UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒    QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

or

☐    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                    

Commission File Number: 001-40711

Orange County Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	26-1135778
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

212 Dolson Avenue

Middletown, New York 10940

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(845) 341-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading symbol	Name of Exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.50 per share	OBT	The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes  ☒    No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒	Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of May 6, 2024, there were 5,657,458 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I	Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Condition as of March 31, 2024 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2023	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	30
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	46
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	46
Part II	Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	47
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	47
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	47
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	47
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	47
Item 5.	Other Information	47
Item 6.	Exhibits	47
Exhibit Index		48
Signatures		48

2

PART I —FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

(UNAUDITED)

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	144,726	$	147,383
Investment securities – available-for-sale (amortized cost $553,727, net of allowance for credit losses of $0 at March 31, 2024 and $560,994, net of allowance for credit losses of $0 at December 31, 2023)		476,077		489,948
Restricted investment in bank stocks		5,711		14,525
Loans		1,732,550		1,747,062
Allowance for credit losses		(25,473)		(25,182)
Loans, net		1,707,077		1,721,880
Premises and equipment, net		16,019		16,160
Accrued interest receivable		10,135		5,934
Bank owned life insurance		41,689		41,447
Goodwill		5,359		5,359
Intangible assets		1,035		1,107
Other assets		44,685		41,725
TOTAL ASSETS	$	2,452,513	$	2,485,468
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Noninterest bearing	$	635,952	$	699,203
Interest bearing		1,513,479		1,339,546
Total deposits		2,149,431		2,038,749
FHLB advances, short term		28,000		224,500
BTFP borrowings, short term		50,000		—
FHLB advances, long term		10,000		10,000
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs		19,538		19,520
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		26,876		27,323
TOTAL LIABILITIES		2,283,845		2,320,092
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock, $0.50 par value; 15,000,000 shares authorized; 5,683,304 issued; 5,657,458 and 5,651,311 outstanding, at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		2,842		2,842
Surplus		120,525		120,392
Retained Earnings		115,351		107,361
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes		(69,092)		(64,108)
Treasury stock, at cost; 25,846 and 31,993 shares at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		(958)		(1,111)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		168,668		165,376
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	2,452,513	$	2,485,468

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	25,614	$	21,836
Interest on investment securities:
Taxable		3,226		3,073
Tax exempt		568		597
Interest on Federal funds sold and other		1,665		858
TOTAL INTEREST INCOME		31,073		26,364
INTEREST EXPENSE
Savings and NOW accounts		4,577		2,430
Time deposits		2,414		459
FHLB advances		2,251		2,105
Note payable		—		—
Subordinated notes		230		231
TOTAL INTEREST EXPENSE		9,472		5,225
NET INTEREST INCOME		21,601		21,139
Provision for credit losses- investments		(1,900)		5,000
Provision for credit losses - loans		260		1,355
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES		23,241		14,784
NONINTEREST INCOME
Service charges on deposit accounts		235		174
Trust income		1,312		1,176
Investment advisory income		1,575		1,198
Investment securities gains, net		—		107
Earnings on bank owned life insurance		242		238
Other		322		277
TOTAL NONINTEREST INCOME		3,686		3,170
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries		6,738		6,254
Employee benefits		2,122		1,867
Occupancy expense		1,161		1,254
Professional fees		1,436		1,048
Directors’ fees and expenses		322		230
Computer software expense		1,235		1,223
FDIC assessment		418		330
Advertising expenses		364		276
Advisor expenses related to trust income		33		29
Telephone expenses		187		169
Intangible amortization		72		71
Other		1,222		1,277
TOTAL NONINTEREST EXPENSE		15,310		14,028
Income before income taxes		11,617		3,926
Provision for income taxes		2,327		696
NET INCOME	$	9,290	$	3,230
Basic and diluted earnings per share	$	1.65	$	0.57
Weighted average shares outstanding		5,634,937		5,625,660

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS)

(UNAUDITED)

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Net Income	$	9,290	$	3,230
Other comprehensive income/(loss):
Unrealized gains/(losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains/(losses) arising during the period		(6,604)		7,190
Credit loss expense		—		5,000
Reclassification adjustment for (gains) included in net income		—		(107)
Tax effect		(1,386)		2,453
Net of tax		(5,218)		9,630
Defined benefit pension plans:
Net gain arising during the period		300		500
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of prior service cost and net gains included in net periodic pension cost		—		—
Tax effect		63		105
Net of tax		237		395
Deferred compensation liability:
Unrealized loss		(4)		(4)
Tax effect		(1)		(1)
Net of tax		(3)		(3)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)		(4,984)		10,022
Total comprehensive income	$	4,306	$	13,252

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

							Accumulated Other
	Common				Retained		Comprehensive		Treasury
	Stock		Surplus		Earnings		Income (Loss)		Stock		Total
Balance, January 1, 2023	$	2,842	$	120,107	$	84,635	$	(68,196)	$	(1,250)	$	138,138
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-13						(1,561)						(1,561)
Balance, January 1, 2023 (as adjusted for change in accounting principle)	$	2,842	$	120,107	$	83,074	$	(68,196)	$	(1,250)	$	136,577
Net income		—		—		3,230		—		—		3,230
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes		—		—		—		10,022		—		10,022
Cash dividends declared ($0.23 per share)		—		—		(1,297)		—		—		(1,297)
Treasury stock purchased (5,685 shares)		—		—		—		—		(293)		(293)
Restricted stock expense		—		28		—		—		—		28
Stock-based compensation (5,853 shares)		—		133		—		—		180		313
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	2,842	$	120,268	$	85,007	$	(58,174)	$	(1,363)	$	148,580
Balance, January 1, 2024	$	2,842	$	120,392	$	107,361	$	(64,108)	$	(1,111)	$	165,376
Net income		—		—		9,290		—		—		9,290
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes		—		—		—		(4,984)		—		(4,984)
Cash dividends declared ($0.23 per share)		—		—		(1,300)		—		—		(1,300)
Treasury stock purchased (6,230 shares)		—		—		—		—		(287)		(287)
Restricted stock expense		—		5		—		—		—		5
Stock-based compensation (12,377 shares)		—		128		—		—		440		568
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	2,842	$	120,525	$	115,351	$	(69,092)	$	(958)	$	168,668

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	9,290	$	3,230
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		(1,640)		6,355
Depreciation		393		498
Accretion on loans		(487)		(748)
Amortization of intangibles		72		71
Amortization of subordinated notes issuance costs		18		19
Investment securities (gains) losses		—		(107)
Restricted stock expense		5		28
Stock-based compensation		568		313
Net amortization of investment premiums		264		321
Earnings on bank owned life insurance		(242)		(238)
Net change in:
Accrued interest receivable		(4,201)		359
Other assets		(1,337)		145
Other liabilities		(450)		(2,074)
Net cash from operating activities		2,253		8,172
Cash flows from/(used) investing activities
Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale		(669)		(3,112)
Proceeds from sales of investment securities available-for-sale		—		7,296
Proceeds from paydowns of investment securities available-for-sale		7,421		11,587
Proceeds from maturities and calls of investment securities available-for-sale		250		1,416
Purchase of restricted investment in bank stocks		(7,499)		(18,326)
Proceeds from redemptions of restricted investment in bank stocks		16,313		13,487
Net decrease (increase) in loans		16,931		(96,331)
Purchase of premises and equipment		(252)		(2,338)
Disposal of premises and equipment		—		—
Net cash from/(used) by investing activities		32,495		(86,321)
Cash flows from/(used) financing activities
Net increase in deposits		110,682		51,455
Net change in FHLB advances, short term		(196,500)		97,500
Proceeds from FHLB advances, long term		—		10,000
Net change in FRB Borrowings		50,000		—
Cash dividends paid		(1,300)		(1,297)
Purchases of treasury stock		(287)		(293)
Net cash from/(used) financing activities		(37,405)		157,365
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(2,657)		79,216
Beginning cash and cash equivalents		147,383		86,081
Ending cash and cash equivalents	$	144,726	$	165,297
Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid		10,078		5,442
Income taxes paid		99		102
Supplemental noncash disclosures:
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets		513		858

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Note 1 — Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations and Principles of Consolidation: The unaudited consolidated financial statements include Orange County Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware bank holding company (“Orange County Bancorp”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries: Orange Bank & Trust Company, a New York trust company (the “Bank”) and Hudson Valley Investment Advisors (“HVIA”), a Registered Investment Advisor, together referred to as the “Company.” Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

The Company provides commercial and consumer banking services to individuals, small businesses and local municipal governments as well as trust and investment services through the Bank and HVIA. The Company is headquartered in Middletown, New York, with eight locations in Orange County, New York, seven in Westchester County, New York, two in Rockland County, New York, and one in Bronx County, New York. Its primary deposit products are checking, savings, and term certificate accounts, and its primary lending products are commercial real estate, commercial and residential mortgage loans. Substantially all loans are secured by specific items of collateral including business assets, consumer assets, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial loans are expected to be repaid from cash flow from operations of businesses. There are no significant concentrations of loans to any one industry or customer. However, the customers’ ability to repay their loans is dependent on the real estate and general economic conditions in the areas in which they operate.

Assets held by the Company in an agency or fiduciary capacity for its customers are excluded from the consolidated financial statements since they do not constitute assets of the Company. Assets held by the Company in an agency or fiduciary capacity for its customers amounted to $1.7 billion and $1.6 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 for Orange County Bancorp contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2024. In the opinion of the management of the Company, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting solely of normal and recurring accruals) necessary to present fairly the financial position as of March 31, 2024, the results of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and cash flow statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year or for any future period. Certain reclassifications have been made to the financial statements to conform with prior period presentations.

Use of Estimates: To prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements: In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. These amendments require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (or loss) by the applicable statutory income tax rate). The amendments require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the following information about income taxes paid: 1) The amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes. 2) The amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). The amendments also require that all entities disclose the following information: 1) Income (or loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic and foreign and 2) Income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the

8

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Company beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Receivable

The allowance for credit losses on loans is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the loan to present the net amount expected to be collected. Expected losses are evaluated and calculated on a collective, or pooled, basis for those loans which share similar risk characteristics. If the loan does not share risk characteristics with other loans, the Company will evaluate the loan on an individual basis. Individually evaluated loans are primarily non-accrual and collateral dependent loans. Furthermore, the Company evaluates the pooling methodology at least annually to ensure that loans with similar risk characteristics are pooled appropriately. Loans are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when the Company believes the balances to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off. The Company does not estimate expected losses on accrued interest receivable on loans, as accrued interest receivable is reversed or written off when the full collection of the accrued interest receivable related to a loan becomes doubtful.

The Company has chosen to segment its portfolio consistent with the manner in which it manages credit risk. The Company calculates estimated credit losses for these loan segments using quantitative models and qualitative factors. Further information on loan segmentation and the credit loss estimation is included in Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses.

Individually Evaluated Loans

On a case-by-case basis, the Company may conclude that a loan should be evaluated on an individual basis based on its disparate risk characteristics. When the Company determines that a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio, the allowance will be determined on an individual basis using the present value of expected cash flows or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. If the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, the Company will charge off the difference between the fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell at the reporting date and the amortized cost basis of the loan.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Commitments

The Company is required to include unfunded commitments that are expected to be funded in the future within the allowance calculation, other than those that are unconditionally cancelable. To arrive at that reserve, the reserve percentage for each applicable segment is applied to the unused portion of the expected commitment balance and is multiplied by the expected funding rate. As noted above, the allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities on the consolidated statement of financial condition and the related credit expense is recorded as provisions for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Available for Sale Securities

For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more than likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities available for sale that do not meet the above criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost and adverse conditions related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

9

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for, or reversal of, credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available for sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. The Company does not estimate expected losses on accrued interest receivable on investments, as accrued interest receivable is reversed or written off when the full collection of the accrued interest receivable related to an investment becomes doubtful.

Note 2 — Investment Securities

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		ACL		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Adjustment		Value
Available-for-sale March 31, 2024
U.S. government agencies and treasuries	$	95,665	$	28	$	(10,502)	$	—	$	85,191
Mortgage-backed securities - residential		251,720		6		(35,032)		—		216,694
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial		79,121		—		(16,614)		—		62,507
Corporate Securities		23,524		—		(4,349)		—		19,175
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		103,697		55		(11,242)		—		92,510
Total debt securities	$	553,727	$	89	$	(77,739)	$	—	$	476,077

			Gross		Gross
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Gains		Losses		Value
Available-for-sale December 31, 2023
U.S. government agencies and treasuries	$	96,736	$	21	$	(9,690)	$	87,067
Mortgage-backed securities - residential		257,804		45		(30,931)		226,918
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial		79,589		—		(16,286)		63,303
Corporate Securities		23,529		—		(4,253)		19,276
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		103,336		91		(10,043)		93,384
Total debt securities	$	560,994	$	157	$	(71,203)	$	489,948

Proceeds from sales of securities and associated gains and losses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Proceeds	$	—	$	7,296
Gross realized gains	$	—	$	130
Gross realized losses		—		23
Net gain on sales of securities		—		107
Tax provision on realized net gains and loss		—		22
Net gain on sales of securities, after tax	$	—	$	85

10

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities as of March 31, 2024 are shown below by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Available-for-sale
	Amortized		Fair
	Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	8,877	$	8,888
Due after one through five years		30,991		28,777
Due after five through ten years		56,771		48,741
Due after ten years		126,247		110,470
		222,886		196,876
Mortgage-backed securities		330,841		279,201
Total debt securities	$	553,727	$	476,077

Securities pledged at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 had a carrying amount of $328,233 and $317,855 and were pledged to secure public deposits.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the US Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

The following tables summarize those securities with unrealized losses for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by major security types and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position:

	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses
Available-for-sale March 31, 2024
U.S. government agencies and treasuries	$	685	$	(1)	$	80,906	$	(10,501)	$	81,591	$	(10,502)
Mortgage-backed securities - residential		8,284		(128)		206,994		(34,904)		215,278		(35,032)
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial		1,209		(22)		61,298		(16,592)		62,507		(16,614)
Corporate Securities		—		—		19,175		(4,349)		19,175		(4,349)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		5,067		(28)		82,181		(11,214)		87,248		(11,242)
Total debt securities	$	15,245	$	(179)	$	450,554	$	(77,560)	$	465,799	$	(77,739)

	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
	Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
	Value		Losses		Value		Losses		Value		Losses
Available-for-sale December 31, 2023
U.S. government agencies	$	438	$	(1)	$	83,003	$	(9,689)	$	83,441	$	(9,690)
Mortgage-backed securities - residential		9,169		(171)		215,301		(30,760)		224,470		(30,931)
Mortgage-backed securities - commercial		1,223		(10)		62,080		(16,276)		63,303		(16,286)
Corporate Securities		—		—		19,276		(4,253)		19,276		(4,253)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		513		(2)		83,470		(10,041)		83,983		(10,043)
Total debt securities	$	11,343	$	(184)	$	463,130	$	(71,019)	$	474,473	$	(71,203)

As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s securities portfolio consisted of 277 securities, 249 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s securities portfolio consisted of 276 securities, 243 of which were in an unrealized

11

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

loss position. Unrealized losses are primarily related to the Company’s mortgage backed securities, U.S. government agency securities, and investments in obligations of states and political subdivisions as discussed below.

Available for sale securities are evaluated to determine if a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. An impairment related to credit factors would be recorded through an allowance for credit losses. The allowance is limited to the amount by which the security’s amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value. An impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses shall be recorded through other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Investment securities will be written down to fair value through the Consolidated Statements of Income when management intends to sell, or may be required to sell, the securities before they recover in value. Primarily all of the investment securities are backed by loans guaranteed by either U.S. government agencies or U.S government-sponsored entities, and management believes that default is highly unlikely given the lack of historical credit losses and governmental backing. Management believes that the unrealized losses on these securities are a function of changes in market interest rates and credit spreads, not changes in credit quality.

The Company’s available for sale debt securities portfolio includes U.S. government agencies and treasuries, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, and obligations of states and political subdivisions, as well as other securities. These types of securities may include a risk of future impairment charges as a result of the changes in market interest rates, unpredictable nature of the U.S. economy and their potential negative effect on the future performance of the security issuers. Available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses on a quarterly basis. Management evaluated the credit quality, the ability and intent to hold these securities to maturity, and the impact of interest rates on the respective fair values of the securities. Based on that review and evaluation, it was determined that any change in fair value was temporary and did not result in impairment. Accordingly, no impairment was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Accrued interest on investments, which is excluded from the amortized cost of available for sale debt securities, totaled $2.8 million and $2.3 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is presented within total accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The Company does not intend to sell any of its available for sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell any of its securities prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis.

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses associated with investment securities for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Allowance for credit losses -investments:
		Corporate Securities
Beginning balance	$	—
Provision for credit losses		(1,900)
Charge-offs		—
Recoveries		1,900
Ending balance	$	—

The recovery reflected in the table above represents the sale of the Signature Bank subordinated debt during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Additionally, management evaluated the requirement for an allowance for credit losses associated with the corporate securities portfolio. It was determined that ACL-investments was not required and, accordingly, the amount of the recovery was adjusted as a credit to the Provision for credit losses.

12

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Note 3 — Loans

Loans at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

	2024		2023
Commercial and industrial	$	260,021	$	273,562
Commercial real estate		1,261,860		1,259,356
Commercial real estate construction		84,005		85,725
Residential real estate		78,923		78,321
Home equity		13,322		13,546
Consumer		34,419		36,552
Total Loans		1,732,550		1,747,062
Allowance for credit losses		(25,473)		(25,182)
Net Loans	$	1,707,077	$	1,721,880

Included in commercial and industrial loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were loans issued under the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) of $204 and $215, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company engaged a third-party vendor to assist in the CECL calculation and internal governance framework to oversee the quarterly estimation process for the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”). The ACL calculation methodology relies on regression-based discounted cash flow (“DCF”) models that correlate relationships between certain financial metrics and external market and macroeconomic variables. The Company uses Probability of Default (“PD”) and Loss Given Default (“LGD”) with quantitative factors and qualitative considerations in the calculation of the allowance for credit losses for collectively evaluated loans. The Company uses a reasonable and supportable period of one year, at which point loss assumptions revert back to historical loss information by means of a one-year reversion period. Following are some of the key factors and assumptions that are used in the Company’s CECL calculations:

• methods based on probability of default and loss given default which are modeled based on macroeconomic scenarios;

• a reasonable and supportable forecast period determined based on management’s current review of macroeconomic environment;

• a reversion period after the reasonable and supportable forecast period;

• estimated prepayment rates based on the Company’s historical experience and future macroeconomic environment;

• estimated credit utilization rates based on the Company’s historical experience and future macroeconomic environment; and

• incorporation of qualitative factors not captured within the modeled results. The qualitative factors include but are not limited to

changes in lending policies, business conditions, changes in the nature and size of the portfolio, portfolio concentrations, and

external factors such as competition.

Allowance for Credit Losses are aggregated for the major loan segments, with similar risk characteristics, summarized below. However, for the purposes of calculating the reserves, these segments may be further broken down into loan classes by risk characteristics that include but are not limited to regulatory call codes, industry type, geographic location, and collateral type.

Residential real estate loans involve certain risks such as interest rate risk and risk of non-repayment. Adjustable-rate residential real estate loans decrease the interest rate risk to the Bank that is associated with changes in interest rates but involve other risks, primarily because as interest rates rise, the payment by the borrower rises to the extent permitted by the terms of the loan, thereby increasing the potential for default. At the same time, the marketability of the underlying properties may be adversely affected by

13

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

higher interest rates. Repayment risk may be affected by a number of factors including, but not necessarily limited to, job loss, divorce, illness and personal bankruptcy of the borrower.

Commercial and multi-family real estate lending entails additional risks as compared with residential family property lending. Such loans typically involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. The payment experience on such loans is typically dependent on the successful operation of the real estate project. The success of such projects is sensitive to changes in supply and demand conditions in the market for commercial real estate as well as general economic conditions.

Construction lending is generally considered to involve a high risk due to the concentration of principal in a limited number of loans and borrowers and the effects of the general economic conditions on developers and builders. Moreover, a construction loan can involve additional risks because of the inherent difficulty in estimating both a property’s value at completion of the project and the estimated cost (including interest) of the project. The nature of these loans is such that they are generally difficult to evaluate and monitor. In addition, speculative construction loans to a builder are not necessarily pre-sold and thus pose a greater potential risk to the Bank than construction loans to individuals on their personal residence.

Commercial and industrial lending, including lines of credit, is generally considered higher risk due to the concentration of principal in a limited number of loans and borrowers and the effects of general economic conditions on the business. Commercial business loans are primarily secured by inventories and other business assets. In many cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted commercial business loans will not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance.

Home equity lending entails certain risks such as interest rate risk and risk of non-repayment. The marketability of the underlying property may be adversely affected by higher interest rates, decreasing the collateral value securing the loan. Repayment risk can be affected by job loss, divorce, illness and personal bankruptcy of the borrower. Home equity line of credit lending entails securing an equity interest in the borrower’s home. In many cases, the Bank’s position in these loans is as a junior lien holder to another institution’s superior lien. This type of lending is often priced on an adjustable rate basis with the rate set at or above a predefined index. Adjustable-rate loans decrease the interest rate risk to the Bank that is associated with changes in interest rates but involve other risks, primarily because as interest rates rise, the payment by the borrower rises to the extent permitted by the terms of the loan, thereby increasing the potential for default.

Consumer loans generally have more credit risk because of the type and nature of the collateral and, in certain cases, the absence of collateral. Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than other lending. In addition, consumer lending collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness and personal bankruptcy. In many cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan will not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan.

The following tables present the activity in the allowance by portfolio segment for each of the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023: (Note: The activity presented does not include provisions recorded to support the reserve associated with off balance sheet commitments.)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Commercial				Commercial
	And		Commercial		Real Estate		Residential		Home
	Industrial		Real Estate		Construction		Real Estate		Equity		Consumer		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance	$	4,819	$	17,873	$	772	$	1,081	$	51	$	586	$	25,182
Provision for credit losses*		870		(380)		(50)		(10)		—		(68)		362
Charge-offs		(3)		—		—		(94)		—		—		(97)
Recoveries		7		—		—		—		—		19		26
Ending balance	$	5,693	$	17,493	$	722	$	977	$	51	$	537	$	25,473

* The provision for credit losses on the income statement also includes approximately ($102) associated with off balance sheet ACL.

14

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Commercial				Commercial
	and		Commercial		Real Estate		Residential		Home
	Industrial		Real Estate		Construction		Real Estate		Equity		Consumer		Total
Allowance for credit losses:
Beginning balance, prior to adoption of ASC 326	$	5,510	$	14,364	$	1,252	$	345	$	63	$	298	$	21,832
Impact of adopting ASC 326		72		1,737		(8)		(227)		(17)		(129)		1,428
Provision for credit losses*		(338)		585		381		930		26		(51)		1,533
Charge-offs		(142)		—		—		—		—		(36)		(178)
Recoveries		39		12		—		—		—		60		111
Ending balance	$	5,141	$	16,698	$	1,625	$	1,048	$	72	$	142	$	24,726

* The provision for credit losses on the income statement also includes approximately ($178) associated with off balance sheet ACL.

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for credit losses and the amortized cost in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Commercial				Commercial
	and		Commercial		Real Estate		Residential		Home
	Industrial		Real Estate		Construction		Real Estate		Equity		Consumer		Total
March 31, 2024
Allowance for credit losses:
Ending balance:
individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,214	$	306	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,520
collectively evaluated for impairment		4,479		17,187		722		977		51		537		23,953
Total ending allowance balance	$	5,693	$	17,493	$	722	$	977	$	51	$	537	$	25,473
Loans:
Ending balance:
individually evaluated for impairment	$	2,928	$	15,408	$	—	$	648	$	—	$	92	$	19,076
collectively evaluated for impairment		257,093		1,246,452		84,005		78,275		13,322		34,327		1,713,474
Total ending loans balance	$	260,021	$	1,261,860	$	84,005	$	78,923	$	13,322	$	34,419	$	1,732,550

	Commercial				Commercial
	and		Commercial		Real Estate		Residential		Home
	Industrial		Real Estate		Construction		Real Estate		Equity		Consumer		Total
December 31, 2023
Allowance for credit losses:
Ending balance:
individually evaluated for impairment	$	157	$	308	$	—	$	94	$	—	$	—	$	559
collectively evaluated for impairment		4,662		17,565		772		987		51		586		24,623
Total ending allowance balance	$	4,819	$	17,873	$	772	$	1,081	$	51	$	586	$	25,182
Loans:
Ending balance:
individually evaluated for impairment	$	556	$	21,210	$	—	$	1,239	$	—	$	94	$	23,099
collectively evaluated for impairment		273,006		1,238,146		85,725		77,082		13,546		36,458		1,723,963
Total ending loans balance	$	273,562	$	1,259,356	$	85,725	$	78,321	$	13,546	$	36,552	$	1,747,062

15

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Included in the commercial and industrial loans collectively evaluated for impairment are PPP loans of $204 and $215 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. PPP loans receivable are guaranteed by the SBA and have no allocation in the allowance.

Individually Analyzed Loans

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company began analyzing loans on an individual basis when management determined that the loan no longer exhibited risk characteristics consistent with the risk characteristics existing in its designated pool of loans, under the Corporation's CECL methodology. Loans individually analyzed include certain nonaccrual commercial, as well as certain accruing loans previously identified under prior troubled debt restructuring (TDR) guidance.

As of March 31, 2024, the Company held $5.8 million in non-accrual balances and a related ACL of approximately $1.3 million. Within the non-accrual balaces, $3.1 million of these loans had no ACL associated to them.

As of December 31, 2023, the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed loans was $16.8 million and a related ACL of approximately $194 thousand. For collateral dependent loans where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is likely to be substantially provided through the sale or operation of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan, at measurement date. Certain assets held as collateral may be exposed to future deterioration in fair value, particularly due to changes in real estate markets or usage.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis and related allowance for credit loss of individually analyzed loans considered to be collateral dependent as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively (in thousands):

	At March 31, 2024				At December 31, 2023
	Principal Balance			Related Allowance	Principal Balance			Related Allowance
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial real estate (1)		9,860		100		15,594		100
Commercial real estate construction		—		—		—		—
Residential real estate (2)		648		—		1,239		94
Home equity		—		—		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—
Total	$	10,508	$	100	$	16,833	$	194

⁽¹⁾ Commercial real estate – secured by various types of commercial real estate

⁽²⁾ Residential real estate – secured by residential real estate

16

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

The following tables present the amortized cost in non-accrual and loans past due over 90 days still on accrual by class of loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	Non-Accrual
	with No Allowance								Loans Past Due Over 90 Days
	for Credit Loss				Non-accrual				Still Accruing
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023		March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial	$	195	$	285	$	2,515	$	556	$	—	$	—
Commercial real estate		2,355		2,391		2,655		2,692		19		—
Commercial real estate construction		—		—		—		—		—		—
Residential real estate		589		591		589		1,179		—		—
Home equity		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	3,139		3,267	$	5,759	$	4,427	$	19	$	—

As of March 31, 2024, the Company held $5.8 million in non-accrual balances and a related ACL for approximately $1.3 million. Within the non-accrual balances, $3.1 million of these loans had no ACL associated with them.

The Company adopted ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures (“ASU 2022-02”) effective January 1, 2023. The amendments in ASU 2022-02 eliminated the recognition and measurement of troubled debt restructurings and enhanced disclosures for loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The Company did not have any loans that were both experiencing financial difficulties and modified during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed within the scope of the Company’s internal underwriting policy.

The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost in past-due loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by class of loans:

	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		Greater Than		Total		Loans
	Past Due		Past Due		90 Days		Past Due		Not Past Due
March 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial	$	2,104	$	270	$	195	$	2,569	$	257,452
Commercial real estate		609		—		320		929		1,260,931
Commercial real estate construction		—		—		—		—		84,005
Residential real estate		11		—		578		589		78,334
Home equity		—		—		—		—		13,322
Consumer		—		—		—		—		34,419
Total	$	2,724	$	270	$	1,093	$	4,087	$	1,728,463

17

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		Greater Than		Total		Loans
	Past Due		Past Due		90 Days		Past Due		Not Past Due
December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial	$	229	$	—	$	327	$	556	$	273,006
Commercial real estate		20		—		300		320		1,259,035
Commercial real estate construction		—		—		—		—		85,725
Residential real estate		—		—		1,167		1,167		77,155
Home equity		—		—		—		—		13,546
Consumer		—		—		—		—		36,552
Total	$	249	$	—	$	1,794	$	2,043	$	1,745,019

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, loans in the process of foreclosure were $1,690 and $1,840 respectively, of which $915 and $1,504 were secured by residential real estate.

Credit Quality Indicators: The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis includes loans with an outstanding balance greater than $350 thousand and non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed on an annual basis. The company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention. Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well- defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be pass-rated loans.

18

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

The following tables summarize the Company’s loans by year of origination and internally assigned credit risk at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and gross charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

									Revolving
								Revolving	Loans to
	2024		2023	2022	2021	2020	Prior	Loans	Term Loans	Total
Commercial and industrial											—
Pass	$	8,824	43,207	50,943	45,887	39,582	59,779	—	—	$	248,222
Special Mention		—	95	7,146	995	—	250	—	—		8,486
Substandard		—	399	385	216	842	1,471	—	—		3,313
Total Commercial and industrial	$	8,824	43,701	58,474	47,098	40,424	61,500	—	—	$	260,021
Current period gross charge-offs		3	—	—				—	—		3
Commercial real estate
Pass	$	25,245	198,451	327,343	228,684	161,608	283,465	4,117	—	$	1,228,913
Special Mention		—	—	—	9,913	—	14,907	—	—		24,820
Substandard		—	—	—	427	2,355	5,345	—	—		8,127
Total Commercial real estate	$	25,245	198,451	327,343	239,024	163,963	303,717	4,117	—	$	1,261,860
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Commercial real estate construction
Pass	$	17,162	28,874	37,969	—	—	—	—	—	$	84,005
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Total Commercial real estate construction	$	17,162	28,874	37,969	—	—	—	—	—	$	84,005
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Residential real estate
Pass	$	1,009	21,039	17,314	8,708	8,973	21,291	—	—	$	78,334
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	589	—	—		589
Total Residential real estate	$	1,009	21,039	17,314	8,708	8,973	21,880	—	—	$	78,923
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	94	—	—		94
Home equity
Pass	$	—	48	67	—	—	54	11,432	1,721	$	13,322
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Total Home Equity	$	—	48	67	—	—	54	11,432	1,721	$	13,322
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Consumer
Pass	$	80	27,450	7	—	1,675	83	5,032	—	$	34,327
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	92	—	—		92
Total Consumer	$	80	27,450	7	—	1,675	175	5,032	—	$	34,419
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—		—	—		—
Total Loans	$	52,320	319,563	441,174	294,830	215,035	387,326	20,581	1,721	$	1,732,550
Gross charge-offs	$	3	—	—	—	—	94	—	—	$	97

19

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

									Revolving
								Revolving	Loans to
	2023		2022	2021	2020	2019	Prior	Loans	Term Loans	Total
Commercial and industrial											—
Pass	$	46,009	56,896	48,103	44,329	26,500	39,953	—	—	$	261,790
Special Mention		100	7,521	—	—	—	225	—	—		7,846
Substandard		408	384	729	842	—	1,563	—	—		3,926
Total Commercial and industrial	$	46,517	64,801	48,832	45,171	26,500	41,741	—	—	$	273,562
Current period gross charge-offs		23	—	—	510	439	597	—	—		1,569
Commercial real estate
Pass	$	197,300	328,445	237,198	162,619	88,322	202,800	3,298	—	$	1,219,982
Special Mention		—	—	9,957	—	2,959	12,042	—	—		24,958
Substandard		—	—	430	2,391	6,133	5,462	—	—		14,416
Total Commercial real estate	$	197,300	328,445	247,585	165,010	97,414	220,304	3,298	—	$	1,259,356
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Commercial real estate construction
Pass	$	11,116	26,876	37,326	10,407	—	—	—	—	$	85,725
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Total Commercial real estate construction	$	11,116	26,876	37,326	10,407	—	—	—	—	$	85,725
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Residential real estate
Pass	$	19,196	17,810	8,825	9,253	4,475	17,583	—	—	$	77,142
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	589	590	—	—		1,179
Total Residential real estate	$	19,196	17,810	8,825	9,253	5,064	18,173	—	—	$	78,321
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Home equity
Pass	$	48	68	15	—	57	—	11,595	1,763	$	13,546
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Total Home Equity	$	48	68	15	—	57	—	11,595	1,763	$	13,546
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Consumer
Pass	$	28,930	8	—	1,789	22	63	5,646	—	$	36,458
Special Mention		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—		—
Substandard		—	—	—	—	—	94	—	—		94
Total Consumer	$	28,930	8	—	1,789	22	157	5,646	—	$	36,552
Current period gross charge-offs		—	—	11	—	25	1	—	—		37
Total Loans	$	303,107	438,008	342,583	231,630	129,057	280,375	20,539	1,763	$	1,747,062
Gross charge-offs	$	23	—	11	510	464	598	—	—	$	1,606

Loans to certain directors and principal officers of the Company, including their immediate families and companies in which they are affiliated, amounted to $16,854 and $16,475 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

20

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Note 4 — Fair Value

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Investment Securities: The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2), using matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique commonly used to price debt securities that are not actively traded, values debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3).

Individually Evaluated, or Collateral Dependent Loans and Other Real Estate Owned: The fair value of collateral dependent loans that are individually evaluated for impairment is generally based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach and resulted in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Collateral dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted in accordance with the allowance policy.

Appraisals are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by a third-party appraisal management company that the Company has engaged in accordance with internal vendor management policies and approval of the Company’s Board of Directors. Once received, the appraisal review function is conducted by the appraisal management company and consists of a review of the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. Through this review, the appraisal management company evaluates the validity of the appraised value and the strength of the conclusions; which are subsequently confirmed by a member of the Credit Department. Discounts to the appraised value are then applied to recognize the carrying costs incurred until disposition, realtor fees, deterioration in the quality of the asset, and the age of the appraisal. The net effect of these adjustments were included in the charge-off to the allowance upon acquisition of the foreclosed property and/or upon partial charge-off of the collateral dependent loan. The most recent analysis of property appraisals including the appropriate discount rates are incorporated into the allowance methodology for the respective loan portfolio segments.

21

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices in
			Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	Total at		for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
	March 31,		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	2024		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. government agencies and treasuries	$	85,191	$	—	$	85,191	$	—
Mortgage-backed securities		279,201		—		279,201		—
Corporate securities		19,175		—		16,440		2,735
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		92,510		—		92,510		—
Total securities available-for-sale	$	476,077	$	—	$	473,342	$	2,735

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices in
			Active Markets		Significant Other		Significant
	Total at		for Identical		Observable		Unobservable
	December 31,		Assets		Inputs		Inputs
	2023		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
U.S. government agencies and treasuries		87,067	$	—	$	87,067	$	—
Mortgage-backed securities		290,221		—		290,221		—
Corporate securities		19,276		—		16,541		2,735
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		93,384		—		93,384		—
Total securities available-for-sale	$	489,948	$	—	$	487,213	$	2,735

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2023.

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized below:

			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant
	Total at		Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	March 31, 2024		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Collateral dependent loans - Commercial Real Estate	$	200	$	—	$	—	$	200

			Fair Value Measurements Using:
			Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant
	Total at		Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	December 31, 2023		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
			(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Collateral dependent loans- Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate	$	695	$	—	$	—	$	695

The fair value amounts shown in the above table are individually evaluated loans net of reserves allocated to said loans. The total reserves allocated to these loans were $100 and $194 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

22

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

The following table presents additional quantitative information about level 3 fair value measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	Fair Value				Range
March 31, 2024	Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	(Weighted Average)
Collateral dependent loans - Commercial Real Estate	$	200	Appraisal of collateral (1)	Appraisal and liquidation	20%
				adjustments (2)	(20%)

	Fair Value				Range
December 31, 2023	Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	(Weighted Average)
Collateral dependent loans - Commercial Real Estate, Residential Real Estate	$	695	Appraisal of collateral (1)	Appraisal and liquidation	20-64%
				adjustments (2)	(57%)

(1)     Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral that generally include various level 3 inputs which are not identifiable.

(2)     Appraisals may be adjusted downward by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of liquidation expenses and other appraisal adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraisal.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not carried at fair value are as follows at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31, 2024
	Carrying		Fair
	Amount		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	144,726	$	144,726	$	144,726	$	—	$	—
Loans, net		1,707,077		1,619,227		—		—		1,619,227
Accrued interest receivable		10,135		10,135		—		2,751		7,384
Restricted investment in bank stocks		5,711		NA		—		—		—
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		2,149,431		2,148,653		1,906,035		242,618		—
FHLB advances, short term		28,000		27,935		—		27,935		—
BTFP borrowing, short term		50,000		50,108		—		50,108		—
FHLB advances, long term		10,000		9,780		—		9,780		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs		19,538		24,901		—		24,901		—
Accrued interest payable		1,507		1,507		—		1,507		—

23

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

	December 31, 2023
	Carrying		Fair
	Amount		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	147,383	$	147,383	$	147,383	$	—	$	—
Loans, net		1,721,880		1,634,581		—		—		1,634,581
Accrued interest receivable		5,934		5,934		—		2,343		3,591
Restricted investment in bank stocks		14,525		NA		—		—		—
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		2,038,749		2,037,798		1,817,232		220,566		—
FHLB advances, short term		224,500		223,982				223,982
FHLB advances, long term		10,000		9,914		—		9,914		—
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs		19,520		25,490		—		25,490		—
Accrued interest payable		2,113		2,113		—		2,113		—

Note 5 — Deposits

A summarized analysis of the Bank’s deposits at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Non-interest bearing demand accounts	$	635,952	$	699,203
Interest-bearing demand accounts		372,757		304,892
Money market accounts		653,115		584,976
Savings accounts		243,976		228,161
Certificates of Deposit		243,631		221,517
Total deposits	$	2,149,431	$	2,038,749

Time deposits that meet or exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250 thousand at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were $11.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively.

Uninsured deposits, net of fully collateralized municipal relationships, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 represented approximately 37% of total deposits, respectively.

Scheduled maturities of time deposits for the next five years as of March 31, 2024, are as follows:

2024	$	226,585
2025		14,577
2026		1,939
2027		530
	$	243,631

Deposits of executive officers, directors and principal officers of the Company, including their immediate families and companies in which they are affiliated, amounted to $8.8 million and $10.6 million at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

24

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

Note 6 — Pension Plan and Stock Compensation

The Bank has a funded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan that covers substantially all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. The pension plan was closed to new participants and benefit accruals were frozen as of December 31, 2015. The plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary.

The components of net periodic benefit cost for the Company’s noncontributory defined benefit pension plan for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Service cost	$	—	$	—
Interest cost		269		279
Expected return on plan assets		(479)		(411)
Amortization of transition cost		—		—
Amortization of net loss		74		70
Net periodic benefit cost/(income)	$	(136)	$	(62)

The Company has a time based restricted stock plan. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s recognized stock-based compensation costs were $5 and $28, respectively. The Company uses the fair value of the common stock on the date of award to measure compensation cost for restricted stock awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period of the award using the straight line method. There were no restricted stock grants made during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The grants generally vest at the rate of 33% per year with full vesting on the third anniversary date of the grant. There was no unamortized expense at March 31, 2024.

A summary of the Company’s restricted stock awards activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 is presented below:

		Weighted
		Average Fair
	Shares	Value
Non-vested at beginning of period	3,528	$	28.75
Granted	—	$
Vested	(3,528)	$	28.75
Forfeited	—	$	—
Non-vested at end of period	—	$	—

On September 22, 2021 restricted stock units (RSUs) were granted in the amount of 48,004 from the Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan to officers of the Bank and HVIA and directors of the Company in connection with the successful completion of the Company’s initial public stock offering, listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market and the recent past years’ success experienced by the Bank. Non-employee directors received 16,500 restricted stock units while officers received 31,504 restricted stock units. The restricted stock units granted to officers will vest over three years in approximately 33% increments on the first, second and third anniversary of the date of grant. The restricted stock units granted to nonemployee directors are 100% vested as of the date of grant and are settled in shares of Company common stock upon separation from service. In addition, the Company made a discretionary contribution of $200,000 to the Company’s KSOP Trust and purchased shares of the Company’s common stock in the open market for the benefit of all eligible non-highly compensated employees who remain employed by the Company, Bank or HVIA as of December 31, 2021.

25

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

The following table summarizes the activity of RSUs during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

	Restricted Stock Units
Non-vested RSUs at beginning of period	72,513
Granted	43,591
Vested	(12,377)
Forfeited	—
Non-vested RSUs at end of period	103,727

Note 7 — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following is changes in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
	Unrealized
	Gains and
	Losses on				Deferred
	Available-for-		Defined Benefit		Compensation
	Sale Securities		Pension Items		Liability		Total
Beginning balance	$	(56,127)	$	(8,092)	$	111	$	(64,108)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassification, net		(5,218)		237		(3)		(4,984)
Credit loss expense		—		—		—		—
Less amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—
Net current period other comprehensive income/(loss)		(5,218)		237		(3)		(4,984)
Ending balance	$	(61,345)	$	(7,855)	$	108	$	(69,092)

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
	Unrealized
	Gains and
	Losses on				Deferred
	Available-for-		Defined Benefit		Compensation
	Sale Securities		Pension Items		Liability		Total
Beginning balance	$	(60,430)	$	(7,889)	$	123	$	(68,196)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassification		4,717		395		(3)		5,109
Credit loss expense		5,000		—		—		5,000
Less amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		(87)		—		—		(87)
Net current period other comprehensive income/(loss)		9,630		395		(3)		10,022
Ending balance	$	(50,800)	$	(7,494)	$	120	$	(58,174)

26

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

The following reflects significant amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

					Affected Line Item
					in the Statement where
					Net Income is Presented
	Three Months Ended March 31,
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components	2024		2023
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities
Credit Loss Expense	$	—	$	—
Realized gains on securities available-for-sale		—		107	Investment security gains (losses)
Total before tax		—		107
Tax effect		—		20	Provision for income taxes
Net of tax	$	—	$	87
Amortization of defined benefit pension items
Transition asset	$	—	$	—	Other expense
Actuarial gains (losses)		—		—	Other expense
Total before tax		—		—
Tax effect		—		—	Provision for income taxes
Net of tax	$	—	$	—
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax	$	—	$	87

Note 8 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within noninterest income. The following table presents the Company’s gross sources of noninterest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Noninterest Income
Service charges on deposit accounts
Overdraft fees	$	120	$	81
Other		115		93
Trust income		1,312		1,176
Investment advisory income		1,575		1,198
Investment securities gains (losses)(a)		—		107
Earnings on bank owned life insurance(a)		242		238
Other(b)		322		277
Total Noninterest Income	$	3,686	$	3,170

(a) Not within the scope of ASC 606.

(b) The Other category includes safe deposit income, checkbook fees, and debit card fee income, totaling $267 and $231 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, that are within the scope of ASC 606 and loan related fee income and

27

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

miscellaneous income, totaling $56 and $46 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are outside the scope of ASC 606.

The Company earns wealth management fees, which includes trust income and investment advisory income, from its contracts with trust and brokerage customers to manage assets for investment, and/or to transact on their accounts. These fees are primarily earned over time as the Company provides the contracted services and are generally assessed based on a tiered scale of the market value of the assets under management at month-end or quarter-end.

Note 9 — Segment Information

The reportable segments are determined by the products and services offered by the Company, primarily distinguished between banking and wealth management. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the revenues in the banking operation, and trust fees and investment management fees provide the revenues in wealth management. All operations are domestic.

Significant segment totals are reconciled to the financial statements as follows:

	For the three months ended March 31, 2024
	Banking		Wealth Management		Total Segments
Net interest income	$	21,601	$	—	$	21,601
Noninterest income		799		2,887		3,686
Provision for credit loss - investments		1,900		—		1,900
Provision for credit loss		(260)		—		(260)
Noninterest expenses		(13,203)		(2,107)		(15,310)
Income tax expense		(2,163)		(164)		(2,327)
Net income	$	8,674	$	616	$	9,290
Total assets	$	2,443,691	$	8,822	$	2,452,513

	For the three months ended March 31, 2023
	Banking		Wealth Management		Total Segments
Net interest income	$	21,139	$	—	$	21,139
Noninterest income		796		2,374		3,170
Provision for credit loss		(5,000)		—		(5,000)
Provision for credit loss		(1,355)		—		(1,355)
Noninterest expenses		(12,214)		(1,814)		(14,028)
Income tax expense		(584)		(112)		(696)
Net income	$	2,782	$	448	$	3,230
Total assets	$	2,446,684	$	8,314	$	2,454,998

Note 10 — Regulatory Capital Matters

The Bank is subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and prompt corrective regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgements by regulators. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. The final rules implementing Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s capital guidelines for U.S. banks, (Basel III rules), became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015 with full compliance with all of the requirements being phased in over a multi-year schedule, and fully phased in by January 1, 2019. Under the Basel III rules, the Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a

28

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollar amounts in thousands except per share data)

“capital conservation buffer.” The capital conservation buffer is 2.5%. The net unrealized gain or loss on available for sale securities is not included in computing regulatory capital.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion and capital restoration plans are required. Capital levels at March 31, 2024 and at December 31, 2023 exceeded the regulatory minimum levels for the Bank to be considered well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations.

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented below at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for the Bank.

													To be Well Capitalized
					For Capital Adequacy				For Capital Adequacy				under Prompt
	Actual				Purposes				Purposes with Capital Buffer				Corrective Action Provisions
	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
March 31, 2024
Total capital to risk weighted assets	$	269,872	14.74	%	$	146,472	8.00	%	$	180,801	9.875	%	$	183,090	10.00	%
Tier 1 (Core) capital to risk weighted assets		246,959	13.49	%		109,854	6.00	%		144,183	7.875	%		146,472	8.00	%
Common Tier 1 (CET1) to risk weighted assets		246,959	13.49	%		82,390	4.50	%		116,720	6.375	%		119,008	6.50	%
Tier 1 (Core) Capital to average assets		246,959	9.72	%		101,583	4.00	%		N/A	N/A			126,979	5.00	%
December 31, 2023
Total capital to risk weighted assets	$	262,598	14.16	%	$	148,398	8.00	%	$	183,178	9.875	%	$	185,497	10.00	%
Tier 1 (Core) capital to risk weighted assets		239,398	12.91	%		111,298	6.00	%		146,079	7.875	%		148,398	8.00	%
Common Tier 1 (CET1) to risk weighted assets		239,398	12.91	%		83,474	4.50	%		118,254	6.375	%		120,573	6.50	%
Tier 1 (Core) Capital to average assets		239,398	9.42	%		101,640	4.00	%		N/A	N/A			127,049	5.00	%

29

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties and are based on certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable but may prove to be inaccurate. Certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected results discussed in the forward-looking statements appearing in this discussion and analysis. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “might,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “expect,” “attribute,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “goal,” “target,” “outlook,” “aim,” “would,” “annualized” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

● statements of our goals, intentions and expectations;

● statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies;

● statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and

● estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

● inflation and changes in the interest rate environment that reduce our margins or reduce the fair value of financial instruments;

● general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas, that are worse than expected;

● changes in the level and direction of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses;

● our ability to access cost-effective funding;

● recent events involving the failure of financial institutions may adversely affect our business, and the market price of our common stock;

● fluctuations in real estate values and both residential and commercial real estate market conditions;

● demand for loans and deposits in our market area;

● our ability to implement and change our business strategies;

● competition among depository and other financial institutions;

● the rate of delinquencies and amounts of loans charged-off;

● adverse changes in the securities markets;

● fluctuations in the stock market may have a significant adverse effect on transaction fees, client activity and client investment portfolio gains and losses related to our trust and wealth management business;

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● changes in laws or government regulations or policies affecting financial institutions, including changes in regulatory fees and capital requirements;

● our ability to enter new markets successfully and capitalize on growth opportunities;

● our ability to capitalize on strategic opportunities;

● our ability to successfully introduce new products and services;

● our ability to successfully integrate into our operations any assets, liabilities, customers, systems and management personnel we may acquire and our ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames, and any goodwill charges related thereto;

● our ability to retain our existing customers;

● changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

● changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the bank regulatory agencies, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board;

● changes in our organization, compensation and benefit plans;

● changes in the quality or composition of our loan or investment portfolios;

● a breach in security of our information systems, including the occurrence of a cyber incident or a deficiency in cyber security;

● political instability or civil unrest;

● acts of war or terrorism;

● competition and innovation with respect to financial products and services by banks, financial institutions and non-traditional providers, including retail businesses and technology companies;

● the failure to attract and retain skilled people;

● any future FDIC insurance premium increases, or special assessment may adversely affect our earnings;

● the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies; and

● other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and operational factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services described elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with other cautionary statements that are included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict those events or how they may affect us. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a bank holding company headquartered in Middletown, New York and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act. Through our wholly owned subsidiaries, Orange Bank & Trust Company and Hudson Valley Investment Advisors, Inc., we offer full-service commercial and consumer banking products and services and trust and wealth management services to small businesses, middle-market enterprises, local municipal governments and affluent individuals in the Lower Hudson Valley region, the New York metropolitan area and nearby markets in Connecticut and New Jersey. By combining the high-touch service and relationship-based focus of a community bank with the extensive suite of financial products and services offered by our larger competitors, we believe we can capitalize on the substantial growth opportunities available in our market areas. We also offer a variety of deposit accounts to businesses and consumers, including checking accounts and a full line of municipal banking accounts through our business banking platform. These activities, together with our 16 offices and one loan production office, generate a stable source of low- cost core deposits and a diverse loan portfolio with attractive risk-adjusted yields. We also offer private banking services through Orange Bank & Trust Private Banking, a division of Orange Bank & Trust Company, and provide trust and wealth management services through Orange Bank & Trust Company’s trust services department and HVIA, which combined had $1.7 billion in assets under management at March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, our assets, loans, deposits and stockholders’ equity totaled $2.5 billion, $1.7 billion, $2.2 billion and $168.7 million, respectively.

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Key Factors Affecting Our Business

Net Interest Income. Net interest income is the most significant contributor to our net income and is the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred in connection with interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is primarily a function of the average balances and yields/rates of these interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. These factors are influenced by internal considerations such as product mix and risk appetite as well as external influences such as economic conditions, competition for loans and deposits and market interest rates.

The cost of our deposits and short-term borrowings is primarily based on short-term interest rates, which are largely driven by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System’s (the “FRB”) actions and market competition. The yields generated by our loans and securities are typically affected by short-term and long-term interest rates, which are driven by market competition and market rates often impacted by the FRB’s actions. The level of net interest income is influenced by movements in such interest rates and the pace at which such movements occur.

We anticipate that interest rates will continue to remain elevated over the next several quarters. Based on our asset sensitivity, a steepened yield curve and higher interest rates generally could have a beneficial impact on our net interest income. Conversely, a flat yield curve at lower rates would be expected to have an adverse impact on our net interest income.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income is also a contributor to our net income. Noninterest income consists primarily of our investment advisory income, trust income generated by HVIA and our trust department, as well as income generated by our BOLI investment earnings. In addition, noninterest income is also impacted by net gains (losses) on the sale of investment securities, service charges on deposit accounts, and other fee income consisting primarily of debit card fee income, checkbook fees and rebates and safe deposit box rental income.

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense includes salaries, employee benefits, occupancy, professional fees, directors’ fees and expenses, computer software expense, federal deposit insurance assessment, advertising expenses, advisor expenses related to trust income and other expenses. In evaluating our level of noninterest expense, we closely monitor our efficiency ratio. The efficiency ratio is calculated by dividing noninterest expense to net interest income plus noninterest income. We continue to seek to identify ways to streamline our business and operate more efficiently.

Credit Quality. We have well established loan policies and underwriting practices that have resulted in low levels of loan charge-offs and nonperforming assets in recent periods. We strive to originate quality loans that will maintain the credit quality of our loan portfolio. However, credit trends in the markets in which we operate are largely impacted by economic conditions beyond our control and can adversely impact our financial condition.

Competition. The industry and businesses in which we operate are highly competitive. We may see increased competition in different areas including interest rates, underwriting standards and product offerings and structure. While we seek to maintain an appropriate return on our investments, we anticipate that we will experience continued pressure on our net interest margins as we operate in this competitive environment.

Economic Conditions. Our business and financial performance are affected by economic conditions generally in the United States and more directly in the market of the Lower Hudson Valley region, the New York metropolitan area and nearby markets in Connecticut and New Jersey where we primarily operate. The significant economic factors that are most relevant to our business and our financial performance include, but are not limited to, real estate values, interest rates and unemployment rates.

Regulatory Trends. We operate in a highly regulated environment and nearly all of our operations are subject to extensive regulation and supervision. Bank or securities regulators, Congress, the State of New York, the FRB and the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYSDFS”) may revise the laws and regulations applicable to us, may impose new laws and regulations, increase the level of scrutiny of our business in the supervisory process, and pursue additional enforcement actions against financial institutions. Future legislative and regulatory changes such as these may increase our costs and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The legislative and regulatory trends that will affect us in the future are impossible to predict with any certainty.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Critical accounting estimates are necessary in the application of certain accounting policies and procedures and are particularly susceptible to significant change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those involving significant judgments and assumptions by management that could have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets or on income under different assumptions or conditions. These critical estimates, policies and their application are periodically reviewed with the Audit Committee and the board of directors. Management believes that the most critical accounting estimates, which involve the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments, are as follows:

Allowance for Credit Losses. Management believes that the determination of the allowance for credit losses involves a high degree of complexity and requires management to make difficult and subjective judgments, which often require assumptions or estimates about highly uncertain matters. Changes in these judgments, assumptions or estimates could materially impact the results of operations for Orange County Bancorp. A summary of our accounting policies, included the Allowance for Credit Losses, is included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. There were no significant changes to the critical accounting estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2024.

Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition

Summary Financial Condition. The following table sets forth a summary of the material categories of our balance sheet at the dates indicated:

			Change
			March 31, 2024
			vs.
	As of March 31,	As of December 31,	December 31, 2023
	2024	2023	Amount ($)	Percentage (%)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets	2,452,513	2,485,468	(32,955)	(1.3)	%
Cash and due from banks	144,726	147,383	(2,657)	(1.8)	%
Loans, net	1,707,077	1,721,880	(14,803)	(0.9)	%
Investment securities, available for sale	476,077	489,948	(13,871)	(2.8)	%
Deposits	2,149,431	2,038,749	110,682	5.4	%
FHLB advances, short term	28,000	224,500	(196,500)	(87.5)	%
BTFP borrowings, short term	50,000	—	50,000	100.0	%
FHLB advances, long term	10,000	10,000	—	—	%
Subordinated notes, net of issuance costs	19,538	19,520	18	0.1	%
Stockholders’ Equity	168,668	165,376	3,292	2.0	%

Assets. Our total assets were $2.5 billion at March 31, 2024, a decrease of $33.0 million, or 1.3%, from December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases of $14.8 million in net loans, $13.9 million in investment securities, available for sale and $2.7 million in cash and due from banks.

Cash and due from banks. Cash and due from banks decreased $2.7 million, or 1.8%, to $144.7 million at March 31, 2024, from $147.4 million at December 31, 2023. The slight decrease was mainly the result of management’s focus on using deposit growth to reduce the level of borrowings while still maintaining a strong liquidity position.

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Loans. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

	At March 31,				At December 31,
	2024				2023
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	259,817	15.00	%	$	273,347	15.65	%
Commercial real estate		1,261,860	72.83	%		1,259,356	72.08	%
Commercial real estate construction		84,005	4.85	%		85,725	4.91	%
Residential real estate		78,923	4.56	%		78,321	4.48	%
Home equity		13,322	0.77	%		13,546	0.78	%
Consumer		34,419	1.99	%		36,552	2.09	%
PPP loans		204	0.01	%		215	0.01	%
Total loans		1,732,550	100.00	%		1,747,062	100.00	%
Allowance for credit losses		25,473				25,182
Total loans, net	$	1,707,077			$	1,721,880

Net loans decreased $14.8 million, or 0.86%, to $1.7 billion at March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023 primarily due to repayments of commercial and industrial loans during the first three months of 2024. Commercial and industrial loans experienced a decrease of $13.5 million, or 4.9%, to $259.8 million at March 31, 2024 from $273.3 million at December 31, 2023. Commercial real estate loans increased $2.5 million, or 0.2%, to $1.3 billion at March 31, 2024. Residential real estate loans grew $602 thousand, or 0.77%, to $78.9 million at March 31, 2024 from $78.3 million at December 31, 2023. Consumer loans decreased $2.1 million, or 5.8%, to $34.4 million at March 31, 2024 from $36.6 million at December 31, 2023. The overall diversification within the commercial real estate portfolio provides stability while remaining focused on loan originations to new and existing customers during the first three months of 2024 as well as our continued commitment to geographic expansion in our market area.

Non-performing Assets

Management reviews a loan for individual evaluation when it is non-performing or when it is probable at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower or the value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When a loan is determined to be non-performing, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for credit losses is based on the fair value of the collateral for all collateral-dependent loans. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. All loans that become 90 days or more delinquent are placed on non-accrual status unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received on a cash basis or cost recovery method.

When we acquire real estate as a result of foreclosure, the real estate is classified as real estate owned. The real estate owned is recorded at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Soon after acquisition, we order a new appraisal to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan satisfied over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for credit losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expense of the current period. After acquisition, all costs incurred in maintaining the property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. Management will consider a modification of loan terms, such as a reduction of the interest rate to below market terms, capitalizing past due interest or extending the maturity date and possibly a partial forgiveness of the principal amount due, when it is deemed appropriate based on individual borrower conditions. Interest income on restructured loans is accrued after the borrower demonstrates the ability to pay under the restructured terms through a sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally six consecutive months.

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The following table sets forth information regarding our non-performing assets. Non-performing loans aggregated approximately $5.8 million at March 31, 2024 as compared to $4.4 million at December 31, 2023.

	At March 31,			At December 31,
	2024			2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	2,515		$	556
Commercial real estate		2,655			2,692
Commercial real estate construction		—			—
Residential real estate		589			1,179
Home equity		—			—
Consumer		—			—
Total non-accrual loans		5,759			4,427
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due:
Commercial and industrial		—			—
Commercial real estate		19			—
Commercial real estate construction		—			—
Residential real estate		—			—
Home equity		—			—
Consumer		—			—
Total accruing loans 90 days or more past due		19			—
Total non-performing loans		5,778			4,427
Other real estate owned		—			—
Other non-performing assets		—			—
Total non-performing assets	$	5,778		$	4,427
Ratios:
Total non-performing loans to total loans		0.33	%		0.25	%
Total non-performing loans to total assets		0.24	%		0.18	%
Total non-performing assets to total assets		0.24	%		0.18	%

Non-performing loans at March 31, 2024 totaled $5.8 million and consisted primarily of $2.7 million of commercial real estate loans, $2.5 million of commercial and industrial loans, and $589 thousand of residential real estate loans. The increase in non-performing loans was primarily the result of a $2.0 million increase related to non-accrual commercial and industrial loans which experienced payment delays exceeding 90 days during the period. We had no other real estate owned at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Non-performing assets increased $1.4 million, or 30.5%, to $5.8 million, or 0.24% of total assets, at March 31, 2024 from $4.4 million, or 0.18% of total assets, at December 31, 2023. The increase in non-performing assets at March 31, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by an increase of $2.0 million related to non-accrual commercial and industrial loans offset by reductions in the level of non-performing loans related to the commercial real estate and residential real estate categories.

From time to time, as part of our loss mitigation strategy, we may renegotiate loan terms based on the economic and legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties. There were no loans modified due to financial difficulties during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide that loans and other assets of lesser quality should be classified as “substandard”, “doubtful” or “loss” assets. An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that we will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. We designate an asset as “special mention” if the asset has a potential weakness that warrants management’s close attention.

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The following table summarizes classified assets of all portfolio types at the dates indicated:

	At March 31,		At December 31,
	2024		2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Classification of Assets:
Substandard	$	12,121	$	19,615
Doubtful		—		—
Loss		—		—
Total Classified Assets	$	12,121	$	19,615
Special Mention	$	33,306	$	32,804

On the basis of management’s review of our assets, we have classified $12.1 million of our assets at March 31, 2024 as substandard compared to $19.6 million at December 31, 2023, due to certain loan payoffs recorded during the current three month period. There were no doubtful assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. We designated $33.3 million of our assets at March 31, 2024 as special mention compared to $32.8 million designated as special mention at December 31, 2023.

Allowance for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 (Topic 326), which replaced the incurred loss methodology with CECL for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and other commitments to extend credit. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation allowance for management’s estimate of expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. The process to determine expected credit losses utilizes analytic tools and judgement and is reviewed on a quarterly basis. When management is reasonably certain that a loan balance is not fully collectable, an analysis is completed and a specific reserve may be established or a full or partial charge off could be recorded against the allowance. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Management estimates the allowance balance via a quantitative analysis which considers available information from internal and external sources related to past loan loss and prepayment experience and current conditions, as well as the incorporation of reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management evaluates a variety of factors including available published economic information in arriving at its forecast. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. Also included in the allowance for credit losses are qualitative reserves that are expected, but, in management’s assessment, may not be adequately represented in the quantitative analysis or the forecasts described above. Factors may include changes in lending policies and procedures, size and composition of the portfolio, experience and depth of management and the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements, among others. The allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. Although management uses the best information available, the level of the allowance for credit losses remains an estimate, which is subject to significant judgment and short-term change. Various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for credit losses. Such agencies may require the Company to make additional provisions for credit losses based upon information available to them at the time of their examination. Furthermore, the majority of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate in the State of New York. Accordingly, the collectability of a substantial portion of the carrying value of the Bank’s loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in local market conditions and any adverse economic conditions. Future adjustments to the provision for credit losses and allowance for credit losses may be necessary due to economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions beyond the Company’s control.

The allowance for credit losses increased by $747 thousand, or 3.0%, to $25.5 million, or 1.47% of total loans at March 31, 2024, from $24.7 million, or 1.49% of total loans at March 31, 2023. The increase in the allowance was primarily due to increased provision

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during 2023 resulting from the increase in non-accrual loans and reserves applied against a portion of those loans during a period where the overall loan portfolio decreased.

	At or for the Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2024			2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance at beginning of year	$	25,182		$	21,832
Adoption of ASC 326		—			1,606
Charge-offs:
Commercial and industrial		3			142
Commercial real estate		—			—
Commercial real estate construction		—			—
Residential real estate		94			—
Home equity		—			—
Consumer		—			36
PPP loans		—			—
Total charge-offs		97			178
Recoveries:
Commercial and industrial		7			39
Commercial real estate		—			12
Commercial real estate construction		—			—
Residential real estate		—			—
Home equity		—			—
Consumer		19			60
Total recoveries		26			111
Net charge-offs (recoveries)		71			67
Provision for credit losses		362			1,355
Balance at end of period	$	25,473		$	24,726
Ratios:
Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding		—	%		—	%
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans at end of period		440.86	%		311.00	%
Allowance for credit losses to total loans at end of period		1.47	%		1.49	%

Investment Securities

The following table sets forth the estimated fair value of our available-for-sale securities portfolio at the dates indicated.

	At March 31, 2024				At December 31, 2023
	Amortized		Estimated		Amortized		Estimated
	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available for sale securities:
U.S. government agencies and treasuries	$	95,665	$	85,191	$	96,736	$	87,067
Mortgage-backed securities		330,841		279,201		337,393		290,221
Corporate securities		23,524		19,175		23,529		19,276
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		103,697		92,510		103,336		93,384
Total	$	553,727	$	476,077	$	560,994	$	489,948

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Available for sale securities decreased $13.9 million, or 2.8%, to $476.1 million at March 31, 2024 from $489.9 million at December 31, 2023, due primarily to limited purchases as well as continued declines for all investment categories due to normal amortization and cash flow during the current three month period. During the first quarter of 2024, the Company sold and recorded a recovery of $1.9 million related to Signature Bank subordinated debt which was written-off during 2023. As part of the treatment, the Company evaluated the securities portfolio for an allowance and determined it was not necessary. Accordingly, the recovery resulted in a net credit to the ACL.

We did not have held-to-maturity securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Deposits

The following table sets forth our total deposit account balances, by account type, at the dates indicated:

	At March 31, 2024						At December 31, 2023
					Average						Average
	Amount		Percent		Rate		Amount		Percent		Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	$	635,952	29.59	%	—		$	699,203	34.30	%	—
Interest bearing demand deposits		372,757	17.34	%	0.47	%		304,892	14.95	%	0.49	%
Money market deposits		653,115	30.39	%	2.23	%		584,976	28.69	%	2.04	%
Savings deposits		243,976	11.35	%	1.30	%		228,161	11.19	%	1.19	%
Certificates of deposit		243,631	11.33	%	4.62	%		221,517	10.87	%	4.57	%
Total	$	2,149,431	100.00	%	1.43	%	$	2,038,749	100.00	%	1.29	%

Total deposits increased $110.7 million, or 5.4%, to $2.1 billion at March 31, 2024 from December 31, 2023. Certificates of deposit increased by $22.1 million, or 10.0%, mainly from increased brokered deposits during the three month period ended March 31, 2024 which represented a continued strategic focus on maintaining increased liquidity during the first three months of 2024. Interest bearing demand deposits experienced a $67.9 million, or 22.3%, increase and money market deposits increased $68.1 million, while savings deposits increased by $15.8 million during the first three months of 2024 primarily related to our continued strategic focus on business account activity. Non-interest-bearing demand deposits decreased $63.3 million primarily due to a shift of certain deposits into interest bearing accounts combined with normal business activity during the quarter. At March 31, 2024, our core deposits (which includes all deposits except for certificates of deposit) totaled $1.9 billion, or 88.7% of our total deposits. We held approximately $198.4 million of brokered deposits (excluding reciprocal deposits obtained through the Certificate Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS) and Insured Cash Sweep (ICS) networks) at March 31, 2024 as compared to $172.4 million at December 31, 2023. This increase was driven by a continued strategic focus to maintain strong liquidity positions and availability during the current period. Our reciprocal deposits obtained through the CDARS and ICS networks totaled $8.7 million and $103.0 million, respectively, at March 31, 2024 and the CDARS and ICS networks totaled $11.1 million and $99.5 million, respectively, at December 31, 2023. Uninsured deposits, net of fully collateralized municipal relationships, remain stable and represent approximately 37% of total deposits at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Borrowings

Our borrowings consist of both short-term and long-term borrowings and provide us with one of our sources of funding. Maintaining available borrowing capacity provides us with a contingent source of liquidity.

Total borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York were $38.0 million at March 31, 2024 and $234.5 million at December 31, 2023. This decrease represents a focus by management to reduce borrowings by using lower-cost deposits, which experienced growth during the quarter. We have the capacity to borrow an additional $476.4 million from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York as of March 31, 2024.

During the quarter, we also utilized $50 million of funding through the Bank Term Funding Program from the Federal Reserve under a one-year facility expiring in March 2025.

In September 2020, we issued $20.0 million in aggregate principal amount of fixed to floating subordinated notes (the “2020 Notes”) to certain institutional investors. The 2020 Notes are non-callable for five years, have a stated maturity of September 30, 2030, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.25% per year until September 30, 2025. From September 30, 2025 to the maturity date or

38

early redemption date, the interest rate will reset quarterly to a level equal to the then current three-month SOFR plus 413 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears.

Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ equity experienced an increase of approximately $3.3 million, to $168.7 million, at March 31, 2024 from $165.4 million at December 31, 2023. The increase was due mainly to an increase of $8.0 million in retained earnings, partially offset by a $5.0 million increase in unrealized losses on the market value of investment securities recognized within the Company’s equity as accumulated other comprehensive income(loss) (“AOCI”), net of taxes as a direct result of higher market interest rates.

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Average Balance Sheets and Related Yields and Rates

The following table presents average balance sheet information, interest income, interest expense and the corresponding average yields earned and rates paid for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. No tax equivalent yield adjustments have been made, as the effects would be immaterial. The average balances are daily averages for loans, as presented. Interest income on loans includes the effects of discount accretion and net deferred loan origination costs accounted for as yield adjustments. Net deferred loan fees totaled $4.8 million and $5.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024						2023
	Average						Average
	Outstanding				Average		Outstanding				Average
	Balance		Interest		Yield/Rate(1)		Balance		Interest		Yield/Rate(1)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans (excluding PPP loans)	$	1,738,199	$	25,611	5.91	%	$	1,619,240	$	21,824	5.47	%
PPP loans		209		3	5.76	%		1,713		12	2.84	%
Investment securities available for sale		481,530		3,432	2.86	%		530,762		3,568	2.73	%
Cash and due from banks and other		149,596		1,665	4.46	%		102,097		858	3.41	%
Restricted stock		10,894		362	13.33	%		11,652		102	3.55	%
Total interest-earning assets		2,380,428		31,073	5.24	%		2,265,464		26,364	4.72	%
Noninterest-earning assets		94,647						95,583
Total assets	$	2,475,075					$	2,361,047
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	360,287	$	437	0.49	%	$	321,224	$	242	0.31	%
Money market deposits		620,028		3,355	2.17	%		605,968		1,673	1.12	%
Savings deposits		235,829		785	1.34	%		257,971		515	0.81	%
Certificates of deposit		209,642		2,414	4.62	%		95,550		459	1.95	%
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,425,786		6,991	1.97	%		1,280,713		2,889	0.91	%
FHLB Advances and other borrowings		167,484		2,251	5.39	%		177,933		2,105	4.80	%
Subordinated notes		19,526		230	4.72	%		19,454		231	4.82	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities		1,612,796		9,472	2.36	%		1,478,100		5,225	1.43	%
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits		668,439						713,717
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities		28,446						25,115
Total liabilities		2,309,681						2,216,932
Total stockholders’ equity		165,394						144,115
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,475,075					$	2,361,047
Net interest income			$	21,601					$	21,139
Net interest rate spread(2)					2.88	%					3.29	%
Net interest-earning assets(3)	$	767,632					$	787,364
Net interest margin(4)					3.64	%					3.78	%
Average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities					147.6	%					153.3	%

(1) Annualized.

(2) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate of interest-bearing liabilities.

(3) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.

(4) Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the dollar amount of changes in interest income and interest expense for major components of interest earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated. The table distinguishes between: (1) changes attributable to volume (changes in volume multiplied by the prior period’s rate); (2) changes attributable to rate (change in rate multiplied by the prior year’s volume) and (3) total increase (decrease) (the sum of the previous columns). Changes attributable to both volume and rate are allocated ratably between the volume and rate categories.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024 vs. 2023
					Total
	Increase  (Decrease) Due to				Increase
	Volume		Rate		(Decrease)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Loans (excluding PPP loans)	$	1,995	$	1,792	$	3,787
PPP loans		(20)		11		(9)
Investment securities available for sale		(312)		176		(136)
Cash and due from banks		538		269		807
Other		(24)		284		260
Total interest-earning assets		2,177		2,532		4,709
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Interest-bearing demand deposits		50		145		195
Money market deposits		94		1,588		1,682
Savings deposits		(68)		338		270
Certificates of deposit		1,318		637		1,955
Total interest-bearing deposits		1,394		2,708		4,102
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		(116)		262		146
Subordinated notes		—		(1)		(1)
Total interest-bearing liabilities		1,278		2,969		4,247
Change in net interest income	$	899	$	(437)	$	462

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

Summary Income Statements. The following table sets forth the income summary for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
					Change
	2024		2023		Amount ($)		Percentage %
Interest income	$	31,073	$	26,364	$	4,709	17.9	%
Interest expense		9,472		5,225		4,247	81.3	%
Net interest income		21,601		21,139		462	2.2	%
Provision for credit losses - investments		(1,900)		5,000		(6,900)	(138.0)	%
Provision for credit losses		260		1,355		(1,095)	(80.8)	%
Noninterest income		3,686		3,170		516	16.3	%
Noninterest expense		15,310		14,028		1,282	9.1	%
Provision for income taxes		2,327		696		1,631	234.3	%
Net income		9,290		3,230		6,060	187.6	%

General. Net income increased $6.1 million, or 187.6%, to $9.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by a net credit tothe provision for credit losses associated with the investment portfolio as a result of the recovery of $1.9 million related to previously written-off Signature Bank subordinated debt during the current quarter as compared to the same quarter in 2023.

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Interest Income. Interest income increased $4.7 million, or 17.9%, to $31.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $26.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This increase was primarily the result of an increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets, which increased by $115.0 million, or 5.1%, to $2.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $2.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Additionally, the average yield of interest-earning assets increased by 52 basis points from 4.72% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to 5.24% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as a result of the higher interest rate environment and management’s focus on disciplined pricing on loans.

Interest income on loans increased by $3.8 million, or 17.4%, to $25.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $21.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in interest income on loans was primarily due to the increase in the average balance of loans (net of PPP loans). The average balance of these loans increased by $119.0 million, or 7.3%, to $1.7 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average yield on loans, excluding PPP loans, increased by 44 basis points to 5.91% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 5.47% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as a result of the higher interest rate environment and management’s focus on disciplined pricing on loans. The increase in the average balance of loans was due to our continued success in growing our commercial real estate portfolio, including commercial real estate construction.

Interest income on securities decreased by $136 thousand to $3.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $3.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in interest income on securities was driven primarily by a decrease in the average balance of securities outstanding during the period due to certain maturities as well as a result of the Signature Bank subordinated debt writeoff during 2023. The average balance of securities decreased by $49.2 million, or 9.3%, to $481.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $530.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average yield on investment securities increased by 13 basis points overall from 2.73% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to 2.86% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in the average yield reflected the maturity of lower yielding investments during the current period.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $4.3 million, or 81.3%, to $9.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $5.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increased interest expense was primarily the result of the increased interest rate environment environment during the period and the impact on deposit costs during the quarter. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liablities increased 93 basis points to 2.36% during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to 1.43% for the three month period ended March 31, 2023. The average balance of interest-bearing liabilities increased by $134.7 million, or 9.1%, to $1.6 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to $1.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased by $4.1 million to $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in interest expense on interest-bearing deposits was due mainly to the continued increase in the average cost of deposits. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 106 basis points to 1.97% during the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to 0.91% for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits increased due to the impact of the rising interest rate environment on deposit accounts. The average balance of interest-bearing deposits increased by $145.1 million, or 11.3%, to $1.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to $1.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily as a result of the increase in the average balance of certificates of deposit.

We also experienced a relatively level amount of interest expense of $230 thousand and $231 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to the issuance in September 2020 of $20.0 million in outstanding subordinated notes, which carries an interest rate of 4.25%. These flat interest costs represent the debt service required as part of the 2020 subordinated notes.

The interest expense related to borrowings in the first quarter of 2024 reached approximately $2.3 million in cost and reflected an average rate of 5.39% as compared to $2.1 million in cost and an average rate of 4.80% for the same period in 2023. Additionally, the first quarter 2024 included average FHLB and other borrowings of $167.5 million compared to $177.9 million in the same quarter of 2023. Although the level of borrowings represents the continued strategic focus to maintain higher cash balances in response to the

42

liquidity pressures within the industry beginning in 2023, the decrease during the quarter reflects the ability of the Company to increase deposits and strategically reduce borrowings.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased $462 thousand, or 2.2%, to $21.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $21.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to the increase in income from interest earning assets outpacing the growth of interest costs associated with interest bearing liabilities. Average total interest-earning assets increased by $115.0 million to $2.4 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $2.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Net interest rate spread decreased by 41 basis points to 2.88% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 3.29% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, reflecting a 52 basis points increase in the average yield on interest-earning assets and a 93 basis points increase in the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest margin decreased 14 basis points to 3.64% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 3.78% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 due to the increases in the interest rate environment as well as the impact on funding and deposit costs during the period.

Provision for Credit Losses. The Company recognized a recovery within the provision for credit losses of $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $6.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decreased provision for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023 reflected mainly the reversal of a credit associated with the recovery in connection with the sale of Signature Bank subordinated debt which was written off in 2023. The provision for credit losses-loans decreased to $260 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as a result of decreased loans outstanding offset by specific reserves associated with non-performing loans. The allowance for credit losses to total loans was 1.47% as of March 31, 2024, an increase of three basis points, or 2.1%, versus 1.44% as of December 31, 2023.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income information is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2024		2023		Amount		Percent
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	235	$	174	$	61	35.1	%
Trust income		1,312		1,176		136	11.6	%
Investment advisory income		1,575		1,198		377	31.5	%
Investment securities gains		—		107		(107)	(100.0)	%
Earnings on bank owned life insurance		242		238		4	1.7	%
Other		322		277		45	16.2	%
Total noninterest income	$	3,686	$	3,170	$	516	16.3	%

Noninterest income increased by $516 thousand, or 16.3%, reaching $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Our Wealth Management division revenues, which include our Trust and Asset Management businesses also experienced growth and represented a 21.6% increase quarter-over-quarter, to $2.9 million for the first quarter of 2024 as compared to $2.4 million for the first quarter of 2023 as a result of growth in asset values during the current period. During the same period, assets-under-management for the Trust and Asset Management group increased to $1.7 billion at March 31, 2024 from $1.3 billion at March 31, 2023.

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Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense information is as follows:

	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2024		2023		Amount		Percent
Salaries	$	6,738	$	6,254	$	484	7.7	%
Employee benefits		2,122		1,867		255	13.7	%
Occupancy expense		1,161		1,254		(93)	(7.4)	%
Professional fees		1,436		1,048		388	37.0	%
Directors’ fees and expenses		322		230		92	40.0	%
Computer software expense		1,235		1,223		12	1.0	%
FDIC assessment		418		330		88	26.7	%
Advertising expenses		364		276		88	31.9	%
Advisor expenses related to trust income		33		29		4	13.8	%
Telephone expenses		187		169		18	10.7	%
Intangible amortization		72		71		1	1.4	%
Other		1,222		1,277		(55)	(4.3)	%
Total noninterest expense	$	15,310	$	14,028	$	1,282	9.1	%

Non-interest expense was $15.3 million for the first quarter of 2024, reflecting an increase of approximately $1.3 million, or 9.1%, as compared to $14.0 million for the same period in 2023. The increase in non-interest expense for the current three-month period was due primarily to continued investment in overall Company growth, including increases in salaries and benefit costs, professional fees, information technology, and deposit insurance. Our efficiency ratio was 60.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, from 57.7% for the same period in 2023.

Provision for Income Tax. Our provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was approximately $2.3 million, compared to approximately $696 thousand for the same period in 2023. The increase for the current period was due to an increase in income before income taxes during the quarter. Our effective tax rate for the three-month period ended March 31, 2024 was 20.0%, as compared to 17.7% for the same period in 2023. The increase in the effective tax rate in the 2024 first quarter was due to the increase in proportion of pre-tax income compared with non-taxable revenue (tax-exempt interest income and earnings on bank owned life insurance) during 2024 as compared to 2023.

Financial Position and Results of Operations of our Wealth Management Business Segment

We conduct our business through two business segments: (1) our banking business segment, which involves the delivery of loan and deposit products to our customers through Orange Bank & Trust Company; and (2) our wealth management business segment, which includes asset management and trust services to individuals and institutions through HVIA and Orange Bank & Trust Company that provides trust and investment management fee income.

The following tables present the statements of income and total assets for our reportable business segments for the periods indicated:

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024						2023
			Wealth		Total				Wealth		Total
	Banking		Management		Segments		Banking		Management		Segments
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net Interest Income	$	21,601	$	—	$	21,601	$	21,139	$	—	$	21,139
Noninterest income		799		2,887		3,686		796		2,374		3,170
Provision for credit loss- investments		1,900		—		1,900		(5,000)		—		(5,000)
Provision for credit loss		(260)		—		(260)		(1,355)				(1,355)
Noninterest expenses		(13,203)		(2,107)		(15,310)		(12,214)		(1,814)		(14,028)
Income tax expense		(2,163)		(164)		(2,327)		(584)		(112)		(696)
Net income	$	8,674	$	616	$	9,290	$	2,782	$	448	$	3,230

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The market value of assets under management and/or administration at March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.7 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively. This includes assets held at both Orange Bank & Trust Company and HVIA at March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, respectively.

Our expenses related to our wealth management business segment, which we record as noninterest expense, increased $293 thousand, or 16.2%, to $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in expenses was primarily due to continued growth of the business unit and investment in technology during the period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity. Liquidity is the ability to meet current and future financial obligations of a short-term nature. Our primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments and maturities and sales of securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

Our most liquid assets are cash and due from banks. The levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, cash and due from banks totaled $144.7 million and $147.4 million, respectively. Securities classified as available-for-sale, which provide additional sources of liquidity, totaled $476.1 million at March 31, 2024 and $489.9 million at December 31, 2023.

Certificates of deposit due within one year of March 31, 2024 totaled $238.6 million, or 98.0% of total certificates of deposit. The largest concentration of certificates of deposit represented brokered deposits in the amount of approximately $207.1 million and were increased strategically due to the liquidity pressures experienced by the banking industry during 2023.

We participate in IntraFi Network, allowing us to provide access to multi-million-dollar FDIC deposit insurance protection on deposits for customers, businesses and public entities. We can elect to sell or repurchase this funding as reciprocal deposits from other IntraFi Network banks depending on our funding needs. At March 31, 2024, we had a total of $111.7 million of IntraFi Network deposits, all of which were repurchased as reciprocal deposits from the IntraFi Network.

Although customer deposits remain our preferred source of funds, maintaining back up sources of liquidity is part of our prudent liquidity risk management practices. We have the ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRB”) as well as other correspondent banks. At March 31, 2024, we had a total capacity of $622.4 million at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, of which $108.0 million was used to collateralize municipal deposits, and $38.0 million was utilized for advances, overnight and long-term. At March 31, 2024, we also had a $2.5 million collateralized line of credit from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York discount window with no outstanding balance. Additionally, we utilized $50 million of funding through the Bank Term Funding Program from the Federal Reserve under a one-year facility. We also had a total of $25.0 million of discretionary lines of credit at March 31, 2024 with no outstanding balance. We have a borrowing agreement with Atlantic Community Bankers Bank (“ACBB”) to provide short-term borrowings of $5.0 million at March 31, 2024. There were no outstanding borrowings with ACBB at March 31, 2024.

Our cash flows are comprised of three primary classifications: cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $2.3 million and $8.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities, which consists primarily of disbursements for loan originations and the purchase of securities, offset by principal collections on loans, proceeds from the sale of securities and proceeds from maturing securities and pay downs on securities, was $32.5 million and ($86.3) million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities, consisting of activity in deposit accounts and borrowings, was ($37.4) million and $157.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position. We monitor our liquidity position daily. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments. Based on our deposit retention experience, current pricing strategy and regulatory restrictions, we have the ability to retain and increase a substantial portion of maturing time deposits, and we can supplement our funding with borrowings in the event that we allow these deposits to run off at maturity.

45

Capital Resources. We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the FRB and the NYSDFS. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we exceeded all applicable regulatory capital requirements, and were considered “well capitalized” under regulatory guidelines. See Note 10 to the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for actual and required capital amounts and ratios at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We are a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, which involve elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. Our exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of the instruments. We use the same credit policies in making commitments as we do for on-balance sheet instruments.

At March 31, 2024, we had $365.5 million in loan commitments outstanding. We also had $17.0 million in standby letters of credit at March 31, 2024.

Effect of Inflation and Changing Prices

The consolidated financial statements and related financial data included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The primary impact of inflation on our operations is reflected in increased operating costs. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates generally have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than do general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

A smaller reporting company is not required to provide the information related to this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

An Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2024 the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”)) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and regulations are operating in an effective manner.

Internal control over financial reporting. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

46

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

As of March 31, 2024, the Company is not currently a named party in a legal proceeding, the outcome of which would have a material effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There has been no material change to Risk Factors as disclosed in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2024.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the first quarter of 2024, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as that term is used in SEC regulations.

Item 6. Exhibits

See Exhibit Index.

47

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No.	Description
31.1†	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2†	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1†	Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2†	Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS†	XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE†	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104†	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

†    Filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized.

Date: May 15, 2024

ORANGE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.
By:	/s/ Michael J. Gilfeather
Name:	Michael J. Gilfeather
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
By:	/s/ Michael Lesler
Name:	Michael Lesler
Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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