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Segments
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Segments Segments
The Company has the following business segments:
•Quant & Solutions—comprised of versatile, often highly-tailored strategies that leverage data and technology in a computational, factor based investment process across a range of asset classes and geographies, including Global, non-U.S., emerging markets and managed volatility equities, as well as multi-asset products.
•Alternatives—comprised of illiquid and differentiated liquid investment strategies that include private equity, real estate and real assets, including forestry, as well as a growing suite of liquid alternative capabilities in areas such as long/short, market neutral and absolute return.
•Liquid Alpha(1)—comprised of specialized investment strategies with a focus on alpha-generation across market cycles in long-only small-, mid-, and large-cap U.S., global, non-U.S. and emerging markets equities, as well as fixed income.
(1)In July 2020, the Company completed the sale of Copper Rock and announced the divestiture of Barrow Hanley. See Note 3, Divestitures and Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale, for further discussion of divestitures. The financial results of Copper Rock are included in the Liquid Alpha segment until July 24, 2020, the completion of the sale. The financial results of Barrow Hanley are included in the Liquid Alpha segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The Company has a corporate head office that is included in “Other”. The corporate head office supports the segments by providing infrastructure and administrative support in the areas of accounting/finance, information technology, legal, compliance and human resources. The corporate head office expenses are not allocated to the Company’s three business segments but the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) does consider the cost structure of the corporate head office when evaluating the financial performance of the segments.
Performance Measure
The primary measure used by the CODM in measuring performance and allocating resources to the segments is Economic Net Income ("ENI"). The Company defines ENI for the segments as ENI revenue less (i) ENI operating expenses, (ii) variable compensation and (iii) key employee distributions. The ENI adjustments to U.S. GAAP include both reclassifications of U.S. GAAP revenue and expense items, as well as adjustments to U.S. GAAP results, primarily to exclude non-cash, non-economic expenses, or to reflect cash benefits not recognized under U.S. GAAP. This measure supplements and should be considered in addition to, and not in lieu of, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The Company does not disclose total asset information for its reportable segments as the information is not reviewed by the CODM.
ENI revenue includes management fees, performance fees and other revenue under U.S. GAAP, adjusted to include management fees paid to Affiliates by consolidated Funds and the Company’s share of earnings from equity-accounted Affiliates. ENI revenue is also adjusted to exclude the separate revenues recorded under U.S. GAAP for certain Fund expenses reimbursed to our Affiliates.
ENI operating expenses include compensation and benefits, general and administrative expense, and depreciation and amortization under U.S. GAAP, adjusted to exclude non-cash expenses representing changes in the value of Affiliate equity and profit interests held by Affiliate key employees, non-cash amortization of employee equity owned pre-acquisition that occurred as a result of Landmark transaction, goodwill impairment and amortization of acquired intangible assets, capital transaction costs, restructuring costs, the impact of a one-time compensation arrangement entered into that includes advances against future compensation payments, and the separate expenses recorded under U.S. GAAP for certain Fund expenses reimbursed to Affiliates. Additionally, variable compensation and Affiliate key employee distributions are segregated from ENI operating expenses.
ENI segment results are also adjusted to exclude the portion of consolidated Fund revenues, expenses and investment return recorded under U.S. GAAP.
Segment Presentation
The following tables set forth summarized operating results for the Company's three segments and related adjustments necessary to reconcile the segment economic net income to arrive at the Company's consolidated U.S. GAAP net income (loss):
The following table presents the financial data for the Company’s three segments for the three months ended September 30, 2020 (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
Quant & SolutionsAlter-nativesLiquid AlphaOtherReconciling Adjustments
Total U.S. GAAP(1)
ENI revenue$89.0 $43.8 $47.9 $0.1 $1.6 (a)$182.4 
ENI operating expenses37.2 15.3 15.5 5.8 12.6 (b)86.4 
Earnings before variable compensation
51.8 28.5 32.4 (5.7)(11.0)96.0 
Variable compensation18.0 10.1 12.3 0.8 3.3 (c)44.5 
ENI operating earnings (after variable comp)
33.8 18.4 20.1 (6.5)(14.3)51.5 
Affiliate key employee distributions
0.8 7.3 2.9 — — 11.0 
Earnings after Affiliate key employee distributions
33.0 11.1 17.2 (6.5)(14.3)40.5 
Net interest expense— — — (5.3)(1.6)(d)(6.9)
Net investment income — — — — 6.0 (e)6.0 
Gain on sale of Affiliate— — — — 7.2 (e)7.2 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
— — — — 3.2 (e)3.2 
Income tax expense— — — (11.8)(1.0)(f)(12.8)
Economic net income
$33.0 $11.1 $17.2 $(23.6)$(0.5)$37.2 
The following table presents the financial data for the Company’s three segments for the three months ended September 30, 2019 (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Quant & SolutionsAlter-nativesLiquid AlphaOtherReconciling Adjustments
Total U.S. GAAP(1)
ENI revenue$93.1 $37.4 $65.2 $0.1 $2.0 (a)$197.8 
ENI operating expenses40.8 16.1 18.5 8.3 5.5 (b)89.2 
Earnings before variable compensation
52.3 21.3 46.7 (8.2)(3.5)108.6 
Variable compensation18.8 7.8 15.6 1.9 — (c)44.1 
ENI operating earnings (after variable comp)
33.5 13.5 31.1 (10.1)(3.5)64.5 
Affiliate key employee distributions
1.5 5.0 6.1 — — 12.6 
Earnings after Affiliate key employee distributions
32.0 8.5 25.0 (10.1)(3.5)51.9 
Net interest expense— — — (5.7)(2.2)(d)(7.9)
Net investment loss— — — — 7.0 (e)7.0 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
— — — — (7.6)(e)(7.6)
Income tax (expense) benefit— — — (12.3)44.3 (f)32.0 
Economic net income$32.0 $8.5 $25.0 $(28.1)$38.0 $75.4 
The following table presents the financial data for the Company’s three segments for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (in millions):
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Quant & SolutionsAlter-nativesLiquid AlphaOtherReconciling Adjustments
Total U.S. GAAP(1)
ENI revenue$257.9 $128.2 $147.5 $0.3 $5.8 (a)$539.7 
ENI operating expenses109.3 47.6 52.7 19.4 0.4 (b)229.4 
Earnings before variable compensation
148.6 80.6 94.8 (19.1)5.4 310.3 
Variable compensation52.7 29.0 36.0 2.6 17.4 (c)137.7 
ENI operating earnings (after variable comp)
95.9 51.6 58.8 (21.7)(12.0)172.6 
Affiliate key employee distributions
2.9 20.0 8.9 — — 31.8 
Earnings after Affiliate key employee distributions
93.0 31.6 49.9 (21.7)(12.0)140.8 
Net interest expense— — — (16.5)(5.1)(d)(21.6)
Net investment income— — — — 17.3 (e)17.3 
Gain on sale of Affiliate— — — — 7.2 (e)7.2 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
— — — — (21.3)(e)(21.3)
Income tax expense— — — (31.4)(2.3)(f)(33.7)
Economic net income
$93.0 $31.6 $49.9 $(69.6)$(16.2)$88.7 
The following table presents the financial data for the Company’s three segments for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 (in millions):
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Quant & SolutionsAlter-nativesLiquid AlphaOtherReconciling Adjustments
Total U.S. GAAP(1)
ENI revenue$277.3 $125.7 $202.8 $0.3 $6.0 (a)$612.1 
ENI operating expenses120.4 49.4 60.0 25.4 4.8 (b)260.0 
Earnings before variable compensation
156.9 76.3 142.8 (25.1)1.2 352.1 
Variable compensation57.6 28.0 48.1 7.5 4.6 (c)145.8 
ENI operating earnings (after variable comp)
99.3 48.3 94.7 (32.6)(3.4)206.3 
Affiliate key employee distributions
4.1 17.1 18.6 — — 39.8 
Earnings after Affiliate key employee distributions
95.2 31.2 76.1 (32.6)(3.4)166.5 
Net interest expense— — — (15.4)(6.9)(d)(22.3)
Net investment income— — — — 25.2 (e)25.2 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds
— — — — (9.6)(e)(9.6)
Income tax (expense) benefit— — — (36.9)33.2 (f)(3.7)
Economic net income
$95.2 $31.2 $76.1 $(84.9)$38.5 $156.1 
(1) The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of ENI revenue is U.S. GAAP revenue. The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of ENI operating expenses is U.S. GAAP operating expenses, which is comprised of ENI operating expenses, variable compensation and Affiliate key employee distributions above. The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of earnings after Affiliate key employee distributions is U.S. GAAP operating income. The most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure of ENI is U.S. GAAP net income attributable to controlling interests.
Reconciling Adjustments:
(a)Adjusted to exclude earnings from equity-accounted Affiliate, which are included in U.S. GAAP investment income, and to include consolidated Funds revenues and the separate revenues recorded for certain Fund expenses reimbursed by customers, which are included in U.S. GAAP revenue.
(b)Adjusted to include non-cash amortization expense for pre-acquisition employee equity, non-cash expenses for key employee equity and profit interest revaluations, capital transaction costs, goodwill impairment and amortization of acquired intangible assets, restructuring costs, consolidated Funds’ operating expenses and the Fund expenses reimbursed by customers, each of which are included in U.S. GAAP operating expenses.
(c)Adjusted to include restructuring costs and the impact of a one-time compensation arrangement entered into during the first quarter of 2020 that includes advances against future compensation payments, which are included in U.S. GAAP compensation expense.
(d)Adjusted to include the cost of seed financing, which is included in U.S. GAAP interest expense.
(e)Adjusted to include net investment income (loss), net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in consolidated Funds, and the gain on sale of Affiliate, all of which are included in U.S. GAAP net income attributable to controlling interests.
(f)Adjusted to include the impact of deferred tax attributable to the amortization of goodwill and acquired intangibles. Also adjusted to include tax expense or benefits relating to uncertain tax positions, the tax impact of certain ENI adjustments and other unusual items that are not included in current operating results for ENI purposes.
Management fee revenue by principal geographic area is comprised of the following for the three and nine months ended September 30 (in millions):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2020201920202019
U.S.$134.1 $148.2 $395.9 $459.4 
Non-U.S.44.1 48.2 131.5 150.4 
Management fee revenue
$178.2 $196.4 $527.4 $609.8