The segments of the Company’s loan portfolio are disaggregated to a level that allows management to monitor risk and performance. The loan segments used are consistent with the internal reports evaluated by the Company’s management and Board of Directors to monitor risk and performance within various segments of its loan portfolio and, therefore, no further disaggregation is considered necessary. The Company’s loan portfolio consists primarily of real estate loans on commercial and residential property. The portfolio also includes agricultural loans, commercial loans, municipal loans, and consumer loans.

The Company’s primary lending activity is the origination of commercial loans extended to small and mid-sized commercial and industrial entities.

Commercial loans are primarily underwritten on the basis of the borrowers’ ability to service such debt from income. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. As a general practice, the Company takes as collateral a security interest in any equipment, or other chattel, although loans may also be made on an unsecured basis. Collateralized working capital loans typically are secured by short-term assets whereas long-term loans are primarily secured by long-term assets.

Construction and Land loans are to finance the construction of owner-occupied and income producing properties. These loans are categorized within commercial or one-to-four family residential loans based upon the underlying collateral and intended use following the completion of the construction period. Real estate development and construction loans are approved based on an analysis of the borrower and guarantor, the viability of the project and on an acceptable percentage of the appraised value of the

property securing the loan. Construction loan funds are disbursed periodically based on the percentage of construction or development completed. The Company carefully monitors these loans with on-site inspections and requires the receipt of lien waivers on funds advanced. The Company considers the market conditions and feasibility of proposed projects, the financial condition and reputation of the borrower and guarantors, the amount of the borrower’s equity in the project, independent appraisals, cost estimates and pre-construction sale information. The Company also makes loans on occasion for the purchase of land for future development by the borrower. Land loans are extended for the future development for either commercial or residential use by the borrower. The Company carefully analyzes the intended use of the property and the viability thereof.

The Company’s commercial real estate loans consist of mortgage loans secured by nonresidential real estate, such as by apartment buildings, small office buildings, and owner-occupied properties. Commercial real estate loans are secured by the subject property and are underwritten based on loan to value limits, cash flow coverage and general creditworthiness of the obligors. These loans tend to involve larger loan balances and their repayment is typically dependent upon the successful operation and management of the underlying real estate.

Residential real estate loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s repayment capacity and source, value of the underlying property, credit history and stability. These loans are secured by a first or second mortgage on the borrower’s principal residence or their second/vacation home (excluding investment/rental property).

In addition to the main types of loans discussed above, the Company also originates agricultural loans, consumer loans, and municipal loans. The agricultural loan portfolio consists of loans to local farmers and agricultural businesses that are generally secured by farmland and equipment. The consumer loan portfolio consists of lending in the form of home equity loans secured by financed property and personal consumer loans, which may be secured or unsecured. The municipal loan portfolio consists of loans to qualified local municipalities, which are generally supported by the taxing authority of the borrowing municipality, and is frequently secured by collateral.

Management has an established methodology to determine the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses that assesses the risks and losses inherent in the loan portfolio. For purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses the Company has segmented certain loans in the portfolio by product type. Loans are segmented into the following pools: agriculture loans, commercial real estate loans, commercial loans, residential real estate loans, consumer loans, and municipal loans. Historical loss percentages for each risk category are calculated and used as the basis for calculating allowance allocations. These historical loss percentages are calculated over a four-year period for all portfolio segments.

Certain qualitative factors are then added to the historical allocation percentage to get the adjusted factor to be applied to non-classified loans. The following qualitative factors are analyzed for each portfolio segment:

These qualitative factors are reviewed each quarter and adjusted based upon relevant changes within the portfolio.

The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the Consolidated Balance Sheet date. The Company considers the allowance for loan losses adequate to cover loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for loan losses by loan class for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.


	Agriculture Loans			Commercial Loans		Commercial Real Estate Loans		Residential Real Estate Loan			Consumer Loans			Municipal Loans		Unallocated Loans			Total
(In Thousands)	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	23		$	582	$	799	$	1,634		$	22		$	15	$	77		$	3,152
Charge-offs		-			-		-		-			-			-		-			-
Recoveries		-			2		-		7			2			-		-			11
Provision		(3	)		1		271		87			(11	)		0		(65	)		280
Ending balance	$	20		$	585	$	1,070	$	1,728		$	13		$	15	$	12		$	3,443
	For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	120		$	290	$	314	$	1,702		$	35		$	18	$	310		$	2,789
Charge-offs		-			-		-		(49	)		(3	)		-		-			(52	)
Recoveries		-			-		-		2			1			-		-			3
Provision		(15	)		25		1		19			(9	)		0		26			47
Ending balance	$	105		$	315	$	315	$	1,674		$	24		$	18	$	336		$	2,787

The increase in the allowance for loan losses allocated to the commercial real estate loans can be attributed to the risk associated with the increased concentration in commercial real estate loans in comparison to regulatory capital. The increased allocation in the allowance for loan losses allocated to residential real estate loans can be attributed to the increase in the carrying value of loans that have been risk rated as Substandard as of March 31, 2022. Please see the "Credit Quality Information" section below for further details.

The following table illustrates the balance of loans individually evaluated vs. collectively evaluated for impairment at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.


	Agriculture Loans		Commercial and PPP Loans		Commercial Real Estate Loans		Residential Real Estate Loan		Consumer Loans		Municipal Loans		Unallocated Loans		Total
(In Thousands)	As of March 31, 2022
Allowance for loan losses:
Ending balance	$	20	$	585	$	1,070	$	1,728	$	13	$	15	$	12	$	3,443
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	20	$	585	$	1,070	$	1,724	$	13	$	15	$	12	$	3,439
Loans:
Ending balance	$	8,111	$	104,700	$	353,559	$	252,158	$	6,359	$	6,193			$	731,080
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	250	$	37	$	177	$	1,887	$	—	$	—			$	2,351
Ending balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	$	—	$	641	$	4,329	$	594	$	—	$	—			$	5,564
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	7,861	$	104,022	$	349,053	$	249,677	$	6,359	$	6,193			$	723,165


	Agriculture Loans		Commercial and PPP Loans		Commercial Real Estate Loans		Residential Real Estate Loan		Consumer Loans		Municipal Loans		Unallocated Loans		Total
(In Thousands)	As of December 31, 2021
Allowance for loan losses:
Ending balance	$	23	$	582	$	799	$	1,634	$	22	$	15		77	$	3,152
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	23	$	582	$	799	$	1,634	$	22	$	15		77	$	3,152
Loans:
Ending balance	$	9,341	$	122,378	$	338,749	$	231,302	$	7,087	$	6,182			$	715,039
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	42	$	-	$	709	$	-	$	-			$	751
Ending balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	$	-	$	512	$	4,394	$	650	$	-	$	-			$	5,556
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	9,341	$	121,824	$	334,355	$	229,943	$	7,087	$	6,182			$	708,732

The Company evaluated whether loans acquired in the Merger were within the scope of ASC 310-30, Receivables - Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality. Purchased credit-impaired loans ("PCI") are loans that have evidence of credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at the date of acquisition that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. The fair value of purchased credit-impaired loans, on the acquisition date, was determined, primarily based on the fair value of loan collateral. The carrying value of purchased loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality as a result of the Merger was $5,564 and $5,556 at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

On the acquisition date, the preliminary estimate of the unpaid principal balance for all PCI loans acquired through the Merger was $6,627 and the estimated fair value of the loans was $5,384. Total contractually required payments on these loans, including interest, at acquisition was $8,509. The Company's preliminary estimate of expected cash flows was $5,793 at the acquisition date. The Company established a credit risk related non-accretable discount of $2,716 relating to these impaired loans, reflected in the recorded net fair value. The Company further estimated the timing and amount of expected cash flows in excess of the estimated fair value and established an accretable discount of $409 relating to these impaired loans.

The following tables represent credit exposures by internally assigned grades as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The grading analysis estimates the capability of the borrower to repay the contractual obligations of the loan agreements as scheduled or at all.

Pass – loans that are protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the value of the underlying collateral. There are four sub-grades within the Pass category to further distinguish the loan.

Special Mention – loans where a potential weakness or risk exists, which could cause a more serious problem if not corrected.

Substandard – loans that have a well-defined weakness based on objective evidence and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – loans classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in a Substandard asset. In addition, these weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, based on existing circumstances.

Loss – loans classified as a Loss are considered uncollectible and are immediately charged against allowances.

The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the internal risk rating system as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:


(In Thousands)			Special
As of March 31, 2022	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Agriculture loans	$	7,861	$	-	$	250	$	-	$	8,111
Commercial and PPP loans		98,520		5,504		676		-		104,700
Commercial real estate loans		350,995		1,965		599		-		353,559
Residential real estate loans		248,444		1,548		2,166		-		252,158
Consumer loans		6,359		-		-		-		6,359
Municipal loans		6,193		-		-		-		6,193
Total	$	718,372	$	9,017	$	3,691	$	-	$	731,080


(In Thousands)			Special
As of December 31, 2021	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Agriculture loans	$	9,341	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	9,341
Commercial and PPP		117,918		3,757		703		-		122,378
Commercial real estate loans		332,156		2,077		4,516		-		338,749
Residential real estate loans		228,664		1,657		981		-		231,302
Consumer loans		7,087		-		-		-		7,087
Municipal loans		6,182		-		-		-		6,182
Total	$	701,348	$	7,491	$	6,200	$	-	$	715,039

The following tables present an aging analysis of the recorded investment of past-due loans.


	March 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Purchased Credit Impaired Loans		Total Loans		Total > 90 Days and Accruing
Agriculture loans	$	187	$	-	$	-	$	187	$	7,924	$	-	$	8,111	$	-
Commercial and PPP loans		33		-		-		33		104,026		641		104,700		-
Commercial real estate loans		-		-		-		-		349,230		4,329		353,559		-
Residential real estate loans		2,240		25		516		2,781		248,783		594		252,158		-
Consumer loans		19		1		-		20		6,339		-		6,359		-
Municipal loans		-		-		-		-		6,193		-		6,193		-
Total	$	2,479	$	26	$	516	$	3,021	$	722,495	$	5,564	$	731,080	$	-

	December 31, 2021
(In Thousands)	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Purchased Credit Impaired Loans		Total Loans		Total > 90 Days and Accruing
Agriculture loans	$	83	$	-	$	-	$	83	$	9,258	$	-	$	9,341	$	-
Commercial and PPP loans		66		-		-		66		121,800		512		122,378		-
Commercial real estate loans		245		-		-		245		334,110		4,394		338,749		-
Residential real estate loans		1,427		211		869		2,507		228,145		650		231,302		762
Consumer loans		31		2		-		33		7,054		-		7,087		-
Municipal loans		-		-		-		-		6,182		-		6,182		-
Total	$	1,852	$	213	$	869	$	2,934	$	706,549	$	5,556	$	715,039	$	762

The following tables present the recorded investment and unpaid principal balances for impaired loans and related allowance, if applicable. Also presented are the average recorded investments and the related amount of interest recognized during the time within the period that the impaired loans were impaired.


	As of March 31, 2022
(In Thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
With no related allowance recorded:
Agriculture loans	$	250	$	250	$	—
Commercial loans		37		56		—
Commercial real estate loans		177		177		—
Residential real estate loans		1,883		2,004		—
Consumer loans		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—
With an allowance recorded:
Agriculture loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial loans		—		—		—
Commercial real estate loans		—		—		—
Residential real estate loans		4		4		4
Consumer loans		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—
Total
Agriculture loans	$	250	$	250	$	—
Commercial loans		37		56		—
Commercial real estate loans		177		177		—
Residential real estate loans		1,887		2,008		4
Consumer loans		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—
	$	2,351	$	2,491	$	4

	As of December 31, 2021
	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
With no related allowance recorded:
Agriculture loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial loans		42		61		—
Commercial real estate loans		—		—		—
Residential real estate loans		709		779		—
Consumer loans		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—
With an allowance recorded:
Agriculture loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial loans		—		—		—
Commercial real estate loans		—		—		—
Residential real estate loans		—		—		—
Consumer loans		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—
Total
Agriculture loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial loans		42		61		—
Commercial real estate loans		—		—		—
Residential real estate loans		709		779		—
Consumer loans		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—
	$	751	$	840	$	—


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022				2021
(In Thousands)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized

With no related allowance recorded:
Agriculture loans	$	249	$	3	$	—	$	—
Commercial loans		37		—		1		—
Commercial real estate loans		181		3		—		—
Residential real estate loans		1,902		17		248		4
Consumer loans		—		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—		—
	$	2,369	$	23	$	249	$	4
With an allowance recorded:
Agriculture loans		—		—		—		—
Commercial loans		—		—		—		—
Commercial real estate loans		—		—		—		—
Residential real estate loans		4		—		—		—
Consumer loans		—		—		—		—
Municipal loans		—		—		—		—
Total	$	2,373	$	23	$	249	$	4

Approximately $353,559 or 48.4% of the Bank’s loan portfolio was in commercial real estate loans at March 31, 2022. While the Bank does not have a concentration of credit risk with any single borrower or industry, repayments on loans in these portfolios can be negatively influenced by decreases in real estate values. The Bank mitigates this risk through conservative underwriting policies and procedures. In addition, $126,168 of real estate-commercial loans were owner occupied properties as of March 31, 2022. These types of loans are generally considered to involve less risk than nonowner-occupied mortgages.

At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of borrowings secured by loans pledged to the FHLB under its blanket lien was $0 and $1,120, respectively.

A loan is considered to be a TDR loan when the Company grants a concession to the borrower because of the borrower’s financial condition that it would not otherwise consider. Such concessions include the reduction of interest rates, forgiveness of principal or interest, or other modifications of interest rates that are less than the current market rate for new obligations with similar risk.

The Bank may grant a concession or modification for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial condition that it would not otherwise consider resulting in a modified loan which is then identified as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). The Bank may modify loans through rate reductions, extensions of maturity, interest only payments, or payment modifications to better match the timing of cash flows due under the modified terms with the cash flows from the borrowers’ operations. Loan modifications are intended to minimize the economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of the collateral. TDRs are considered impaired loans for purposes of calculating the Bank’s allowance for loan losses.

The Bank identifies loans for potential restructure primarily through direct communication with the borrower and evaluation of the borrower’s financial statements, revenue projections, tax returns, and credit reports. Even if the borrower is not presently in default, management will consider the likelihood that cash flow shortages, adverse economic conditions, and negative trends may result in a payment default in the near future. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had no loans identified as TDRs. There were also no new loan modifications during the periods that were considered TDRs.

Section 4013 of the CARES Act provides that banks may elect not to categorize a loan modification as a TDR if the loan modification is (1) related to COVID-19; (2) executed on a loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019; and (3) executed between March 1, 2020 and January 1, 2022.

On April 7, 2020, federal banking regulators issued a revised interagency statement that included guidance on their approach for the accounting of loan modifications in light of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidance interprets current accounting standards and indicates that a lender can conclude that a borrower is not experiencing financial difficulty if short-term modifications are made in response to COVID-19, such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant related to the loans in which the borrower is less than 30 days past due on its contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented.

According to the Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus (Revised) issued by the federal bank regulatory agencies on April 7, 2020, short-term loan modifications not otherwise eligible under Section 4013 that are made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g., six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had no loans on a CARES Act modification as the program had ended.