UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

__________________________

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from______ to______

Commission File Number: 333-254800

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	83-0602006
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

__________________________

1411 Broadway

16th Floor

New York, NY 10018

(Address of principal executive offices)

(646) 661-7600

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

None

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

__________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 6, 2024, there were 212,661,663 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.001, and 65,000 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, par value $0.001, outstanding.

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	1
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION	3
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	53
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	53
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION	54
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	54
Item 1A. Risk Factors	54
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	54
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	54
Item 4. Mine Safety Information	54
Item 5. Other Information	54
Item 6. Exhibits	55
SIGNATURES	56

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “AWH,” “Ascend,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”) contains both historical and forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and forward-looking information, within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws (collectively, “forward-looking statements”), that involve risks and uncertainties. We make forward-looking statements related to future expectations, estimates, and projections that are uncertain and often contain words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “predict,” “should,” “target,” or other similar words or phrases. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Particular risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different from those expressed in our forward-looking statements include those listed below:

•the effect of the volatility of the market price and liquidity risks on shares of our Class A common stock;

•the effect of the voting control exercised by holders of Class B common stock;

•our ability to attract and maintain key personnel;

•our ability to continue to open new dispensaries and cultivation facilities as anticipated;

•the illegality of cannabis under federal law;

•our ability to comply with state and federal regulations;

•the uncertainty regarding enforcement of cannabis laws;

•the effect of restricted access to banking and other financial services;

•the effect of constraints on marketing and risks related to our products;

•the effect of unfavorable tax treatment for cannabis businesses;

•the effect of proposed legislation on our tax liabilities and financial performance;

•the effect of security risks;

•the effect of infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties;

•our ability to comply with potential future U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulations;

•our ability to enforce our contracts;

•the effect of unfavorable publicity or consumer perception;

•the effect of risks related to material acquisitions, dispositions and other strategic transactions;

•the effect of agricultural and environmental risks;

•the effect of climate change;

•the effect of risks related to information technology systems;

•the effect of unknown health impacts associated with the use of cannabis and cannabis derivative products;

•the effect of product liability claims and other litigation to which we may be subjected;

•the effect of risks related to the results of future clinical research;

•the effect of intense competition in the industry;

•the effect of the maturation of the cannabis market;

•the effect of adverse changes in wholesale and retail prices;

•the effect of sustained inflation;

•the effect of political and economic instability;

•the effect of outbreaks of pandemic diseases, fear of such outbreaks or economic disturbances due to such outbreaks; and

•the effect of general economic risks, such as the unemployment level, interest rates, and inflation, and challenging global economic conditions.

1

The list of factors above is illustrative and by no means exhaustive. Additional information regarding these risks and other risks and uncertainties we face is contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 and in other reports we may file from time to time with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the applicable Canadian securities regulatory authorities (including all amendments to those reports). Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated, or intended.

We urge readers to consider these risks and uncertainties in evaluating our forward-looking statements. We caution readers not to place undue reliance upon any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share amounts)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	72,904	$	72,508
Accounts receivable, net	35,898		28,298
Inventory	106,819		95,294
Notes receivable	3,006		13,116
Other current assets	13,415		19,644
Total current assets	232,042		228,860
Property and equipment, net	265,299		268,082
Operating lease right-of-use assets	132,905		130,556
Intangible assets, net	218,362		221,452
Goodwill	47,538		47,538
Other noncurrent assets	25,711		23,062
TOTAL ASSETS	$	921,857	$	919,550
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	70,078	$	71,112
Current portion of debt, net	21,820		11,148
Operating lease liabilities, current	4,166		3,660
Other current liabilities	7,371		6,766
Total current liabilities	103,435		92,686
Long-term debt, net	288,698		297,565
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	262,699		261,087
Deferred tax liabilities, net	32,477		35,745
Other non-current liabilities	98,718		89,595
Total liabilities	786,027		776,678
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 10,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—		—
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 750,000 shares authorized; 211,430 and 206,810 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	212		207
Class B common stock, $0.001 par value per share, 100 shares authorized; 65 issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	—		—
Additional paid-in capital	468,093		458,027
Accumulated deficit	(333,525)		(315,362)
Equity of Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. common stockholders	134,780		142,872
Non-controlling interests	1,050		—
Total stockholders' equity	135,830		142,872
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	921,857	$	919,550

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	2024		2023
Revenue, net	$	142,410	$	114,176
Cost of goods sold	(90,373)		(78,472)
Gross profit	52,037		35,704
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses	49,462		35,449
Operating profit	2,575		255
Other income (expense)
Interest expense	(8,538)		(8,975)
Other, net	310		265
Total other expense	(8,228)		(8,710)
Loss before income taxes	(5,653)		(8,455)
Income tax expense	(12,510)		(10,017)
Net loss	$	(18,163)	$	(18,472)
Net loss per share attributable to Class A and Class B common stockholders — basic and diluted	$	(0.09)	$	(0.10)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted	208,954		188,487

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Class A and Class B Common Stock			Attributable to Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. Common Stockholders
(in thousands)	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Stockholders’ Equity		Non- Controlling Interests		Total
December 31, 2023	206,875	$	207	$	458,027	$	(315,362)	$	142,872	$	—	$	142,872
Vesting of equity-based payment awards	7,053	7		(7)		—		—		—		—
Equity-based compensation expense	—	—		13,554		—		13,554		—		13,554
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net	(2,433)	(2)		(3,481)		—		(3,483)		—		(3,483)
Recognition of non-controlling interests	—	—		—		—		—		1,050		1,050
Net loss	—	—		—		(18,163)		(18,163)		—		(18,163)
March 31, 2024	211,495	$	212	$	468,093	$	(333,525)	$	134,780	$	1,050	$	135,830

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Class A and Class B Common Stock
(in thousands)	Shares	Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Total
December 31, 2022	188,064	$	188	$	430,375	$	(267,148)	$	163,415
Vesting of equity-based payment rewards	2,023	2		(2)		—		—
Equity-based compensation expense	—	—		4,555		—		4,555
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net	(521)	(1)		(536)		—		(537)
Net loss	—	—		—		(18,472)		(18,472)
March 31, 2023	189,566	$	189	$	434,392	$	(285,620)	$	148,961

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(18,163)	$	(18,472)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	16,380		21,941
Amortization of operating lease assets	451		264
Non-cash interest expense	1,399		1,919
Equity-based compensation expense	10,716		4,555
Deferred income taxes	(3,268)		(2,165)
Gain on sale of assets	(11)		(442)
Other	4,170		4,433
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions
Accounts receivable	(7,600)		(5,374)
Inventory	(12,364)		(12,415)
Other current assets	1,552		2,001
Other noncurrent assets	(241)		(328)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(5,070)		(802)
Other current liabilities	605		(1,163)
Lease liabilities	(452)		(314)
Income taxes payable	15,796		12,140
Net cash provided by operating activities	3,900		5,778
Cash flows from investing activities
Additions to capital assets	(7,181)		3,442
Investments in notes receivable	—		(731)
Collection of notes receivable	8,182		82
Proceeds from sale of assets	11		—
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	—		(8,000)
Purchase of intangible assets	(3,000)		(472)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,988)		(5,679)
Cash flows from financing activities
Repayments of debt	(786)		(786)
Repayments under finance leases	(118)		(63)
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net	(612)		(100)
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,516)		(949)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	396		(850)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	72,508		74,146
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	72,904	$	73,296

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

ASCEND WELLNESS HOLDINGS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(CONTINUED, UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Interest paid	$	6,496	$	7,551
Non-cash investing and financing activities
Capital expenditures incurred but not yet paid	$	4,409	$	4,015
Taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans, net	3,483		537
Non-controlling interest recognized upon initial consolidation of variable interest entities	1,050		—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

1. THE COMPANY AND NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc., which operates through its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “AWH,” “Ascend,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”), is a vertically integrated multi-state operator in the United States cannabis industry. AWH owns, manages, and operates cannabis cultivation facilities and dispensaries in several states across the United States, including Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Our core business is the cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution of cannabis consumer packaged goods, which are sold through company-owned retail stores and to third-party licensed retail cannabis stores. AWH is headquartered in New York, New York.

Shares of the Company’s Class A common stock are listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (the “CSE”) under the ticker symbol “AAWH.U” and are quoted on the OTCQX® Best Market (the “OTCQX”) under the symbol “AAWH.”

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with (i) United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, and (ii) the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of our management, our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes (the “Financial Statements”) include all normal recurring adjustments that are necessary for the fair statement of the interim periods presented. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year, or any other period. The Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements (and notes thereto) in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report”), as filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and with the relevant Canadian securities regulatory authorities under its profile on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval Plus (“SEDAR+”). Except as noted below, there have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

The Financial Statements include the accounts of Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding certain entities that are not wholly-owned by the Company. We include the results of acquired businesses in the consolidated statements of operations from their respective acquisition dates. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

We round amounts in the Financial Statements to thousands, except per unit or per share amounts or as otherwise stated. We calculate all percentages, per-unit, and per-share data from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus, certain amounts may not foot, crossfoot, or recalculate based on reported numbers due to rounding. The Financial Statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, which is the Company’s functional currency. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to years are to our fiscal year, which ends on December 31.

We are an emerging growth company under federal securities laws and as such we are able to elect to follow scaled disclosure requirements for this filing and can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts. We base our estimates on historical experience, known or expected trends, independent valuations, and various other measurements that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

8

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Liquidity

As reflected in the Financial Statements, the Company had an accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, which are indicators that raise substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of these Financial Statements has been alleviated due to: (i) cash on hand and (ii) continued growth of sales from our consolidated operations. Management plans to continue to access capital markets for additional funding through debt and/or equity financings to supplement future cash needs, as may be required. However, management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing its business plans. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital whenever necessary, it may be forced to decelerate or curtail certain of its operations until such time as additional capital becomes available.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we did not hold significant restricted cash or cash equivalents.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no transfers of assets or liabilities between any of the hierarchy levels.

In addition to assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, we are also required to measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis that are subject to fair value adjustments in specific circumstances. These assets can include: goodwill; intangible assets; property and equipment; and lease-related right-of-use (“ROU”) assets. We estimate the fair value of these assets using primarily unobservable Level 3 inputs.

Basic and Diluted Earnings (Loss) per Share

The Company computes earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are substantially identical, except for voting and conversion rights. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis to each class of common stock and the resulting basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders are, therefore, the same for both Class A and Class B common stock on both an individual and combined basis.

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects potential dilution and is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period increased by the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potential common shares had been issued and were dilutive. However, potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS to the extent that their effect is anti-dilutive. Potential dilutive securities include incremental shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, unvested restricted stock awards, unvested restricted stock units, and outstanding stock options, as applicable. At March 31, 2024 and 2023, 27,136 and 14,976 shares of common stock equivalents, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Shares of restricted stock granted by us are considered to be legally issued and outstanding as of the date of grant, notwithstanding that the shares remain subject to the risk of forfeiture if the vesting conditions for such shares are not met, and are included in the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding, as applicable. Weighted-average common shares outstanding excludes time-based and performance-based unvested shares of restricted Class A common stock, as restricted shares are treated as issued and outstanding for financial statement presentation purposes only after such shares have vested and, therefore, have ceased to be subject to a risk of forfeiture.

9

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The following standards have been recently issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). Pronouncements that are not applicable to the Company or where it has been determined do not have a significant impact on us have been excluded herein.

Reference Rate Reform

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. This guidance was effective upon issuance as of March 12, 2020 and could be adopted as reference rate reform activities occurred through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, to extend the sunset date of the transition guidance included in ASU 2020-04 to December 31, 2024. This guidance can be adopted prospectively as reference rate reform activities occur, with early adoption permitted, and is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Segment Reporting

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands and enhances the disclosures required for reportable segments in annual and interim consolidated financial statements, including reportable segment expenses, interim segment profit or loss, and how an entity’s chief operating decision maker uses reported segment profit or loss information in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. The guidance in this update is effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and interim periods beginning with the fiscal period commencing January 1, 2025 and should be adopted retrospectively unless it is impractical to do so. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires enhanced income tax disclosures, including disaggregation in the rate reconciliation table and disaggregation information related to income taxes paid. The amendments in this update are effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026 on a prospective or retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this update on our disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.

10

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

3. REPORTABLE SEGMENTS AND REVENUE

The Company operates under one operating segment, which is its only reportable segment: the production and sale of cannabis products. The Company prepares its segment reporting on the same basis that its chief operating decision maker manages the business and makes operating decisions. The Company’s measure of segment performance is net income and derives its revenue primarily from the sale of cannabis products. All of the Company’s operations are located in the United States.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates its revenue from the direct sale of cannabis to customers as retail revenue and wholesale revenue. We have determined that disaggregating revenue into these categories best depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Retail revenue	$	95,205	$	82,745
Wholesale revenue	78,954		58,414
	174,159		141,159
Elimination of inter-company revenue	(31,749)		(26,983)
Total revenue, net	$	142,410	$	114,176

The liability related to the loyalty program we offer dispensary customers at certain locations was $1,401 and $1,317 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included within “Other current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recorded $1,926 and $1,939 in allowance for doubtful accounts as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Write-offs were not significant during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

4. ACQUISITIONS

Business Combinations

The Company has determined that the acquisitions discussed below are considered business combinations under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, and are accounted for by applying the acquisition method, whereby the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recorded at their fair values with any excess of the aggregate consideration over the fair values of the identifiable net assets allocated to goodwill. Operating results are included in these Financial Statements from the date of the acquisition.

The purchase price allocation for each acquisition reflects various preliminary fair value estimates and analyses, including certain tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the valuation of intangible assets acquired, and goodwill, which are subject to change within the measurement period as preliminary valuations are finalized (generally one year from the acquisition date). Measurement period adjustments are recorded in the reporting period in which the estimates are finalized and adjustment amounts are determined.

2023 Acquisition

Effective April 27, 2023, the Company acquired 100% of the membership interests of certain entities related to Devi Holdings, Inc. (“Devi”), pursuant to a definitive agreement that was entered into on January 25, 2023 (the “Maryland Agreement”). Through the Maryland Agreement, the Company acquired the four licensed medical cannabis dispensaries that Devi owned and operated in Maryland (“Devi Maryland”). Total consideration at closing consisted of cash consideration of $12,000, subject to customary closing conditions and working capital adjustments, and 5,185 shares of Class A common stock with an estimated fair value of $4,770 at issuance. As of March 31, 2024, the purchase price allocation remained preliminary as the Company finalized certain estimates of the fair value of the net assets acquired within the measurement period. Subsequently, in April 2024 the Company

11

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

finalized the working capital settlement and reduced consideration and goodwill by $198. Our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 include $9,404 of net revenue and $977 of net income related to Devi Maryland. Pro forma financial information is not presented, as such results are immaterial to both the current and prior periods.

Asset Acquisitions

The Company determined the acquisitions below did not meet the definition of a business and are therefore accounted for as asset acquisitions. When the Company acquires assets and liabilities that do not constitute a business or variable interest entity (“VIE”) of which the Company is the primary beneficiary, the cost of each acquisition, including certain transaction costs, is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. Contingent consideration associated with the acquisition is generally recognized only when the contingency is resolved.

When the Company acquires assets and liabilities that do not constitute a business but meet the definition of a VIE of which the Company is the primary beneficiary, the purchase is accounted for using the acquisition method described above for business combinations, except that no goodwill is recognized. To the extent there is a difference between the purchase consideration, including the estimated fair value of contingent consideration, plus the estimated fair value of any non-controlling interest and the VIE’s identifiable assets and liabilities recorded and measured at fair value, the difference is recognized as a gain or loss. A non-controlling interest represents the non-affiliated equity interest in the underlying entity. Transaction costs are expensed.

2024 Asset Acquisition

In January 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Massachusetts Purchase Agreement”) to purchase a cultivation license and a manufacturer license from a third party in Massachusetts for a cash purchase price of $2,750, of which $1,500 was paid at signing, and which total may be adjusted at closing, as provided in the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement. The licenses were not associated with active operations at signing and the transfer of each license is subject to regulatory review and approval, which the Company expects may occur within twelve months following the signing date. In conjunction with the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement, the parties also entered into a bridge loan which provides for the financing of certain covered expenses, at the sole discretion of the Company. This bridge loan bears interest based on the federal rate and, if not otherwise satisfied, is due on the fifth anniversary of the signing date. The parties also entered into an interim consulting services agreement, effective as of the signing date. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition as of the signing date based on the provisions of the underlying agreements and allocated the cash consideration as the cost of the license acquired. The remaining $1,250 of the cash consideration is due on October 1, 2024 and is included as a sellers’ note within “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2024; refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. The Company has also agreed to assume the lease for the associated location and to reimburse the seller for the security deposit at final closing. The Company recognized a lease liability and ROU asset of $761 as of the signing date; refer to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding the Company’s leases. Direct transaction costs were not material.

Previous Asset Acquisitions

Ohio Patient Access

On August 12, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Ohio Agreement”) that provides the Company the option to acquire 100% of the equity of Ohio Patient Access LLC (“OPA”), the holder of a license that grants it the right to operate three medical dispensaries in Ohio. The Ohio Agreement is subject to regulatory review and approval. Once regulatory approval is received, the Company may exercise the option, and the exercise is solely within the Company’s control. The Company may exercise the option until the fifth anniversary of the agreement date or can elect to extend the exercise period for an additional year. Under the Ohio Agreement, the Company will also acquire the real property of the three dispensary locations. OPA had not yet commenced operations as of the signing date, but subsequently opened two dispensaries in December 2023 and a third in January 2024. In conjunction with the Ohio Agreement, the parties also entered into a support services

12

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

agreement under which the Company is providing management and advisory services to OPA for a set monthly fee. The parties also entered into a working capital loan agreement under which the Company may, at its full discretion, loan OPA up to $10,000 for general working capital needs.

The purchase price per the Ohio Agreement consists of total cash consideration of $22,300. The Ohio Agreement also includes an earn-out provision of $7,300 that is dependent upon the commencement of adult-use cannabis sales in Ohio. The sellers may elect to receive the earn-out payment as either cash or shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, or a combination thereof. If the sellers elect to receive any or all of the payment in shares, the number of shares issued will be equal to the earn-out payment amount, or portion thereof, divided by the thirty-day volume weighted-average price of the Class A shares immediately preceding the date the earn-out provision is achieved. If the sellers elect to receive Class A shares for the earn-out, those shares would be issued pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The Company determined OPA is a VIE and the Company became the primary beneficiary as of the signing date; therefore, OPA is consolidated as a VIE. To account for the initial consolidation of OPA, management applied the acquisition method discussed above. The total estimated fair value of the transaction consideration was determined to be $24,132 and consists of the fair value of the cash consideration of $19,290 plus the initial estimated fair value of the contingent consideration of $4,842. Of the total cash consideration, $11,300 was funded at signing pursuant to note agreements and $11,000 is due at final closing (the “OPA Sellers’ Note”); refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. The license intangible asset acquired was determined to have an estimated fair value of $21,684 and the three properties had an estimated fair value of $2,448, which was determined using a market approach based on the total transaction consideration. The license is being amortized in accordance with the Company’s policy following the commencement of operations. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company recorded an acquisition-related deferred tax liability of $9,516, which was allocated to the estimated fair value of the license.

The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration was determined utilizing an income approach based on a probability-weighted estimate of the future payment discounted using the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate and is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of this contingent consideration was $6,810 and $6,670, respectively, and is included within “Accounts Payable and accrued liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and within “Other non-current liabilities” at December 31, 2023. The change in fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2024 is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations. The Company determined the fair value of any noncontrolling interest is de minimis. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs.

Illinois Licenses

In August 2022, the Company entered into definitive agreements to acquire two additional licenses in Illinois. Neither of these licenses were associated with active operations at signing. These acquired licenses are being amortized in accordance with the Company’s policy as of the commencement of operations for each respective location, described below.

One transaction was entered on August 11, 2022 for total cash consideration of $5,500. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition and allocated the cash consideration plus an acquisition-related deferred tax liability of $2,414 as the total cost of the license. Of the total cash consideration, $3,000 was paid at signing and $2,500 was due at final closing, which occurred in April 2024. The closing payment is included as a sellers’ note within “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. Operations at the associated location commenced during the second quarter of 2023.

13

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The second transaction was entered on August 12, 2022 for total cash consideration of $5,600. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition and allocated the cash consideration plus an acquisition-related deferred tax liability of $2,458 as the total cost of the license. The cash consideration will be paid at final closing and is included as a sellers’ note within “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; refer to Note 11, “Debt,” for additional information. The Company anticipates final closing may occur within the twelve months following the commencement of operations at the associated location, which began in December 2023.

5. INVENTORY

The components of inventory are as follows:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Materials and supplies	$	16,023	$	16,824
Work in process	42,930		36,612
Finished goods	47,866		41,858
Total	$	106,819	$	95,294

Total compensation expense capitalized to inventory was $20,344 and $17,121 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $16,750 and $13,730, respectively, of compensation expense remained capitalized as part of inventory. The Company recognized, as a component of cost of goods sold, total write-downs of $474 and $3,942 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to net realizable value adjustments, expired products, and obsolete packaging. These amounts are included within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

6. NOTES RECEIVABLE

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
MMNY - working capital loan(1)	$	2,422	$	2,422
Massachusetts Note(2)	584		147
Maryland Loan Receivable(3)	—		10,547
Total	$	3,006	$	13,116

(1)On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into a working capital advance agreement with MedMen NY, Inc. (“MMNY”), an unrelated third party, in conjunction with an Investment Agreement (as defined in Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies”). The working capital advance agreement allows for initial maximum borrowings of up to $10,000, which may be increased to $17,500, and was issued to provide MMNY with additional funding for operations in conjunction with the Investment Agreement. Borrowings do not bear interest, but may be subject to a financing fee. The outstanding balance is due and payable at the earlier of the initial closing of the Investment Agreement or, if the Investment Agreement is terminated for certain specified reasons, three business days following such termination. The Company is pursuing collection of the amounts due under this working capital advance agreement through its legal proceedings against MMNY. Refer to Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” for additional information.

(2)In May 2022 the Company issued a secured promissory note to a retail dispensary license holder in Massachusetts providing up to $3,500 of funding, which note was amended in December 2023 (the “Massachusetts Note”). As amended, the Massachusetts Note bears interest at a rate of 12.5% per annum, which is to be paid monthly beginning in January 2024, and principal is to be repaid monthly commencing in December 2024 based on a period of twenty-four months, with the remainder due at the December 1, 2025 revised maturity date. A total of $3,500 is outstanding under the Massachusetts Note as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, of which $584 and $147, respectively, is included in “Notes receivable” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and of which $2,916 and $3,353, respectively, is included in “Other noncurrent assets.” The borrower may prepay the outstanding principal amount, plus accrued interest thereon. Borrowings under the Massachusetts Note are secured by the assets of the borrower. In April 2024, the Massachusetts Note was amended to increase the principal to $4,100 and the additional payment was funded at that time. The borrower is partially owned by an entity that is managed, in part, by one of the founders of the Company. Additionally, the Company transacts with the retail dispensary in the ordinary course of business.

14

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

(3)In June 2023 the Company purchased, at par, $12,027 of the principal of a loan (the “Maryland Loan Receivable”), outstanding pursuant to a loan agreement with a cannabis license holder in Maryland (the “Maryland Loan Agreement”), plus the associated interest receivable. The Maryland Loan Agreement had an original maturity date of August 1, 2026, required monthly repayments equal to 10.0% of the outstanding balance (including paid-in-kind interest), and could be prepaid subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Mandatory prepayments were required from the proceeds of certain events. The Maryland Loan Agreement provided for a base interest rate of 12.0% plus LIBOR (LIBOR floor of 1.0%) and a paid-in-kind interest rate of 4.5%. Following the replacement of LIBOR, effective July 1, 2023, the LIBOR component of the interest rate transitioned to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus an alternative reference rate committee (“ARRC”) standard adjustment.

The Company recorded the Maryland Loan Receivable at an amortized cost basis of $12,622. A total of $595 of transaction-related expenses were capitalized as part of the amortized cost basis and were being amortized to interest income over the term. The Company identified certain events of default and covenant violations, including non-payment, and provided an acceleration notice during the second quarter of 2023 that declared all amounts due and payable. As such, during 2023 the Company established a reserve of $1,804 for potential collectability.

In March 2024 the borrower refinanced the borrowings underlying the Maryland Loan Agreement with a third-party lender (the “Maryland Refinancing”). In conjunction with the Maryland Refinancing, the borrower’s obligations to the Company under the Maryland Loan Agreement were settled. As part of this settlement, the Company received a cash payment of $8,100. Additionally, the parties entered into a supply agreement that provides for the Company to receive $6,000 of inventory products from the borrower, based on market prices, over the course of three years, with a maximum of $500 per quarter. Of this total receivable, $2,000 is included within “Other current assets” and $3,016 is included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2024. The discount on the noncurrent portion was calculated utilizing the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate as of the agreement date and will be accreted to interest income over the agreement term. The discount is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. No inventory was supplied under this agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The total settlement value, excluding the discount, approximated the obligations outstanding under the Maryland Loan Receivable, including $2,859 of past due interest that was outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and was included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of that date.

Additionally, a total of $3,976 is outstanding at March 31, 2024 related to a promissory note issued to the owner of a property that the Company is leasing, of which $171 and $3,805 is included in “Other current assets” and “Other noncurrent assets,” respectively, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2023, $4,018 was outstanding, of which $170 and $3,848 is included in “Other current assets” and “Other noncurrent assets,” respectively, on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

No impairment losses on notes receivable were recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.

15

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consists of the following:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Leasehold improvements	$	198,173	$	192,807
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	73,066		71,474
Buildings	72,659		72,204
Construction in progress	5,460		6,511
Land	5,242		5,242
Property and equipment, gross	354,600		348,238
Less: accumulated depreciation	89,301		80,156
Property and equipment, net	$	265,299	$	268,082

Total depreciation expense was $9,145 and $8,146 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and total depreciation expense capitalized to inventory was $6,563 and $6,170, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $4,987 and $5,510, respectively, of depreciation expense remained capitalized as part of inventory.

The table above includes equipment with a gross value of $2,321 as of each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and accumulated amortization of $688 and $549, respectively, that the Company is renting under finance leases pursuant to a master lease agreement that was entered into in June 2022 and allows for an aggregate of $15,000 of such leases. Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding our lease arrangements.

8. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

A VIE is a legal entity that does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or is structured that such equity investors lack the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights or do not substantively participate in the gains or losses of the entity. The primary beneficiary has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

We assess all variable interests in the entity and use our judgment when determining if we are the primary beneficiary. Other qualitative factors that are considered include decision-making responsibilities, the VIE capital structure, risk and rewards sharing, contractual agreements with the VIE, voting rights, and level of involvement of other parties. We assess the primary beneficiary determination for a VIE on an ongoing basis if there are any changes in the facts and circumstances related to a VIE.

Where we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the accounts of that VIE. The equity owned by other stockholders is shown as non-controlling interests in the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, Statements of Operations, and Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity. The assets of the VIE can only be used to settle obligations of that entity, and any creditors of that entity generally have no recourse to the assets of other entities or the Company unless the Company separately agrees to be subject to such claims.

16

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Recent Transactions

January 2024 Loan Agreement

In January 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide, at its sole discretion, up to $2,500 of financing to a third party (the “January 2024 Loan Agreement”). The January 2024 Loan Agreement contains certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity and also provides the Company with financial distributions based on the underlying associated results of operations. Additionally, the January 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with conversion options to obtain 35% of the equity interests of the borrower upon the initial funding (which occurred in January 2024) and up to an additional 65% of the remaining equity interest of the borrower at any time through October 2033, subject to certain provisions and regulatory approvals. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the January 2024 Loan Agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as of such date. The third-party entity received a conditional license approval for one dispensary in New Jersey that was determined to have a fair value of $1,050, which approximated the fair value of the non-controlling interest held by the third-party member as of the effective date. The net loss attributable to the non-controlling interest was not significant during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Borrowings under the January 2024 Loan Agreement bear interest at a rate of 20.0% per annum and are secured by substantially all of the assets and equity interests of the third party. The January 2024 Loan Agreement provides for customary events of default, contains certain covenants and other restrictions, and provides for a default penalty of an additional 6.0% interest. Borrowings are due on the sixth anniversary of the January 2024 Loan Agreement, which may be extended by two additional two-year periods, and prepayment is permitted with prior written notice. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the January 2024 Loan Agreement is eliminated in consolidation.

February 2024 Loan Agreement

In February 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide, at its sole discretion, up to $3,750 of financing to a third party (the “February 2024 Loan Agreement”). The parties also entered into a support services agreement under which the Company will provide management and advisory services for a set monthly fee. The terms of the February 2024 Loan Agreement contain certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity. The February 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with the option to convert the outstanding balance into equity interests of the borrower, up to 100%, as may be permissible by applicable regulations at such time. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the February 2024 Loan Agreement and support services agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as of such date. The entity held no assets at the time the agreements were entered into and the non-controlling interest was determined to have a de minimis fair value as of that date.

Borrowings under the February 2024 Loan Agreement bear interest at a rate of 20.0% per annum and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the borrower. The February 2024 Loan Agreement provides for customary events of default, contains certain covenants and other restrictions, and provides for a default penalty of an additional 5.0% interest. The February 2024 Loan Agreement matures ten years from issuance, but may be extended if not otherwise converted prior to maturity, with borrowings and interest not due until such time. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the February 2024 Loan Agreement and the related support services agreement is eliminated in consolidation.

In April 2024, the third party entered into interim management services agreements (“MSAs”) with two distressed dispensaries in Illinois. Pursuant to these MSAs, the third party will advise on certain business, operational, and financial matters for a monthly fee while the parties finalize asset purchase agreements to acquire the underlying dispensaries for a total anticipated purchase price of approximately $10,000, to be finalized as applicable. The Company anticipates amending the February 2024 Loan Agreement to provide funding for this transaction.

17

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Financial Information

The following tables present the summarized financial information about the Company’s consolidated VIEs which are included in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and in the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, as applicable. The underlying entities were determined to be VIEs since the Company possesses the power to direct the significant activities of the VIEs and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIEs. The information below excludes intercompany balances and activity that eliminate in consolidation.

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Current assets	$	9,764	$	585
Other noncurrent assets	47,748		44,722
Current liabilities	1,422		25,460
Noncurrent liabilities	9,278		9,516
Deficit	(5,247)		(3,476)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Revenue, net	$	704	$	—
Net loss	(1,771)		(598)

9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Intangible Assets
Licenses and permits	$	254,667	$	250,867
In-place leases	19,963		19,963
Trade names	380		380
	275,010		271,210
Accumulated amortization:
Licenses and permits	(40,768)		(34,427)
In-place leases	(15,500)		(14,951)
Trade names	(380)		(380)
	(56,648)		(49,758)
Total intangible assets, net	$	218,362	$	221,452
Goodwill	$	47,538	$	47,538

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $6,890 and $6,151 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and total amortization expense capitalized to inventory was $754 and $735, respectively. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $1,094 and $916, respectively, of amortization expense remained capitalized as part of inventory.

No impairment indicators were noted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023 and, as such, we did not record any impairment charges during either period.

18

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

10. LEASES

The Company leases land, buildings, equipment, and other capital assets which it uses for corporate purposes and the production and sale of cannabis products with terms generally ranging from 1 to 20 years.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception and begin recording lease activity at the commencement date, which is generally the date in which we take possession of or control the physical use of the asset. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term, with lease expense recognized on a straight-line basis. Lease agreements may contain rent escalation clauses, rent holidays, or certain landlord incentives, including tenant improvement allowances. ROU assets include amounts for scheduled rent increases and are reduced by lease incentive amounts. Certain of our lease agreements include variable rent payments, consisting primarily of rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation and amounts paid to the lessor based on cost or consumption, such as maintenance and utilities. Variable rent lease components are not included in the lease liability. We typically exclude options to extend the lease in a lease term unless it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option and when doing so is at our sole discretion. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We may rent or sublease to third parties certain real property assets that we no longer use.

The components of lease assets and lease liabilities and their classification on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:

(in thousands)	Classification	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Lease assets
Operating leases	Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	132,905	$	130,556
Finance leases	Property and equipment, net	1,633		1,772
Total lease assets		$	134,538	$	132,328
Lease liabilities
Current liabilities
Operating leases	Operating lease liabilities, current	$	4,166	$	3,660
Finance leases	Current portion of debt, net	513		496
Noncurrent liabilities
Operating leases	Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	262,699		261,087
Finance leases	Long-term debt, net	1,061		1,196
Total lease liabilities		$	268,439	$	266,439

19

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The components of lease costs and classification within the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Operating lease costs
Capitalized to inventory	$	9,133	$	8,227
General and administrative expenses	873		340
Total operating lease costs	$	10,006	$	8,567
Finance lease costs
Amortization of leased assets(1)	$	139	$	74
Interest on lease liabilities	55		36
Total finance lease costs	$	194	$	110

(1)Included as a component of depreciation expense within “General and administrative expenses” on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $7,054 and $6,028, respectively, of lease costs remained capitalized in inventory.

The following table presents information on short-term and variable lease costs:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Total short-term and variable lease costs	$	1,065	$	1,135

Sublease income generated during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was immaterial.

The following table includes supplemental cash and non-cash information related to our leases:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	10,028	$	8,604
Operating cash flows from finance leases	55		36
Financing cash flows from finance leases	118		63
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations
Operating leases	$	2,569	$	13,571
Finance leases	—		351

20

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The following table summarizes the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining term (years)
Operating leases	14.0		14.3
Finance leases	2.8		3.0
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases	15.1	%	15.1	%
Finance leases	13.7	%	13.7	%

The amounts of future undiscounted cash flows related to the lease payments over the lease terms and the reconciliation to the present value of the lease liabilities as recorded on our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2024 are as follows:

(in thousands)	Operating Lease Liabilities		Finance Lease Liabilities
Remainder of 2024	$	30,673	$	520
2025	41,908		693
2026	42,256		572
2027	43,389		103
2028	44,563		—
Thereafter	480,321		—
Total lease payments	683,110		1,888
Less: imputed interest	416,245		314
Present value of lease liabilities	$	266,865	$	1,574

Sale Leaseback Transactions

The following table presents cash payments due under transactions that did not qualify for sale leaseback treatment. The cash payments are allocated between interest and liability reduction, as applicable. The “sold” assets remain within land, buildings, and leasehold improvements, as appropriate, for the duration of the lease and a financing liability equal to the amount of proceeds received is recorded within “Long-term debt, net” on the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(in thousands)	Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		Thereafter		Total
Cash payments due under financing liabilities	$	1,828	$	2,525	$	2,599	$	2,676	$	2,755	$	6,722	$	19,105

21

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

11. DEBT

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
2021 Credit Facility(1)	$	275,000	$	275,000
Sellers’ notes(2)	19,442		18,591
Finance liabilities(3)	18,100		18,100
Financing Agreement(4)	1,865		1,766
Finance leases(5)	1,574		1,692
Total debt	$	315,981	$	315,149
Current portion of debt, net	$	21,820	$	11,148
Long-term debt	294,161		304,001
Less: unamortized deferred financing costs	5,463		6,436
Long-term debt, net	$	288,698	$	297,565

(1)On August 27, 2021, the Company entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders (the “2021 Credit Agreement”) that provided for an initial term loan of $210,000 (the “2021 Credit Facility”), which was borrowed in full. The 2021 Credit Agreement provided for an expansion feature that allowed the Company to request an increase in the 2021 Credit Facility up to $275,000 if the then-existing lenders (or other lenders) agreed to provide such additional term loans. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company borrowed an additional $65,000 pursuant to the expansion feature (the “2022 Loans”) for total borrowings of $275,000 under the 2021 Credit Facility.

The 2021 Credit Facility matures on August 27, 2025 and does not require scheduled principal amortization payments. Borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility bear interest at a rate of 9.5% per annum, payable quarterly and, as to any portion of the term loan that is prepaid, on the date of prepayment. The 2021 Credit Agreement permits the Company to request an extension of the maturity date for 364 days, subject to the lenders’ discretion.

We incurred initial financing costs of $8,806 and additional financing costs of $7,606 related to the 2022 Loans, which includes warrants issued to certain lenders to acquire 3,130 shares of Class A common stock that had a fair value of $2,639 at issuance. The financing costs are being amortized to interest expense over the term of 2021 Credit Facility using the straight-line method which approximates the interest rate method.

The 2021 Credit Agreement requires mandatory prepayments from proceeds of certain events, including the proceeds of indebtedness that is not permitted under the agreement and asset sales and casualty events, subject to customary reinvestment rights. The Company may prepay the 2021 Credit Facility at any time, subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Once repaid, amounts borrowed under the 2021 Credit Facility may not be re-borrowed.

The Company is required to comply with two financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Agreement. The Company may not permit its liquidity (defined as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents pledged under the 2021 Credit Facility plus any future revolving credit availability) to be below $20,000 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter. Additionally, the Company may not permit the ratio of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement) to consolidated cash interest expense for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be less than 2.50:1.00. The Company has a customary equity cure right for each of these financial covenants. The Company is in compliance with these covenants as of March 31, 2024.

The 2021 Credit Agreement requires the Company to make certain representations and warranties and to comply with customary covenants, including restrictions on the payment of dividends, repurchase of stock, incurrence of indebtedness, dispositions, and acquisitions. The 2021 Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default including: non-payment of principal or interest; violations of covenants; bankruptcy; change of control; cross defaults to other debt; and material judgments. The 2021 Credit Facility is guaranteed by all of the Company’s subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries.

In April 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to permit the Company to initiate, from time to time and at its discretion, a “Dutch Auction” pursuant to which it may issue a tender offer to existing lenders to re-purchase and retire their loans at a specified discount to par. No such re-purchase has occurred as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q.

22

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

(2)Sellers’ notes consist of amounts owed for acquisitions or other purchases. A total of $8,100 is outstanding related to the acquisition of two licenses in Illinois, which total is included in “Current portion of debt, net” at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Sellers’ notes also includes the OPA Sellers’ Note which had balance of $10,032 included in “Current portion of debt, net” at March 31, 2024 and $9,705 that was included within “Long-term debt, net” at December 31, 2023. The $11,000 OPA Sellers’ Note was recorded net of a discount of $3,010 that was calculated utilizing the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the anticipated close date that is being accreted to interest expense over the expected term. Additionally, sellers’ notes includes $1,310 related to the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement entered into during 2024, which is included within “Current portion of debt, net” at March 31, 2024. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” for additional information regarding these transactions.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repaid $786 of sellers’ notes related to the former owners of a previous non-controlling interest, which was included in “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023.

(3)Finance liabilities related to failed sale leaseback transactions. See Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information.

(4)In December 2022, the Company received $19,364 pursuant to a financing agreement with a third-party lender (the “Financing Agreement”). The Company assigned to the lender its interests in an employee retention tax credit claim (the “ERTC Claim”) that it submitted in November 2022 totaling approximately $22,794. If the Company does not receive the ERTC Claim, in whole or in part, the Company is required to repay the related portion of the funds received plus interest of 10% accrued from the date of the Financing Agreement through the repayment date. The Financing Agreement does not have a stated maturity date and the discount is being accreted to interest expense over an expected term. The Company’s obligations under the Financing Agreement will be satisfied upon receipt of the ERTC Claim, in full, or other full repayment. The total claim amount of $22,794 was recognized during the second quarter of 2023. A total of $1,964 of the ERTC Claim remains outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which receivable is included in “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the balance outstanding under the Financing Agreement is included in “Current portion of debt, net.”

(5)Liabilities related to finance leases. See Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information.

Debt Maturities

At March 31, 2024, the following cash payments are payable under our debt arrangements:

(in thousands)	Remainder of 2024		2025		Total
Sellers’ notes(1)	$	9,410	$	11,000	$	20,410
Term note maturities	—		275,000		275,000

(1)Certain cash payments include an interest accretion component. The timing of certain payments may vary based on regulatory approval of the underlying transactions.

Interest Expense

Interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Cash interest	$	6,496	$	6,450
Accretion	1,399		1,919
Interest on financing liabilities(1)	588		570
Interest on finance leases	55		36
Total	$	8,538	$	8,975

(1)Interest on financing liability related to failed sale leaseback transactions. See Note 10, “Leases,” for additional details.

23

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

12. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company has authorized 750,000 shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share, 100 shares of Class B common stock with a par value of $0.001 per share, and 10,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share. Holders of each share of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 1,000 votes per share. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will vote together as a single class on all matters (including the election of directors) submitted to a vote of stockholders, unless otherwise required by law or our certificate of incorporation. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder. In addition, each share of Class B common stock will automatically convert into one share of Class A common stock on May 4, 2026, the final conversion date. Each share of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon any transfer, whether or not for value, except for certain transfers described in our certificate of incorporation, including, without limitation, transfers for tax and estate planning purposes, so long as the transferring holder of Class B common stock continues to hold exclusive voting and dispositive power with respect to any such transferred shares. Once converted into a share of Class A common stock, a converted share of Class B common stock will not be reissued, and following the conversion of all outstanding shares of Class B common stock, no further shares of Class B common stock will be issued.

The following table summarizes the total shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
Shares of Class A common stock	211,430	206,810
Shares of Class B common stock	65	65
Total	211,495	206,875

Warrants

The following table summarizes the warrants activity during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

	Number of Warrants (in thousands)	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Exercise Period (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)(1)
Outstanding, December 31, 2023	4,568	$	3.33	2.3	$	—
Outstanding, March 31, 2024(2)	4,568	$	3.33	2.0	$	—

(1)Based on the amount by which the closing market price of our Class A common stock exceeds the exercise price on each date indicated.

(2)The warrants outstanding as of March 31, 2024 are equity-classified instruments, are subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, and are stand-alone instruments. The fair value per warrant was calculated at issuance using a Black-Scholes model and ranged from $0.06 to $0.84. Significant assumptions used in the calculations included volatility ranging from 70.0% to 87.5% and risk-free rates ranging from 0.3% to 4.2%. No warrants were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

24

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

13. EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION EXPENSE

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company adopted an incentive plan in November 2020 (the “2020 Plan”) which authorized the issuance of incentive common unit options and restricted common units (collectively, “Awards”). The maximum number of Awards to be issued under the 2020 Plan is 10,031 and any Awards that expire or are forfeited may be re-issued. As of March 31, 2024, a total of 9,994 Awards had been granted under the 2020 Plan and, as of March 31, 2024, there are no remaining unvested Awards and no remaining unrecognized compensation cost associated with these Awards. The Awards issued generally vested over two or three years and the estimated fair value of the Awards at issuance was recognized as compensation expense over the related vesting period.

In July 2021, the Company adopted a new stock incentive plan (the “2021 Plan”), pursuant to which 17,000 shares of Class A common stock are reserved for issuance thereunder, subject to certain adjustments and other terms. Following the adoption of the 2021 Plan, no additional awards are expected to be issued under the 2020 Plan. The 2021 Plan authorized the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SAR Awards”), restricted stock awards (“RSAs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and other stock-based awards (collectively the “2021 Plan Awards”). Any 2021 Plan Awards that expire or are forfeited may be re-issued. The estimated fair value of the 2021 Plan Awards at issuance is recognized as compensation expense over the related vesting, exercise, or service periods, as applicable.

On March 9, 2023, the Company’s board of directors unanimously approved, subject to stockholder approval, an amendment to the 2021 Plan (the “Amendment” and together with the 2021 Plan, the “Amended 2021 Plan”) to increase the maximum number of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the Amended 2021 Plan to an amount not to exceed 10% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock, on a non-diluted basis, as constituted on the grant date of an award pursuant to the Amended 2021 Plan. On May 5, 2023, the stockholders of the Company voted to approve the Amendment. As of March 31, 2024, there were 2,575 shares of Class A common stock available for grant for future equity-based compensation awards under the Amended 2021 Plan. Activity related to awards issued under the Amended 2021 Plan is further described below. As of March 31, 2024, no SAR Awards and no RSAs had been granted under the Amended 2021 Plan.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

	Options Outstanding
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1)
Outstanding, December 31, 2023	4,010	$	1.80	3.9	$	353
Forfeited	(33)	1.58
Expired	(125)	4.10
Outstanding, March 31, 2024	3,852	$	1.73	3.8	$	1,037
Exercisable at March 31, 2024	2,141	$	1.86	3.7	$	603

(1)Based on the amount by which the closing market price of our Class A common stock exceeds the exercise price on each date indicated.

No options were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options was $1,210 as of March 31, 2024, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.5 years.

25

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes the RSU activity during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

	Number of Shares (in thousands)	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Unvested, December 31, 2023	12,021	$	2.15
Granted(1)	9,863	1.29
Vested(1)(2)	(7,053)	2.78
Forfeited	(115)	1.67
Unvested, March 31, 2024	14,716	$	1.28

(1)Includes RSUs issued for the 2023 annual performance bonus that vested at issuance with a value of $3,304, of which $2,838 is included in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2023, with the remainder reflected as a change in estimate that is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

(2)Includes 2,433 vested shares that were withheld to cover tax obligations and were subsequently cancelled.

As of March 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSUs was $16,616, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.3 years.

Performance Based Awards

In August 2023, the Company’s board of directors approved the grant of 4,000 RSUs outside of the Company’s Amended 2021 Plan (the “August 2023 Grant”). The August 2023 Grant was issued pursuant to an employment agreement and vests upon the later of the second anniversary of employment and the achievement of certain stock price targets, as set forth in the table below:

Tranche	Company Stock Price Target (per share)(1)	Number of Eligible RSUs (in thousands)
1	$2.00	1,000
2	$3.00	1,000
3	$4.00	1,000
4	$5.00	1,000

(1)The market price of the Company’s Class A common stock must exceed the target price per share for 30 days during a 60-day period.

In addition to the time-based vesting condition and market conditions, which must both be met and were not achieved as of March 31, 2024, continued service to the Company is required as of the date the conditions are satisfied. The grant date fair value of the August 2023 Grant was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation, which inputs included a volatility rate of 107.7%, a risk-free rate of 4.0%, a market price of $0.65 per share on the grant date, and an expected term of 9 years. The total fair value of the August 2023 Grant was $2,177 and will be recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, which, for this award, is the longer of the explicit, implicit, and derived service period. The total fair value of the August 2023 Grant will be recognized regardless of whether the market conditions are satisfied, provided that the requisite service period has been completed. As of March 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the August 2023 Grant was $1,716, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years.

26

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Compensation Expense by Type of Award

The following table details the equity-based compensation expense by type of award for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
RSUs	$	9,725	$	4,328
Stock Options	991		177
Restricted Common Shares	—		50
Total equity-based compensation expense	$	10,716	$	4,555

Of the total equity-based compensation expense, $4,247 and $1,600 was capitalized to inventory during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $4,004 and $1,968, respectively, remained capitalized in inventory. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $6,469 and $2,955, respectively, within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and we recognized $2,211 and $50, respectively, within “Cost of goods sold.”

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In July 2021, the Company also adopted an employee stock purchase plan (the “2021 ESPP”), pursuant to which 4,000 shares of Class A common stock are reserved for issuance thereunder, subject to certain adjustments and other terms. No shares have been issued under the 2021 ESPP as of March 31, 2024.

14. INCOME TAXES

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023
Loss before income taxes	$	(5,653)		$	(8,455)
Income tax expense	12,510			10,017
Effective tax rate	(221.3)		%	(118.5)		%
Gross profit	$	52,037		$	35,704
Effective tax rate on gross profit	24.0		%	28.1		%

The internal revenue service has taken the position that cannabis companies are subject to the limitations of IRC Section 280E, under which such companies are only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to the sales of product. This results in permanent differences between ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-allowable under IRC Section 280E and those allowed for financial statement reporting purposes (“book-to-tax” differences). Cannabis companies operating in states that align their tax codes with IRC Section 280E are also unable to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses for state tax purposes. Ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-deductible under IRC Section 280E are treated as permanent book-to-tax differences. Therefore, the effective tax rate on income realized by cannabis companies can be highly variable and may not necessarily correlate with pre-tax income or loss.

Effective during the second quarter of 2023, Illinois and New Jersey, two states in which the Company has significant operations, began permitting cannabis businesses to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses from gross profit for state tax purposes. As such, the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 reflects a benefit from this change and varies from the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

27

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The Company’s quarterly tax provision is calculated under the discrete method which treats the interim period as if it were the annual period and determines the income tax expense or benefit on that basis. The discrete method is applied when application of the estimated annual effective tax rate is impractical because it is not possible to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate. The Company believes, at this time, the use of this discrete method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method due to the high degree of uncertainty in estimating annual pre-tax income due to the early growth stage of the business.

The Company has recorded an uncertain tax liability for uncertain tax positions primarily related to the treatment of certain transactions and deductions under IRC Section 280E based on legal interpretations that challenge the Company’s tax liability under IRC Section 280E. These uncertain tax positions are included within “Other non-current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits:

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	72,955
Additions for tax positions related to the current year	13,001
Additions for tax positions related to prior years	2,762
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	88,718

A total of $8,186 of interest and penalties is accrued for the uncertain tax positions as of March 31, 2024, which includes $2,762 related to the current year and $5,424 for prior years. If favorably resolved, the unrecognized tax benefits would decrease the Company’s effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate its unrecognized tax benefits to be resolved in the next twelve months and anticipates that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change within the next twelve months for additional uncertain tax positions taken on a go-forward basis.

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Commitments

The Company does not have significant future annual commitments, other than related to leases and debt, which are disclosed in Notes 10 and 11, respectively, and certain payments related to acquisitions, as disclosed in Note 4. The Company has commercial relationships with license holders across the markets in which it operates with mutually beneficial purchasing and supply arrangements entered into in the ordinary course of business.

Through the acquisition of Story of PA CR, LLC (“Story of PA”) in April 2022, the Company is party to a research collaboration agreement with the Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine (“Geisinger”), a Pennsylvania Department of Health-Certified Medical Marijuana Academic Clinical Research Center, through which to which the Company will help fund clinical research to benefit the patients of Pennsylvania. A total of up to $10,000 of additional funding may be provided pursuant to the research collaboration agreement and is expected to be funded over the course of the ten years following the transaction date based on a percentage of annual revenues associated with the underlying operations, of which none has been funded to date. This additional $10,000 is included within “Other non-current liabilities” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Legal and Other Matters

The Company’s operations are subject to a variety of local and state regulations. Failure to comply with one or more of those regulations could result in fines, restrictions on its operations, or losses of permits that could result in the Company ceasing operations. While management believes that the Company is in compliance with applicable local and state regulations as of March 31, 2024 in all material respects, cannabis regulations continue to evolve and are subject to differing interpretations, and accordingly, the Company may be subject to regulatory fines, penalties, or restrictions in the future.

28

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

State laws that permit and regulate the production, distribution, and use of cannabis for adult-use or medical purposes are in direct conflict with the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 811) (the “CSA”), which makes cannabis use and possession federally illegal. Although certain states and territories of the United States authorize medical and/or adult-use cannabis production and distribution by licensed or registered entities, under United States federal law, the possession, use, cultivation, and transfer of cannabis and any related drug paraphernalia is illegal and any such acts are criminal acts under federal law under the CSA. Although the Company’s activities are believed to be compliant with applicable state and local laws, strict compliance with state and local laws with respect to cannabis may neither absolve the Company of liability under United States federal law, nor may it provide a defense to any federal proceeding which may be brought against the Company.

The Company may be, from time to time, subject to various administrative, regulatory, and other legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Contingent liabilities associated with legal proceedings are recorded when a liability is probable and the contingent liability can be estimated. We do not accrue for contingent losses that, in our judgment, are considered to be reasonably possible but not probable. At March 31, 2024 there were no pending or threatened lawsuits that could reasonably be expected to have a material effect on our consolidated results of operations, other than as disclosed below.

MedMen NY Litigation

On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with subsidiaries of MedMen Enterprises Inc. (“MedMen”), under which we would have, subject to regulatory approval, completed an investment (the “Investment”) of approximately $73,000 in MedMen NY, Inc. (“MMNY”), a licensed medical cannabis operator in the state of New York. Following the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, we were expected to hold all the outstanding equity of MMNY. Specifically, the Investment Agreement provided that at closing, the Company was going to pay to MedMen’s senior lenders $35,000, less certain transaction costs and a prepaid deposit of $4,000, and AWH New York, LLC was going to issue a senior secured promissory note in favor of MMNY’s senior secured lender in the principal amount of $28,000, guaranteed by AWH, which cash investment and note would be used to reduce the amounts owed to MMNY’s senior secured lender. Following its investment, AWH would hold a controlling interest in MMNY equal to approximately 86.7% of the equity in MMNY, and be provided with an option to acquire MedMen’s remaining interest in MMNY in the future for a nominal additional payment, which option the Company intended to exercise. The Investment Agreement also required AWH to make an additional investment of $10,000 in MMNY, which investment would also be used to repay MMNY’s senior secured lender, if adult-use cannabis sales commenced in MMNY’s dispensaries.

The Company contends that, in December 2021, the parties to the Investment Agreement received the required approvals from the State of New York to close the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, but MedMen has disputed the adequacy of the approvals provided by the State of New York. The Company delivered notice to MedMen in December 2021 that it wished to close the transactions as required by the Investment Agreement. Nevertheless, MedMen, on January 2, 2022, gave notice to the Company that MedMen purported to terminate the Investment Agreement.

29

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Following receipt of such notice, on January 13, 2022, the Company filed a complaint against MedMen and others in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York (the “Court”), requesting specific performance that the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement must move forward, and such other relief as the Court may deem appropriate. The Company simultaneously moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (the “Motion”) requiring MedMen to operate its New York business in the ordinary course of business and to refrain from any activities or transactions that might impair, encumber, or dissipate MedMen’s New York assets. The parties resolved the Motion via a “Stipulation and Order” entered by the Court on January 21, 2022 that required that MMNY operate only in compliance with the law and in a manner consistent with its ordinary course of business that preserved all assets of MMNY. It further required MMNY to not take certain actions, including any actions that would have a material adverse effect on MedMen’s New York business. On March 27, 2023, the parties entered a further stipulation that modified the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order by lifting the Court’s prohibition against a sale or transfer of MMNY or its assets, without waiver of any claims that the Company might have in the event of such a transaction. That further stipulation modifying the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order was entered by the Court on August 1, 2023.

On January 24, 2022, MedMen filed counterclaims against the Company, alleging that Ascend had breached the Investment Agreement, and seeking declaratory relief that MedMen had properly terminated the Investment Agreement. On February 14, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s counterclaims and filed an amended complaint (the “First Amended Complaint”) that included additional claims against MedMen for breach of contract. The First Amended Complaint contained several causes of action, including for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The First Amended Complaint sought damages in addition to continuing to seek injunctive and declaratory relief. On March 7, 2022, MedMen filed amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the First Amended Complaint. On March 28, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. On April 20, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation extending the time for MedMen to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss until May 5, 2022. In addition, the parties agreed to stay all discovery, including both party and non-party discovery. On May 5, 2022, the parties filed another stipulation order with the Court adjourning until further notice from the Court MedMen’s time to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. The parties again stipulated that all discovery remains stayed pending further order from the Court.

On May 10, 2022, the Company and MedMen signed a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to use best efforts to enter into a settlement agreement and enter into new or amended transactional documents. Specifically, if consummated, the agreements contemplated by the Term Sheet would have entailed, among other things, the Company paying MedMen $15,000 in additional transaction consideration, and MedMen withdrawing its counterclaims against the Company. Per the amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet, upon closing, the Company would have received a 99.99% controlling interest in MMNY and the Company would have paid MedMen $74,000, which reflected the original transaction consideration plus an additional $11,000 per the parties’ Term Sheet, less a $4,000 deposit that the Company already paid.

The amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet also would have required MedMen to provide a representation and warranty that the status of the MMNY assets had not materially changed since December 31, 2021 and an acknowledgement that the representations and warranties from the Investment Agreement would survive for three months after the closing of the contemplated transactions. However, after the Company determined that MedMen could not make or provide the representations and warranties that MedMen would have been required to make as part of the contemplated transactions, the Company determined that it no longer intended to consummate the contemplated transactions.

On September 30, 2022, the Company sought leave from the Court to file a second amended complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”). The Second Amended Complaint contains breach of contract claims against MedMen, as well as a claim for the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and a claim for anticipatory breach of contract. In connection with those claims, the Company is no longer seeking injunctive or declaratory relief; however, the Company continues to seek damages from MedMen, including, but not limited to, the return of the $4,000 deposit, approximately $2,400 of advances pursuant to a working capital loan agreement (as described in Note 6, “Notes Receivable”) and other capital expenditure advances paid to MMNY by the Company.

30

Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

On November 21, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation whereby MedMen agreed to the filing of the Second Amended Complaint, which is now the Company’s operative pleading in the litigation. In addition, in the stipulation, the Company agreed that it would not contest MedMen’s filing of second amended counterclaims against the Company while reserving all rights with respect to any such counterclaims. Because the parties agreed to the filing of each side’s amended pleadings, on November 28, 2022, the Court determined that Ascend’s March 2022 motion to dismiss was moot.

On December 21, 2022, MedMen filed its second amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the Company’s Second Amended Complaint. In addition to the allegations in MedMen’s earlier pleadings, MedMen now also alleged that the Company breached the Term Sheet. On January 20, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s second amended counterclaims.

On August 18, 2023, the Court issued a Decision and Order on the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing seven of MedMen’s ten counterclaims, including each of the counterclaims brought by MedMen relating to the Term Sheet. On September 26, 2023, MedMen filed a motion seeking leave to file its third amended counterclaims, in which MedMen seeks to revive its previously dismissed counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On October 24, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to that motion for leave. As further discussed below, the Court denied that motion on February 2, 2024. In addition, on October 18, 2023, MedMen filed a Notice of Appeal of the Court’s August 18, 2023 Decision and Order with respect to the dismissal of MedMen’s three counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On November 1, 2023 the Company filed a Notice of Cross-Appeal with respect to the Court’s determination that the Company’s motion to dismiss was not subject to New York’s anti-SLAPP statute. Both parties have yet to perfect the appeals.

On February 2, 2024, the Court issued a Decision and Order denying MedMen’s motion for leave to file its third amended counterclaims.

On February 21, 2024, the current counsel-of-record for MedMen filed an order to show cause with the Court seeking leave to withdraw as counsel and stay proceedings for thirty days to permit MedMen time to obtain new counsel. On March 20, 2024, the Court granted such withdrawal motion and appointed April 25, 2024 as the deadline for MedMen to obtain new counsel, which, as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q, had not occurred.

On April 26, 2024, MedMen announced that it made an assignment into bankruptcy pursuant to Canada’s Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act on April 24, 2024 and B. Riley Farber Inc. was appointed as its bankruptcy trustee. In addition, MedMen announced that MedMen’s wholly owned subsidiary, MM CAN USA, Inc., a California corporation, was placed into receivership in the Los Angeles Superior Court, Santa Monica Division on April 23, 2024 to effectuate an orderly dissolution and liquidation of its California-based assets. MedMen further announced that it intends to initiate additional receivership proceedings in those U.S. states where MM CAN USA, Inc. controls or owns assets, through which the operations and assets of MedMen’s subsidiaries will be dissolved or liquidated pursuant to applicable laws in the United States.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, following the Company’s decision to no longer consummate the contemplated transactions, the Company established an estimated reserve of $3,700 related to the remaining amounts that it has been actively pursuing collecting. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company increased the estimated reserve by $2,703, which is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The total estimated reserve is included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

Other Matter

In April 2021, the Company, through a subsidiary, entered into a settlement agreement with TVP, LLC, TVP Grand Rapids, LLC and, TVP Alma, LLC (collectively, the “TVP Parties”) regarding a dispute related to a purchase agreement for the Company’s potential acquisition of certain real estate properties in Michigan. As part of that settlement, the Company issued historical equity units to the TVP Parties to be held in the name of an escrow agent (the “Escrow Units”). The Escrow Units were fully issued and outstanding as of the settlement date and were to remain in the escrow account until such time as the TVP Parties exercised an option to hold the Escrow Units directly (the “Put Option”), which could be exercised for three years. Upon their exercise of the Put Option, the Escrow Units were to be released to the TVP Parties and the TVP Parties would transfer to the Company the equity interests of the entities that hold three real estate properties to be acquired. In February 2024, the TVP Parties notified the Company that they were exercising the Put Option. The transfer is in process and is expected to be completed during the second quarter of 2024. The Company currently operates dispensaries at these locations pursuant to lease agreements. The underlying properties were determined to have a fair value of $5,400 as of the settlement date, which was included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and will be re-classified to “Property and equipment, net” as of the transfer date.

16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

There were no significant related party transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2024, other than as disclosed in Note 6, “Notes Receivable.”

17. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

The following table presents supplemental information regarding our other current assets:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Prepaid expenses	$	6,299	$	7,270
Deposits and other receivables	6,002		9,302
Tenant improvement allowance	500		1,010
Construction deposits	300		569
Other	314		1,493
Total	$	13,415	$	19,644

The following table presents supplemental information regarding our accounts payable and accrued liabilities:

(in thousands)	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accounts payable	$	36,419	$	34,687
Accrued payroll and related expenses	16,970		21,306
Acquisition-related liabilities	6,810		—
Fixed asset purchases	4,409		5,738
Other	5,470		9,381
Total	$	70,078	$	71,112

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Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(in thousands, except per unit or per share data)

The following table presents supplemental information regarding our general and administrative expenses:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Compensation	$	23,699	$	16,488
Depreciation and amortization	8,718		7,392
Rent and utilities	5,268		4,511
Professional services	3,770		3,372
Insurance	1,555		1,419
Marketing	981		1,014
Gain on sale of assets	(11)		(442)
Other	5,482		1,695
Total	$	49,462	$	35,449

18. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Management has evaluated subsequent events to determine if events or transactions occurring through the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q require adjustment to or disclosure in the Company’s Financial Statements. There were no events that require adjustment to or disclosure in the Financial Statements, except as disclosed.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following management discussion and analysis, which we refer to as the “MD&A,” of the financial condition and results of operations of Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. (the “Company,” “AWH,” or “Ascend”) is for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. It is supplemental to, and should be read in conjunction with, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, and the accompanying notes thereto, (the “Financial Statements”) appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report” or “Form 10-Q”) and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report”), which has been filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and with the relevant Canadian securities regulatory authorities under its profile on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval Plus (“SEDAR+”). The Financial Statements and Annual Report were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which we refer to as “U.S. GAAP.”

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the Financial Statements. The discussion in this section contains both historical information and forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and forward-looking information, within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws, (collectively, “forward-looking statements”) that involve risks and uncertainties. Generally, forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “plans,” “expects,” “does not expect,” “proposed,” “is expected,” “budgets,” “scheduled,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “does not anticipate,” “believes,” or variations of such words and phrases, or by the use of words or phrases which state that certain actions, events, or results may, could, would, or might occur or be achieved. There can be no assurance that such forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, and actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity, performance, or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those or implied by such forward-looking statements. Readers are further cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as there can be no assurance that the plans, intentions, or expectations upon which they are placed will occur. Forward-looking statements in this MD&A are expressly qualified by this cautionary statement. See “Forward-Looking Statements” for more information.

Financial information and unit or share figures, except per-unit or per-share amounts, presented in this MD&A are presented in thousands of United States dollars (“$”), unless otherwise indicated. We round amounts in this MD&A to the thousands and calculate all percentages, per-unit, and per-share data from the underlying whole-dollar amounts. Thus, certain amounts may not foot, crossfoot, or recalculate based on reported numbers due to rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to years are to our fiscal year, which ends on December 31.

The Company’s shares of Class A common stock are listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (the “CSE”) under the ticker symbol “AAWH.U” and are quoted on the OTCQX® Best Market under the symbol “AAWH.” We are an emerging growth company under federal securities laws and as such we are able to elect to follow scaled disclosure requirements for this filing.

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BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Established in 2018 and headquartered in New York, New York, AWH is a vertically integrated multi-state operator focused on adult-use or near-term adult-use cannabis states in limited license markets. Our core business is the cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution of cannabis consumer packaged goods, which we sell through our company-owned retail stores and to third-party licensed retail cannabis stores. We believe in bettering lives through cannabis. Our mission is to improve the lives of our employees, patients, customers, and the communities we serve through the use of the cannabis plant. We are committed to providing safe, reliable, and high-quality products and providing consumers options and education to ensure they are able to identify and obtain the products that fit their personal needs.

Since our formation, we have expanded our operational footprint, primarily through acquisitions, and, as of March 31, 2024, had direct or indirect operations or financial interests in seven United States geographic markets: Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. While we have been successful in opening facilities and dispensaries, we expect continued growth to be driven by opening new operational facilities and dispensaries under our current licenses, expansion of our current facilities, and increased consumer demand. We currently employ approximately 2,400 people.

Our consumer products portfolio is generated primarily from plant material that we grow and process ourselves. As of March 31, 2024, we produce our consumer packaged goods in seven manufacturing facilities with 250,000 square feet of total canopy. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we sold approximately 46,000 pounds of wholesale product, on a gross basis, compared to 28,000 pounds during the three months ended March 31, 2023. In January 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire a cultivation license and a manufacturer license that we intend to use at a second cultivation site in Massachusetts to further expand our production capacity in that market. We expect to add 15,000 square feet of total additional canopy with the additional site following our planned build out, which is underway, and anticipate the transaction will close by mid-2024. Our product portfolio consists of a range of cannabis product categories including flower, pre-rolls, concentrates, vapes, edibles, and other cannabis-related products. As of March 31, 2024, we have 36 open and operating Company-owned retail locations and expect to have 39 by the end of 2024. Our new store opening plans are flexible and will ultimately depend on market conditions, local licensing, construction, and other regulatory permissions. We are also pursuing opportunities to partner with social equity license holders to expand our presence in various states. All of our expansion plans are subject to capital allocations decisions, the evolving regulatory environment, and the general economic environment.

Recent Developments

Business Developments

The Company continues to meaningfully expand its operations and reach across the markets in which it operates. Some of the highlights achieved during the quarter include:

•opening two additional medical dispensaries, including an Ohio flagship location in Cincinnati and one additional dispensary in Pennsylvania;

•entering into a definitive agreement to acquire a cultivation license and a manufacturer license for use at a second cultivation site in Massachusetts, as further discussed below, to expand our production capacity in that market, which expansion is underway;

•generating $3,900 of net cash from operating activities, as further described in “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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Recent and Pending Transactions

Massachusetts Cultivation

In January 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Massachusetts Purchase Agreement”) to purchase a cultivation and manufacturer license from a third party in Massachusetts for a cash purchase price of $2,750, of which $1,500 was paid at signing, and which total may be adjusted at closing as provided in the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement. The licenses were not associated with active operations at signing and the transfer of each license is subject to regulatory review and approval, which the Company expects may occur within twelve months following the signing date. In conjunction with the Massachusetts Purchase Agreement, the parties also entered into a bridge loan which provides for the financing of certain covered expenses, at the sole discretion of the Company. This bridge loan bears interest based on the federal rate and, if not otherwise satisfied, is due on the fifth anniversary of the signing date. The parties also entered into an interim consulting services agreement, effective as of the signing date. The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition as of the signing date based on the provisions of the underlying agreements and allocated the cash consideration as the cost of the license acquired. The remaining $1,250 of the cash consideration is due on October 1, 2024 and is included as a sellers’ note within “Current portion of debt, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in the Financial Statements as of March 31, 2024. The Company has agreed to assume the lease for the associated location and to reimburse the seller for the security deposit at final closing. The Company recognized a lease liability and right-of-use (“ROU”) asset of $761 as of the signing date. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction and to Note 10, “Leases,” for additional information regarding the Company’s leases.

Ohio Patient Access

On August 12, 2022, the Company entered into a definitive agreement (the “Ohio Agreement”) that provides the Company the option to acquire 100% of the equity of Ohio Patient Access LLC (“OPA”), the holder of a license that grants it the right to operate three medical dispensaries in Ohio. The Ohio Agreement remains subject to regulatory review and approval. Once regulatory approval is received, the Company may exercise the option, and the exercise is solely within the Company’s control. The Company may exercise the option until the fifth anniversary of the agreement date or can elect to extend the exercise period for an additional year. Under the Ohio Agreement, the Company will also acquire the real property of the three dispensary locations. OPA had not yet commenced operations as of the signing date, but subsequently opened two dispensaries in December 2023 and a third in January 2024. The Company determined OPA is a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and the Company became the primary beneficiary as of the signing date; therefore, OPA is consolidated as a VIE. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s VIEs and refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction.

Illinois Licenses

In August 2022, the Company entered into definitive agreements to acquire two additional licenses in Illinois for combined total cash consideration of $11,100. Operations at one of the locations commenced during the second quarter of 2023 and the final closing occurred in April 2024. Operations at the second location commenced during the fourth quarter of 2023; final closing is pending regulatory approval, which the Company anticipates may occur by the end of 2024. Refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to these transactions.

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Variable Interest Entities

January 2024 Loan Agreement

In January 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide, at its sole discretion, up to $2,500 of financing to a third party (the “January 2024 Loan Agreement”). The January 2024 Loan Agreement contains certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity and also provides the Company with financial distributions based on the underlying associated results of operations. Additionally, the January 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with conversion options to obtain 35% of the equity interests of the borrower upon the initial funding (which occurred in January 2024) and up to an additional 65% of the remaining equity interest of the borrower at any time through October 2033, subject to certain provisions and regulatory approvals. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the January 2024 Loan Agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as a VIE as of such date. The third-party entity received a conditional license approval for one dispensary in New Jersey that was determined to have a fair value of $1,050, which approximated the fair value of the non-controlling interest held by the third-party as of the effective date. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the January 2024 Loan Agreement is eliminated in consolidation. Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding this transaction and the Company’s variable interest entities.

February 2024 Loan Agreement

In February 2024, the Company entered into a loan agreement pursuant to which the Company may provide, at its sole discretion, up to $3,750 of financing to a third party (the “February 2024 Loan Agreement”). The parties also entered into a support services agreement under which the Company will provide management and advisory services for a set monthly fee. The terms of the February 2024 Loan Agreement contain certain provisions and restrictive covenants that provide the Company with operational and financial influence over the underlying entity. The February 2024 Loan Agreement provides the Company with the option to convert the outstanding balance into equity interests of the borrower, up to 100%, as may be permissible by applicable regulations at such time. The Company determined that the terms and provisions of the February 2024 Loan Agreement and support services agreement create a variable interest in the third-party entity and met the criteria for consolidation as a VIE as of such date. The entity held no assets at the time the agreements were entered into and the non-controlling interest was determined to have a de minimis fair value as of that date. Since the entity is consolidated as a VIE, the intercompany activity related to the February 2024 Loan Agreement and the related support services agreement is eliminated in consolidation.

In April 2024, the third party entered into interim management services agreements (“MSAs”) with two distressed dispensaries in Illinois. Pursuant to these MSAs, the third party will advise on certain business, operational, and financial matters for a monthly fee while the parties finalize asset purchase agreements to acquire the underlying dispensaries for a total anticipated purchase price of approximately $10,000, to be finalized as applicable. The Company anticipates amending the February 2024 Loan Agreement to provide funding for this transaction.

Refer to Note 8, “Variable Interest Entities,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding this transaction and the Company’s variable interest entities.

Operational and Regulation Overview

We believe our operations are in material compliance with all applicable state and local laws, regulations, and licensing requirements in the states in which we operate. However, cannabis is illegal under United States federal law. Substantially all of our revenue is derived from United States cannabis operations. For information about risks related to United States cannabis operations, refer to Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” of the Annual Report.

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Key Financial Highlights

•Revenue increased by $28,234, or 25%, during Q1 2024, as compared to Q1 2023, primarily driven by incremental revenue from acquisitions and expansion of our cultivation activities.

•Operating profit increased by $2,320 during Q1 2024, as compared to Q1 2023, primarily driven by a contribution from higher gross margin due to improved overhead utilization and expansion in certain markets.

•Net increase in cash and cash equivalents of $396 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily driven by proceeds from the collection of a note receivable, lower payments associated with acquisitions, and a benefit from the timing and amount and the timing of payments related to working capital and operating activities, all partially offset by higher investments in capital assets.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared with the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023			Increase / (Decrease)
Revenue, net	$	142,410		$	114,176		$	28,234	25%
Cost of goods sold	(90,373)			(78,472)			11,901		15%
Gross profit	52,037			35,704			16,333		46%
Gross profit %	36.5		%	31.3		%
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses	49,462			35,449			14,013		40%
Operating profit	2,575			255			2,320		NM*
Other income (expense)
Interest expense	(8,538)			(8,975)			(437)		(5)%
Other, net	310			265			45		17%
Total other expense	(8,228)			(8,710)			(482)		(6)%
Loss before income taxes	(5,653)			(8,455)			(2,802)		(33)%
Income tax expense	(12,510)			(10,017)			2,493		25%
Net loss	$	(18,163)		$	(18,472)		$	(309)	(2)%

*Not meaningful

Revenue

Revenue increased by $28,234, or 25%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our revenue growth was primarily driven by $16,523 of incremental revenue from acquisitions, which includes $9,404 from the Devi Maryland acquisition that occurred during the second quarter of 2023 and a benefit from store openings in 2024 and late 2023 associated with previously acquired licenses. Additionally, we recognized $15,774 of incremental net revenue from our wholesale operations, primarily driven by expansion across the markets in which we operate, particularly in New Jersey and Massachusetts. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $4,063 across our legacy locations, primarily in Illinois and New Jersey due to increased competition in those markets. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we sold approximately 46,000 pounds of wholesale product, on a gross basis, compared to 28,000 pounds during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold increased by $11,901, or 15%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Cost of goods sold represents direct and indirect expenses attributable to the production of wholesale products as well as direct expenses incurred in purchasing products from other wholesalers. Gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $52,037, representing a gross margin of 36.5%, compared to gross profit of $35,704 and gross margin of 31.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Gross margin for the current quarter benefited from improved utilization at our Massachusetts and New Jersey cultivation facilities and expansion in those markets. The current period included $474 of write-downs of certain inventory items, compared with total write-downs of $3,942 in the prior period, primarily driven by pricing pressure in the prior year.

39

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $14,013, or 40%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by:

•a $7,211 increase in total compensation expense, including $3,514 of higher equity-based compensation expense;

•a $2,703 increase in an estimated reserve related to certain amounts associated with a previous transaction (refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations–Legal Matters–MedMen NY Litigation” for additional information);

•a $1,326 increase in depreciation and amortization expense due to $720 of incremental amortization of licenses from prior year acquisitions and $606 of incremental depreciation expense associated with a larger average balance of fixed assets in service; and

•$984 recognized as a discount on a long-term receivable.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased by $437, or 5%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by lower non-cash interest accretion due to a lower average balance outstanding under a financing agreement. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company had a weighted-average outstanding debt balance of $315,325 with a weighted-average interest rate of 9.5%, excluding finance leases, compared to a weighted-average debt balance of $335,104 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 with a weighted-average interest rate of 9.9%.

Income Tax Expense

The Company’s quarterly tax provision is calculated under the discrete method which treats the interim period as if it were the annual period and determines the income tax expense or benefit on that basis. The discrete method is applied when application of the estimated annual effective tax rate is impractical because it is not possible to reliably estimate the annual effective tax rate. The Company believes, at this time, the use of this discrete method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method due to the high degree of uncertainty in estimating annual pre-tax income due to the early growth stage of the business.

The internal revenue services has taken the position that cannabis companies are subject to the limitations of Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) Section 280E, under which such companies are only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to the sales of product. This results in permanent differences between ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-allowable under IRC Section 280E and those allowed for financial statement reporting purposes (“book-to-tax” differences). Cannabis companies operating in states that align their tax codes with IRC Section 280E are also unable to deduct ordinary and necessary business expenses for state tax purposes. Ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-deductible under IRC Section 280E are treated as permanent book-to-tax differences. Therefore, the effective tax rate on income realized by cannabis companies can be highly variable and may not necessarily correlate with pre-tax income or loss. As of March 31, 2024, the Company recorded an uncertain tax liability totaling $88,718 for uncertain tax positions related to the treatment of certain transactions and deductions under IRC Section 280E based on legal interpretations that challenge the Company’s tax liability under IRC Section 280E. Refer to Note 14, “Income Taxes,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

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The statutory federal tax rate was 21% during both periods. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 the Company had operations in seven U.S. geographic markets: Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, which have state tax rates ranging from 6% to 11.5%. Certain states, including Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, and New Jersey, do not align with IRC Section 280E for state tax purposes and permit the deduction of ordinary and necessary business expenses from gross profit in the calculation of state taxable income. There have been no material changes to income tax matters in connection with the normal course of our operations during the current year.

Income tax expense was $12,510, or 24.0%, of gross profit, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to $10,017, or 28.1%, of gross profit, during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The effective tax rate on gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 benefited from an incremental impact attributable to the tax accounting treatment of certain acquired intangible assets and an incremental benefit from a change in state tax legislation in Illinois and New Jersey that was effective during the second quarter of 2023 that resulted in a higher deduction of ordinary and necessary business expenses and thereby reduced taxable income. These benefits were partially offset by higher penalties and interest due on tax payments.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We define “Adjusted Gross Profit” as gross profit excluding non-cash inventory costs, which include depreciation and amortization included in cost of goods sold, equity-based compensation included in cost of goods sold, start-up costs included in cost of goods sold, and other non-cash inventory adjustments. We define “Adjusted Gross Margin” as Adjusted Gross Profit as a percentage of net revenue. Our “Adjusted EBITDA” is a non-GAAP measure used by management that is not defined by U.S. GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. We define “Adjusted EBITDA Margin” as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net revenue. Management calculates Adjusted EBITDA as the reported net income or loss, adjusted to exclude: income tax expense, other (income) expense, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, depreciation and amortization included in cost of goods sold, non-cash inventory adjustments, equity-based compensation, equity-based compensation included in cost of goods sold, start-up costs, start-up costs included in cost of goods sold, transaction-related and other non-recurring expenses, and gain or loss on sale of assets. Accordingly, management believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides meaningful and useful financial information, as this measure demonstrates the operating performance of the business. Non-GAAP financial measures may be considered in addition to the results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, but they should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, U.S. GAAP results.

The following table presents Adjusted Gross Profit for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023
Gross Profit	$	52,037		$	35,704
Depreciation and amortization included in cost of goods sold	7,662			6,327
Equity-based compensation included in cost of goods sold	2,211			50
Start-up costs included in cost of goods sold(1)	—			1,570
Non-cash inventory adjustments(2)	474			3,942
Adjusted Gross Profit	$	62,384		$	47,593
Adjusted Gross Margin	43.8		%	41.7		%

(1)Incremental expenses associated with the expansion of activities at our cultivation facilities that are not yet operating at scale, including excess overhead expenses resulting from delays in regulatory approvals at certain cultivation facilities.

(2)Consists of write-offs of expired products, obsolete packaging, and net realizable value adjustments related to certain inventory items.

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The following table presents Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
($ in thousands)	2024			2023
Net loss	$	(18,163)		$	(18,472)
Income tax expense	12,510			10,017
Other, net	(310)			(265)
Interest expense	8,538			8,975
Depreciation and amortization	16,380			13,719
Non-cash inventory adjustments(1)	474			3,942
Equity-based compensation	8,680			3,005
Start-up costs(2)	494			2,036
Transaction-related and other non-recurring expenses(3)	3,883			793
Gain on sale of assets	(11)			(442)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	32,475		$	23,308
Adjusted EBITDA Margin	22.8		%	20.4		%

(1)Consists of write-offs of expired products, obsolete packaging, and net realizable value adjustments related to certain inventory items.

(2)One-time costs associated with acquiring real estate, obtaining licenses and permits, and other costs incurred before commencement of operations at certain locations, as well as incremental expenses associated with the expansion of activities at our cultivation facilities that are not yet operating at scale, including excess overhead expenses resulting from delays in regulatory approvals at certain cultivation facilities. Also includes other one-time or non-recurring expenses, as applicable.

(3)Legal and professional fees associated with litigation matters, potential acquisitions, other regulatory matters, and other non-recurring expenses. The three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 include a fair value adjustment related to an acquisition earn-out of $140 and $491, respectively. The three months ended March 31, 2024 also includes a reserve of $2,703 related to certain amounts associated with a previous transaction and $984 recognized as a discount on a noncurrent receivable.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We are an emerging growth company and our primary sources of liquidity are operating cash flows, borrowings through the issuance of debt, and funds raised through the issuance of equity securities. We are generating cash from sales and deploying our capital reserves to acquire and develop assets capable of producing additional revenue and earnings over both the immediate and long term. Capital reserves are being utilized for acquisitions in the medical and adult-use cannabis markets, for capital expenditures and improvements in existing facilities, product development and marketing, as well as customer, supplier, and investor and industry relations.

Financing History and Future Capital Requirements

Historically, we have used private financing as a source of liquidity for short-term working capital needs and general corporate purposes. In May 2021, we completed an initial public offering of shares of our Class A common stock through which we raised aggregate net proceeds of approximately $86,065, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and certain direct offering expenses paid by us, and in August 2021 we entered into a credit facility under which we initially borrowed a $210,000 term loan. During the second quarter of 2022, we borrowed an additional $65,000 of term loans from certain lenders under the expansion feature of the credit facility, as further described below. Most recently, during the second quarter of 2023, we raised an aggregate of $7,000 in gross proceeds through a non-brokered private placement offering of an aggregate of 9,859 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock to a single investor.

Our future ability to fund operations, to make planned capital expenditures, to acquire other entities or investments, to make scheduled debt payments, and to repay or refinance indebtedness depends on our future operating performance, cash flows, and ability to obtain equity or debt financing, which are subject to prevailing economic conditions, as well as financial, business, and other factors, some of which are beyond our control.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had total current liabilities of $103,435 and $92,686, respectively, and total current assets of $232,042 and $228,860, respectively, which includes cash and cash equivalents of $72,904 and $72,508, respectively, to meet our current obligations. As of March 31, 2024, we had working capital of $128,607, compared to $136,174 as of December 31, 2023.

Approximately 90% of our cash and cash equivalents balance as of each of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is on deposit with banks, credit unions, or other financial institutions. We have not experienced any material impacts related to banking restrictions applicable to cannabis businesses. Our cash and cash equivalents balance is not restricted for use by VIEs.

As reflected in the Financial Statements, we had an accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, which are indicators that raise substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of our Financial Statements has been alleviated due to: (i) cash on hand and (ii) continued growth of sales from our consolidated operations. Management plans to continue to access capital markets for additional funding through debt and/or equity financings to supplement future cash needs, as may be required. However, management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing its business plans. If we are unable to raise additional capital on favorable terms, if at all, whenever necessary, we may be forced to decelerate or curtail certain of our operations until such time as additional capital becomes available.

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Credit Facility

In August 2021, we entered into a credit agreement with a group of lenders (the “2021 Credit Agreement”) that provided for an initial term loan of $210,000, which was borrowed in full. The 2021 Credit Agreement provided for an expansion feature that allowed us to request an increase in the term loan outstanding up to $275,000 if the existing lenders (or other lenders) agreed to provide such additional term loans. During the second quarter of 2022, we borrowed an additional $65,000 of incremental term loans through this expansion feature (the “2022 Loans” and, together with the initial term loan, the “2021 Credit Facility”) for total borrowings of $275,000 outstanding as of March 31, 2024. The 2021 Credit Facility matures on August 27, 2025 and does not require scheduled principal amortization payments. Borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility bear interest at a rate of 9.5% per annum, payable quarterly. The proceeds from the initial term loan under the 2021 Credit Facility were used, in part, to prepay certain then-outstanding debt obligations and, together with the 2022 Loans, fund working capital and general corporate matters, including, but not limited to, growth investments, acquisitions, capital expenditures, and other strategic initiatives.

Mandatory prepayments are required following certain events, including the proceeds of indebtedness that is not permitted under the agreement, asset sales, and casualty events, subject to customary reinvestment rights. We may prepay the 2021 Credit Facility at any time, subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Once repaid, amounts borrowed under the 2021 Credit Facility may not be re-borrowed. We may request an extension of the maturity date for 364 days, which the lenders may grant at their discretion.

We are required to comply with two financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Agreement. Liquidity (defined as unrestricted cash and cash equivalents pledged under the 2021 Credit Facility plus any future revolving credit availability) may not be below $20,000 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter, and we may not permit the ratio of Consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement) to consolidated cash interest expense for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be less than 2.50:1.00. The Company has a customary equity cure right for each of these financial covenants. The Company is in compliance with these covenants as of March 31, 2024.

In April 2024, the 2021 Credit Agreement was amended to permit the Company to initiate, from time to time and at its discretion, a “Dutch Auction” pursuant to which it may issue a tender offer to existing lenders to re-purchase and retire their loans at a specified discount to par. No such re-purchase has occurred as of the date of filing of this Form 10-Q.

Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s debt transactions.

Financing Agreement

In December 2022, we received $19,364 pursuant to a financing agreement with a third-party lender (the “Financing Agreement”). The Company assigned to the lender its interests in the employee retention tax credit claim (the “ERTC Claim”) that it submitted in November 2022 totaling approximately $22,794. If the Company does not receive the ERTC Claim, in whole or in part, the Company is required to repay the related portion of the funds received plus interest of 10% accrued from the date of the Financing Agreement through the repayment date. The Financing Agreement does not have a stated maturity date and the discount is being accreted to interest expense over an expected term. The Company’s obligations under the Financing Agreement will be satisfied upon receipt of the ERTC Claim, in full, or other full repayment. The total claim amount of $22,794 was recognized as a component of “Other, net” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements during the year ended December 31, 2023. A total of $1,964 of the ERTC Claim remains outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, which receivable is included in “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the balance outstanding under the Financing Agreement is included in “Current portion of debt, net.” Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

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Cash Flows

	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)	2024		2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	3,900	$	5,778
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,988)		(5,679)
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,516)		(949)

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $1,878 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily driven by the timing of payments to suppliers and vendors and other working capital payments.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $3,691 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to collection of a note receivable and lower payments associated with acquisitions, partially offset by higher capital expenditures.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities increased by $567 during the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher cash remittances of taxes withheld under equity-based compensation plans.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments and Contingencies

Material contractual obligations arising in the normal course of business primarily consist of long-term fixed rate debt and related interest payments, leases, finance arrangements, and amounts due for acquisitions. We believe that cash flows from operations will be sufficient to satisfy our capital expenditures, debt services, working capital needs, and other contractual obligations for the next twelve months.

The following table summarizes the Company’s material future contractual obligations as of March 31, 2024:

(in thousands)	Commitments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations	Total		Remainder of 2024		2025 - 2026		2027 - 2028		Thereafter
Term notes(1)	$	275,000	$	—	$	275,000	$	—	$	—
Fixed interest related to term notes(2)	36,790		19,683		17,107		—		—
Sellers’ Notes(3)	20,410		9,410		11,000		—		—
Finance arrangements(4)	19,105		1,828		5,124		5,431		6,722
Operating leases(5)	683,110		30,673		84,164		87,952		480,321
Finance leases(5)	1,888		520		1,265		103		—
Total	$	1,036,303	$	62,114	$	393,660	$	93,486	$	487,043

(1)Principal payments due under our term notes payable. Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

(2)Represents fixed interest rate payments on borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facility based on the principal outstanding at March 31, 2024. Interest payments could fluctuate based on prepayments or additional amounts borrowed.

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(3)Consists of amounts owed for acquisitions or other purchases. Certain cash payments include an interest accretion component, and the timing of certain payments may vary based on regulatory approval. Refer to Note 11, “Debt,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

(4)Reflects our contractual obligations to make future payments under non-cancelable operating leases that did not meet the criteria to qualify for sale leaseback treatment. Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

(5)Reflects our contractual obligations to make future payments under non-cancelable leases. Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

The table above excludes certain amounts related to recent and pending acquisitions, including the potential $7,300 earn-out payment related to the OPA acquisition that is dependent upon the commencement of adult-use cannabis sales in Ohio; refer to Note 4, “Acquisitions,” in the Financial Statements for additional information related to this transaction. The table above also excludes up to a total of $10,000 that we expect to fund under a research collaboration agreement associated with a prior acquisition. This funding will be based on a percentage of annual revenue through April 2031, unless satisfied earlier, and no related funding has occurred to date.

As of the date of this filing, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by applicable regulations of the SEC, that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on the results of our operations or financial condition, including, and without limitation, such considerations as liquidity and capital resources.

Capital Expenditures

We anticipate capital expenditures, net of tenant improvement allowances, of approximately $35,000 to $40,000 during the remainder of 2024. Changes to this estimate could result from the timing of various project start dates, which are subject to local and regulatory approvals, as well as capital allocation considerations. Spending at our cultivation and processing facilities includes: construction; purchase of capital equipment such as extraction equipment, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment, and other manufacturing equipment; general maintenance; and information technology capital expenditures. Dispensary-related capital expenditures includes construction costs for the initial build-out of each location, general maintenance costs, and upgrades to existing locations.

During the remainder of 2024, we expect to complete the build out of three additional dispensaries in Pennsylvania, complete certain projects at the dispensaries acquired in Maryland during 2023, and fund certain expansion projects across our retail operations. We also anticipate completing certain projects across our cultivation facilities, including the build out of a second cultivation facility in Massachusetts, in addition to other enhancements and general maintenance activities across our portfolio. Management expects to fund capital expenditures primarily by utilizing cash flows from operations.

As of March 31, 2024, our construction in progress (“CIP”) balance was $5,460 and relates to capital spending on projects that were not yet complete. This balance includes amounts related to: the expansion of our New Jersey cultivation facility, certain projects at our Michigan and Illinois cultivation facilities, and other projects across our dispensaries and cultivation facilities.

Other Matters

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company’s current stock incentive plan, as amended, (the “Amended 2021 Plan”), authorizes the issuance of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and other stock-based awards (collectively the “2021 Plan Awards”). The Amended 2021 Plan provides for a maximum number of shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to not exceed 10% of the total number of issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock, on a non-diluted basis, as constituted on the grant date of a plan award. As of March 31, 2024, there were 2,575 shares of Class A common stock available for grant for future awards under the Amended 2021 Plan.

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During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company granted a total of 9,863 RSUs under the Amended 2021 Plan. As of March 31, 2024, a total of 33,692 RSUs have been granted under the Amended 2021 Plan, of which 14,716 are unvested. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to the RSUs was $16,616 as of March 31, 2024, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.3 years.

As of March 31, 2024, a total of 3,852 stock option awards are outstanding under the Amended 2021 Plan, of which 2,141 are exercisable. No options were granted or exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The outstanding options have a remaining weighted-average contractual life of 3.8 years as of March 31, 2024 and total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested options was $1,210, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 2.5 years.

Additionally, a total of 4,000 RSUs that were granted outside of the Amended 2021 Plan remain outstanding as of March 31, 2024. These RSUs were granted pursuant to an employment agreement and vest upon the later of the second anniversary of the related employment and the achievement of certain stock price targets, which were not met as of March 31, 2024. Refer to Note 13, “Equity-Based Compensation Expense,” in the Financial Statements for additional information.

Total equity-based compensation expense was $10,716 and $4,555 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $4,247 and $1,600, respectively, was capitalized to inventory. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $4,004 and $1,968, respectively, remained capitalized in inventory. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized $6,469 and $2,955, respectively, within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements and recognized $2,211 and $50, respectively, within “Cost of goods sold.”

In July 2021, the Company adopted an employee stock purchase plan (the “2021 ESPP”), pursuant to which 4,000 shares of Class A common stock are reserved for issuance thereunder, subject to certain adjustments and other terms. As of March 31, 2024, no shares have been issued under the 2021 ESPP.

Refer to Note 13, “Equity-Based Compensation Expense,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s equity awards and equity-based compensation expense.

Lease-Related Transactions

Refer to Note 10, “Leases,” in the Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s leases and lease-related transactions.

Loan Receivable

In June 2023, the Company purchased, at par, $12,027 of the principal of a loan (the “Maryland Loan Receivable”), outstanding pursuant to a loan agreement with a cannabis license holder in Maryland (the “Maryland Loan Agreement”), plus the associated interest receivable. The Maryland Loan Agreement had an original maturity date of August 1, 2026, required monthly repayments equal to 10.0% of the outstanding balance (including paid-in-kind interest), and could be prepaid subject to a customary make-whole payment or prepayment penalty, as applicable. Mandatory prepayments were required from the proceeds of certain events. The Maryland Loan Agreement provided for a base interest rate of 12.0% plus LIBOR (LIBOR floor of 1.0%) and a paid-in-kind interest rate of 4.5%. Following the replacement of LIBOR, effective July 1, 2023, the LIBOR component of the interest rate transitioned to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus an alternative reference rate committee (“ARRC”) standard adjustment.

The Company recorded the Maryland Loan Receivable at an amortized cost basis of $12,622. A total of $595 of transaction-related expenses were capitalized as part of the amortized cost basis and were being amortized to interest income over the term. The Company identified certain events of default and covenant violations, including non-payment, and provided an acceleration notice during the second quarter of 2023 that declared all amounts due and payable. As such, during the year ended December 31, 2023 the Company established a reserve of $1,804 for potential collectability.

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In March 2024, the borrower refinanced the borrowings underlying the Maryland Loan Agreement with a third-party lender (the “Maryland Refinancing”). In conjunction with the Maryland Refinancing, the borrower’s obligations to the Company under the Maryland Loan Agreement were settled. As part of this settlement, the Company received a cash payment of $8,100. Additionally, the parties entered into a supply agreement that provides for the Company to receive $6,000 of inventory products from the borrower, based on market prices, over the course of three years, with a maximum of $500 per quarter. Of this total receivable, $2,000 is included within “Other current assets” and $3,016 is included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet in the Financial Statements as of March 31, 2024. The discount on the noncurrent portion was calculated utilizing the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate as of the agreement date and will be accreted to interest income over the agreement term. The discount is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. No inventory was supplied under this agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The total settlement value approximated the obligations outstanding under the Maryland Loan Receivable, including $2,859 of past due interest that was outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and was included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of that date.

Refer to Note 6, “Notes Receivable,” in the Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Maryland Loan Receivable and the Company’s other notes receivable.

Legal Matters

MedMen NY Litigation

On February 25, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with subsidiaries of MedMen Enterprises Inc. (“MedMen”), under which we would have, subject to regulatory approval, completed an investment (the “Investment”) of approximately $73,000 in MedMen NY, Inc. (“MMNY”), a licensed medical cannabis operator in the state of New York. Following the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, we were expected to hold all the outstanding equity of MMNY. Specifically, the Investment Agreement provided that at closing, the Company was going to pay to MedMen’s senior lenders $35,000, less certain transaction costs and a prepaid deposit of $4,000, and AWH New York, LLC was going to issue a senior secured promissory note in favor of MMNY’s senior secured lender in the principal amount of $28,000, guaranteed by AWH, which cash investment and note would be used to reduce the amounts owed to MMNY’s senior secured lender. Following its investment, AWH would hold a controlling interest in MMNY equal to approximately 86.7% of the equity in MMNY, and be provided with an option to acquire MedMen’s remaining interest in MMNY in the future for a nominal additional payment, which option the Company intended to exercise. The Investment Agreement also required AWH to make an additional investment of $10,000 in MMNY, which investment would also be used to repay MMNY’s senior secured lender, if adult-use cannabis sales commenced in MMNY’s dispensaries.

The Company contends that, in December 2021, the parties to the Investment Agreement received the required approvals from the State of New York to close the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement, but MedMen has disputed the adequacy of the approvals provided by the State of New York. The Company delivered notice to MedMen in December 2021 that it wished to close the transactions as required by the Investment Agreement. Nevertheless, MedMen, on January 2, 2022, gave notice to the Company that MedMen purported to terminate the Investment Agreement.

Following receipt of such notice, on January 13, 2022, the Company filed a complaint against MedMen and others in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York (the “Court”), requesting specific performance that the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement must move forward, and such other relief as the Court may deem appropriate. The Company simultaneously moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (the “Motion”) requiring MedMen to operate its New York business in the ordinary course of business and to refrain from any activities or transactions that might impair, encumber, or dissipate MedMen’s New York assets. The parties resolved the Motion via a “Stipulation and Order” entered by the Court on January 21, 2022 that required that MMNY operate only in compliance with the law and in a manner consistent with

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its ordinary course of business that preserved all assets of MMNY. It further required MMNY to not take certain actions, including any actions that would have a material adverse effect on MedMen’s New York business. On March 27, 2023, the parties entered a further stipulation that modified the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order by lifting the Court’s prohibition against a sale or transfer of MMNY or its assets, without waiver of any claims that the Company might have in the event of such a transaction. That further stipulation modifying the January 21, 2022 Stipulation and Order was entered by the Court on August 1, 2023.

On January 24, 2022, MedMen filed counterclaims against the Company, alleging that Ascend had breached the Investment Agreement, and seeking declaratory relief that MedMen had properly terminated the Investment Agreement. On February 14, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s counterclaims and filed an amended complaint (the “First Amended Complaint”) that included additional claims against MedMen for breach of contract. The First Amended Complaint contained several causes of action, including for breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The First Amended Complaint sought damages in addition to continuing to seek injunctive and declaratory relief. On March 7, 2022, MedMen filed amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the First Amended Complaint. On March 28, 2022, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. On April 20, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation extending the time for MedMen to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss until May 5, 2022. In addition, the parties agreed to stay all discovery, including both party and non-party discovery. On May 5, 2022, the parties filed another stipulation order with the Court adjourning until further notice from the Court MedMen’s time to oppose the Company’s motion to dismiss MedMen’s amended counterclaims. The parties again stipulated that all discovery remains stayed pending further order from the Court.

On May 10, 2022, the Company and MedMen signed a term sheet (the “Term Sheet”), pursuant to which the parties agreed to use best efforts to enter into a settlement agreement and enter into new or amended transactional documents. Specifically, if consummated, the agreements contemplated by the Term Sheet would have entailed, among other things, the Company paying MedMen $15,000 in additional transaction consideration, and MedMen withdrawing its counterclaims against the Company. Per the amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet, upon closing, the Company would have received a 99.99% controlling interest in MMNY and the Company would have paid MedMen $74,000, which reflected the original transaction consideration plus an additional $11,000 per the parties’ Term Sheet, less a $4,000 deposit that the Company already paid.

The amended transaction terms contemplated in the Term Sheet also would have required MedMen to provide a representation and warranty that the status of the MMNY assets had not materially changed since December 31, 2021 and an acknowledgement that the representations and warranties from the Investment Agreement would survive for three months after the closing of the contemplated transactions. However, after the Company determined that MedMen could not make or provide the representations and warranties that MedMen would have been required to make as part of the contemplated transactions, the Company determined that it no longer intended to consummate the contemplated transactions.

On September 30, 2022, the Company sought leave from the Court to file a second amended complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”). The Second Amended Complaint contains breach of contract claims against MedMen, as well as a claim for the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and a claim for anticipatory breach of contract. In connection with those claims, the Company is no longer seeking injunctive or declaratory relief; however, the Company continues to seek damages from MedMen, including, but not limited to, the return of the $4,000 deposit, approximately $2,400 of advances pursuant to a working capital loan agreement (as described in Note 6, “Notes Receivable”) and other capital expenditure advances paid to MMNY by the Company.

On November 21, 2022, the parties entered into a stipulation whereby MedMen agreed to the filing of the Second Amended Complaint, which is now the Company’s operative pleading in the litigation. In addition, in the stipulation, the Company agreed that it would not contest MedMen’s filing of second amended counterclaims against the Company while reserving all rights with respect to any such counterclaims. Because the parties agreed to the filing of each side’s amended pleadings, on November 28, 2022, the Court determined that Ascend’s March 2022 motion to dismiss was moot.

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On December 21, 2022, MedMen filed its second amended counterclaims, an answer, and affirmative defenses to the Company’s Second Amended Complaint. In addition to the allegations in MedMen’s earlier pleadings, MedMen now also alleged that the Company breached the Term Sheet. On January 20, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss MedMen’s second amended counterclaims.

On August 18, 2023, the Court issued a Decision and Order on the Company’s motion to dismiss, dismissing seven of MedMen’s ten counterclaims, including each of the counterclaims brought by MedMen relating to the Term Sheet. On September 26, 2023, MedMen filed a motion seeking leave to file its third amended counterclaims, in which MedMen seeks to revive its previously dismissed counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On October 24, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to that motion for leave. As further discussed below, the Court denied that motion on February 2, 2024. In addition, on October 18, 2023, MedMen filed a Notice of Appeal of the Court’s August 18, 2023 Decision and Order with respect to the dismissal of MedMen’s three counterclaims relating to the Term Sheet. On November 1, 2023 the Company filed a Notice of Cross-Appeal with respect to the Court’s determination that the Company’s motion to dismiss was not subject to New York’s anti-SLAPP statute. Both parties have yet to perfect the appeals.

On February 2, 2024, the Court issued a Decision and Order denying MedMen’s motion for leave to file its third amended counterclaims.

On February 21, 2024, the current counsel-of-record for MedMen filed an order to show cause with the Court seeking leave to withdraw as counsel and stay proceedings for thirty days to permit MedMen time to obtain new counsel. On March 20, 2024, the Court granted such withdrawal motion and appointed April 25, 2024 as the deadline for MedMen to obtain new counsel, which, as of the filing of this Form 10-Q, had not occurred.

On April 26, 2024, MedMen announced that it made an assignment into bankruptcy pursuant to Canada’s Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act on April 24, 2024 and B. Riley Farber Inc. was appointed as its bankruptcy trustee. In addition, MedMen announced that MedMen’s wholly owned subsidiary, MM CAN USA, Inc., a California corporation, was placed into receivership in the Los Angeles Superior Court, Santa Monica Division on April 23, 2024 to effectuate an orderly dissolution and liquidation of its California-based assets. MedMen further announced that it intends to initiate additional receivership proceedings in those U.S. states where MM CAN USA, Inc. controls or owns assets, through which the operations and assets of MedMen’s subsidiaries will be dissolved or liquidated pursuant to applicable laws in the United States.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, following the Company’s decision to no longer consummate the contemplated transactions, the Company established an estimated reserve of $3,700 related to the remaining amounts that it has been actively pursuing collecting. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company increased the estimated reserve by $2,703, which is included within “General and administrative expenses” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the Financial Statements and within “Other” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The total estimated reserve is included within “Other current assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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Other Matter

In April 2021, the Company, through a subsidiary, entered into a settlement agreement with TVP, LLC, TVP Grand Rapids, LLC and, TVP Alma, LLC (collectively, the “TVP Parties”) regarding a dispute related to a purchase agreement for the Company’s potential acquisition of certain real estate properties in Michigan. As part of that settlement, the Company issued historical equity units to the TVP Parties to be held in the name of an escrow agent (the “Escrow Units”). The Escrow Units were fully issued and outstanding as of the settlement date and were to remain in the escrow account until such time as the TVP Parties exercised an option to hold the Escrow Units directly (the “Put Option”), which could be exercised for three years. Upon their exercise of the Put Option, the Escrow Units were to be released to the TVP Parties and the TVP Parties would transfer to the Company the equity interests of the entities that hold three real estate properties to be acquired. In February 2024, the TVP Parties notified the Company that they were exercising the Put Option. The transfer is in process and is expected to be completed during the second quarter of 2024. The Company currently operates dispensaries at these locations pursuant to lease agreements. The underlying properties were determined to have a fair value of $5,400 as of the settlement date, which was included within “Other noncurrent assets” on the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets in the Financial Statements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and will be re-classified to “Property and equipment, net” as of the transfer date.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our accompanying Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make certain estimates in the application of our accounting policies based on the best assumptions, judgments, and opinions of our management. The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Financial Statements. For a description of our critical accounting policies, see Item 7., “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates, except as disclosed in Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Financial Statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For information about recently issued accounting standards that have not yet been adopted, see Note 2, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies,” to the Financial Statements.

The Company is an emerging growth company under federal securities laws and as such we are able to elect to follow scaled disclosure requirements for this filing, including an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies.

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT: ISSUERS WITH UNITED STATES CANNABIS-RELATED ASSETS

In accordance with the Canadian Securities Administration Staff Notice 51-352, information regarding the current federal and state-level United States regulatory regimes in those jurisdictions where we are currently directly and indirectly involved in the cannabis industry, through our subsidiaries and investments, is incorporated by reference from subsections “Overview of Government Regulation,” “Compliance with Applicable State Laws in the United States,” and “State Regulation of Cannabis,” under Item 1., “Business,” of the Company’s Annual Report, as filed with the SEC and with the relevant Canadian securities regulatory authorities under its profile on SEDAR+.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We are exposed in varying degrees to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, prices of raw materials, and other financial instrument related risks. There have been no material changes in our market risks from those disclosed in Item 7A., “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will not be able to meet our financial obligations associated with financial liabilities. We manage liquidity risk through the effective management of our capital structure. Our approach to managing liquidity is to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity at all times to settle obligations and liabilities when due.

As reflected in the Financial Statements, the Company had an accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, as well as a net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, which are indicators that raise substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year from the issuance of our Financial Statements has been alleviated due to: (i) cash on hand and (ii) continued growth of sales from our consolidated operations. Management plans to continue to access capital markets for additional funding through debt and/or equity financings to supplement future cash needs, as may be required. However, management cannot provide any assurances that we will be successful in accomplishing our business plans. If we are unable to raise additional capital on favorable terms, if at all, whenever necessary, we may be forced to decelerate or curtail certain of our operations until such time as additional capital becomes available.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

a.Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

b.Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

A discussion of our litigation matters occurring in the period covered by this report is found in Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to the Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

As of the date of this filing, there have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, in response to Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” of Part I of the Annual Report.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

There have been no sales of unregistered securities during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, and from the period from April 1, 2024 to the filing date of this report, which have not been previously disclosed in a prior Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of our executive officers or directors adopted or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

(a) EXHIBIT INDEX

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit No.	Exhibit Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date
3.1	Certificate of Incorporation	S-1	333-254800	3.4	April 23, 2021
3.2	Bylaws	S-1	333-254800	3.5	April 23, 2021
4.1	Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing the shares of common stock	S-1	333-254800	4.1	April 15, 2021
4.2	Form of Registration Rights Agreement	S-1	333-254800	4.2	April 23, 2021
4.3	Form of Warrant Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and each of the several lenders, dated June 30, 2022	10-Q	333-254800	4.5	August 15, 2022
10.1*#	Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement, dated April 12, 2024, by and among Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc., group of lenders, and Acquiom Agency Services LLC, as administrative agent and collateral agent
10.2*†#	Employment Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Abner Kurtin, dated March 29, 2024
10.3*†#	Employee Separation and Release Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Abner Kurtin, dated March 29, 2024
10.4*†#	Employment Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Francis Perullo, dated March 26, 2024
10.5*†#	Employee Separation and Release Agreement between Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc. and Francis Perullo, dated March 26, 2024
31.1*	Certification of Periodic Report by Principal Executive Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*	Certification of Periodic Report by Principal Financial Officer under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32‡	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS*	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*	Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
104*	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*    Filed herewith.

†    Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

‡    Document has been furnished, is not deemed filed and is not to be incorporated by reference into any of the Company’s filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in any such filing.

#    Certain schedules and exhibits have been omitted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(a)(5). The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon its request. Certain personal information has been redacted from this exhibit pursuant to Item 601(a)(6) of Regulation S-K.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Ascend Wellness Holdings, Inc.
May 8, 2024	/s/ Mark Cassebaum
	Mark Cassebaum Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

May 8, 2024	/s/ Roman Nemchenko
	Roman Nemchenko Executive Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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