wholesale segment represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions or directly to a wholesaler (“DTW”).

COVID-19

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), was signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes several significant income tax relief provisions as well as the deferral of the employer portion of the social security payroll tax. The Company has evaluated the income tax impacts of the CARES Act and does not expect that the income tax relief provisions of the CARES Act will significantly impact the Company, since it has had taxable losses since inception. In addition, the Company has adopted the deferral of the employer portion of the social security payroll tax. The deferral was effective from the enactment date through December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had repaid all of the $1.3 million originally deferred.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on December 7, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-5 to 1-for-10. The Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio, and on March 7, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter Amendment”) to effect the reverse split effective March 8, 2023. All share and per-share amounts have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the impact of the reverse stock split.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions, including those related to the valuation of vehicle inventory, capitalized website and internal-use software development costs, fair value of common stock, financial instruments, convertible debt, stock-based compensation and income taxes.

Management bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

69

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of 3 months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, cash and cash equivalents consisted of bank deposits, money market placements and demand deposits with third-party payment platforms.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash includes amounts required by the Ally FLOC (See Note 10 - Borrowings), letters of credit required in conjunction with lease agreements and collateral related to state licensing requirements. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the current and non-current restricted cash balances totaled $11.7 million and $11.7 million, respectively.

Marketable Securities

The Company and its reinsurance subsidiaries invest excess cash in marketable securities in the ordinary course of conducting their operations and maintain a portfolio of marketable securities primarily comprised of fixed income debt securities. The Company has investments in marketable securities that are classified as available-for-sale securities and are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of equity securities are recognized in interest and other expense, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of debt securities, if material, are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities impact the Company’s net loss only when such securities are sold or when other-than-temporary impairment is recognized. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined by specific identification of each security’s cost basis and are recognized on the trade date.

Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates the designations at each balance sheet date. The Company may sell certain of the Company’s marketable securities prior to their stated maturities for strategic reasons, including, but not limited to, anticipation of credit deterioration and duration management. The Company reviews its debt securities on a regular basis to evaluate whether or not any security has experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. The Company considers factors such as the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than the cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and the Company’s intent to sell, or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the investment’s amortized cost basis. If the Company believes that an other-than-temporary decline exists in one of these securities, the Company will write down these investments to fair value through earnings.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable are primarily due from auction facilities and partner financial institutions that provide financing to our customers, and are recorded net of any allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is estimated based upon historical experience, current economic conditions and other factors and is evaluated periodically. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Write-offs were immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Uncertainties

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were deposited in accounts at two financial institutions, and account balances may at times exceed federally insured limits. Management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial strength of the depository institution in which the cash is held.

Credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is generally not significant due to diversity of the Company’s customers. The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers. The Company generally has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Company does not require collateral. Due to these factors, no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection losses is believed by management to be probable in the Company’s accounts receivable.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2022, receivables from each of three retail lending institutions accounted for 55%, 21%, and 19%, respectively, of the Company's accounts receivable balance. As of December 31, 2021, receivables from one retail lending institution accounted for 24% of the Company's accounts receivable balance. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no customers accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue.

Inventory

Inventory consists of used vehicles, primarily acquired through auction and individual sellers, as well as some vehicles sourced locally through the trade-in program of an OEM. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Acquisition costs and vehicle reconditioning costs, including parts, applied labor, unapplied labor, inbound transportation costs and other incremental costs, are allocated to inventory via specific identification

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, inventory was stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price less costs to complete, dispose and transport the vehicles. Estimated selling price is derived from historical data and trends, such as sales price and average days to sell similar vehicles, along with independent market resources. Each reporting period the Company recognizes any necessary adjustments to reflect vehicle inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value through cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Vehicles held on consignment are not recorded in the Company’s inventory balance, as title to those vehicles, and, therefore control of the vehicle, remain with the consignors until a customer purchases the vehicle and the vehicle is delivered.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consists of equipment, furniture, fixtures and leasehold improvements and is recorded at cost less of accumulated depreciation. Major replacements and improvements are capitalized, while general repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related assets:

Equipment	3 to 5 years
Furniture and fixtures	3 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of useful life or lease term

Software Development Costs, Net

The Company capitalizes costs associated with customized internal-use software systems that have reached the application development stage. Such capitalized costs include external direct costs utilized in developing or obtaining the applications and payroll and payroll-related expenses for employees who are directly associated with the applications. Capitalization of such costs begins when the preliminary project stage is complete and ceases at the point in which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method, generally over three years.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of such assets. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including cost-based, market and income approaches as considered necessary. The Company recognized impairment losses on long-lived assets of $16.9 million and zero for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale

The Company classifies assets to be sold as assets held for sale when (i) Company management has approved and commits to a plan to sell the asset; (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition and is ready for sale; (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to sell the asset have been initiated; (iv) the sale of the asset is probable; (v) the asset is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and (vi) it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. Assets classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less the cost to sell.

Business Combinations

The Company uses the acquisition method of accounting under ASC 805, Business Combinations. Each acquired company’s operating results are included in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements starting on the acquisition date. The purchase price is equivalent to the fair value of consideration transferred. Tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date are recorded at the acquisition date fair value. Goodwill is recognized for the excess of purchase price over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In contrast, a gain on bargain purchase is recognized in earnings in the period of acquisition for the excess of the estimated fair value of net assets acquired and liabilities assumed over the purchase price.

Amounts allocated to assets and liabilities are based upon fair values. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to the identifiable intangible assets. Management makes estimates of fair value based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable and that of a market participant. These estimates are based on available historical information as well as future expectations, and the estimates are inherently uncertain. The separately identifiable intangible assets generally include customer relationships, acquired technology, backlog, trade names, and non-compete agreements.

Goodwill

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but rather tested for impairment annually in the fourth fiscal quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. Goodwill impairment is recognized when the quantitative assessment results in the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeding its fair value, in which case an impairment charge is recorded to goodwill to the extent the carrying value exceeds the fair value, limited to the amount of goodwill. The Company recognized impairments of goodwill totaling $0.5 million and zero for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Deferred Borrowing Costs

Deferred borrowing costs associated with long-term debt facilities are recorded as a reduction to long term debt and amortized into interest expense over the expected term of the related facility. Deferred borrowing costs associated with revolving facilities and lines of credit are recorded as a long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheet and amortized over the expected term of the related facility. Any unamortized deferred borrowing costs upon extinguishment of debt facilities are written off to interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 10 - Borrowings and Note 15 - Related Party Transactions for further discussion regarding the deferred borrowing costs.

Reinsurance — Contract Reserves

The Company acquired certain reinsurance entities as part of the CarLotz Merger. The Company sells certain finance and insurance contracts that are underwritten by third parties. The Company, through its reinsurance subsidiaries, reinsures those contracts, thereby assuming the risk of loss on the underlying insurance contracts. The Company establishes insurance reserves in accordance with ASC 944, Financial Services — Insurance. These amounts are recorded as accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, which prescribes a five-step model that includes: (1) identify the contract; (2) identify the performance obligations; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) performance obligations are satisfied.

The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Control passes to the customer at the time of delivery or pick-up. The Company may collect sales taxes and other taxes from customers on behalf of governmental authorities at the time of sale as required. These taxes are accounted for on a net basis and are not included in revenues or cost of sales. The Company has provided cash or non-cash payments to a related party customer, including in the form of equity (see Note 15 - Related Party Transactions). In such cases the Company accounts for such payments under the guidance for consideration payable to a customer and considers whether such amount should be reflected as contra-revenue.

The Company recognizes revenue at a point in time as described below.

Retail Revenue

The Company sells used vehicles to its retail customers through its platform. The price for used vehicles is the stand-alone selling price as set forth in the customer contract. Customers frequently trade-in their existing vehicle to apply toward the price of a used vehicle, which is included in the transaction price as non-cash consideration at the stated trade-in value within the contract. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenue for used vehicle sales at a point in time when the vehicles are delivered to or picked up by the customer. The revenue recognized by the Company is the amount equal to the stand-alone selling price, including any service fees, less any discounts and an estimate for returns. Revenue excludes any sales taxes, title and registration fees, and other government fees that are collected from customers.

The Company receives payment for vehicle sales directly from the customer at the time of sale or, if the customer uses financing, from third-party financial institutions within a short period of time following the sale. Any payments received prior to the delivery or pick-up of used vehicles are recorded as deferred revenue within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets until delivery or pick-up occurs, typically within seven days.

The Company’s return policy allows customers to initiate a return during the first seven days or 200 miles after delivery (whichever comes first). Retail vehicle revenue is recognized net of a reserve for returns, which is estimated using historical experience and trends. The reserve for estimated returns is presented gross on the consolidated balance sheets, with an asset recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and a refund liability recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. The net impact of the returns reserve is immaterial.

Other Revenue

The Company provides buyers on its platform with options for financing, insurance, and extended warranties, as well as other value-added products such as vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection and wheel and tire coverage. All such services are provided by unrelated third-party vendors and the Company has agreements with each of these vendors giving the Company the right to offer such services on its platform.

When a buyer selects a service from these providers, the Company earns a commission based on the actual price paid or financed. The Company concluded that it is an agent for these transactions because it does not control the products before they are transferred to the customer. Accordingly, the Company recognizes commission revenue at the time of sale.

In the event that a customer prematurely cancels certain finance and insurance products, the Company may be obligated to return all or part of its commission. Other revenue is recognized net of a reserve for cancellations, which is estimated using historical experience and trends. The reserve for estimated cancellations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $2.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, and is presented in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Wholesale Vehicle Revenue

The Company sells vehicles through wholesale auctions. These vehicles sold to wholesalers are primarily acquired from customers who trade-in their existing vehicles and such vehicles do not meet the Company’s quality standards to list and sell through its website. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenue for wholesale vehicle sales at a point in time when the vehicle is sold at auction or directly to a wholesaler. The transaction price is typically due and collected within one week of the date of the sale.

Costs to obtain and fulfill a contract

The Company elected, as a practical expedient, to expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales includes the cost to acquire used vehicles and direct and indirect vehicle reconditioning costs associated with preparing the vehicles for resale. Vehicle reconditioning costs include parts, labor, inbound transportation costs and other incremental costs. These costs include inbound shipping costs of purchased vehicles, mechanical inspection, vehicle preparation supplies and repair costs necessary for reconditioning the vehicle for resale. Cost of sales also includes any necessary adjustments to reflect vehicle inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Shipping and Handling

The Company’s logistics costs related to transporting its used vehicle inventory primarily includes third-party transportation fees. The portion of these costs related to inbound transportation from the point of acquisition to the relevant reconditioning facility is included in cost of sales when the related used vehicle is sold. Logistics costs not included in cost of sales are accounted for as costs to fulfill contracts with customers and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and were $8.7 million and $8.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, excluding compensation and benefits.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include compensation and benefits, advertising, facilities costs, technology expenses and other administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses exclude costs to recondition vehicles and inbound transportation, which are included in costs of sales, as well as payroll and stock-based compensation costs capitalized to website and internal-use software development costs. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, advertising expense was $32.3 million and $49.8 million, respectively. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense related to awards to employees are measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The fair value of the award is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. The Company elects to account for forfeitures as they occur by reversing compensation cost when awards are forfeited. Exercises of option awards are settled by issuing new shares.

See Note 14 - Stock-Based Compensation Plans for additional information on stock-based compensation.

Interest and Other Income

Interest and other income is comprised of bank interest and other miscellaneous items.

Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest incurred from the Convertible Notes, Senior Unsecured Notes, and the flooring line of credit facilities, as well as the amortization of deferred borrowing costs, debt discounts and other miscellaneous items.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The Company recognizes transfers between the levels as of the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no transfers between levels during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $2.0 million of assets and $48 thousand of liabilities measured at fair value.

Escrow Shares

In connection with the closing of the Company's merger with Insurance Acquisition Corp. on October 13, 2020, (the "IAC Merger"), 600,021 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Escrow Shares”) were deposited into an escrow account, with each former Legacy Shift stockholder listed as beneficiary in proportion to their percentage ownership of Legacy Shift common shares immediately prior to the IAC Merger. The Escrow Shares will be released to the beneficiaries if the following conditions are achieved following October 13, 2020, the date of the closing of the IAC Merger:

i.if at any time during the 12 months following the closing, the closing share price of the Company’s Class A common stock is greater than $120.00 over any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period, 50% of the Escrow Shares will be released; and

ii. if at any time during the 30 months following the closing, the closing share price of the Company’s Class A common stock is greater than $150.00 over any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period, 50% of the Escrow Shares will be released.

iii.If, during the 30 months following the closing, there is a change of control (as defined in the IAC Merger Agreement) that will result in the holders of the Company’s Class A common stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of $100.00 per share (as equitably adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, special cash dividends, reorganizations, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions affecting the Class A common stock after the date of the IAC Merger), then all remaining Escrow Shares shall be released to the Legacy Shift stockholders effective as of immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control.

The Escrow Shares are legally outstanding and the beneficiaries retain all voting, dividend and distribution rights applicable to the Company’s Class A common stock while the shares are in escrow. If the conditions for the release of the Escrow Shares are not met, the shares and any dividends or distributions arising therefrom shall be returned to the Company. The Escrow Shares are not considered outstanding for accounting purposes, and as such are excluded from the calculation of basic net loss per share (see Note 18 - Net Loss Per Share).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Escrow Shares meet the accounting definition of a derivative financial instrument. Prior to the cancellation of the first tranche on October 13, 2021, the number of Escrow Shares that would have ultimately been released was partially dependent on variables (namely, the occurrence of a change in control) that are not valuation inputs to a “fixed for fixed” option or forward contract, and therefore the Escrow Shares were not considered to be indexed to the Company’s Class A common stock and were therefore classified as a liability. The Company’s obligation to release the Escrow Shares upon achievement of the milestones was initially recorded to financial instruments liability on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value as of the date of the IAC Merger. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the liability were recorded to change in fair value of financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations.

The Escrow Shares were remeasured on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of the Escrow Shares was determined using a Monte Carlo valuation model, which requires significant estimates including the expected volatility of our Class A common stock. The expected annual volatility of our Class A common stock was estimated to be 65.53% as of December 31, 2021, based on the historical volatility of comparable publicly traded companies.

The table below illustrates the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments liability:

(in thousands)	2021
Balance as of January 1,	$	25,230
Remeasurement of Escrow Shares liability	(18,893)
Reclassification of Escrow Shares liability to additional paid-in capital	(6,337)
Balance as of December 31,	$	—

As of the first anniversary of the IAC Merger on October 13, 2021, the first tranche of 300,011 Escrow Shares had failed to satisfy the $120.00 stock performance hurdle. As a result, the shares were returned to the Company for cancellation.

Following the return of the first tranche of the Escrow Shares to the Company on October 13, 2021, the Escrow Shares met the "fixed for fixed" option or forward contract criteria for equity classification. As such, changes in fair value of the Escrow Shares through October 13, 2021 were recorded in change in fair value of financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the shares on October 13, 2021 of $6.3 million, measured using the Monte Carlo valuation model, was reclassified to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized a gain related to the change in fair value of the Escrow Shares of $18.9 million, which is included in change in fair value of financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.

In evaluating the ability to recover its deferred income tax assets, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including its operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, it would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. Conversely, in the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period when such determination is made. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.

Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions are recognized when it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained during an audit. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included within the provision for income tax.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Under the two-class method, net loss is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. The Company considers all series of its redeemable convertible preferred stock to be participating securities. Under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders is not allocated to the convertible preferred stock as the holders of the Company’s convertible preferred stock do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. For periods in which the Company reports net losses, diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders because potentially dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Liquidity and Management's Plan

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company generated negative cash flows from operations of approximately $110.4 million and $211.0 million, respectively, and generated net losses of approximately $172.0 million and $166.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $96.2 million and total working capital of $83.1 million. Since inception, the Company has had negative cash flows and losses from operations which it has funded primarily through issuances of common and preferred stock and through a reverse recapitalization via the IAC Merger in October 2020. The Company has historically funded vehicle inventory purchases through its vehicle floorplan facilities (see Note 10 - Borrowings to the accompanying consolidated financial statements). The Company's current floorplan facility expires on December 9, 2023. The Company also continually assesses other opportunities to raise debt or equity capital.

The Company's plan is to raise capital to provide the liquidity necessary to satisfy its obligations over the next twelve months, and to secure a new or amended floorplan financing arrangement to provide continuity when the current floorplan expires. The Company's ability to raise capital may be constrained by the price of and demand for the Company's Class A common stock. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise sufficient additional capital or obtain financing that will provide it with sufficient liquidity to satisfy its obligations over the next twelve months.

The Company continues to implement the Restructuring Plan which is designed to improve the Company’s liquidity by improving unit economics and reducing selling, general, and administrative expenses. The Restructuring Plan seeks to achieve these goals by eliminating less profitable fulfillment channels, consolidating operations into fewer physical locations, and reducing headcount accordingly. Please see Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring to the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued or available to be issued. Management determined as a result of this evaluation, the Company’s losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception, combined with its current cash, working capital position, and expiration of the current floorplan financing arrangement on December 9, 2023, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued guidance codified in Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"), and subsequent related ASUs, which amends the guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by requiring measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held. This ASU is effective for public and private companies’ fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, and December 15, 2022, respectively. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2016-13 under the private company transition guidance beginning January 1, 2023. The Company does not expect the adoption this standard to materially impact the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In February 2016, the FASB issued, ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which amends the accounting guidance on leases. The new standard requires a lessee to recognize right-of-use assets and lease obligations on the balance sheet for most lease agreements. Leases are classified as either operating or finance, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations. The FASB also subsequently issued amendments to the standard to provide additional practical expedients and an additional transition method option.

The Company adopted Topic 842 as of January 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective approach with a cumulative-effect adjustment to opening retained earnings (accumulated deficit) with no restatement of comparative periods. Upon adoption, the Company recognized $28.6 million of operating lease liabilities and $27.9 million of operating lease right-of-use assets. The adoption of Topic 842 did not result in a cumulative effect adjustment to accumulated deficit.

Topic 842 provides various optional practical expedients for transition. The Company elected to utilize the package of practical expedients for transition which permitted the Company to not reassess its prior conclusions regarding whether a contract is or contains a lease, lease classification and initial direct costs.

Topic 842 also provides optional practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing lease accounting. The Company elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify and the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components of leases.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 on January 1, 2022. There was no impact to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued guidance codified in ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805) Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. Under new guidance, an acquirer is required to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted the guidance during the second quarter of 2022 with no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Fair Dealer Services, LLC

On May 11, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of certain automotive dealer marketplace assets and all of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests of Fair Dealer Services, LLC (“Fair”), (collectively, the “Marketplace Assets”), from Fair Financial Corp., Fair IP, LLC (“Fair IP”), and (for limited purposes) Cayman Project 2 Limited (“SB LL Holdco”), pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated Purchase Agreement dated May 11, 2022. The Company purchased the Marketplace Assets in order to acquire software and other assets to enable the listing of inventory owned by third-party dealerships for sale on the Company’s ecommerce platform. The Company determined that the Marketplace Assets meet the definition of a business and the purchase is properly accounted for as a business combination.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred $3.3 million of transaction related costs, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

The consideration for the Marketplace Assets consisted of cash in the amount of $15.0 million (the “Cash Consideration”) and 206,698 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (such shares being equal to 2.5% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s Class A common stock as of immediately prior to the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Amended and Restated Purchase Agreement) (the “Stock Consideration”). The shares were issued and valued as of May 11, 2022 at a per share market closing price of $10.20.

The Company financed the acquisition of the Marketplace Assets through the issuance of the Senior Unsecured Notes to SB LL Holdco (See Note 10 - Borrowings). The stated interest rate on the Senior Unsecured Notes was determined to be below the market rate of interest, effectively providing a discount on the purchase price of the Marketplace Assets. Therefore, the Company recognized an imputed discount of $2.1 million on the Senior Unsecured Notes based on an estimated market rate of interest of 10.5%, and a corresponding reduction to the consideration transferred for the purchase of the Marketplace Assets.

The following table presents an estimate of consideration transferred:

	(In thousands)
Cash consideration	$	15,000
Fair value of shares of Shift Common Stock issued	2,481
Allocation of proceeds from Senior Unsecured Notes	(2,103)
Merger Consideration	$	15,378

The intangible assets acquired were recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date. Management estimated the fair value of intangible assets in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for business combinations and utilized the services of third-party valuation consultants. The initial allocation of the consideration transferred is based on a preliminary valuation and is subject to adjustments. Balances subject to adjustment primarily include the valuations of acquired assets and tax-related matters. During the measurement period, the Company may record adjustments to the provisional amounts recognized.

	Estimated Fair Value
Capitalized website and internal use software costs	$	12,500
Other intangible assets - Trade name	100
Other intangible assets - Dealer network	100
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	154
Goodwill	2,524
Total fair value of purchase price	$	15,378

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Identifiable Intangible Assets

The Company acquired intangible assets that consisted primarily of developed software, which had an estimated fair value of $12.5 million, and which is included in capitalized website and internal use software costs, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company also acquired other intangible assets with a total estimated fair value of $0.2 million. The Cost to Recreate Method was used to value the acquired developed software asset. Management applied judgment in estimating the fair value of this intangible asset, which involved the use of significant assumptions such as the cost and time to build the acquired technology, developer’s profit and rate of return. The other intangible assets are included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company will amortize the intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three years for the capitalized internal use software and trade name, and one year for the dealer network.

Goodwill

The goodwill represents the excess of consideration transferred over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and is attributable to the benefits expected from combining the Company’s expertise with Fair’s technology, resource base, and ability to effectively integrate the Marketplace Assets with the Company's existing ecommerce platform. This goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes.

Pro forma information (unaudited)

The unaudited pro forma results presented below include the effects of the Fair acquisition as if it had been consummated as of January 1, 2021, with adjustments to give effect to pro forma events that are directly attributable to the acquisition which includes adjustments related to the amortization of acquired intangible assets. The unaudited pro forma results do not reflect any operating efficiency or potential cost savings which may result from the integration of Fair. Accordingly, these unaudited pro forma results are presented for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operation of the combined company would have been if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2021. Revenue and earnings of Fair included in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 were immaterial.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue	$	670,753	$	636,869
Loss from operations	(244,602)		(196,774)
Net loss	$	(179,644)	$	(187,906)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(20.62)	$	(23.44)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted	8,712,246		8,018,112

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CarLotz, Inc.

On December 9, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding equity interests of CarLotz, Inc. (“CarLotz”), a Delaware corporation, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "CarLotz Merger") dated as of August 9, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”). The CarLotz Merger increased the liquidity available to the combined entity by adding the cash resources of legacy CarLotz to the combined entity and obviating the need for legacy CarLotz to invest in technologies already developed by Shift. The Company determined that the CarLotz Merger is properly accounted for as a business combination.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company incurred $16.2 million of transaction related costs, which are included in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents an estimate of Merger Consideration transferred to effect the CarLotz Merger at Closing:

	(In thousands)
Fair value of shares of Shift Common Stock issued to CarLotz stockholders	$	22,411
Replacement of CarLotz equity awards	562
Merger Consideration	$	22,973

The fair value of shares of Shift Common Stock issued as Merger Consideration was based on approximately 8.6 million shares of Shift Common Stock, including 0.1 million shares issued pursuant to accelerated vesting of certain CarLotz RSU Awards in connection with the CarLotz Merger, and the closing price of Shift common stock of $2.62 per share on December 9, 2022.

Consideration transferred was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the acquisition date. Management estimated the fair value of tangible and intangible assets and liabilities in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for business combinations and utilized the services of third-party valuation consultants. The initial allocation of the consideration transferred is based on a preliminary valuation and is subject to adjustments. Balances subject to adjustment primarily include the valuations of acquired assets (tangible and intangible), liabilities assumed, as well as tax-related matters. During the measurement period, the Company may record adjustments to the provisional amounts recognized. The allocation of the consideration transferred will be finalized within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date).

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	Estimated Fair Value
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities	$	97,710
Accounts receivable	3,321
Inventory	7,062
Other current assets	1,756
Property and equipment	7,009
Operating lease right of use assets	25,119
Finance lease right of use assets	4,176
Developed technology	3,190
Trademarks	970
Other non-current assets	364
Total assets	150,677
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(11,899)
Operating lease liabilities, current	(4,127)
Finance lease liabilities, current	(273)
Other current liabilities	(694)
Operating lease liabilities	(24,713)
Finance lease liabilities	(8,940)
Other non-current liabilities	(373)
Total liabilities	(51,019)
Net assets acquired	99,658
Gain on Bargain purchase	$	(76,685)
Consideration transferred	$	22,973

The aggregate revenue and net loss of CarLotz included in the Company's consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition was $4.8 million and $6.0 million, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Identifiable Intangible Assets

The fair value of the trademarks and developed technology intangible assets has been determined using the relief-from-royalty method, which involves the estimation of an amount of hypothetical royalty savings enjoyed by the entity that owns the intangible asset because that entity is relieved from having to license that intangible asset from another owner. In using this method, third-party arm’s-length royalty or license agreements were analyzed. The licensing transactions were selected as reflecting similar risks and characteristics that make them comparable to the subject assets. The net revenue expected to be generated by the intangible asset during its expected remaining life was then multiplied by the selected royalty rate. The selected estimated royalty rates for the trademarks and developed technology were 0.3% and 1.5%, respectively. The estimated after tax royalty streams were then discounted to present value using a discount rate of 19.4%, to estimate the fair value of the subject intangible assets.

The trademarks are included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The developed technology is included in capitalized website and internal use software costs, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company will amortize the intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of three months, as the Company plans to decommission the acquired intangible assets in favor of equivalent legacy Shift assets as soon as reasonably practicable.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Bargain Purchase

Any excess of fair value of acquired net assets over the purchase price (negative goodwill) has been recognized as a gain in the period the acquisition was completed. We have reassessed whether all acquired assets and assumed liabilities have been identified and recognized and performed remeasurements to verify that the consideration paid, assets acquired, and liabilities assumed have been properly valued. The remaining excess has been recognized as a gain in the consolidated statement of operations. Factors believed to contribute to the bargain purchase include a) the management turnover, restructuring, and other indicators of distress experienced by CarLotz prior to the CarLotz Merger, b) successful cash conservation efforts by CarLotz during the period from the execution of the CarLotz Merger Agreement to the closing of the merger, and c) a significant decline in the market price of the Company's Class A common stock during the period from the execution of the Merger Agreement to the closing of the merger, which reduced the fair market value of the stock paid as consideration for the merger.

Pro forma information (unaudited)

The unaudited pro forma results presented below include the effects of the CarLotz Merger as if it had been consummated as of January 1, 2021, with adjustments to give effect to pro forma events that are directly attributable to the acquisition. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the pro forma adjustments include a reduction in share based compensation costs to reflect expected amortization of assumed equity awards and a reduction in amortization expense to reflect the revaluation of certain technology assets. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the pro forma adjustments include a reduction in share based compensation expense to reflect expected amortization of assumed equity awards, non-recurring transaction costs, and a gain on bargain purchase.

The unaudited pro forma results do not reflect any operating efficiency or potential cost savings which may result from the integration of CarLotz. Accordingly, these unaudited pro forma results are presented for informational purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of what the actual results of operation of the combined company would have been if the acquisition had occurred as of January 1, 2021.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue	$	814,184	$	895,403
Loss from operations	(288,489)		(281,428)
Net loss	$	(284,003)	$	(80,479)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(16.56)	$	(4.77)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted	17,147,688		16,879,267

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

4. MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The Company acquired equity and debt security investments as a result of the CarLotz Merger. The equity and debt securities are classified as Level 1 and Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, respectively. There were no material sales or purchases of equity or debt securities between the December 9, 2022 acquisition date and December 31, 2022.

The following table summarizes amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair values of the Company’s investments in fixed maturity debt securities:

	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost/ Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Corporate bonds	$	527	$	—	$	(3)	$	524
Municipal bonds	674		—		—		674
Foreign governments	314		—		—		314
Total Fixed Maturity Debt Securities	$	1,515	$	—	$	(3)	$	1,512

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2022 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	822	$	805
Due after one year through five years	648		662
Due after five years through ten years	45		45
Total	$	1,515	$	1,512

Unrealized losses are believed to be temporary. Fair value of investments in fixed maturity debt securities change and are based primarily on market rates. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio had 28 securities with gross unrealized losses totaling $3 thousand that had been in loss positions for less than 12 months and no securities in loss positions for more than 12 months.

The following tables summarize cost and fair values of the Company’s investments in equity securities:

	December 31, 2022
	Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Equity securities	$	483	$	459

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Equipment	$	4,545	$	8,753
Furniture and fixtures	1,278		252
Leasehold improvements	4,334		1,258
Total property and equipment	10,157		10,263
Less: accumulated depreciation	(3,360)		(2,323)
Property and equipment, net	$	6,797	$	7,940

Depreciation expense related to property and equipment was $2.8 million and $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation expense related to reconditioning facilities for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $1.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively. Depreciation expense related to reconditioning facilities is included in cost of sales with the remainder included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.

We classified $2.6 million and $0.1 million of gross property and equipment and accumulated depreciation, respectively, as held-for-sale. In addition, the Company recognized an impairment charge that was partly allocated to property and equipment. See Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring for additional information.

6. LEASES

The Company is a tenant under various operating and finance leases with third parties, including leases of office facilities, vehicle inspection, reconditioning locations, storage locations, and vehicle leases. The Company assesses whether each lease is an operating or finance lease at the lease commencement date.

The Company’s real estate leases often require it to make payments for maintenance in addition to rent as well as payments for real estate taxes, and insurance. Maintenance, real estate taxes, and insurance payments are generally variable costs which are based on actual expenses incurred by the lessor. Therefore, these amounts are generally not included in the consideration of the contract when determining the right-of-use asset and lease liability but are reflected as variable lease expenses in the period incurred.

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and expense for these leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

As the rate implicit in the lease is generally not readily determinable for the Company’s operating leases, the discount rates used to determine the present value of the Company’s lease liabilities are based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date and commensurate with the remaining lease term. The incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The balance sheet classification of leases for the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

	Balance Sheet Classification	December 31, 2022
Assets
Operating leases	Operating lease assets	$	44,568
	Operating and finance lease assets, property and equipment, accounts receivable, and other assets held for sale	9,572
Finance leases	Finance lease assets, net	152
	Operating and finance lease assets, property and equipment, accounts receivable, and other assets held for sale	4,155
Total lease assets		$	58,447
Liabilities
Operating leases	Operating lease liabilities, current	$	8,865
	Operating and finance lease liabilities and other liabilities associated with assets held for sale	10,138
	Operating lease liabilities, non-current	44,985
Total operating lease liabilities		$	63,988
Finance leases	Finance lease liabilities, current	$	271
	Operating and finance lease liabilities and other liabilities associated with assets held for sale	5,036
	Finance lease liabilities, non-current	3,989
Total finance lease liabilities		$	9,296
Total lease liabilities		$	73,284

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company’s lease costs and activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
Lease cost
Operating lease cost	$	14,811
Finance lease amortization	181
Finance lease interest	72
Short-term lease cost	1,485
Variable lease cost	2,387
Sublease income	(215)
Total lease cost	$	18,721
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	9,594
Finance leases - Operating cash flows	$	72
Finance leases - Financing cash flows	$	127
Lease assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases	$	67,603
Finance leases	$	4,488
Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases (in years)	5.48
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases	8.97		%
Weighted average remaining lease term - finance leases (in years)	12.28
Weighted average discount rate - finance leases	11.13		%

Leases have remaining terms of 1 year to 13 years, inclusive of options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Sublease income is derived from three subleases as of December 31, 2022

Operating and finance lease liabilities by maturity date from December 31, 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31,	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2023	$	13,434	$	1,374
2024	12,649		1,297
2025	13,726		1,318
2026	11,092		1,346
2027	10,315		1,422
Thereafter	16,862		10,928
Total minimum lease payments	$	78,078	$	17,687
Less: Imputed interest	14,090		8,391
Total lease liabilities	$	63,988	$	9,296

Rent expense for operating leases during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $9.3 million.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2022, the Company guaranteed the lease obligation of two of its closed locations assigned to a third-party that operates a used vehicle dealership. The Company continues as guarantor of such lease obligations with maximum total payments of $4,799 and will continue as the guarantor of one of the leases through March 2031 and the other lease through September 2031. The Company would be required to perform under the guarantee if the third-party is in default. As of December 31, 2022, the Company does not anticipate any material defaults under the forgoing leases, and therefore, no liability has been accrued.

7. CAPITALIZED WEBSITE AND INTERNAL-USE SOFTWARE COSTS, NET

Capitalized website and internal use software costs, net consists of the following (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Capitalized website domain costs – nonamortizable	$	385	$	385
Capitalized website and internal-use software development costs – amortizable	12,294		24,433
Less: accumulated amortization	(2,022)		(15,556)
Capitalized website and internal-use software development costs, net	$	10,657	$	9,262

Amortization of capitalized software development costs is included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations. Amortization of capitalized software development costs amounted to $8.8 million and $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, the remaining weighted-average amortization period for internal-use capitalized software intangible assets was approximately 0.91 years.

The expected annual amortization expense to be recognized in future years as of December 31, 2022 consists of the following (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022
2023	$	4,393
2024	1,985
2025	921
Development in progress	2,974
Total amortizable costs	10,272
Nonamortizable costs	385
Total capitalized website and internal-use software development costs	$	10,657

The Company recognized an impairment charge that was partly allocated to internal-use capitalized software. See Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring for additional information. The Company's annual impairment test of the indefinite-lived web domain assets did not result in an impairment.

8. GOODWILL

On May 11, 2022 the Company acquired the Marketplace Assets for consideration totaling $15.4 million (See Note 3 - Business Combinations). The purchase price was allocated to tangible assets of $0.2 million and intangible assets of $12.7 million based on their fair values on the acquisition date. Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired. The excess of the purchase price over the amounts allocated to assets acquired was recorded to Goodwill, in the amount of $2.5 million, which is included in the retail segment.

Goodwill is not amortized but is tested at least annually or more frequently when events or circumstances change that would, more likely than not, reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine if it is not more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

	Gross Amount		Accumulated Impairment
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	—	$	—
Acquisition of Fair Dealer Services, LLC (see Note 3)	2,524
Impairment losses	—		(454)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	2,524	$	(454)
Total goodwill			$	2,070

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment loss of $0.5 million, which is included in loss on impairment on the consolidated statements of operations. There was no impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022, management determined that indicators of impairment existed and performed a goodwill impairment test. Management engaged third party valuation consultants to determine the fair value of the Retail segment (which also meets the definition of a reporting unit for goodwill impairment purposes). The fair value was determined using a market approach based on comparison to peer company valuation multiples.

9. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

	As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Liability for vehicles acquired under OEM program	$	—	$	3,550
Accrued payroll related costs	14,048		15,890
Provision for DMV refunds	1,080		1,170
Accrued sales taxes	3,957		13,787
Common stock subject to repurchase liability, current	44		142
Interest payable	960		910
Provision for sales returns and cancellations	4,304		3,302
Other accrued expenses	9,479		5,193
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	33,872	$	43,944

In November 2019, the Company entered into an arrangement with an original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) to sell vehicles sourced locally through the trade-in program of the OEM on the Company’s platform. Under the terms of the arrangement, the Company has the option to provisionally accept any trade-ins based on information provided by the OEM. The Company transports any accepted vehicles to one of its inspection, reconditioning and storage centers where Shift inspects the vehicle and makes a final purchasing decision regarding the vehicle. Any rejected vehicles are sent to wholesale auction facilities at Shift’s expense, at which point Shift has no further obligations to the automaker for the rejected vehicle. The Company records inventory received under the arrangement with the OEM equal to the amount of the liability due to the OEM to acquire such vehicles. The liability due to the OEM provider for such acquired vehicles is equal to the OEM’s original acquisition price. The final price paid to the OEM upon sale of the vehicle includes an additional amount equal to 50% of the excess of the sales price over the original acquisition price.

We classified $0.1 million of accrued expenses associated with a long-lived asset disposal group as held-for-sale. See Note 16 - Impairment and Restructuring for further information.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

10. BORROWINGS

Senior Unsecured Notes

On May 11, 2022, in connection with the Fair acquisition (See Note 3 - Business Combinations), the Company entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”) by and between the Company, each of the Company’s subsidiaries party thereto as guarantors (each, a “Guarantor” and, collectively, the “Guarantors”), and SB LL Holdco, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SB LL Holdco”). Pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement and the terms and conditions set forth therein, the Company agreed to issue and sell, and SB LL Holdco agreed to purchase, 6.00% Senior Unsecured Notes due May 11, 2025 with a principal amount of $20.0 million (the “Senior Unsecured Notes”) in a private placement in reliance on an exemption from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

The Senior Unsecured Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.00% per annum and will mature on May 11, 2025. The Company may, at its option, prepay the Senior Unsecured Notes in their entirety (i) if prior to November 11, 2024, at 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to (but excluding) such date and a premium specified therein, or (ii) if on or after November 11, 2024, at 100% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to (but excluding) such date. The Senior Unsecured Notes are senior unsecured indebtedness of the Company.

As of December 31, 2022, discounts and deferred borrowing costs related to the Senior Unsecured Notes totaled $2.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and are included as a reduction to long-term debt, net on the consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had $0.8 million, respectively, of contractual interest expense and $0.5 million, respectively, of discount and deferred borrowing cost amortization, with both recorded to interest and other expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

The estimated fair value of the Senior Unsecured Notes (Level 2) as of December 31, 2022 was $16.6 million.

Convertible Notes

On May 27, 2021, the Company completed a private offering of its 4.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”). The aggregate principal amount of the Notes sold in the offering was $150.0 million. The Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and will rank equally in right of payment with the Company’s future senior unsecured indebtedness, senior in right of payment to the Company’s future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes and effectively subordinated to the Company’s future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness.

The Notes accrue interest payable semi-annually in arrears at a rate of 4.75% per year. The Notes will mature on May 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased by the Company.

The Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at an initial conversion rate of 11.8654 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $84.28 per share of the Company’s Class A common stock). The initial conversion price represents a premium of approximately 27.47% over the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock on May 24, 2021, which was $66.10 per share. The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events prior to the maturity date. The Company will increase the conversion rate on a sliding scale to up to a maximum of 15.1284 per $1,000 principal amount for a holder who elects to convert its notes in connection with certain corporate events or the Company’s delivery of a notice of redemption, as the case may be, in certain circumstances.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Noteholders may convert their notes at their option only in the following circumstances:

1.during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on June 30, 2021, if the last reported sale price per share of our Class A common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price for each of at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter;

2.during the 5 consecutive business days immediately after any 10 consecutive trading day period (such 10 consecutive trading day period, the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price per share of our Class A common stock on such trading day and the conversion rate on such trading day;

3.upon the occurrence of certain corporate events or distributions on our Class A common stock;

4.if we call such notes for redemption; and

5.at any time from, and including, November 15, 2025 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date.

Conversions of the Notes will be settled in cash, shares of the Company's Class A common stock or a combination thereof, at the Company's election.

The Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part (subject to a partial redemption limitation), at the Company’s option at any time, and from time to time, on or after May 20, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the Maturity Date, at a cash redemption price equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date, but only if (i) the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s Class A common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such notice; and (ii) a registration statement covering the resale of the shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, if any, issuable upon conversion of the Notes in connection with such optional redemption is effective and available for use and is expected, as of the date the redemption notice is sent, to remain effective and available during the period from, and including the date the redemption notice is sent to, and including, the business day immediately before the related redemption date, unless the Company elects cash settlement in respect of the conversions in connection with such optional redemption.

In addition, calling any Note for redemption will constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to that Note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption and on or prior to the business day immediately before the related redemption date. If the Company elects to redeem less than all of the outstanding Notes, at least $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes must be outstanding and not subject to redemption as of the date the Company sends the related redemption notice.

Unamortized deferred borrowing costs at December 31, 2022 were $4.5 million, and are included as a reduction to long-term debt, net on the consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded $7.1 million of contractual interest expense and $1.2 million of deferred borrowing cost amortization, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $4.2 million of contractual interest expense and $0.7 million, respectively, of deferred borrowing cost amortization. Contractual interest expense and deferred borrowing cost amortization was recorded to interest and other expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations. The effective interest rate of the Notes is 5.73%.

The estimated fair value of the Notes (Level 2) at December 31, 2022 was $21.2 million.

The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the sale of the notes to pay the cost of the capped call transactions (see Note 12 - Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)), and is using the remaining proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Ally Flooring Line of Credit

On December 9, 2021, the Company entered into a $100.0 million flooring line of credit facility with Ally Bank to finance its used vehicle inventory (the “Ally FLOC”), which is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. Borrowings under the Ally FLOC bear interest at the Prime Rate (as defined in the agreement) plus 1.50%. As of December 31, 2022, the interest rate on borrowings outstanding under the Ally FLOC was 9.00%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an outstanding balance under the facility of $24.8 million and $75.2 million of unused capacity. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had an outstanding balance under the facility of $83.3 million and $16.7 million in unused capacity.

Under the Ally FLOC, repayment of amounts drawn for the purchase of a vehicle should generally be made as soon as practicable after selling or otherwise disposing of the vehicles. Outstanding balances related to vehicles held in inventory for more than 180 days require monthly principal payments equal to 10% of the original principal amount of that vehicle until the remaining outstanding balance is 50% (or less) of the original principal balance. Prepayments may be made without incurring a premium or penalty. Additionally, the Company is permitted to make prepayments to the lender to be held as principal payments and subsequently reborrow such amounts.

The Ally FLOC requires the Company to maintain unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of not less than 20% of the total credit line, and to maintain an additional restricted cash balance equal to 10% of the total credit line. Additionally, the Ally FLOC requires the company to maintain at least 10% equity in the Company’s total inventory balance. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants related to the Ally FLOC.

Additionally, the Company is required to pay an availability fee each calendar quarter if the average outstanding balance for such quarter is less than 50% of the average total credit line for such quarter. The Company was required to pay an upfront commitment fee upon execution of the Ally FLOC.

US Bank Flooring Line of Credit

On October 11, 2018, the Company entered into a flooring line of credit facility (“FLOC”) with U.S. Bank National Association (“US Bank”), with the proceeds from such arrangement available to finance the purchase of vehicles. The FLOC initially allowed for a $30.0 million commitment of advances, whereby the Company may borrow, prepay, repay and reborrow the advances. Advances were able to be prepaid in part or in full at any time without charge, penalty or premium. Advances under the facility accrued interest at LIBOR plus 2.00%. The obligations under the facility were secured by substantially all of the Company’s inventory, both currently owned or acquired thereafter. Repayment of obligations under the facility were guaranteed by Lithia. Refer to Note 15 - Related Party Transactions for further details regarding the guarantee of the flooring line of credit, the commercial agreement and the warrants.

Subsequent amendments extended the expiration date to October 11, 2021 and increased the amount available under the FLOC to $50.0 million. The amendments also required the Company to pay a fee of 0.40% per annum on unused availability under the FLOC, and reduced the Liquidity Covenant to one times the three-month cash burn amount.

The FLOC was subject to customary subjective acceleration clauses, effective upon a material adverse change in the Company’s business or financial condition, or a material impairment in the Company’s ability to repay the borrowing.

The FLOC expired on October 11, 2021 and was repaid in full.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

The Company may be subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Other than the matters discussed below, Management is not currently aware of any matters that will have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company.

Stifel matter

On May 7, 2021, we were named in a lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Inc. v. Shift Technologies, Inc. 21-cv-04135) by a former financial advisor, Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Inc. (“Stifel”), claiming that we are required to pay the former financial advisor certain compensation as a result of the IAC Merger. In addition, the complaint seeks punitive damages as a result of alleged unjust enrichment for the amount of the benefits allegedly conferred on Shift by Stifel. On August 24, 2022, Stifel's suit was dismissed with prejudice. On September 16, 2022, Stifel filed a Notice of Appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and formally filed its appeal with the Second Circuit on January 20, 2023. Shift has until April 20, 2023 to file its responsive pleading. Following the dismissal of Stifel's initial suit, the probable incurred losses related to the claim are immaterial as of December 31, 2022. Based on such information as is available to us, the range of additional reasonably possible losses related to the claim does not exceed $4.0 million, excluding any punitive damages which the Company cannot currently estimate. The Company believes the claim is without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously; however, there can be no assurances that the Company will be successful in its defense.

CarLotz stockholder matters

On November 4, 2022, a lawsuit entitled Derek Dorrien v. CarLotz, Inc. et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-09463, was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against CarLotz and the members of the CarLotz board of directors (the “Dorrien Action”). On November 4, 2022, a lawsuit entitled Sholom D. Keller v. CarLotz, Inc. et al., Case No. 2022-1006-NAC, was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against CarLotz and the members of the CarLotz board of directors (the “Keller Action” and together with the Dorrien Action, the “Actions”). The Dorrien Action alleges that the defendants violated Sections 14(a) (and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act by, among other things, omitting certain allegedly material information with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (the “Transactions”) in the registration statement on Form S-4 (the “Registration Statement”) filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 26, 2022. The Keller Action alleges that the members of the CarLotz board of directors and Lev Peker, in his capacity as an officer of CarLotz, breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the Transactions. The Actions seek, among other things, injunctive relief, money damages and the costs of the Actions, including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees. Shift is not named as a defendant in the Actions. We believe that the plaintiffs’ allegations in the Actions are without merit; however, litigation is inherently uncertain and there can be no assurance that CarLotz’s or our defense of the action will be successful.

In addition, on October 3, 2022, a purported stockholder of CarLotz sent a demand to CarLotz and us regarding the Registration Statement (the “CarLotz Stockholder Demand”). The CarLotz Stockholder Demand alleges the Registration Statement omits material information with respect to the Transactions and demands that CarLotz, the CarLotz board of directors, and Shift provide corrective disclosures. Shift disagrees with and intends to vigorously defend against any claim, if asserted, arising from the CarLotz Stockholder Demand.

Delaware Section 205 Petition

On March 6, 2023, Shift filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery under Section 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) to resolve potential uncertainty with respect to the Company’s share capital. Such uncertainty was introduced by a recent decision in Garfield v. Boxed, Inc., 2022 WL 17959766 (Del. Ch. Dec. 27, 2022) that potentially affects the Company and many other similarly situated companies that were formed and became publicly traded as a special purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”). Out of an abundance of caution, the Company elected to pursue the remedial actions described below. Concurrently with the filing of the Petition, the Company filed a motion to expedite the hearing on the Petition, which was subsequently granted on March 6, 2023.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In October 2020, the Company, which was then a SPAC named Insurance Acquisition Corp. (“IAC”), held a special meeting of stockholders (the “IAC Special Meeting”) to approve certain matters relating to the merger between IAC and a privately held company then called Shift Technologies, Inc. One of these matters was a proposal to amend and restate IAC’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “SPAC Charter”) in order to, among other things, increase the number of authorized shares of Class A common stock from 50,000,000 to 500,000,000 (such proposal, the “Share Increase Proposal” and, together with such other amendments to the SPAC Charter, the “Charter Proposals”). At the IAC Special Meeting, the Charter Proposals were approved by a majority of the outstanding shares of Class A common stock and a majority of the outstanding shares of Class B common stock of IAC as of the record date for the IAC Special Meeting, voting together as a single class. After the IAC Special Meeting, IAC and Shift Technologies, Inc. closed the merger pursuant to which the Company became the parent of Shift Technologies, Inc. (now named Shift Platform, Inc.), and the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended to give effect to the Charter Proposals and to change the Company’s name to Shift Technologies, Inc., became effective.

The recent ruling by the Delaware Court of Chancery in the Boxed case introduced uncertainty as to whether Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL would have required the Share Increase Proposal to be approved by the vote of the majority of IAC’s then-outstanding shares of Class A common stock, voting as a separate class. The Company had been operating with the understanding that the Charter Proposals were validly approved at the IAC Special Meeting. In light of this recent ruling, however, to resolve potential uncertainty with respect to the Company’s share capital, the Company filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery under Section 205 of the DGCL to seek validation of the Charter Proposals. Section 205 of the DGCL permits the Court of Chancery, in its discretion, to ratify and validate potentially defective corporate acts.

On March 6, 2023, the Court of Chancery granted the motion to expedite and set a hearing date for the Petition to be heard. On March 17, 2023, the hearing took place and the Court of Chancery approved the Company’s request for relief. The Court of Chancery then entered an order under Section 205 of the DGCL on March 17, 2023, declaring (i) the increase in aggregate number of authorized shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001, of the Company from 50,000,000 to 500,000,000 under the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) and the Certificate of Incorporation, including the filing and effectiveness thereof, are validated and declared effective retroactive to the date of its filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on October 13, 2020 and (2) all shares of capital stock of the Company issued in reliance on the effectiveness of the Certificate of Incorporation are validated and declared effective as of the date and time of the original issuance of such shares.

12. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

Capped Call Transactions

On May 27, 2021, in connection with the issuance of the Notes (see Note 10 - Borrowings), the Company consummated privately negotiated capped call transactions (the “Capped Call Transactions”) with certain of the initial purchasers, their respective affiliates and other counterparties (the "Capped Call Counterparties"). The Capped Call Transactions initially cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments substantially similar to those applicable to the Notes, the number of the Company’s Class A common shares underlying the Notes. The Capped Call Transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to holders of the Company’s Class A common stock upon conversion of the Notes and/or offset the potential cash payments that the Company could be required to make in excess of the principal amount of any converted Notes upon conversion thereof, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap. The Capped Call Transactions are settled from time to time upon the conversion of the Notes, with a final expiration date of May 15, 2026. The Capped Call Transactions are settled in the same proportion of cash and stock as the converted Notes. The proportion of cash and stock used to settle the Notes is at the discretion of the Company.

The cap price of the Capped Call Transactions was initially approximately $148.725 per share, which represents a premium of approximately 125% above the last reported sale price per share of Class A common stock on Nasdaq on May 24, 2021, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call Transactions.

The Capped Call Transactions are separate transactions entered into by the Company with the Capped Call Counterparties, are not part of the terms of the Notes and will not change any holder’s rights under the Notes. Holders of the Notes will not have any rights with respect to the Capped Call Transactions.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company used approximately $28.4 million of the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes to pay the cost of the Capped Call Transactions. The Capped Call Transactions do not meet the criteria for separate accounting as a derivative as they are indexed to the Company's stock. The premiums paid for the Capped Call Transactions have been included as a net reduction to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.

The settlement amount of the Capped Call Transactions at December 31, 2022 was zero. The settlement amount shall be greater than zero if the volume weighted average price ("VWAP") of the Company's Class A common stock is above $84.30 at any time over the 40 consecutive trading days immediately prior to settlement.

At-the-Market Offering

On May 6, 2022, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”), with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Agent”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, at its option, shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $150.0 million (the “Placement Shares”), through the Agent, as its sales agent, from time to time at prevailing market prices in an “at-the-market offering” within the meaning of Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including sales made to the public directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market and any other trading market for shares of our Class A common stock (the “Offering”). Due to the Company's change at December 31, 2022 to a non-accelerated filer, the amount that can be raised through an offering is limited by Nasdaq requirements.

Under the Sales Agreement, the Company may from time to time deliver placement notices to the Agent designating the number of Placement Shares and the minimum price per share thereof to be offered. However, subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, the Agent is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of Placement Shares but will act as Agent using their commercially reasonable efforts consistent with their normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Company or the Agent may suspend the offering of Placement Shares by notifying the other party. The Offering will terminate after the sale of all of the Placement Shares subject to the Sales Agreement, or sooner in accordance with the Sales Agreement, upon proper notice by us and/or the Agents or by mutual agreement. The Company will pay the Agent a commission of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price of the shares of the Placement Shares sold under the Sales Agreement.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had not sold any shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement. Following the date of this 10-K filing, the amount available to be raised under the ATM will be severely limited by regulations pertaining to shelf registrations by non-accelerated filers.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

CarLotz Warrants

As part of the CarLotz Merger, the Company assumed 718,342 public and 428,385 private warrants to purchase the Company's common stock at an exercise price of $163.06 related to CarLotz's prior merger with Acamar Partners.

Additionally, former CarLotz equity holders at the closing of CarLotz's previous merger are entitled to receive up to an additional 489,841 earnout shares. The earnout period expires on January 21, 2026 (the "Forfeiture Date") and the earnout shares will be issued if any of the following conditions are achieved:

i.If at any time prior to the Forfeiture Date, the closing trading price of the common stock is greater than $177.24 over any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period (the “First Threshold”), the Company will issue 50% of the earnout shares.

ii.If at any time prior to the Forfeiture Date, the closing trading price of the common stock is greater than $212.69 over any 20 trading days within any 30 trading day period (the “Second Threshold”), the Company will issue 50% of the earnout shares.

iii.If either the First Threshold or the Second Threshold is not met on or before the Forfeiture Date, any unissued earnout shares are forfeited. All unissued earnout shares will be issued if there is a change of control of the Company that will result in the holders of the common stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of $141.80 (as equitably adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, special cash dividends, reorganizations, combinations, recapitalizations and similar transactions affecting the common stock) prior to the Forfeiture Date.

The liabilities associated with the warrants and earnout shares were immaterial as of December 31, 2022. There was not a material change in the fair value of the liabilities between the Merger Date and December 31, 2022.

13. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company currently is organized into two reportable segments: Retail and Wholesale. The Retail segment represents retail sales of used vehicles through the Company’s ecommerce platform and fees earned on sales of value-added products associated with those vehicles sales such as vehicle service contracts, guaranteed asset protection waiver coverage, prepaid maintenance plans, and appearance protection plans. The Wholesale segment represents sales of used vehicles through wholesale auctions or directly to a wholesaler (“DTW”).

No operating segments have been aggregated to form the reportable segments. The Company determined its operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews the Company’s operating results in assessing performance and allocating resources. The CODM is the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews revenue and gross profit for each of the reportable segments. Gross profit is defined as revenue less cost of sales incurred by the segment. The CODM does not evaluate operating segments using asset information as these are managed on an enterprise wide group basis. Accordingly, the Company does not report segment asset information. During the year ended months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have sales to customers outside the United States. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any assets located outside of the United States.

Information about the Company’s reportable segments are as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Revenue from external customers
Retail	$	582,530	$	561,020
Wholesale	88,223		75,849
Consolidated	$	670,753	$	636,869
Segment gross profit (loss)
Retail	$	35,590	$	47,896
Wholesale	(10,257)		892
Consolidated	$	25,333	$	48,788

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The reconciliation between reportable segment gross profit to loss before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Segment gross profit	$	25,333	$	48,788
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(214,008)		(220,055)
Depreciation and amortization	(10,456)		(5,586)
Loss on impairment	(17,319)		—
Restructuring expenses	(21,001)		—
Change in fair value of financial instruments	—		18,893
Gain on bargain purchase	76,685		—
Interest and other expense, net	(10,950)		(8,082)
Loss before income taxes	$	(171,716)	$	(166,042)

14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS

The Company’s 2014 Stock Option Plan (the “2014 Plan”) provides for the grant of restricted stock awards and incentive and non-qualified options and to purchase Class A common stock to officers, employees, directors, and consultants. Options granted to employees and non-employees generally vest ratably over four to five years, with a maximum contractual term of ten years. Outstanding awards under the 2014 Plan continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2014 Plan. The number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2014 Plan was reduced to the number of shares subject to awards outstanding under the 2014 Plan immediately after the IAC Merger. As a result, no further awards will be made under the 2014 Plan. Shares reserved for awards that are subsequently expired or forfeited will no longer be returned to the pool of shares authorized for issuance under the 2014 Plan.

At the Company's special meeting of stockholders held on October 13, 2020, the stockholders approved the 2020 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan (the "2020 Plan"). The 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive and non-qualified stock option, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), restricted share awards, stock appreciation awards, and cash-based awards to employees, directors, and consultants of the Company. Awards under the 2020 Plan expire no more than ten years from the date of grant. The 2020 Plan became effective immediately upon the closing of the IAC Merger.

In June 2022, the Company's Compensation Committee adopted the 2022 Employment Inducement Plan and granted at total of 46,165 inducement RSU awards to form Fair employees joining the Company following the acquisition of the Marketplace Assets (see Note 3 - Business Combinations). The grants of restricted stock units were promised to each of the employees in their employment agreements or offer letters with the Company as a material inducement to employment in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). All awards will vest subject to continued employment and vest on May 20, 2023.

In December 2022, the Company assumed various stock plans in connection with the CarLotz Merger (the "CarLotz Plans"). Outstanding awards under the CarLotz Plans continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the CarLotz Plans. The number of shares authorized for issuance under the CarLotz Plans was reduced to the number of shares subject to awards outstanding under the CarLotz Plans immediately after the CarLotz Merger.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Activity related to employee and non-employee stock options for all plans is set forth below:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000’s)
As of December 31, 2021	159,779	$	15.90	7.47	$	3,574
Granted	379,616	30.90
Exercised	(1,297)	2.47
Forfeited	(10,072)	28.93
Cancelled (expired)	(8,703)	50.79
As of December 31, 2022	519,323	$	26.02	4.95	$	1
Exercisable as of December 31, 2022	510,452	$	26.00	4.88	$	1

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.20. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $3 thousand and $2.1 million, respectively.

Activity related to employee and non-employee RSU awards is set forth below:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000’s)
Unvested as of December 31, 2021	973,397	$	61.40	2.21	$	33,193
Granted	745,867	12.19
Vested	(482,845)	42.80
Forfeited	(750,365)	53.80
Unvested as of December 31, 2022	486,054	$	29.30	1.01	$	724
Vested and unreleased	3,287
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	489,341

The total vesting date fair value of RSUs vested was $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. All RSUs that were vested and unreleased as of December 31, 2022 were released in February 2023.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense to selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations of $13.0 million and $25.1 million, respectively. In addition, the Company capitalized stock-based compensation costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 of $1.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, to capitalized website and internal use software costs, net.

As of December 31, 2022, there was $12.2 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.67 years.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Common Stock Subject to Repurchase Related to Early Exercised Options

The Company typically allows employees to exercise options prior to vesting. Upon termination of service of an employee, the Company has the right to repurchase at the original purchase price any non-vested but issued common shares. Such an exercise is not substantive for accounting purposes. The consideration received for an exercise of an option is considered to be a deposit of the exercise price, and the related dollar amount is recorded as a liability. The liability is reclassified to additional paid in capital as the award vests.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has recorded a liability of $0.1 million and $0.2 million relating to 1,177 and 5,963 options that were exercised but not vested, respectively.

15. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Sales to Related Parties

The Company operated a one-sided marketplace (“OSM”) program whereby the Company acquired cars from various sources in Oxnard, California and sold them directly and solely to Lithia. The Company invoiced Lithia based on the purchase price of the car plus an agreed upon margin. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized approximately $4.7 million and $16.8 million, respectively, of sales from the OSM agreement with Lithia. The OSM program was terminated in the second quarter of 2022 with the last sale to Lithia taking place in March 2022.

During the period from the execution of the Merger Agreement with CarLotz on August 9, 2022 until the merger closing on December 9, 2022, the Company sold vehicles totaling $3.0 million to CarLotz, included in retail revenue, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

Accounts Receivable from Related Party

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $2.1 million in outstanding accounts receivable from Lithia, which is comprised $2.0 million in vehicle sales and $77 thousand, respectively, in commissions based on the number of loan contracts booked with US bank. There were no receivables due from Lithia at December 31, 2022.

In September 2018, the Company entered into a warrant agreement (the “Warrant Agreement”) and a commercial agreement for Milestone 1 with Lithia and granted Lithia a warrant to purchase 8,666,154 shares of Legacy Shift common stock at an exercise price of $0.10 per share (the “Warrant Shares”). The Warrant Shares were scheduled to vest and become exercisable in six separate tranches of 1,444,359 shares each. Vesting and exercisability was dependent upon the achievement of the Milestones, as defined below. While the Warrant Agreement establishes general vesting terms for each of the six Milestones, each of the six Milestones contains substantive service or performance requirements, and were non-binding as neither the Company nor Lithia were obligated to perform until the commercial agreement associated with each Milestone was executed. All Warrant Shares became vested prior to the Vesting Termination Date and were exercised prior to the IAC Merger.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In connection with the negotiations related to Milestone 5, Lithia facilitated an agreement with Automotive Warranty Services (“AWS”) to sell and market AWS’s service plans, whereby the Company receives commission rates from AWS of comparable terms to those received by Lithia. In substance the Company paid Lithia, in the form of Warrant Shares, to make an upfront payment to Company’s customers on behalf of the Company as the Company achieved favorable pricing from AWS. The benefits of this agreement were guaranteed by Lithia for an initial term of five years commencing on the signing date of the agreement. Such arrangement was the first of a number of agreements to be entered into under the terms of Milestone 5, see further discussion below. The estimated fair value of the in substance upfront payment to AWS was $2.8 million with an offsetting entry recorded to additional paid-in capital, representing a capital transaction with a related party.

Milestone 5 was met in October 2019 and the Company recorded the warrants to additional paid-in capital based on a fair value of $4.3 million. Milestone 5 was achieved after a mutual signed agreement was entered into evidencing that Lithia provided commercially best efforts to help the Company secure and maintain access to four finance and insurance products on par with a typical Lithia store. The fair value of the in substance upfront payment, other than the $2.8 million for AWS discussed above, was $0.4 million and was recorded to other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The combined asset recorded of $3.2 million is subject to amortization over a five-year period expected period of benefit. During year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company amortized $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively of the asset as a reduction to finance and insurance sales, which is recorded within other revenue, net on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the remaining asset, net of amortization, was $0.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Lease Agreements

On November 1, 2018 and July 10, 2019, pursuant to Milestone 3 and 4, the Company and Lithia, entered into license and services agreements that govern the Company’s access to and utilization of reconditioning, offices and parking spaces at the Concord and Portland facilities of Lithia, respectively. Both agreements expired on October 12, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, total costs related to these agreements were $0.1 million. The lease costs were expensed to selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Flooring Line of Credit Guarantee

In February 2019, the Company entered into a guarantee agreement with Lithia. The interest rate was 1.50% per annum based on a daily outstanding flooring line of credit and was payable monthly to Lithia. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $78 thousand of interest and $2.1 million of deferred borrowing cost amortization to interest and other expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations. The guarantee expired coterminously with the FLOC on October 11, 2021.

Accounts Payable Due to Related Party

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 payables and accruals to Lithia consisted of other miscellaneous expenses of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

16. IMPAIRMENT AND RESTRUCTURING

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

During the fourth fiscal quarter of 2022, management identified indicators of impairment, including declines in our market capitalization, rising interest rates, and other unfavorable macroeconomic and industry factors, and performed a test for recoverability for each of the Company's pre-CarLotz Merger asset groups. Assets acquired as part of the CarLotz Merger were recorded at fair value on the acquisition date (see Note 3 - Business Combinations). Asset groups consisted of one asset group containing all operating assets and liabilities of the Company (the "Operating Asset Group"), and separate assets groups each containing a single closed facility that is subleased or held for sublease (the "Sublease Asset Groups"). The Operating Asset Group and certain Sublease Asset Groups were determined not to be recoverable, and as such management determined the fair value of these asset groups. The Operating Asset Group was valued with the assistance of third party valuation specialists using a market approach based on comparison to peer company valuation multiples. The Sublease Asset Groups were valued using the income approach based on discounted estimated cash flows from subleasing the properties.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Operating Asset Group and one of the Sublease Asset Groups were determined to have carrying values in excess of their fair values. As such, the Company measured a loss on impairment equal to the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of each impaired asset group. The loss on impairment was allocated to the assets within each respective asset group, except that no individual asset was reduced below its individual fair value. Within the Operating Asset Group, the fair value of individual assets was determined with the assistance of third party valuation specialists. Right of use assets were valued using the market approach, based on comparison to similar leased properties. Capitalized internal use software was valued using the relief-from-royalty approach, which involves the estimation of an amount of hypothetical royalty savings enjoyed by the entity that owns an intangible asset because that entity is relieved from having to license that intangible asset from another owner. Property and equipment was valued using the cost approach based on secondary market values of similar assets. Within the impaired Sublease Asset Group, the fair value of the impaired right of use asset was determined using the income approach based on discounted estimated cash flows from subleasing the properties.

The Company recognized a loss on impairment of long-lived assets of $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no loss on impairment of long lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2021. All impaired asset groups were contained in the Retail segment.

Facility Closures

In the second quarter of 2022, prior to the adoption of the Restructuring Plan, the Company discontinued plans to open additional facilities and ceased using certain real estate leaseholds acquired in anticipation thereof. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized additional rent expense and other charges related to the closures of $1.8 million, included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Restructuring Plan

On July 22, 2022, the Company's Board approved the implementation of the Restructuring Plan designed to position the Company for long-term profitable growth by prioritizing unit economics, reducing operating expenses and maximizing liquidity. At the same time, the Company announced the CEO transition described below. As part of the Restructuring Plan, the Company consolidated Shift’s physical operations to three West Coast locations in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Portland, closing seven existing facilities. The Company also restructured its workforce around the reduced physical footprint, eliminating approximately 650 positions or 60% of its workforce. The restructuring was substantially complete as of September 30, 2022.

The Company recorded the following restructuring charges (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
Losses on sales of inventory associated with restructuring(1)	$	8,598
Restructuring costs related to operating leases(2)	3,277
Losses on sale or disposal of property and equipment(2)	2,325
Losses on early decommissioning of capitalized internal-use software(2)	6,524
Severance, retention, and CEO transition(2)	3,671
Labor and other costs incurred to close facilities(2)	5,204
Total	$	29,599

(1)Included in cost of sales on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

(2)Included in restructuring expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Losses on sales of inventory associated with restructuring represents inventory that has been or will be disposed of through the wholesale channel to adapt inventory levels to the Company's new geographic footprint, as well as losses on retail sales incurred due to liquidation efforts.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Restructuring costs related to operating leases represents costs associated with the leases of the seven facilities that were closed as part of the restructuring. Closing activities were substantially complete as of September 30, 2022. The Company anticipates that it will sublease the affected properties representing the majority of the lease costs of closed facilities. An impairment test was performed on the lease assets, which required estimates of the time and cost to obtain a subtenant and market rents. The impairment test did not result in material impairment charges. For those properties with remaining lease terms too short to be probable of subleasing, the Company recognized a charge of $2.2 million related to lease costs that will continue to be incurred under the lease agreements for their remaining terms without economic benefit to the Company. The Company also recognized a charge for termination fees of $0.5 million related to one of its operating leases. The remaining amount relates to lease costs incurred following the closure of the facilities.

Loss on sale or disposal of property and equipment represents losses on sales of property and equipment and additional depreciation expense related to property and equipment that was disposed of other than by sale. An impairment test was performed on the property and equipment, which required estimates of the fair value of the equipment based on secondary market prices for similar equipment. The impairment test did not result in material impairment charges.

Losses on early decommissioning of capitalized internal-use software represents $6.5 million additional amortization expense recognized as a result of the Company's review of its capitalized software portfolio in light of the business strategy changes involved in the Restructuring Plan. The Company reassessed the estimated useful lives of its capitalized software projects and fully depreciated certain software projects that will not be used following the restructuring. An impairment test was performed on the capitalized software, which required estimates of the fair value of the software based on the cost to recreate method. Management applied judgment in estimating the fair value of the capitalized software, which involved the use of significant assumptions such as the cost and time to build the acquired technology, developer’s profit and rate of return. The impairment test did not result in material impairment charges.

Severance, retention, and CEO transition represents one time termination benefits paid or payable in connection with the Restructuring Plan and the CEO transition. The following table is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending restructuring liability for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to the Restructuring Plan:

Balance at December 31, 2021	$	—
Accruals and accrual adjustments	3,339
Cash payments	(2,545)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	794

Labor and other costs incurred to close facilities represents operating costs incurred at closing facilities from the announcement date of the Restructuring Plan to the final closure of the facilities. The operating costs include facilities costs, personnel costs, and other costs incurred prior to the complete closure of the facilities.

CEO Transition

On September 1, 2022, the Company announced that Jeffrey Clementz was appointed as the Company's Chief Executive Officer, succeeding George Arison, one of our co-founders, as the Company's Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Arison will continue to serve in his capacity as a member of the Board. Mr. Clementz previously served as our President since September 2021. The Company has entered into an amended employment agreement with Mr. Clementz in connection with his appointment as Chief Executive Officer.

Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale

In connection with the acquisition of CarLotz, the Company acquired several leases for real estate at the acquisition date. A plan of sale related to these and several other leases as well as certain lease-related assets and liabilities of the Orange Grove Fleet Solutions, LLC subsidiary was adopted in December 2022. These assets were measured at fair value less cost to sell as of the acquisition date. Therefore, no gain or loss on sale was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022. The impact on net loss of these leases and subsidiaries held for sale was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2022. All real estate leases held for sale at December 31, 2022 were disposed of by lease assignment or termination during the first fiscal quarter of 2023. All other assets and liabilities held for sale are expected to be sold within one year of the date of the CarLotz Merger.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The carrying amount of assets and liabilities classified as held for sale is as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31, 2022
Assets
Accounts receivable, net	$	689
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	226
Property and equipment, net	2,584
Operating lease assets	9,572
Finance lease assets	4,155
Total assets	$	17,226
Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	70
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	101
Operating lease liabilities	10,138
Finance lease liabilities	5,036
Other non-current liabilities	87
Total liabilities	$	15,432

17. INCOME TAXES

Net loss before income taxes was $171.7 million and $166.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company had income tax expense of $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory federal rate and our effective tax rate (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Provision for income taxes at federal statutory rates	$	(36,060)	$	(34,869)
State taxes, net of federal benefit	(12,983)		(9,618)
Permanent differences	(8,399)		1,406
Change in valuation allowance	59,628		42,278
Other	(1,860)		1,029
Total	$	326	$	226

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities for federal, state and foreign income taxes are as follows at December 31, 2022 and 2021, in thousands:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Accruals, reserves, and other	$	17,255	$	16,777
Lease liabilities	17,436		—
Depreciation	13,908		804
Federal net operating loss carryover	175,365		91,632
State net operating loss carryover	49,553		29,420
Total gross deferred tax assets	273,517		138,633
Less: valuation allowance	(258,765)		(138,633)
Net deferred tax assets	14,752		—
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use assets	(14,752)		—
Total gross deferred tax liabilities	(14,752)		—
Net deferred taxes	$	—	$	—

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $835.1 million, which may be available to offset future federal income and expire at various years beginning with 2033. As of December 31, 2022, the Company also had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $833.6 million, which may be available to offset future state income tax and expire at various years beginning with 2033.

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the deferred tax assets and whether they will be realized. Based on the Company’s history of operating losses, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that the benefit of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the Company has provided a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 of $258.8 million and $138.6 million, respectively.

The Company has not performed a Section 382 study to determine whether it had experienced a change in ownership and, if so, whether the tax attributes (net operating losses or credits) were impaired. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the Company’s ability to utilize net operating loss or other tax attributes, such as research tax credits, in any taxable year may be limited if the Company has experienced an “ownership change.” Generally, a Section 382 ownership change occurs if there is a cumulative increase of more than 50 percentage points in the stock ownership of one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who owns at least 5% of a corporation’s stock within a specified testing period. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company does not have any unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had not accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 no amounts have been recognized in the Company’s statements of operations.

The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and other state jurisdictions. The material jurisdictions in which the Company is subject to potential examination include the United States, California, Oregon and Virginia. The tax years from fiscal year 2016 and onward remain open to examination for federal income tax purposes and by the other major taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. The Company is not currently under examination by any taxing authority. The following table presents the Company’s NOLs by jurisdiction as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

	December 31,
	2022		2021
Federal	$	835,071	$	436,344
California	554,100		397,270
Oregon	97,091		32,733
Virginia	79,371		3,301
Other	103,038		2,876

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) was enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permits NOL carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100% of taxable income for taxable years beginning before 2022. In addition, the CARES Act allows NOLs incurred in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. The Company has evaluated the impact of the CARES Act and determined that the NOL carryback provision of the CARES Act would not result in a material cash benefit since the company has had taxable losses since inception.

18. NET LOSS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of net loss per share, basic and diluted:

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)	2022		2021
Net loss	$	(172,042)	$	(166,268)
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding used to compute net loss per share, basic and diluted	8,638,073		7,811,414
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(19.92)	$	(21.29)

The following potentially dilutive shares were not included in the calculation of diluted shares outstanding for the periods presented as the effect would have been anti-dilutive:

	As of December 31,
	2022	2021
Escrow Shares	300,010	300,010
Public and private warrants	1,146,727	—
Earnout Shares	489,841	—
Convertible Notes	1,779,834	1,779,834
Stock options	519,323	159,779
Restricted stock units	489,341	1,151,357
Contingently repurchasable early exercise shares	1,177	5,963
Total	4,726,253	3,396,943

19. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

We currently maintain a 401(k) retirement savings plan for our employees, including our named executive officers, who satisfy certain eligibility requirements. The Internal Revenue Code allows eligible employees to defer a portion of their compensation, within prescribed limits, on a pre-tax basis through contributions to the 401(k) plan. The Company did not make any matching contributions for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Amendment to Inventory Financing Agreement

On February 7, 2023, the Company along with its wholly owned subsidiaries CarLotz, Inc., (“CarLotz”), CarLotz Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CarLotz Group”), CarLotz, Inc., an Illinois corporation (“CarLotz Illinois”), CarLotz California, LLC, a California limited liability company (“CarLotz California” and, together with CarLotz, CarLotz Group and CarLotz Illinois, the “CarLotz Borrowers”), and Shift Operations LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Shift Operations” and, together with the CarLotz Borrowers, the “Borrowers”), entered into an Amendment to Inventory Financing and Security Agreement (the “First Amendment”) with Ally Bank (“Ally Bank”) and Ally Financial Inc. (“Ally Financial” and, together with Ally Bank, the “Lender”).

Effective as of February 7, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), the First Amendment amends that certain Inventory Financing and Security Agreement dated December 9, 2021 (the “Ally Facility”), by and among the Company, Shift Operations and the Lender, to (i) join the CarLotz Borrowers as borrowers under the Ally Facility and terminate the inventory financing arrangement between the CarLotz Borrowers and the Ally Parties that was entered into prior to the Company’s acquisition of CarLotz, (ii) reduce the maximum available credit line under the Ally Facility from $100 million to $75 million and (iii) require the Borrowers to make monthly principal reduction payments for each vehicle subject to the floor plan for more than 150 days rather than 180 days. In addition, effective February 1, 2023, the First Amendment increases the per annum interest rate applicable to Advances (as defined in the Ally Facility) to be equal to the prime rate designated from time to time by Ally Bank plus 175 basis points (from 150 basis points).

The Ally Facility is secured by a grant of a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company, the Borrowers and each other wholly owned subsidiary of the Company domiciled in the United States, and payment is guaranteed by the Company, the Borrowers and each other wholly owned subsidiary of the Company domiciled in the United States.

Facility Closures and Reduction in Force

During the first fiscal quarter of 2023, the Company reduced its total headcount by approximately 41% as a result of continued efforts to improve overhead efficiency and elimination of redundancies resulting from the CarLotz Merger. The reduction in force resulted in total new cash charges of approximately $0.9 million, consisting primarily of severance and related personnel reduction costs. In addition, the Company closed its facility in Downers Grove, Illinois and the former CarLotz headquarters facility in Richmond, Virginia.

Nasdaq Deficiency Letter and Reverse Stock Split

On October 4, 2022, we received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying us that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the bid price for our Class A common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the "Bid Price Requirement"). Under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) (the "Compliance Period Rule"), we have a 180-calendar day grace period, or until April 3, 2023 (the “Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. During this period, our Class A common stock will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market. If at any time before the Compliance Date the bid price of Class A common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days as required under the Compliance Period Rule, the Staff will provide written notification to the Company that it has regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement (unless the Staff exercises its discretion to extend this 10 business day period pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(H)).

At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on December 7, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-5 to 1-for-10. The Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio, and on March 7, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter Amendment”) to effect the reverse split effective March 8, 2023. On March 22, 2023, the Company was notified by Nasdaq that the Company has regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

1. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (the "Disclosure Controls") within the meaning of Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Our Disclosure Controls are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Our Disclosure Controls are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our Disclosure Controls, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily applied its judgment in evaluating and implementing possible controls and procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our Disclosure Controls, which was done under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer. Based on the evaluation of our Disclosure Controls, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our Disclosure Controls were not effective due to material weaknesses in the Company's internal control over financial reporting as disclosed below.

2. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on that evaluation, management believes that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2022.

Management excluded CarLotz Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries from its assessment of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 because it was acquired in a business combination on December 9, 2022. Total assets and total revenue that were excluded from management's assessment represented approximately 46% and less than 1%, respectively, of consolidated total assets and total revenue, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. The first material weakness relates to lack of a process to demonstrate commitment to attracting, developing, and retaining competent individuals in alignment with objectives. This material weakness impacted the effectiveness of our control environment and our entity level controls. It resulted in the Company not maintaining a complement of personnel with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, experience and training in the application of U.S. GAAP commensurate with its financial reporting requirements and the complexity of the Company’s operations and transactions. The second material weakness relates to insufficient selection and development of Information Technology General Controls ("ITGCs") to support the achievement of objectives.

These material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements that may not be detected.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements or prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions, and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of internal controls from our independent registered public accounting firm due to our status as an emerging growth company under Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act and our status as a non-accelerated filer.

3. Plan to Remediate Material Weaknesses

The Company is devoting significant time, attention, and resources to remediating the above material weaknesses. The Company has executed or continues to execute the following steps intended to remediate the material weaknesses described above and strengthen our internal control:

•The Company hired experienced finance and accounting executives in the positions of Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, Corporate Controller, Director of SEC Reporting, and Director of Information Technology.

•The Company continues to train and develop experienced accounting personnel with a level of accounting knowledge and experience in the application of US GAAP commensurate with our financial reporting requirements and the complexity of our operations and transactions.

•The Company has engaged external specialists as needed to provide assistance in accounting for significant, non-routine or complex transactions.

•The Company engaged external consultants to assist the Company in designing, implementing, and monitoring an appropriate system of internal control, including ITGCs.

•The Company is executing several initiatives to strengthen our ITGC environment, including but not limited to:

◦Implementing additional training to ensure a clear understanding of risk assessment, controls and monitoring activities related to automated processes and systems and ITGCs related to financial reporting;

◦Implementing improved IT policies, procedures and control activities for key systems which impact our financial reporting; and,

◦Dedicating an appropriate amount of resources to monitoring ITGCs related to financial reporting, including a sufficient complement of personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training to ensure compliance with policies and procedures.

The Company has made significant progress in addressing the previously identified material weaknesses, and the results of management’s testing indicate that the Company’s control environment has improved since the material weaknesses were first identified. However, remediation efforts in the second half of 2022 were negatively impacted by factors including employee turnover in relevant roles and changes in business processes resulting from restructuring activities, as well as the business acquisitions completed during the period. As a result, management was unable to conclude that the material weaknesses were fully remediated as of December 31, 2022. The material weaknesses will not be considered fully remediated until we have concluded, through testing, that applicable controls have been designed and operating effectively for a sufficient period of time.

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We plan to continue to devote significant time and attention to remediate the above material weaknesses as soon as reasonably practicable. As we continue to evaluate our controls, we will make the changes described above as well as any others determined to be needed to enhance our control environment and remediate the material weaknesses. We believe these actions will be sufficient to remediate the identified material weaknesses and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting; however, there can be no guarantee that such remediation will be sufficient. We will continue to evaluate the effectiveness of our controls and will make any further changes management determines appropriate.

4. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

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Part III

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE

Directors

Our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our Board of Directors, which is composed of nine directors. Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (our “Certificate”) provides that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our Board of Directors. Our Certificate also provides that our Board of Directors will be divided into three classes of directors, with the classes as nearly equal in number as possible. At each annual meeting of stockholders, a class of directors will be elected for a three-year term to succeed the class whose term is then expiring. The current term of our Class III directors will expire at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders; the current term of our Class I directors will expire at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders; and the current term of our Class II directors will expire at the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders.

The following table sets forth the director class, name, age as of December 31, 2022, and other information for each member of our Board:

Name	Class	Age	Principal Occupation and Other Information
Victoria McInnis	I	61	Victoria McInnis has served as a director of the Company since October 2020 and Lead Director since December 2022. Prior to joining the Board of Directors, Ms. McInnis served as an independent board member and audit committee chair for VectoIQ Acquisition Company, a special purpose acquisition company, from May 2018 to June 2020. Prior to that, Ms. McInnis held various positions with General Motors Corporation from 1995 until her retirement in 2017, including Vice President, Tax and Audit March 2015 to August 2017, Chief Tax Officer from 2009 to March 2015 and, prior to that, Executive Director, Tax Counsel, General Tax Director, Europe, Director of Federal Tax Audits, and Senior Tax Counsel, GM Canada. The board has determined that Ms. McInnis is well qualified to serve as a director based on her extensive experience in the automotive industry and her financial expertise.
Kellyn Smith Kenny	I	45	Ms. Smith Kenny has served as a director of the Company since October 2020. She has been recognized by Fortune, Adweek, Brand Innovators, and HotTopics for marketing innovation, effectiveness, and leadership, where she is featured as a Top 100 Most Innovative CMO in the World, Top 50 CMO, Top 20 Most Tech Savvy CMO, Top 100 Women in Brand Marketing, and Working Mother of the Year. She is the Chief Marketing & Growth Officer at AT&T Communications, where she is responsible for accelerating customer acquisition, increasing customer lifetime value, and delivering a customer value proposition that strengthens AT&T’s premium position. Prior to AT&T, Kellyn served as the global Chief Marketing Officer at Hilton Worldwide, and held senior positions at Uber, Capital One and Microsoft. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Colgate University and a Master of Business Administration from Northwestern University. The board has determined that Ms. Smith Kenny is well qualified to serve as a director based on her intimate knowledge of how to build and maintain a strong brand and her extensive experience in senior management positions at public companies.

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Name	Class	Age	Principal Occupation and Other Information
Kimberly H. Sheehy	I	58	Kimberly H. Sheehy has served as a director of the Company and Chair of the Audit Committee since December 2022. Prior to that, Ms. Sheehy was a member of the board of directors, Chair of the audit committee and member of the compensation committee for CarLotz, Inc. from January 2021 to December 2022. In addition, she served as a member of the board of directors and Chair of the audit committee for a Switch Inc., a public high growth technology infrastructure company, from December of 2017 until December 6, 2022. Ms. Sheehy has served as a member of the board of directors for Evolv Technologies since July of 2021, and CVB Financial Corp. since June of 2022. Until May of 2020, Ms. Sheehy served as Chief Financial Officer of ResMan LLC, a privately owned software company providing software solutions to multi-family residential property managers. Prior to ResMan LLC, Ms. Sheehy served as Chief Financial Officer of Lori’s Gifts Inc., a privately owned retail company serving hospitals through-out the United States, from March 2018 through April 2019. Ms. Sheehy served as Chief Financial Officer of Stackpath LLC, a privately held entity offering a secure edge platform from December 2015 through October 2017. Prior to joining StackPath, Ms. Sheehy served as Chief Financial & Administrative Officer of CyrusOne Inc., a public high-growth real estate investment trust specializing in engineering, building and managing data center properties from November 2012 through September 2015. Prior to CyrusOne Inc., she held various roles between 1996 and 2012 at Cincinnati Bell Inc., including Treasurer and Vice President of Investor Relations, Vice President of Finance and Treasurer, Vice President of Financial Planning and Analysis, and Managing Director of Corporate Tax. Prior to joining Cincinnati Bell Inc., Ms. Sheehy held accounting and tax positions at Ernst & Young from 1989 to 1996. Ms. Sheehy received her Bachelor’s of Arts Degree in Accounting from the University of Cincinnati and holds her Certified Public Accounting license in the State of Ohio. The board has determined that Ms. Sheehy is well qualified to serve as a director based on her extensive accounting and audit experience with over 30 years of tax, accounting, financial and executive experience, experience in public accounting and public companies, and service on public company boards, including service as a chair of an audit committee.

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Name	Class	Age	Principal Occupation and Other Information
Luis I. Solorzano	II	50	Luis Ignacio Solorzano has served as a director of the Company since December 2022. Prior to that, Mr. Solorzano served as the Chairman of the board of directors and member of the compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees for CarLotz, Inc. from November 2018 to December 2022. Mr. Solorzano is a Partner and Chief Executive Officer of Acamar Partners, an investment management firm. In addition, Mr. Solorzano is Co-founder of Brabex Capital, an investment management firm. Mr. Solorzano is also a member of the board of directors of Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte, S.A.B. de C.V. since April 2018. Mr. Solorzano is a former director of Acamar Partners Acquisition Corp., a special purpose acquisition company, from 2019 to 2021 when Acamar Partners Acquisition Corp. merged with CarLotz, Inc. Prior to joining Acamar Partners Acquisition Corp, Solorzano served on the boards of various public and private companies, including Dufry, Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte, Aerodom, InverCap Holdings and Viakem. Mr. Solorzano previously served as Partner, Managing Director and Chairman of the Latin America’s Investment Committee of Advent International from 2001 to 2017, becoming Partner and Managing Director in 2008. He served as Chairman of the Latin America’s Investment Committee and during his tenure at Advent, Mr. Solorzano participated in various investments and management activities encompassing various of Advent’s private equity funds, including Advent’s acquisition of a majority stake in Dufry in which Mr. Solorzano co-led this transaction and played a significant role in the execution of Dufry’s operating plan, Dufry’s IPO process, and the negotiation, execution and integration of several add-on acquisitions made by Dufry in various geographies. He was also a key executive involved in the raising of three funds and he played a leading role in fifteen investment transactions in various sectors, including retail and consumer, financial services, industrials, information technology and infrastructure. Mr Solorzano also played a significant role in supporting portfolio companies in the design and implementation of various strategic, operating and financial value creation initiatives. Mr. Solorzano began his career with BankBoston Capital, where he spent four years making private equity investments and corporate loans across Latin America from 1985 to 1999. Mr. Solorzano graduated with a degree in Economics (cum laude) from the Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM) and a Masters of Business Arts from Harvard Business School. The board has determined that Mr. Solorzano is well qualified to serve as a director based on his experience serving on the boards of various public and private companies, in addition to his extensive experience supporting companies in the design and implementation of various strategic, operating and financial value creation initiatives, with over 20 years of investment experience across various sectors and geographies covering both the Americas and Europe, including serving in leading roles in investment transactions in various sectors, including retail and consumer, financial services, industrials, information technology and infrastructure.

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Name	Class	Age	Principal Occupation and Other Information
Adam Nash	II	48	Adam Nash has served as director of the Company since October 2020 and as a director of Shift Platform, Inc. from May 2020 to September 2022. Mr. Nash is the President & CEO of Aside, Inc. and has served on the board of directors of Acorns, a financial technology & services company that specializes in micro-investing, since February 2017 and is an adjunct lecturer in Computer Science at Stanford University, a position he has held since September 2017. Previously, he served as the Vice President of Product & Growth at Dropbox, a leading provider of cloud-based storage and collaboration applications, from 2018 to 2020. Prior to joining Dropbox, Mr. Nash was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Wealthfront, Inc. (“Wealthfront”) from 2014 to 2016. Before Wealthfront, he held roles as an Executive in Residence at Greylock Partners and Vice President of Product at LinkedIn. In addition, Mr. Nash has held strategic and technical roles at eBay, Atlas Venture, Preview Systems, and Apple. Mr. Nash holds both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Computer Science from Stanford University, and a Master of Business Administration from Harvard University. The board has determined that Mr. Nash is qualified to serve as a director based upon his prior service as a director of Shift Platform, Inc., his extensive experience with early-stage companies as an angel investor and advisor, his knowledge of ecommerce and the innovation economy in California, and his knowledge of the business communities in Shift’s principal markets.
Jeff Clementz	II	48	Jeff Clementz has served as the Chief Executive Officer of Shift since September 2022 and director since November 2022, and a director of Shift Platform, Inc. since September 2022. He previously served as President of Shift from October 2021 to September 2022. Prior to joining Shift, Mr. Clementz served in various management positions at Walmart from October 2015 to September 2021, most recently serving as its Senior Vice President and General Manager of Marketplace and Partner Operations. Prior to that, he served in various management positions at PayPal from May 2003 to October 2015, including as its Vice President and Managing Director of Australia and New Zealand. Mr. Clementz also previously served in various positions with Vendio Services and Intel. Mr. Clementz holds a Master of Business Administration from the University of California, Berkeley and a Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration from the University of Washington. The board has determined that Mr. Clementz is qualified to serve as a director of the Company due to his extensive experience and knowledge of technical issues in the industry.

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Name	Class	Age	Principal Occupation and Other Information
George Arison	III	45	George Arison, has served as a director of the Company since October 2020. Mr. Arison incorporated Shift Platform, Inc. in December 2013, and served as a director and Chief Executive Officer of Shift Technologies, Inc. until August 2022. He currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Grindr, Inc. (NYSE: GRND), the world’s largest social network and dating application for the LGBTQ+ community and he joined the Board of Directors of Grindr, Inc. in June 2022. Prior to co-founding Shift Platform, Inc., he served in various positions at Google from 2010 to 2013, most recently as a product manager. From 2007 to 2010, he co-founded Taxi Magic (now known as Curb) with Mr. Russell. From 2005 to 2007 he worked for Boston Consulting Group. Mr. Arison has been an investor in numerous startups, including Shipper, Carrot, Eden, Fathom, AutoLeap, Pulsar AI (acquired by Impel), Zero (acquired by Avant), TravelBank (acquired by US Bank), Fyusion (acquired by Cox Automotive) and Omni (acquired by Coinbase). He was a co-founder and member of the board of directors of Belong Acquisition Corp., a blank check company. Prior to his business career, Mr. Arison was a policy analyst and ran a political campaign in Georgia, the country of his birth, about which he wrote Democracy and Autocracy in Eurasia: Georgia in Transition. Mr. Arison holds a bachelor’s degree from Middlebury College. The board has determined that Mr. Arison is qualified to serve as a director due to his previous position as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and due to his extensive experience in numerous startups.
Toby Russell	III	45	Toby Russell, has served as a director of the Company since October 2020 and served as Co-Chief Executive Officer from October 2020 through January 2022 and President from October 2020 through September 2021. Mr. Russell is a co-founder and director of Shift Platform, Inc. and was employed by the Shift Platform, Inc. from November 2015 through January 2022, most recently serving as its Co-Chief Executive Officer. Prior to joining Shift Platform, Inc., he was Managing Vice President at Capital One from 2011 to 2015 where he led the digital transformation of the bank, including creating a completely new mobile and desktop customer experience for customers. In 2007, he co-founded Taxi Magic (now known as Curb) with Mr. Arison, which invented the use of native mobile applications for on-demand services, in its case transportation. In addition to his work in the private sector, Mr. Russell has spent time in public service, leading a $12 billion renewable energy and efficiency investment program for the U.S. Department of Energy. After finishing his Doctorate at Oxford University, he worked as a project leader at the Boston Consulting Group. Mr. Russell holds a bachelor’s degree from Middlebury College. The board has determined that Mr. Russell is qualified to serve as a director due to his previous position as Chief Executive Officer of the Company and due to his extensive technical experience in the industry.

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Name		Class	Age	Principal Occupation and Other Information
James E. Skinner	II	III	69	James E. Skinner has served as a director of the Company and member of the Audit Committee and Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee since December 2022. Prior to that, Mr. Skinner served as a member of the board of directors, Chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee and member of the audit committee for CarLotz, Inc. from February 2020 to December 2022. Mr. Skinner also serves on the board of directors of Ares Commercial Real Estate (NYSE: ACRE) since 2016. He has previously served on the board of directors of Hudson Ltd. (NYSE: HUD), Acamar Partners (NASDAQ: ACAM), and Fossil Group, Inc. [Nasdaq: FOSL] Mr. Skinner is also on the Advisory Board of RevTech, an incubator/accelerator focused on the retail technology. Mr. Skinner held various senior management positions with Neiman Marcus Group, Inc. and its related and predecessor companies from June 2001 until his retirement in February 2016, including serving as Vice Chairman, Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer During his 15 years with NMG, Mr. Skinner was responsible for numerous areas including: finance, accounting, strategy, business development, distribution and logistics, real estate and construction, investor relations, legal, and information technology. Prior to NMG, Mr. Skinner was with CompUSA, a pioneer in computer retailing, which he joined shortly before the initial public offering and left after the sale of the company in 2000 and held various positions, including Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to that, Mr. Skinner began his career with Ernst & Young, an international professional services firm, where he served for sixteen years until 1991, including the last four years as a partner. Mr. Skinner received his Bachelor’s of Business Administration Degree in Accounting from Texas Tech University and holds his Certified Public Accounting license in the State of Texas. The board has determined that Mr. Skinner is well qualified to serve as a director based on his extensive accounting and audit experience with over 30 years of tax, accounting, financial and executive experience in numerous areas including: finance, accounting, strategy, business development, distribution and logistics, real estate and construction, investor relations, legal, and information technology, experience in public accounting and public companies, and service on public company boards, including chairing audit and compensation committees.

Executive Officers

Set forth below is certain information regarding the Company’s executive officers as of December 31, 2022:

Name	Age	Position
Jeff Clementz	48	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Oded Shein	61	Chief Financial Officer
Sean Foy	55	Chief Operating Officer

____________

Jeff Clementz biography is included above under our Board of Directors.

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Oded Shein has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Shift since March 2021. Prior to joining Shift, Mr. Shein served as Chief Financial Officer of The Fresh Market, Inc. beginning in August 2018. Prior to that, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Stage Stores from January 2011 to August 2018. From July 2004 until January 2011, Mr. Shein served in various financial positions at Belk, Inc., including as its Vice President, Finance and Treasurer. Prior to joining Belk, Inc., Mr. Shein served as the Vice President, Treasurer of Charming Shoppes, Inc. Mr. Shein serves on the board of directors of Conn’s, Inc. Mr. Shein holds a Bachelor of Business Administration in Information Systems from Baruch College and a Master of Business Administration in Finance from Columbia University.

Sean Foy has served as our Chief Operating Officer since October 2020 and as Chief Operating Officer of Shift Platform, Inc. since November 2018. Prior to joining Shift, Mr. Foy served as Head of Logistics, Supply Chain and Fulfillment Operations for Enjoy Technology, Inc., an operator of mobile retail stores across the U.S., U.K. and Canada from February 2017 until July 2017 and then as Head of Operations through November 2018. He previously served as Director of Operations for Kindle, Fire, Echo and Amazon Devices at Amazon Lab126 from 2014 to 2017. Prior to joining Amazon Lab126, he served in positions of increasing responsibility for Kobo Europe, Amazon, Grafton Group plc, Ascott Management Solutions, Primafruit Ltd, Sears and Allied Distillers. He holds a master’s degree in Global Management from the University of Salford.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and through March 31, 2023, the filing date for the Annual Report on Form 10-K, three Form 4's were filed late by or on behalf of Toby Russell, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Jeff Clementz, two Form 4's were filed late by or on behalf of Sean Foy, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Karan Gupta, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of George Arison, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Emily Melton, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Manish Patel, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Adam Nash, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Victoria McInnis, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Kellyn Smith Kenny, one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Jason Krikorian, and one Form 4 was filed late by or on behalf of Oded Shein.

Equity dispositions from Mr. Russell related to tax withholding were not reported within two business days of February 1, 2022, and the Form 4 filed on February 28, 2022 on behalf of Mr. Russell corrected the error by reporting the dispositions. An equity disposition for Mr. Russell related to tax withholding was not reported within two business days of May 20, 2022, and the Form 4 filed on June 6, 2022 on behalf of Mr. Russell corrected the error by reporting the disposition.

An equity grant and disposition to Mr. Clementz was not reported within two business days of May 12, 2022, and the Form 4 filed on June 6, 2022 on behalf of Mr. Clementz corrected the error by reporting the equity grant and disposition. The grant and disposition were related to a modification of certain of Mr. Clementz's previously reported equity awards.

An equity grant and disposition to each of Messrs. Foy and Gupta was not reported within two business days of May 20, 2022, and the Form 4s filed on June 6, 2022 on behalf of Messrs. Foy and Gupta corrected the errors by reporting the equity grants and dispositions. The grant and disposition were related to modifications of certain previously reported equity awards.

An equity disposition for Mr. Foy related to tax withholding was not reported within two business days of February 22, 2023, and the Form 4 filed on March 7, 2023 on behalf of Mr. Foy corrected the error by reporting the disposition.

An equity disposition for Mr. Arison related to tax withholding was not reported within two business days of May 20, 2022, and the Form 4 filed on June 6, 2022 on behalf of Mr. Arison corrected the error by reporting the disposition.

An equity grant to each of Mr. Russell, Ms. Melton, Mr. Patel, Mr. Nash, Ms. McInnis, Ms. Smith-Kenny, and Mr. Krikorian was not reported within two business days of July 13, 2022, and the Form 4s filed from July 18, 2022 to July 20, 2022 on behalf of each respective recipient corrected the errors by reporting the equity grants.

An equity disposition for Mr. Shein related to tax withholding was not reported within two business days of February 22, 2023, and the Form 4 filed on March 7, 2023 on behalf of Mr. Shein corrected the error by reporting the disposition.

In each case, the delinquency was due to an administrative oversight.

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Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for our employees, officers, and directors, and those of our subsidiaries and affiliates, a copy of which is available on the Company’s website at www.shift.com. If we amend or grant a waiver of one or more of the provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, we intend to satisfy the requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding the disclosure of amendments to or waivers from provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that apply to our principal executive officers, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer by posting the required information on the Company’s website at www.shift.com. The information found on the website is not part of this filing.

Board Committees

Each of our three standing committees of our Board of Directors has the composition and responsibilities described below. In addition, from time to time, special committees may be established under the direction of our Board of Directors when necessary to address specific issues. Each of the Audit Committee and Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee operates under a written charter, which can be found at our website at www.investors.shift.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents. Any stockholder also may request them in print, without charge, by contacting the Corporate Secretary of Shift Technologies Inc. at 290 Division Street, Suite 400, San Francisco, California 94103.

Director	Audit Committee	Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee	Finance Committee
Adam Nash	X	X	X
George Arison	-	-	X
James Skinner	X	-	-
Jeff Clementz	-	-	X
Kellyn Smith Kenny	-	X	-
Kimberly Sheehy	Chair	-	-
Luis Solorzano	-	-	X
Toby Russell	-	-	Chair
Victoria McInnis	X	Chair	-

Audit Committee Information

Shift has established an Audit Committee comprised of independent directors. The Audit Committee consists of Ms. McInnis and Sheehy and Messrs. Skinner and Nash, with Ms. Sheehy serving as its chairperson. Each of the members of the Audit Committee is independent under Nasdaq’s listing rules and under Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act.

The Audit Committee will at all times be composed exclusively of independent directors who are “financially literate” as defined under Nasdaq’s listing rules. The Nasdaq listing rules define “financially literate” as being able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including a company’s balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement.

In addition, the Company is required to certify to Nasdaq that the Audit Committee has, and will continue to have, at least one member who has past employment experience in finance or accounting, requisite professional certification in accounting, or other comparable experience or background that results in the individual’s financial sophistication. We have determined that Ms. Sheehy satisfies Nasdaq’s definition of financial sophistication and also qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined under rules and regulations of the SEC.

The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing the Company’s financial reporting process on behalf of our Board of Directors. The Audit Committee duties, as specified in more detail in its charter, include but are not limited to reviewing and discussing with management the Company’s audited and unaudited financial statements and any major issues regarding accounting principles and financial statement presentations, assessing the Company’s major financial risk exposures, selecting and managing the relationship with the Company’s independent auditors, and overseeing the Company’s internal accounting and quality-control procedures.

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Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee Information

Shift has established a Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee comprised of independent directors. The Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee consists of Mses. McInnis and Smith Kenny and Mr. Nash, with Ms. McInnis serving as its chairperson. Each of the members of the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee is independent under Nasdaq’s listing rules and each qualifies as a “non-employee director” as defined in Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act.

The Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee serves as the Company’s compensation committee and nomination committee. The committee’s duties, as specified in more detail in its charter, include but are not limited to reviewing, recommending and approving matters relating to the compensation of executive officers, overseeing the Company’s compensation and benefits programs and policies, developing the selection criteria for directors and recommending the nomination of directors, and reviewing committee structures, changes in directors’ qualifications, and other corporate governance matters. The Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee consults with and acts upon the recommendation of the Chief Executive Officer with respect to compensation matters relating to the other officers of the Company.

The committee may delegate any of its responsibilities to one or more subcommittees as it may deem appropriate to the extent allowed by applicable law and the Nasdaq listing rules.

Finance Committee Information

Shift has established a Finance Committee comprised of five directors. The Finance Committee consists of Messrs. Russell, Arison, Clementz, Nash, and Solorzano, with Mr. Russell serving as its chairperson. The committee’s duties include but are not limited to reviewing and considering investment and financing transactions and capital structure matters for the Company.

Item 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Overview

We provide our executives with an annual base salary as a fixed, stable form of compensation, and we grant our executives equity-based compensation to provide an additional incentive to grow our business and further link the interests of our executives with those of our stockholders. In addition, we provided certain cash incentive opportunities to our executives for fiscal year 2022 (as described below) to incentivize the executives to achieve specified financial and operating objectives we believed would help create long-term value for our stockholders. Certain executives also received retention bonuses in recognition of their value to the Company in meeting its financial and strategic business objectives. We have also entered into agreements with our executives that provide for severance benefits upon certain terminations of employment.

The Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee reviews our executive officers’ overall compensation packages on an annual basis (or more frequently as it deems warranted) to help ensure we continue to attract and retain highly talented executives and provide appropriate incentives to continue to grow our company.

We have opted to comply with the executive compensation rules applicable to "emerging growth companies" and “smaller reporting companies,” as such terms are defined under the Securities Act, which require compensation disclosure for the Company’s principal executive officer and the next two most highly compensated executive officers.

The tabular disclosure and discussion that follow describe our executive compensation program during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 with respect to our named executive officers as of December 31, 2022: Jeff Clementz, Chief Executive Officer; Oded Shein, Chief Financial Officer; and Sean Foy, Chief Operating Officer (collectively, the “named executive officers” or “NEOs”). Effective February 1, 2022, Mr. Russell voluntarily transitioned from his position as Co-Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Arison became the Company’s sole Chief Executive Officer. Effective September 1, 2022, Mr. Arison voluntarily transitioned from his position as Chief Executive Officer and Mr. Clementz became the Company’s Chief Executive Officer.

At the Company’s Special Meeting of Stockholders held on December 7, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved a proposal to authorize a reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock, at a ratio within the range of 1-for-5 to 1-for-10. The Board approved a 1-for-10 reverse split ratio, and on March 7, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter Amendment”) to effect the reverse split effective March 8, 2023. All share and per-share amounts have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the impact of the reverse stock split.

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Summary Compensation Table - 2022

The following table sets forth the compensation paid to the named executive officers that is attributable to services performed during fiscal years 2022 and 2021.

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)	Bonus ($)(1)	Stock Awards ($)(2)	Option Awards ($)	Nonequity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(3)	All Other Compensation ($)		Total ($)
George Arison	2022	467,083	-	-	-	354,000	122,917	(4)	944,000
Former Co-CEO	2021	490,000	-	21,146,274	-	1,470,000	-		23,106,274
Toby Russell	2022	49,165	-	-	-	-	540,835	(4)	590,000
Former Co-CEO	2021	490,000	-	21,146,274	-	1,470,000	-		23,106,274
Jeff Clementz	2022	510,000	1,650,000	-	-	306,000	-		2,466,000
Chief Executive Officer
Oded Shein	2022	420,000	400,000	127,950	-	168,000	-		1,115,950
Chief Financial Officer	2021	308,750	-	2,517,973	-	624,000	-		3,450,723
Sean Foy	2022	405,000	440,166	126,341	-	162,000	8,925	(5)	1,142,432
Chief Operating Officer	2021	357,504	-	2,288,431	-	715,542	30,955		3,392,432

____________

(1) Bonuses were paid pursuant to the each executive’s respective employment agreement, as amended. For more information, please see below under “Material Compensatory Agreements.”

(2) In accordance with SEC rules, these amounts represent the aggregate grant date fair value of the stock awards granted to the named executive officer during the applicable fiscal year computed in accordance with ASC 718. Shift’s equity awards valuation approach and related underlying assumptions for awards granted in 2022 and 2021 are described in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Stock-Based Compensation Expense” and Note 14 “Stock-Based Compensation Plans” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The reported amounts do not necessarily reflect the value that may be realized by the executive with respect to the awards, which will depend on future changes in stock value and may be more or less than the amount shown.

(3) Each of our NEOs was eligible to earn a performance-based annual bonus for 2022, as described in more detail below under “- Material Compensatory Agreements - 2022 Annual Bonuses.” The amounts the NEOs earned, as reflected in the table above, were paid in cash.

Name	2022 Target Bonus		2022 Earned Bonus
George Arison	$	1,180,000	$	354,000
Toby Russell	$	1,180,000	$	—
Jeff Clementz	$	765,000	$	306,000
Oded Shein	$	420,000	$	168,000
Sean Foy	$	405,000	$	162,000

(4) Messrs. Arison and Russell received salary continuation payments pursuant to their respective employment and transition agreements. For more information, please see below under “Material Compensatory Agreements.”

(5) Mr. Foy received $30,955 and 8,925 for accommodations expenses in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The perquisite was discontinued in March 2022.

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Material Compensatory Agreements

Arison Employment Agreement

Mr. Arison serves as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer pursuant to that certain Employment Agreement dated as of October 13, 2020 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Employment Agreement dated as of February 24, 2022, the “Arison Employment Agreement”). The Arison Employment Agreement does not have a specified term and is subject to termination by either party at any time.

The Arison Employment Agreement provides for a base salary of $490,000 per year through 2021 and a base salary of $590,000 commencing in 2022, which thereafter is subject to review and may be increased (but not decreased) by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Arison received an annual bonus of $75,000 for continued employment through the end of 2020. Beginning with 2021, Mr. Arison is eligible for an annual incentive bonus with a target set at no less than 200% of his annual base salary, subject to achievement of performance goals to be established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee in consultation with Mr. Arison. The agreement provides that for 2021, Mr. Arison was eligible to earn (i) a bonus equaling 200% of his 2021 annual salary if the Company met the performance goals established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee based on the 2021 budget as approved by the Board of Directors, and (ii) an additional 100% of his 2021 annual salary if the Company met the performance goals established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee based on stretch goals when compared to the Company’s 2021 budget as approved by the Board of Directors. The Arison Employment Agreement also provides that Mr. Arison is eligible to receive a bonus of $1,750,000 in connection with the IAC Merger, which amount was paid in full on October 31, 2020. The Arison Employment Agreement also provides that Mr. Arison is eligible to participate in certain benefit plans made available to the Company’s executives, and that Mr. Arison is entitled to paid time off (vacation, holiday, and sick leave) in accordance with the Company’s policies; provided, however, that Mr. Arison may take five weeks of paid time off annually. All equity awards granted to Mr. Arison under the Shift 2014 Stock Incentive Plan that were outstanding and unvested as of October 13, 2020 became fully vested on March 31, 2021.

Pursuant to the Arison Employment Agreement, on February 2, 2021, the Company granted Mr. Arison 228,320 restricted stock units that vest based on the passage of time (“Time RSUs”) and 76,106 restricted stock units that vest upon the achievement of specified performance metrics (“Performance RSUs”). On April 5, 2021, (i) the Company and Mr. Arison entered into an amendment to the foregoing grant, whereby 104,427 Time RSUs were rescinded and cancelled, and (ii) the Company newly granted Mr. Arison 104,427 Time RSUs. 123,893 of Mr. Arison’s Time RSUs vest quarterly from January 12, 2021 through July 31, 2022 and 104,427 of Mr. Arison’s Time RSUs vest quarterly from July 12, 2022 through October 12, 2023, in each case, subject to Mr. Arison’s continued employment through each applicable vesting date. Mr. Arison’s 76,106 Performance RSUs vest quarterly over the two-year period commencing on October 13, 2022, subject to the achievement of the applicable pre-determined performance target for the applicable performance year and Mr. Arison’s continued employment through each applicable vesting date.

If Mr. Arison is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason (as such terms are defined in the Arison Employment Agreement), he will be entitled to receive as severance: (i) continued payment of his base salary for 18 months (at the rate in effect for the year in which his termination occurs) and (ii) a prorated annual bonus for the year in which his termination occurs (determined based on actual performance against the Company goals established for the year and with any personal goals to be considered to be fulfilled on a prorated basis). In addition, Mr. Arison will be entitled to continued health insurance coverage if he timely elects continuation coverage under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (“COBRA”) for up to 18 months on substantially the same terms as provided to the Company’s other senior executives, provided he pays an amount equal to the amount active employees pay for such coverage as of the date of his termination. Mr. Arison’s right to receive these severance benefits is conditioned upon his timely execution of a release of claims in favor of the Company and continued compliance with the confidentiality, non-solicitation and other restrictive covenants contained in the Arison Employment Agreement.

The Arison Employment Agreement also provides that if a change of control of the Company occurs, any payments or benefits provided to Mr. Arison that constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 280G will either be paid in full (and subject to applicable excise tax) or reduced to the extent necessary so that no portion of such payments will be subject to the excise tax, whichever results in the greatest economic benefit to Mr. Arison on an after-tax basis.

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Arison Transition Agreement

In connection with his transition from employment with the Company, the Company and Mr. Arison entered into a Transition and Separation Agreement on October 17, 2022 (the “Agreement”) that reflects the terms of his transition and the benefits he is eligible to receive. Pursuant to the Agreement, Mr. Arison will be entitled to receive the following benefits: (i) a cash payment equal to eighteen (18) months of his 2022 monthly base salary, payable in equal installments on the Company’s regular payroll cycles over an 18-month period following his termination of employment, (ii) payment of his 2022 annual bonus, prorated for the number of days employed by the Company in 2022 and determined based on actual performance (with any personal goals considered to be fulfilled), and payable at such time that annual bonuses are otherwise generally paid to employees of the Company, and (iii) payment of COBRA premiums for eighteen (18) months following the Separation Date (to the extent Mr. Arison elects COBRA continuation coverage), less amounts equal to the amount active employees pay for such coverage during such time period, and subject to reduction or elimination if Mr. Arison becomes entitled to duplicative benefits through other employment. The Company and Mr. Arison also agreed that Mr. Arison will resign as Chairman of the Board at the next Board meeting following the Separation Date. Mr. Arison is not resigning as a member of the Board.

In addition, upon execution of the Agreement and in connection with his October 14, 2022 termination of employment, Mr. Arison will provide a general waiver and release of claims in favor of the Company. Mr. Arison will be subject to certain restrictive covenants following his termination of employment with the Company.

Russell Employment Agreement

Mr. Russell served as the Company’s Co-Chief Executive Officer and President pursuant to that certain Employment Agreement dated as of October 13, 2020 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Employment Agreement dated as of August 17, 2021, the “Russell Employment Agreement”). Mr. Russell voluntarily transitioned from his position as Co-Chief Executive Officer, effective February 1, 2022, pursuant to that certain Transition and Separation Agreement dated as of November 4, 2021 (the “Russell Transition Agreement”), which is discussed below.

The Russell Employment Agreement provided for a base salary of $490,000 per year through 2021 and a base salary of $590,000 commencing in 2022. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Russell received an annual bonus of $75,000 for continued employment through the end of 2020. Beginning with 2021, Mr. Russell was eligible for an annual incentive bonus with a target set at no less than 200% of his annual base salary, subject to achievement of performance goals to be established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee in consultation with Mr. Russell. The agreement provided that for 2021, Mr. Russell was eligible to earn (i) a bonus equaling 200% of his 2021 annual salary if the Company met the performance goals established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee based on the 2021 budget as approved by the Board of Directors, and (ii) an additional 100% of his 2021 annual salary if the Company met the performance goals established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee based on stretch goals when compared to the Company’s 2021 budget as approved by the Board of Directors. The Russell Employment Agreement also provided for him to receive a bonus of $1,592,955 in connection with the IAC Merger, which amount was paid in full on October 31, 2020. The bonus amount was reduced from $1,750,000 to $1,592,955 and Mr. Russell instead received a bonus in October 2020 (as described under “Russell Bonus Letter” below) to assist him with satisfying certain partial recourse promissory notes executed by Mr. Russell in favor of the Company. The Russell Employment Agreement also provided that Mr. Russell was eligible to participate in certain benefit plans made available to the Company’s executives, and that Mr. Russell was entitled to paid time off (vacation, holiday, and sick leave), in accordance with the Company’s policies; provided, however, that Mr. Russell was permitted to take five weeks of paid time off annually. All equity awards granted to Mr. Russell under the Shift 2014 Stock Incentive Plan that were outstanding and unvested as of October 13, 2020 became fully vested on March 31, 2021.

Pursuant to the Russell Employment Agreement, on February 2, 2021 the Company granted Mr. Russell 228,320 Time RSUs and 76,106 Performance RSUs. On April 5, 2021, (i) the Company and Mr. Russell entered into an amendment to the foregoing grant, whereby 104,427 Time RSUs were rescinded and cancelled, and (ii) the Company newly granted Mr. Russell 104,427 Time RSUs. 123,893 of Mr. Russell’s Time RSUs vest quarterly from January 12, 2021 through July 31, 2022 and 104,427 of Mr. Russell’s Time RSUs vest quarterly from July 12, 2022 through October 12, 2023, in each case subject to Mr. Russell’s continued employment. Mr. Russell’s 76,106 Performance RSUs vest quarterly over the two-year period commencing on October 13, 2022, subject to the achievement of the applicable pre-determined performance target for the applicable performance year and Mr. Russell’s continued employment through each applicable vesting date. Following Mr. Russell’s voluntary separation from the Company, certain of his outstanding and unvested equity awards vested pursuant to the terms of the Russell Transition Agreement, as described below. The remainder of his unvested restricted stock units were forfeited in accordance with the terms of the applicable award agreement.

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The Russell Employment Agreement also provided that if a change of control of the Company occurred, any payments or benefits provided to Mr. Russell that constituted “parachute payments” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 280G would either be paid in full (and subject to applicable excise tax) or reduced to the extent necessary so that no portion of such payments would be subject to the excise tax, whichever resulted in the greatest economic benefit to Mr. Russell on an after-tax basis.

Russell Transition Agreement

Mr. Russell entered into the Russell Transition Agreement in connection with his voluntary transition from the Company as its Co-Chief Executive Officer, effective February 1, 2022. After his transition from employment on February 1, 2022, Mr. Russell has continued to serve as a non-employee director of the Company (and is expected to do so until the completion of his current term in 2023) and is also serving in an advisory capacity to the senior management of the Company until May 1, 2022 to assist with the orderly transition of his duties and responsibilities.

Pursuant to the Russell Transition Agreement, Mr. Russell is entitled to receive a cash payment equal to $590,000 (i.e., his 2022 base salary), payable in equal installments on the Company’s regular payroll cycles for 12 months. In addition, Mr. Russell is entitled to a cash payment equal to his annual bonus for 2022, prorated for the number of days he was employed by the Company in 2022 and determined based on actual performance (with any personal goals considered to be fulfilled), and payable at such time that annual bonuses are otherwise generally paid to employees of the Company. The Russell Transition Agreement also provides that Mr. Russell will receive payment of COBRA premiums for 12 months following February 1, 2022, less amounts equal to the amount active employees pay for such coverage during such time period, and subject to reduction or elimination if Mr. Russell becomes entitled to duplicative benefits through other employment. The Russell Transition Agreement further provides that Mr. Russell’s outstanding and unvested equity awards as of February 1, 2022 shall continue to vest for 3 months following such date, if any such awards would be eligible to vest by May 1, 2022. Following his transition from employment with the Company, Mr. Russell remains subject to certain restrictive covenants from the Russell Employment Agreement, which covenants were incorporated into the Russell Separation Agreement and remain in full force and effect.

Clementz Employment Agreement

Pursuant to the employment agreement entered into between the Company and Mr. Clementz, dated September 27, 2021 (the “Employment Agreement”), Mr. Clementz shall initially receive an annual base salary of $450,000, increasing to $510,000 beginning January 1, 2022. Mr. Clementz shall also receive a signing bonus of $500,000, payable in two equal installments on April 1, 2022 and October 1, 2022, subject to continued employment with the Company through each applicable payment date. Mr. Clementz will be eligible to participate in annual bonus programs established by the Company, with a target annual bonus amount of up to two hundred fifty percent (250%) of Mr. Clementz’s base salary in 2021, which amount will be prorated for the remainder of 2021. Thereafter, Mr. Clementz will be eligible to participate in annual bonus programs established by the Company with a target annual bonus amount of up to at least one hundred fifty percent (150%) of Mr. Clementz’s base salary in the applicable performance year. Mr. Clementz will also be eligible to receive a one-time special cash bonus of $2,000,000, payable on October 1, 2024, subject to continued employment with the Company and achievement of performance acceptable to the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) in the sole discretion of the Board.

Also pursuant to the Employment Agreement, Mr. Clementz will be granted no later than December 31, 2021 an equity grant of 78,178 restricted stock units (“RSUs”). 58,633 RSUs will vest based on the passage of time (“Time RSUs”), with twenty-five percent (25%) of Time RSUs vesting on Mr. Clementz’s one-year anniversary and the remaining Time RSUs vesting quarterly in equal installments over the following three years. 19,544 RSUs will vest quarterly over the third and fourth years of Mr. Clementz’s employment, provided that the applicable performance hurdle for the applicable performance year is met. The vesting of the foregoing RSUs is subject to Mr. Clementz’s continued employment with the Company.

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First Clementz Amendment

Also on February 24, 2022, Shift Platform entered into a First Amendment to the Employment Agreement with Jeff Clementz, President of the Company (the “Clementz Amendment”), amending that certain Employment Agreement dated as of September 27, 2021, by and between Shift Platform and Mr. Clementz (the “Clementz Agreement”). The Clementz Amendment provides that, at the discretion of the Company’s Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee, the second installment payment of the Signing Bonus (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) may be paid prior to September 27, 2022 but no earlier than April 30, 2022. The Clementz Amendment also accelerates the grant date of the Year Four Special Equity Grant (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) to be no later than December 31, 2022. In addition, the Clementz Amendment provides that Mr. Clementz is eligible to receive a new cash bonus equal to $650,000 payable on or within thirty (30) days of April 1, 2022, subject to Mr. Clementz’s employment being in good standing through the payment date. As well, the definitions of “Cause” and “Good Reason” in the Clementz Agreement were amended to provide revised triggering criteria and notice provisions. The Clementz Amendment also amended the performance vesting criteria of the Year Three Special Equity Grant (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) and Year Four Special Equity Grant, including in each case to add new performance criteria.

Second Clementz Amendment

On May 12, 2022, Shift Platform, Inc. (“Shift Platform”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a Second Amendment to the Employment Agreement with Jeff Clementz, President of the Company (the “Second Clementz Amendment”), amending that certain Employment Agreement by between Shift Platform and Mr. Clementz dated as of September 27, 2021, as amended on February 24, 2022 (the “Clementz Agreement”).

The Second Clementz Amendment accelerates the payment dates of the Special Cash Incentive (as defined in the Clementz Agreement), subject to continued employment through the applicable payment date, with the first installment equal to $500,000 to be paid on the first payroll date that occurs after September 30, 2022, and the second installment equal to $1,500,000 to be paid on the first payroll date that occurs after September 30, 2023. The Second Clementz Amendment also provides that in the event that Mr. Clementz voluntarily resigns employment with the Company without Good Reason (as defined in the Clementz Agreement), after September 30, 2022, but prior to September 30, 2023, Mr. Clementz must return to the Company the amount equal to the portion of the Special Cash Incentive actually received as of such time. Additionally, the Second Clementz Amendment provides that upon a “Change in Control Termination” (as defined in the Second Clementz Amendment), Mr. Clementz will be eligible to receive the full payment of the Special Cash Incentive (less any portion already paid) and full vesting of all outstanding unvested equity awards held by Mr. Clementz under the Shift Technologies, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, as amended, subject to Mr. Clementz’s employment being in good standing as of his termination date and executing a release of claims in favor of the Company. In addition, the Second Clementz Amendment provides that if Mr. Clementz voluntarily resigns from his position for any reason or no reason, no payments shall be due under the Clementz Agreement except (i) the Accrued Obligations (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) and (ii) if Mr. Clementz voluntarily resigns after September 30, 2022, but prior to payment of the 2022 Annual Bonus, then he will be paid a prorated portion of the 2022 Annual Bonus (as defined in the Second Clementz Amendment) at such time that bonuses are paid to other employees of the Company, subject to achievement of the applicable performance criteria.

The Second Clementz Amendment also amended the 2021 Equity Grant (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) to (i) adjust the vesting criteria, including elimination of performance-based vesting criteria, and (ii) provide for accelerated vesting of the 2021 Equity Grant in certain circumstances. The Second Clementz Amendment also amended the Clementz Agreement to combine the “Year Three Special Equity Grant” (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) and the “Year Four Special Equity Grant” (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) into a single Special Equity Grant (as defined in the Second Clementz Amendment), and increase the restricted stock units (“RSUs”) underlying such grant to a total of 58,633 RSUs, to be granted no later than May 31, 2022. The Special Equity Grant shall vest in full on September 30, 2023. Each of the 2021 Equity Grant and the Special Equity Grant is subject to Mr. Clementz’s continued employment with the Company through the applicable vesting dates, and, for the Special Equity Grant, achievement of performance acceptable to the Board. Additionally, the Second Clementz Amendment provides that if the Company terminates Mr. Clementz’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) after September 30, 2022 but prior to September 30, 2023, and subject to Mr. Clementz’s employment being in good standing as of the date of such termination of employment and the Release Requirement (as defined in the Clementz Agreement), Mr. Clementz shall receive a prorated portion of each of the 2021 Equity Grant and the Special Equity Grant.

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Third Clementz Amendment

On August 8, 2022, Shift Platform, Inc. (“Shift Platform”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a Third Amendment to the Employment Agreement with Mr. Clementz (the “Third Clementz Amendment”), amending that certain Employment Agreement by between Shift Platform and Mr. Clementz dated as of September 27, 2021, as amended on February 24, 2022 and May 12, 2022 (the “Clementz Agreement”).

The Third Clementz Amendment amends Mr. Clementz’s duties to reflect his new role as Chief Executive Officer as of the Succession Effective Date. The Third Clementz Amendment also provides that as Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Clementz shall report to the Shift Board. The Third Clementz Amendment further provides that Mr. Clementz shall be appointed to the Shift Board on or as soon as reasonably practical following the Succession Effective Date and that the Company will include Mr. Clementz as a nominee for election as a director at each applicable annual shareholder meeting during the Term (as defined in the Clementz Agreement).

The Third Clementz Amendment provides that subject to the Shift Board’s determination in its sole discretion, Mr. Clementz will be eligible for an additional equity award grant in the third quarter of 2023 based on such factors as determined by the Shift Board (including, without limitation, the performance of the Chief Executive Officer and Company during his period as Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and evaluation of market compensation data taking into account Chief Executive Officer’s position with the Company and customary award grants of similar publicly-traded companies). In addition, the definition of “Good Reason” was amended to provide revised triggering criteria provisions.

The Third Clementz Amendment also provides that subject to Mr. Clementz’s employment through the applicable grant date, Mr. Clementz shall be eligible to receive a new equity grant in 2023 to be made no later than June 30, 2023 (the “2023 Promotion Equity Grant”) of 150,000 restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Subject to Mr. Clementz’s continuous employment with the Company or an Affiliate of the Company (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) through the applicable vesting date, 82,500 RSUs will vest on a quarterly basis over a three (3) year period based on the passage of time starting on March 31, 2024 (the “Time RSUs”) and 67,500 RSUs shall vest on a quarterly basis starting in 2024 upon the achievement of specified Performance Hurdles (as defined in the Third Clementz Amendment) for the applicable Performance Year (as defined in the Third Clementz Amendment) has been met (the “Performance RSUs” or “PSUs”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company’s obligation to grant the 2023 Promotion Equity Grant is contingent upon approval by the Shift Board.

Under the 2023 Promotion Equity Grant, a prorated number of unvested Time RSUs (less Time RSUs previously vested) shall be accelerated and become vested if the Company terminates Mr. Clementz’s employment without Cause (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) or if Mr. Clementz resigns for Good Reason (as defined in the Third Clementz Amendment) on or after October 1, 2023, and subject to Mr. Clementz’s employment being in good standing as of the date of such termination of employment and the Release Requirement (as defined in the Third Clementz Amendment). Additionally, the Third Clementz Amendment provides that if the Company terminates Mr. Clementz’s employment without Cause or if Mr. Clementz resigns for Good Reason, within one (1) year following a Change of Control (as defined in the Third Clementz Amendment), subject to the Release Requirement, any Time RSUs and PSUs that are outstanding and unvested pursuant to the 2023 Promotion Equity Grant as of the date of termination shall become vested when the General Release (as defined in the Clementz Agreement) is in full force and effect (and no longer subject to revocation).

Shein Employment Agreement

Mr. Shein serves as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer pursuant to that certain Employment Agreement dated as of March 15, 2021 (as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Employment Agreement dated as of January 27, 2022, the “Shein Employment Agreement”). The Shein Employment Agreement does not have a specified term and is subject to termination by either party at any time.

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The Shein Employment Agreement provides for a base salary of $390,000 per year, which is subject to review and may be increased (but not decreased) by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee. For 2021, Mr. Shein was eligible to receive (i) 100% of his annual salary if the Company met the performance goals established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee for senior executives based on the 2021 budget as approved by the Board of Directors, and (ii) an additional 100% of his annual salary if the Company met the performance goals for 2021 established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee, based on stretch goals when compared to the Company’s 2021 annual budget as approved by the Board of Directors, pro-rated for the number of days Mr. Shein worked for the Company in 2021. Beginning in 2022, Mr. Shein is eligible for an annual incentive bonus with a target set at no less than 100% of his annual base salary, subject to achievement of performance goals to be established by the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee in consultation with Mr. Arison. The Shein Employment Agreement also provides that Mr. Shein is eligible to participate in certain benefit plans made available to the Company’s executives, and that Mr. Shein is entitled to paid time off (vacation, holiday, and sick leave) in accordance with the Company’s policies.

Pursuant to the Shein Employment Agreement, on March 5, 2021, the Company granted Mr. Shein 20,498 Time RSUs and 6,832 Performance RSUs. 25% of the Time RSUs will vest on March 15, 2022, and the remaining Time RSUs will vest quarterly in equal installments thereafter, in each case subject to Mr. Shein’s continued employment through the applicable vesting date. The Performance RSUs vest quarterly over the 2-year period commencing on March 14, 2023, subject to achievement of specified performance targets for the applicable performance year and Mr. Shein’s continued employment through each applicable vesting date.

If Mr. Shein is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason (as such terms are defined in the Shein Employment Agreement), he will be entitled to receive as severance: (i) continued payment of his base salary for 6 months (at the rate in effect for the year in which his termination occurs) and (ii) a prorated annual bonus for the year in which his termination occurs (determined based on actual performance against the Company goals established for the year and with any personal goals to be considered to be fulfilled on a prorated basis). In addition, Mr. Shein will be entitled to continued health insurance coverage if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA for up to 12 months on substantially the same terms as provided to the Company’s other senior executives, provided he pays an amount equal to the amount active employees pay for such coverage as of the date of his termination. Mr. Shein’s right to receive these severance benefits is conditioned upon his timely execution of a release of claims in favor of the Company and continued compliance with the confidentiality, non-solicitation and other restrictive covenants contained in the Shein Employment Agreement.

The Shein Employment Agreement also provides that if a change of control of the Company occurs, any payments or benefits provided to Mr. Shein that constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 280G will either be paid in full (and subject to applicable excise tax) or reduced to the extent necessary so that no portion of such payments will be subject to the excise tax, whichever results in the greatest economic benefit to Mr. Shein on an after-tax basis.

Shein Award Agreement

On December 2, 2021, the Company granted Mr. Shein (i) 9,375 Time RSUs, 25% of which will vest on March 15, 2023, and the remaining of which will vest quarterly in equal installments thereafter, in each case subject to Mr. Shein’s continued employment through the applicable vesting date, and (ii) 31,250 Performance RSUs, which will vest quarterly over the 2-year period commencing on March 14, 2024 subject to achievement of specified performance targets for the applicable performance year and Mr. Shein’s continued employment through each applicable vesting date. The foregoing grant was made in connection with Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee’s determination to increase Mr. Shein’s base salary to $420,000 beginning January 1, 2022.

Shein Amended and Restated Retention Bonus Agreement

On September 7, 2022, Shift Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into an Amended and Restated Retention Bonus Agreement with Oded Shein, Chief Financial Officer of the Company (the “Amended and Restated Retention Agreement”). Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Retention Agreement (which replaces and supersedes in its entirety that certain retention bonus agreement between Mr. Shein and the Company dated June 22, 2022), Mr. Shein will be eligible to receive a cash award of $1,700,000 to be paid in three (3) installments, subject to continued employment with the Company as a full-time employee in good standing through the applicable payment date and executing a release agreement in favor of the Company, to be paid as follows: (i) the first installment equal to $400,000 to be paid no later than the first payroll date that occurs after the release effective date applicable to such payment, (ii) the second installment equal to $650,000 to be paid no later than the first payroll date that occurs after the release effective date applicable to such payment, and (iii) the third installment equal to $650,000 to be paid no later than the first payroll date that occurs after the release effective date applicable to such payment.

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The Amended and Restated Retention Agreement further provides that if (i) Mr. Shein resigns from his position for any reason, (ii) Mr. Shein’s employment with the Company is terminated due to death or disability (as defined under the Company’s long-term disability plan and/or policy applicable to the Employee, as may be modified or implemented from time to time), or (iii) the Company terminates Mr. Shein’s employment for “Cause” (as defined in the then existing employment agreement between Mr. Shein and the Company, if any, and otherwise as defined in the Amended and Restated Retention Agreement), in each case, at any time prior to November 1, 2024, Mr. Shein will no longer be eligible to receive any unpaid installments of the cash award. In addition, if the Company terminates Mr. Shein’s employment without “Cause” prior to November 1, 2023, Mr. Shein will receive any unpaid first and second installments of the cash award, subject to Mr. Shein executing a release agreement in favor of the Company. In addition, if the Company terminates Mr. Shein’s employment without Cause prior to November 1, 2023, Mr. Shein will no longer be eligible to receive any unpaid third installment of the cash award. If the Company terminates Mr. Shein’s employment without Cause after November 1, 2023, but prior to November 1, 2024, then, subject to Mr. Shein executing a release agreement in favor of the Company, Mr. Shein shall receive any unpaid portion of the third installment of the cash award.

Foy Retention Agreement

On January 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Retention Bonus Agreement with Mr. Foy (the “Foy Retention Agreement”). Pursuant to the Foy Retention Agreement, Mr. Foy will be eligible to receive a cash payment of $2,000,000 (the “Retention Bonus”) subject to his remaining a full-time employee in good standing through November 19, 2023 and executing a release of claims in favor of the Company. If (i) Mr. Foy resigns from his position for any reason, (ii) Mr. Foy’s employment with the Company is terminated due to death or disability (as defined under the Company’s long-term disability plan and/or policy applicable to Mr. Foy, as may be modified or implemented from time to time), or (iii) the Company terminates Mr. Foy’s employment for cause (as defined in the Foy Retention Agreement), in each case, at any time prior to November 19, 2023, Mr. Foy will no longer be eligible to receive the Retention Bonus. If the Company terminates Mr. Foy’s employment without cause prior to May 19, 2023, Mr. Foy will no longer be eligible to receive the Retention Bonus. However, if the Company terminates Mr. Foy’s employment without cause after May 19, 2023 and prior to November 19, 2023, then, subject to Mr. Foy executing a release of claims in favor of the Company, Mr. Foy will be paid a prorated portion of the Retention Bonus (with such proration based on whole months worked).

Foy Amended and Restated Retention Bonus Agreement

On June 22, 2022, Shift Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) entered into an Amended and Restated Retention Bonus Agreement with Sean Foy, Chief Operating Officer of the Company (the “Amended and Restated Retention Agreement”). Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Retention Agreement (which replaces and supersedes in its entirety that certain retention bonus agreement between Mr. Foy and the Company dated January 7, 2022), Mr. Foy will be eligible to receive a cash award of $2,000,000 to be paid in two installments, subject to continued employment with the Company as a full-time employee in good standing through the applicable payment date and executing a release agreement in favor of the Company, with the first installment equal to $400,000 to be paid no later than the first payroll date that occurs after the release effective date applicable to such payment, and the second installment equal to $1,600,000 to be paid no later than the first payroll date that occurs after the release effective date applicable to such payment. If (i) Mr. Foy resigns from his position for any reason, (ii) Mr. Foy’s employment with the Company is terminated due to death or disability (as defined under the Company’s long-term disability plan and/or policy applicable to the Employee, as may be modified or implemented from time to time), or (iii) the Company terminates Mr. Foy’s employment for “Cause” (as defined in the Amended and Restated Retention Agreement), in each case, at any time prior to November 19, 2023, Mr. Foy will no longer be eligible to receive any unpaid installments of the cash award. In addition, if the Company terminates Mr. Foy’s employment without Cause prior to July 19, 2023, Mr. Foy will no longer be eligible to receive any unpaid installments of the cash award. If the Company terminates Mr. Foy’s employment without Cause after July 19, 2023 but prior to November 19, 2023, then, subject to Mr. Foy executing a release agreement in favor of the Company, Mr. Foy shall receive a prorated payment of any unpaid portion of the second installment of the cash award.

Modifications of Performance Based Awards

On August 23, 2022, The Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee modified all of the outstanding Performance RSUs previously granted to each of Messrs. Shein and Foy to remove the performance hurdles based on the market price of our Class A Common Stock. The modified awards are Time RSUs, which shall vest on the respective measurement dates of each performance hurdle included in the original awards.

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Severance Plan for Key Management Employees

On January 6, 2022, the Compensation Committee adopted a Severance Plan for Key Management Employees (the “Severance Plan”) to provide severance benefits to certain key management employees of the Company, including but not limited to the NEOs; provided, however, that the Severance Plan will not apply to the Chief Executive Officer until his participation is approved by the Board, which is expected to occur in the first quarter of 2022. Participating executives are eligible to receive severance benefits if their employment is terminated for cause or without good reason (each as defined in the Severance Plan) and they enter into a release agreement with the Company within 60 days of such termination. Specific severance benefits are dependent on each executive’s position and whether their termination occurs upon or within one year of a change in control (as defined in the Shift Technologies, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan, as amended (the “Equity Plan”)). Generally, following a qualifying termination, an executive will be eligible to receive certain cash severance and the option to receive certain continuing health insurance coverage under COBRA. If such termination occurs upon or within one year of a change in control, an executive will also be eligible to receive: (i) a payment equal to the executive’s prorated annual bonus, (ii) vesting of all or a portion of the outstanding unvested equity awards held by the executive under the Equity Plan, and (iii) to the extent applicable to the executive, a payment equal to a prorated portion of any unpaid retention payment payable under a written retention agreement then in place between the executive and the Company. Severance benefits payable under the Severance Plan are not intended to be duplicative of other separation payments or benefits that may be payable to an executive under another agreement or arrangement with the Company, including, for the avoidance of doubt, under any executive employment agreement.

2022 Annual Bonuses

Each of the named executive officers were eligible to receive an annual incentive bonus up to the following amounts, pursuant to their respective employment agreement or offer letter, as applicable:

Name	Payout Upon Achievement of Target Goals
George Arison	200% Base Salary
Toby Russell	200% Base Salary
Jeff Clementz	150% Base Salary
Oded Shein	100% Base Salary
Sean Foy	100% Base Salary

For fiscal year 2022, the Company’s target goals were based on sliding scale, with 100% attainment at total consolidated Adjusted EBITDA loss: of $(127.5) million and 0% attainment at $(136.0) million. For the purpose of determining bonus amounts, the thresholds were applied excluding the incremental Adjusted EBITDA loss resulting from the bonuses themselves.

In fiscal year 2022, the Company’s Adjusted EBITDA loss excluding the annual bonuses was $(132.9) million Accordingly, the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee determined to pay 2022 annual bonuses in amounts reflecting the 40% achievement of target goals for fiscal year 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA is non-GAAP financial measure used to supplement our financial statements, which are based on U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). For a definition and discussion of this measure, see “Definitions of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” at the end of this Item 11.

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Retirement Benefit Programs

We maintain the Shift Technologies 401(k) Plan, a tax-qualified defined contribution plan (the “401(k) Plan”) that provides retirement benefits to employees. The NEOs (other than Mr. Russell, who voluntarily transitioned from employment with the Company on February 1, 2022) are eligible to participate in the 401(k) Plan on the same terms as other participating employees. Employees may elect to defer a percentage of their eligible compensation (not to exceed the statutorily prescribed annual limit) in the form of elective deferral contributions to the 401(k) Plan. The plan also has a “catch-up contribution” feature for employees aged 50 or older (including those who qualify as “highly compensated” employees) who can defer amounts over the statutory limit that applies to all other employees. We do not currently provide matching or other contributions under the plan.

Outstanding Equity Awards at 2022 Fiscal Year-End

The following table sets forth outstanding equity awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2022:

		Option Awards					Stock Awards
Name	Grant Date	Number of securities underlying unexercised options (#) exercisable	Number of securities underlying unexercised options (#) unexercisable	Equity incentive plan awards: Number of securities underlying unexercised unearned options (#)	Option exercise price ($)	Option expiration date	Number of shares or units of stock that have not vested (#)	Market value of shares of units of stock that have not vested ($)(1)	Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested (#)	Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Market or Payout Value of Unearned Shares, Units or Other Rights That Have Not Vested ($)(1)
George Arison	7/31/2019(2)	33,604	-	-	3.00	7/31/2029	-	-	-	-
Toby Russell	9/13/2017(3)	49	-	-	0.80	9/13/2027	-	-	-	-
	7/31/2019(3)	52,546	-	-	3.00	7/31/2029	-	-	-	-
Jeff Clementz	12/2/2021(4)	-	-	-	-	-	29,316	43,681	-	-
Oded Shein	5/5/2021(5)	-	-	-	-	-	11,529	17,178	-	-
	12/2/2021(6)	-	-	-	-	-	9,375	13,969	-	-
	6/3/2022(7)	-	-	-	-	-	3,500	5,215	-	-
	8/23/2022(8)	-	-	-	-	-	9,957	14,836	-	-
Sean Foy	1/28/2019(9)	2,786	-	-	3.00	1/28/2029	-	-	-	-
	7/31/2019(10)	7,895	1,814	-	3.00	7/31/2029	-	-	-	-
	2/2/2021(11)	-	-	-	-	-	6,659	9,922	-	-
	12/2/2021(12)	-	-	-	-	-	7,031	10,476	-	-
	6/3/2022(13)	-	-	-	-	-	3,500	5,215	-	-
	8/23/2022(14)	-	-	-	-	-	9,784	14,578	-	-

____________

(1) Determined based on the closing price of $1.49 of Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the last business day of fiscal year 2022 (December 31, 2022).

(2) Pursuant to the terms of the Arison Employment Agreement, all outstanding options issued under the Shift 2014 Stock Incentive Plan became fully vested on March 31, 2021.

(3) Pursuant to the terms of the Russell Employment Agreement, all outstanding options issued under the Shift 2014 Stock Incentive Plan became fully vested on March 31, 2021.

(4) The unvested Time RSUs vest on September 30, 2023, subject to continued employment.

(5) Twenty-five percent (25%) of the unvested Time RSUs vested on March 15, 2022, and the remaining Time RSUs vest quarterly through March 15, 2025, subject to continued employment.

(6) Twenty-five percent (25%) of the unvested Time RSUs vest on March 15, 2023, and the remaining Time RSUs vest quarterly through March 15, 2026, subject to continued employment.

(7) The award vests on May 20, 2023, subject to continued employment.

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(8) Of the 9,957 unvested Time RSUs, 6,832 vest in eight equal quarterly installments beginning on June 14, 2023 and ending on March 14, 2025, and 3,125 unvested Time RSUs vest in eight equal quarterly installments beginning on June 14, 2024 and ending on March 14, 2026.

(9) The unvested portion of this option vests monthly through August 19, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the Shift 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the unvested portion may be exercised prior to the vesting date, with any shares acquired on such “early exercise” of the option being subject to the option’s vesting schedule. The portion of the option reported in the “unexercisable” column of the table represents the portion of the option that was unvested as of December 31, 2022.

(10) The unvested portion of this option vests monthly through December 1, 2023. Pursuant to the terms of the Shift 2014 Stock Incentive Plan, the unvested portion may be exercised prior to the vesting date, with any shares acquired on such “early exercise” of the option being subject to the option’s vesting schedule. The portion of the option reported in the “unexercisable” column of the table represents the portion of the option that was unvested as of December 31, 2022.

(11) Unvested Time RSUs vest quarterly beginning January 12, 2023 and through October 12, 2024, subject to continued employment.

(12) Twenty-five percent (25%) of the unvested Time RSUs vest on November 19, 2022, and the remaining Time RSUs vest quarterly through August 19, 2025, subject to continued employment.

(13) The award vests on May 20, 2023, subject to continued employment.

(14) Of the 9,784 unvested Time RSUs, 6,659 vest in eight equal quarterly installments beginning on January 12, 2023 and ending on October 12, 2024, and 3,125 unvested Time RSUs vest in eight equal quarterly installments beginning on February 18, 2024 and ending on November 18, 2025.

Compensation of Directors

Our Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee periodically reviews the competitiveness of our Directors Compensation Policy applicable to non-employee directors. Directors who are also our employees or officers do not receive additional compensation for serving on the Board of Directors. Members of the Board of Directors are not paid separate fees for meeting attendance.

Shares for equity awards pursuant to the Directors Compensation Policy are issued from our stockholder-approved equity compensation plan in effect at the time of award (currently the Equity Plan) and pursuant to which we are authorized to grant shares of our common stock and share-based awards to directors. To the extent we are unable to issue registered shares under an effective Form S-8 at the time quarterly cash payments are to be made, any amount otherwise payable in shares shall be paid in cash for purposes of the relevant quarter.

Our Directors Compensation Policy was determined in accordance with industry practice and standards. Our non-employee directors are compensated with a combination of cash and equity in the Company, with additional compensation for service on Board committees. The Directors Compensation Policy for fiscal year 2022, which has been in effect since February 10, 2021, includes the following compensation components for services rendered by our non-employee directors:

• Annual cash retainer of $40,000.

• Additional annual cash retainer of $50,000 for serving as the Lead Director, if applicable.

• Additional annual cash retainer of $20,000 for serving as Chairperson and $10,000 for serving as a member (other than the chairperson) of the Audit Committee, payable quarterly in arrears.

• Additional annual cash retainer of $15,000 for serving as Chairperson and $5,000 for serving as a member (other than the chairperson) of the Leadership, Development, Compensation and Governance Committee, payable quarterly in arrears.

• Annual grant of Time RSUs having a fair market value (as determined under the Equity Plan) of $100,000 on the date of our annual meeting of stockholders and which Time RSUs shall vest in full on the date of the first annual meeting of stockholders following the grant date as explained above.

If a non-employee director is elected at any time other than at our annual meeting of stockholders, such director will receive an initial grant of restricted stock units having a fair market value (as determined under the Equity Plan) of $100,000 on the date of such non-employee director’s election, if applicable, prorated in the case of service for less than an entire quarterly period or annual period, as the case may be.

Additionally, a non-employee director may elect annually in advance to receive fees that would otherwise be payable in cash in the form of shares, in which case the non-employee director would receive at the time the cash fees would have been payable, shares of stock having an equivalent fair market value (as determined under the Equity Plan) on such date.

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Director Compensation Table - 2022

The following table sets forth the total compensation paid during fiscal year 2022 to the non-employee directors for their service on the Board of Directors. Mr. Clementz, who were employed by the Company during fiscal year 2022, did not receive any additional compensation for his service on the Board of Directors in 2022. Messrs. Arison and Russell were employed by the Company for a part of fiscal year 2022, received prorated compensation from the date their employment with the Company ended.

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)	Stock Awards ($)(1)	Option Awards ($)	All Other Compensation ($)	Total ($)
Kellyn Smith Kenny(2)	45,000	97,818	-	-	142,818
Jason Krikorian(3)	81,667	101,062	-	-	182,729
Victoria McInnis(4)	60,000	97,818	-	-	157,818
Emily Melton(5)	47,083	97,818	-	-	144,901
Adam Nash(6)	50,000	97,818	-	-	147,818
Manish Patel(7)	55,000	97,818	-	-	152,818
George Arison(8)	8,391	-	-	-	8,391
Toby Russell(9)	33,333	99,303	-	-	132,636
Kimberly Sheehy(10)	3,710	-	-	-	3,710
Luis Solorzano(11)	2,473	-	-	-	2,473
James Skinner(12)	3,401	-	-	-	3,401

____________

(1) As of December 31, 2022, the following Time RSUs were outstanding:

Name	Number of Time RSUs
Kellyn Smith Kenny	9,316
Jason Krikorian	-
Victoria McInnis	9,316
Emily Melton	-
Adam Nash	9,316
Manish Patel	-
George Arison	-
Toby Russell	9,872
Kimberly Sheehy	-
Luis Solorzano	-
James Skinner	-

(2) Ms. Smith Kenny’s 2022 compensation includes amounts for her service as a member of the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee.

(3) Mr. Krikorian resigned from the Board on December 9, 2022, forfeiting all outstanding Time RSUs. The amount of cash compensation and number of Time RSUs granted to Mr. Krikorian in 2022 reflects a timing difference in compensation as a result of Mr. Krikorian receiving prorated compensation for service during the previous term.

(4) Ms. McInnis’s 2022 compensation includes amounts for her service as Chairperson of the Audit Committee.

(5) Ms. Melton’s 2022 compensation includes amounts for her service as Lead Director of the Board of Directors and a member of the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee. Ms. Melton resigned from the Board on August 31, 2022, forfeiting all outstanding Time RSUs.

(6) Mr. Nash’s 2022 compensation includes amounts for his service as a member of the Audit Committee.

(7) Mr. Patel’s 2022 compensation includes amounts for his service as chairperson of the Leadership Development, Compensation and Governance Committee. Mr. Patel resigned from the Board on December 9, 2022, forfeiting all outstanding Time RSUs.

(8) Mr. Arison's cash compensation is prorated for service as a non-employee director beginning on October 14, 2022.

(9)The number of Time RSUs granted to Mr. Russell in 2022 reflects a timing difference in compensation as a result of Mr. Russel receiving prorated compensation for service during the previous term.

(10) Ms. Sheehy joined the Board of Directors on December 9, 2022. Ms. Sheehy's cash compensation was prorated to reflect a partial year of service.

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(11) Mr. Solorzano joined the Board of Directors on December 9, 2022. Mr. Solorzano's cash compensation was prorated to reflect a partial year of service.

(12) Mr. Skinner joined the Board of Directors on December 9, 2022. Mr. Skinner's cash compensation was prorated to reflect a partial year of service.

Definitions of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In this Item 11, we refer to Adjusted EBITDA. This is a non-GAAP financial measure used to supplement our financial statements, which are based on U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss adjusted to exclude stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, net interest income or expense, impact of change in fair value of financial instruments, warrant milestone impact, and other cash and non-cash based income or expenses that we do not consider indicative of our core operating performance.

The non-GAAP amounts for Adjusted EBITDA shown in the following table should not be considered as substitutes for net income or other data prepared and reported in accordance with GAAP, but should be viewed in addition to our reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP.

	Year Ended December 31,
Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation	2022		2021
Net Loss	$	(172,042)	$	(166,268)
(+) Interest and other expense, net	10,950		8,082
(+) Stock-based compensation	13,029		25,130
(+) Change in fair value of financial instruments	—		(18,893)
(+) Depreciation & amortization	11,662		6,253
(+) Warrant impact adjustment - contra-revenue (1)	637		637
(+) Merger and acquisition transaction costs (2)	19,972		141
(+) Costs related to closed locations excluding severance (3)	11,857		—
(+) Sales tax penalty accrual (recovery)	(2,149)		5,951
(+) At-the-market sales agreement costs	266		—
(+) Provision for income taxes	326		226
(+) Severance, retention, and CEO costs (4)	8,455		1,166
(+) Restructuring costs from inventory, property and equipment, and capitalized internal-use software (5)	17,447		—
(+) Impairment expense	17,319		—
(+) Bargain purchase gain	(76,685)		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(138,956)	$	(137,575)

(1)Includes non-cash charges related to the Lithia warrants and recorded as contra-revenue on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

(2)Includes transaction costs for the Fair acquisition in the second quarter and the CarLotz merger in the third and fourth quarters.

(3)Includes non-cash lease charges related to the closure of the Company’s facilities in Miami and Las Vegas. Includes termination fees and non-cash lease expense related to leases of closing hubs due to the Restructuring Plan. Includes fulfillment, lease, payroll, facilities, and other operating expenses related to the process of closing various hubs due to the Restructuring Plan.

(4)Includes severance amounts related to the Restructuring Plan and the CEO transition.

(5)Includes net losses on inventory liquidated as part of the previously announced Restructuring Plan. Includes losses on property sold or disposed from closing hubs due to the Restructuring Plan. Includes non-cash charges related to the early decommissioning of capitalized internal use software costs due to changes in business strategy arising from the Restructuring Plan

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Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNER AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2022 with respect to the shares of common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options and other rights under our existing equity compensation plans and arrangements in effect as of December 31, 2022. The information includes the number of shares covered by, and the weighted average exercise price of, outstanding options and the number of shares remaining available for future grant, excluding the shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options.

Plan category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights	Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	955,835	$	27.47	354,649
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	52,829	$	8.70	53,345
Total	1,008,664	$	26.02	407,994

On January 1, 2023, 344,261 additional shares were authorized for issuance under the 2020 Plan’s evergreen refresh mechanism and added to the pool of shares available to be issued to settle future share-based compensation awards.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our outstanding shares of common stock as of March 17, 2023 by: (a) each person or “group” (as such term is used in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act) who is known by us to beneficially own 5% or more of our shares of Common Stock, (b) each of our directors and each of our NEOs, and (c) all of our directors and executive officers as a group. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all of the common stock owned by them.

Unless otherwise provided, beneficial ownership of common stock of the Company is based on 17,228,479 shares of common stock of the Company issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock beneficially owned.

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	Class A Common Stock
Name and Address of Beneficial Owners	Number	% of class
Directors and Executive Officers:(1)
Jeff Clementz	27,592	*
George Arison(2)	218,384	1.3	%
Toby Russell(3)	188,601	1.1	%
Oded Shein(4)	10,692	*
Sean Foy(5)	34,211	*
Victoria McInnis(6)	3,470	*
Kellyn Smith Kenny	1,970	*
Adam Nash(7)	3,696	*
James Skinner	18,175	*
Kimberly Sheehy	17,469	*
Luis Solorzano(8)	454,278	2.6	%
All directors and executive officers as a group (eleven individuals)	978,538	5.7	%
5% or Greater Beneficial Owners:
TRP Capital Partners, LP (9)	1,563,872	9.1	%
Lithia Motors Inc.(10)	1,282,782	7.4	%

____________

* Less than 1 percent.

(1) Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each of the following individuals is c/o Shift Technologies, Inc., 290 Division Street, Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94103.

(2) Includes 5,304 shares allocated to Mr. Arison and held in escrow, pursuant to the terms of the IAC Merger Agreement (“Additional Shares”). Includes 15,191 shares, including their allocation of Additional Shares, held by Mr. Arison’s family members that Mr. Arison exercises voting control over pursuant to a permanent voting proxy, which shares Mr. Arison disclaims beneficial ownership of. Includes 33,604 shares of common stock subject to currently exercisable options and restricted stock unit awards subject to release within 60 days of March 17, 2023.

(3) Includes 5,497 Additional Shares allocated to Mr. Russell and held in escrow, pursuant to the terms of the IAC Merger Agreement. Includes 52,596 shares of common stock subject to currently exercisable options.

(4) Includes 3,625 restricted stock unit awards subject to release within 60 days of March 17, 2023.

(5) Includes 898 Additional Shares allocated to Mr. Foy and held in escrow, pursuant to the terms of the IAC Merger Agreement. Includes 14,160 shares of common stock subject to currently exercisable options and restricted stock unit awards subject to release within 60 days of March 17, 2023. If the stock options are exercised in full as of the date of this table, 48,650 shares would be subject to a right of repurchase in our favor.

(6) Shares are held directly by the Victoria McInnis Grantor Retained Annuity Trust, u/a/d May 26, 2021.

(7) Includes 13 Additional Shares allocated to Mr. Nash and held in escrow, pursuant to the terms of the IAC Merger Agreement. Shares are held directly by the Adam and Carolyn Nash Family Trust. Includes 2,265 shares underlying stock options and restricted stock unit awards subject to release within 60 days of March 17, 2023.

(8) Includes 89,346 shares issuable upon the exercise of warrants that are currently exercisable and held directly by Mr. Solorzano. Includes 269,378 shares held directly by Acamar Partners Sponsor I LLC. As a managing member of Acamar Partners Sponsor I LLC, Mr. Solorzano may be deemed to share beneficial ownership of the shares of common stock owned by such entities. Mr. Solorzano disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares, except to the extent of any pecuniary interest therein.

(9) Per the Schedule 13G filed on December 19, 2022: TRP Capital Partners, LP has the sole voting power with respect to 1,563,872 shares and the sole dispositive power with respect to 1,563,872 shares. The address of TRP Capital Partners, LP is 380 N. Old Woodward Ave., Suite 205, Birmingham, MI.

(10) Per the Schedule 13G filed on February 8, 2023: Lithia Motors, Inc. has the sole voting power with respect to 1,282,782 shares and the sole dispositive power with respect to 1,282,782 shares. The address of Lithia Motors, Inc. is 150 North Bartlett Street, Medford, OR.

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Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Review of Related Party Transactions

Pursuant to the charter of the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee reviews with both management and the independent auditors and approves any related party transactions or dealing between parties related to the Company. In accordance with this policy, the Audit Committee reviews and considers for approval any transactions in which (i) Shift or one of its subsidiaries is a participant, (ii) the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and (iii) a related person has a direct or indirect material interest, other than transactions available to all employees of the Company generally. In assessing a related party transaction brought before it for approval the Audit Committee considers, among other factors it deems appropriate, whether the related party transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third-party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction. The Audit Committee may then approve or disapprove the transaction in its discretion.

For purposes of this policy, “related person” and “transaction” have the meanings contained in Item 404 of Regulation S-K. The individuals and entities that are considered “related persons” include:

• Directors, nominees for director and executive officers of Shift;

• Any person known to be the beneficial owner of five percent or more of our common stock (a “5% Stockholder”); and

• Any immediate family member, as defined in Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K, of a director, nominee for director, executive officer or 5% Stockholder.

Any related person transaction will be disclosed in the applicable SEC filing as required by the rules of the SEC.

Related Party Transactions

Sales with Related Party

The Company operated a one-sided marketplace (“OSM”) program whereby the Company acquired cars from various sources in Oxnard, California and sold them directly and solely to Lithia. The Company invoiced Lithia based on the purchase price of the car plus an agreed upon margin. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized approximately $4.7 million and $16.8 million, respectively, of sales from the OSM agreement with Lithia. The OSM program was terminated in the second quarter of 2022 with the last sale to Lithia taking place in March 2022.

During the period from the execution of the Merger Agreement with CarLotz on August 9, 2022 until the merger closing on December 9, 2022, the Company sold vehicles totaling $3.0 million to CarLotz, included in retail revenue, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

Accounts Receivable from Related Party

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $2.1 million in outstanding accounts receivable from Lithia, which is comprised $2.0 million in vehicle sales and $77 thousand, respectively, in commissions based on the number of loan contracts booked with US bank. There were no receivables due from Lithia at December 31, 2022.

In September 2018, the Company entered into a warrant agreement (the “Warrant Agreement”) and a commercial agreement for Milestone 1 with Lithia and granted Lithia a warrant to purchase 8,666,154 shares of Legacy Shift common stock at an exercise price of $0.10 per share (the “Warrant Shares”). The Warrant Shares were scheduled to vest and become exercisable in six separate tranches of 1,444,359 shares each. Vesting and exercisability was dependent upon the achievement of the Milestones, as defined below. While the Warrant Agreement establishes general vesting terms for each of the six Milestones, each of the six Milestones contains substantive service or performance requirements, and were non-binding as neither the Company nor Lithia were obligated to perform until the commercial agreement associated with each Milestone was executed. All Warrant Shares became vested prior to the Vesting Termination Date and were exercised prior to the IAC Merger.

134

In connection with the negotiations related to Milestone 5, Lithia facilitated an agreement with Automotive Warranty Services (“AWS”) to sell and market AWS’s service plans, whereby the Company receives commission rates from AWS of comparable terms to those received by Lithia. In substance the Company paid Lithia, in the form of Warrant Shares, to make an upfront payment to Company’s customers on behalf of the Company as the Company achieved favorable pricing from AWS. The benefits of this agreement were guaranteed by Lithia for an initial term of five years commencing on the signing date of the agreement. Such arrangement was the first of a number of agreements to be entered into under the terms of Milestone 5, see further discussion below. The estimated fair value of the in substance upfront payment to AWS was $2.8 million with an offsetting entry recorded to additional paid-in capital, representing a capital transaction with a related party.

Milestone 5 was met in October 2019 and the Company recorded the warrants to additional paid-in capital based on a fair value of $4.3 million. Milestone 5 was achieved after a mutual signed agreement was entered into evidencing that Lithia provided commercially best efforts to help the Company secure and maintain access to four finance and insurance products on par with a typical Lithia store. The fair value of the in substance upfront payment, other than the $2.8 million for AWS discussed above, was $0.4 million and was recorded to other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The combined asset recorded of $3.2 million is subject to amortization over a five-year period expected period of benefit. During year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company amortized $0.6 million and $0.6 million, respectively of the asset as a reduction to finance and insurance sales, which is recorded within other revenue, net on the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the remaining asset, net of amortization, was $0.6 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Lease Agreements

On November 1, 2018 and July 10, 2019, pursuant to Milestone 3 and 4, the Company and Lithia, entered into license and services agreements that govern the Company’s access to and utilization of reconditioning, offices and parking spaces at the Concord and Portland facilities of Lithia, respectively. Both agreements expired on October 12, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, total costs related to these agreements were $0.1 million. The lease costs were expensed to selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Flooring Line of Credit Guarantee

In February 2019, the Company entered into a guarantee agreement with Lithia. The interest rate was 1.50% per annum based on a daily outstanding flooring line of credit and was payable monthly to Lithia. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded $78 thousand of interest and $2.1 million of deferred borrowing cost amortization to interest and other expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations. The guarantee expired coterminously with the FLOC on October 11, 2021.

Accounts Payable Due to Related Party

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 payables and accruals to Lithia consisted of other miscellaneous expenses of $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Director Independence

As a result of our common stock being listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”), Shift adheres to the rules of such exchange in determining whether a director is independent. Nasdaq listing rules require that a majority of the board of directors of a company listed on Nasdaq be composed of “independent directors,” which is defined generally as a person other than an officer or employee of the company or its subsidiaries or any other individual having a relationship, which, in the opinion of the company’s board of directors, would interfere with the director’s exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.

Our Board of Directors has undertaken a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of our directors and considered whether any director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our Board of Directors has determined that none of Victoria McInnis, Kellyn Smith Kenny, Adam Nash, Kimberly Sheehy, Luis Solorzano and James Skinner has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors qualifies as an independent director under the Nasdaq listing rules. In making these determinations, our Board of Directors considered any current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with the Company and all other facts and circumstances our Board of Directors deemed relevant in determining independence, including the beneficial ownership of our common stock by each non-employee director.

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Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The table below sets forth the aggregate fees billed by Deloitte in 2022 and 2021.

	2022		2021
Audit Fees(1)	$	2,887,000	$	1,165,000
Audit-Related Fees(2)	586,000		—
Tax Fees	—		—
All Other Fees(3)	3,790		3,790
Total	$	3,476,790	$	1,168,790

____________

(1) Audit fees include fees for services performed to comply with the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, including the audit of our consolidated financial statements. This category also includes fees for audits provided in connection with statutory filings or services that generally only the principal independent auditor reasonably can provide, such as comfort letters, consents and assistance with and review of our SEC filings.

(2) Represents fees billed for services involving due diligence performed in connection with the Company's acquisitions of Fair Dealer Services, LLC and CarLotz, Inc.

(3) Represents a subscription to the Deloitte Accounting Research Tool.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The charter of the Audit Committee requires that the Audit Committee (i) approve the annual audit fees to be paid to the independent auditors and (ii) pre-approve all audit services, as well as all permitted non-audit services to be performed for the Company by the independent auditors as and to the extent required by the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Audit Committee must consider whether the provision of permitted non-audit services by the independent auditors is compatible with maintaining the auditor’s independence, and shall solicit the input of management and the independent auditors on that issue. The chair of the Audit Committee (or any other member if the chair is unavailable) may pre-approve such services in between Committee meetings; provided, however, that the chair (or such other member) must disclose all such pre-approved services to the full Committee at the next scheduled meeting.

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Part IV

Item 15. EXHIBIT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) Documents filed as part of this report

(1) All financial statements

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 34)	63
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021	64
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	65
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	66
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	67
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	68
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	69

(2) Financial Statement Schedules

Not applicable to Smaller Reporting Companies.

(3) Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

Exhibit No.	Description
2.1	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2022, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., Fair Financial Corp., Fair IP, LLC, and, solely for purposes of Article IV, Article IX and Article X thereof, Cayman Project 2 Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2022).
2.2	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated August 9, 2022 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and CarLotz, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022). †
2.3	Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 29, 2020, by and among the Company, IAC Merger Sub, Inc. and Shift Platform (f/k/a Shift Technologies, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2020).
2.4	First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 19, 2020, by and among the Company, IAC Merger Sub, Inc. and Shift Platform (f/k/a Shift Technologies, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Amendment No. 5 to Form S-4 filed on September 23, 2020, which is included as Annex A).
3.1	Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2020).
3.2	Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2020).
3.3	Certificate of Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Shift Technologies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2023).
4.1	Sponsor Letter Agreement, dated as of October 13, 2020, by and among the Company, Insurance Acquisition Sponsor, LLC and Dioptra Advisors, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 14, 2020).
4.2	Indenture, dated as of May 27, 2021, by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 2, 2021).
10.1	Form of Executive RSU Agreement under the Shift Technologies, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2021).*
10.2	Employment Agreement, dated as of March 15, 2021, between the Company and Oded Shein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2021).*
10.3	Amendment No. 1 to the Shift Technologies, Inc. 2020 Omnibus Equity Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2021).
10.4	RSU Award Agreement dated as of April 5, 2021 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and George Arison (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021).*
10.5	RSU Award Agreement dated as of April 5, 2021 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Toby Russell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 14, 2021).*
10.6	Amendment No. 1 dated as of April 5, 2021 to RSU Award Agreement dated as of February 2, 2021 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and George Arison (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2021).*
10.7	Amendment No. 1 dated as of April 5, 2021 to RSU Award Agreement dated as of February 2, 2021 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Toby Russell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 6, 2021).*
10.8	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of May 27, 2021, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc. and the initial purchasers party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report of Form 8-K filed on June 1, 2021)
10.9	Employment Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2021, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc. and Jeff Clementz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report of Form 8-K filed on September 30, 2021) *
10.10	Transition and Separation Agreement, dated as of November 4, 2021, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc. and Toby Russell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 12, 2021)*
10.11	Inventory Financing and Security Agreement, dated as of December 9, 2021, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., Shift Operations LLC, Ally Bank and Ally Financial Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2022) †
10.12	Severance Plan, dated as of January 6, 2022, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc. and Key Management Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2022)
10.13	Retention Bonus Agreement, dated as of January 10, 2022, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc. and Sean Foy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2022)*
10.14	First Amendment to the Employment Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2022, by and among Shift Platform, Inc. and Oded Shein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2022)*
10.15	First Amendment to the Employment Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., Shift Platform, Inc. and George Arison (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2022)*
10.16	First Amendment to the Employment Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, by and among Shift Platform, Inc. and Jeff Clementz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2022)*
10.17	Amended and Restated Retention Bonus Agreement, dated September 7, 2022 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Oded Shein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 13, 2022).*
10.18	Transition and Separation Agreement, dated October 17, 2022 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and George Arison (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 18, 2022).*
10.19	Commitment Letter, dated March 14, 2022, by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and SoftBank Group Corp (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 15, 2022).
10.20	Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement, dated as of May 6, 2022, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc. and Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 6, 2022).
10.21	Letter Agreement, dated May 11, 2022, by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Cayman Project 2 Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2022).
10.22	Note Purchase Agreement, dated May 11, 2022, by and between Shift Technologies, Inc., the subsidiaries of Shift Technologies, Inc. as guarantors thereto, and SB LL Holdco, Inc., as purchaser (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2022). †
10.23	Second Amendment to the Employment Agreement by and between Shift Platform, Inc. and Jeffrey Clementz (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2022).*
10.24	Third Amendment to the Employment Agreement by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Jeffrey Clementz (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022).*
10.25	Amended and Restated Retention Bonus Agreement, dated as of June 22, 2022, by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Sean Foy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 24, 2022).*
10.26	Shift Technologies, Inc. Employment Inducement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 30, 2022).
10.27	Form of Time-Based RSU Inducement Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed on June 30, 2022)
10.28	Form of Voting and Support Agreement by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., CarLotz, Inc., and certain shareholders of Shift Technologies, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022). †
10.29	Form of Voting and Support Agreement by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., CarLotz, Inc., and certain shareholders of CarLotz, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022). †
10.30	Letter Agreement dated August 9, 2022 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and Acamar Partners Sponsor I LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022).
10.31	Letter Agreement dated August 9, 2022 by and between Shift Technologies, Inc. and TRP Capital Partners, LP (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022).
10.32	Amended and Restated Sponsor Letter Agreement, dated August 9,2022, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., CarLotz Inc. and Acamar Partners Sponsor I LLC(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Form 10-Q/A filed August 11, 2022).
10.33	Amendment to Inventory Financing and Security Agreement, dated as of February 7, 2023, by and among Shift Technologies, Inc., CarLotz, Inc., a Delaware corporation, CarLotz Group, Inc., CarLotz, Inc., an Illinois corporation, CarLotz California, LLC, Shift Operations LLC, Ally Bank and Ally Financial Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 10, 2023)
14.1	Form of Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on September 3, 2020).
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant (filed with the Original Report)
23.1	Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent public accounting firm of Shift (filed herewith)
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15(d)-14(a), as adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

†	Schedules and similar attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. Shift agrees to furnish a supplemental copy of any omitted schedule or attachment to the SEC upon request.
*	Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

SHIFT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

/s/ Oded Shein

Oded Shein

Chief Financial Officer

June 29, 2023

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