Fair Value

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value.

Fair Value

Note 7—Fair Value

Most of the Company’s assets and certain of its liabilities are measured at or based on their fair values. The Company groups its assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the observability of the significant inputs used to determine the fair values. These levels are:

● Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

● Level 2—Prices determined using other significant observable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that other market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company.

● Level 3— Prices determined using significant unobservable inputs. In situations where observable inputs are unavailable, unobservable inputs may be used. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available in the circumstances.

As a result of the difficulty in observing certain significant valuation inputs affecting “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company is required to make judgments regarding these items’ fair values. Different persons in possession of the same facts may reasonably arrive at different conclusions as to the inputs to be applied in valuing these assets and liabilities and their fair values. Such differences may result in significantly different fair value measurements. Likewise, due to the general illiquidity of some of these assets and liabilities, subsequent transactions may be at values significantly different from those reported.

The Company reclassifies its assets and liabilities between levels of the fair value hierarchy when the inputs required to establish fair value at a level of the fair value hierarchy are no longer readily available, requiring the use of lower-level inputs, or when the inputs required to establish fair value at a higher level of the hierarchy become available.

Fair Value Accounting Elections

The Company identified its MSRs, its mortgage servicing liabilities (“MSLs”) and all of its non-cash financial assets to be accounted for at fair value so changes in fair value will be reflected in income as they occur and more timely reflect the results of the Company’s performance.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Following is a summary of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	September 30, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Short-term investment	$	667,934	$	—	$	—	$	667,934
Principal-only stripped mortgage-backed securities		—		960,267		—		960,267
Loans held for sale		—		6,131,830		433,874		6,565,704
Derivative assets:
Interest rate lock commitments		—		—		120,837		120,837
Forward purchase contracts		—		10,878		—		10,878
Forward sales contracts		—		57,180		—		57,180
MBS put options		—		1,892		—		1,892
Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts		20,797		—		—		20,797
Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts		35,109		—		—		35,109
Total derivative assets before netting		55,906		69,950		120,837		246,693
Netting		—		—		—		(56,081)
Total derivative assets		55,906		69,950		120,837		190,612
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		7,752,292		7,752,292
Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust		1,070		—		—		1,070
	$	724,910	$	7,162,047	$	8,307,003	$	16,137,879
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate lock commitments	$	—	$	—	$	2,222	$	2,222
Forward purchase contracts		—		50,487		—		50,487
Forward sales contracts		—		36,855		—		36,855
Call options on interest rate futures sale contracts		13,672		—		—		13,672
Total derivative liabilities before netting		13,672		87,342		2,222		103,236
Netting		—		—		—		(61,765)
Total derivative liabilities		13,672		87,342		2,222		41,471
Mortgage servicing liabilities		—		—		1,718		1,718
	$	13,672	$	87,342	$	3,940	$	43,189

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Short-term investment	$	10,268	$	—	$	—	$	10,268
Loans held for sale		—		3,942,127		478,564		4,420,691
Derivative assets:
Interest rate lock commitments		—		—		90,313		90,313
Forward purchase contracts		—		78,448		—		78,448
Forward sales contracts		—		6,151		—		6,151
MBS put options		—		413		—		413
MBS call options		—		6,265		—		6,265
Put options on interest rate futures purchase contracts		11,043		—		—		11,043
Call options on interest rate futures purchase contracts		66,176		—		—		66,176
Total derivative assets before netting		77,219		91,277		90,313		258,809
Netting		—		—		—		(79,730)
Total derivative assets		77,219		91,277		90,313		179,079
Mortgage servicing rights		—		—		7,099,348		7,099,348
Investment in PennyMac Mortgage Investment Trust		1,121		—		—		1,121
	$	88,608	$	4,033,404	$	7,668,225	$	11,710,507
Liabilities:
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate lock commitments	$	—	$	—	$	720	$	720
Forward purchase contracts		—		5,141		—		5,141
Forward sales contracts		—		92,796		—		92,796
Call options on interest rate futures sales contracts		3,209		—		—		3,209
Total derivative liabilities before netting		3,209		97,937		720		101,866
Netting		—		—		—		(48,591)
Total derivative liabilities		3,209		97,937		720		53,275
Mortgage servicing liabilities		—		—		1,805		1,805
	$	3,209	$	97,937	$	2,525	$	55,080

As shown above, certain of the Company’s loans held for sale, interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”), MSRs and MSLs are measured using Level 3 fair value inputs. Following are roll forwards of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using “Level 3” inputs at either the beginning or the end of the period presented:

	Quarter ended September 30, 2024
			Interest		Mortgage
	Loans held		rate lock		servicing
Assets	for sale		commitments, net (1)		rights		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	400,076	$	68,752	$	7,923,078	$	8,391,906
Purchases and issuances, net		1,013,520		246,391		—		1,259,911
Capitalization of interest and servicing advances		15,282		—		—		15,282
Sales and repayments		(384,101)		—		—		(384,101)
Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales		—		—		578,982		578,982
Changes in fair value included in income arising from:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk		36,968		—		—		36,968
Other factors		367		150,334		(628,248)		(477,547)
		37,335		150,334		(628,248)		(440,579)
Transfers:
From Level 3 to Level 2		(648,238)		—		—		(648,238)
To loans held for sale		—		(346,862)		—		(346,862)
Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities		—		—		(121,520)		(121,520)
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	433,874	$	118,615	$	7,752,292	$	8,304,781
Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2024	$	29,833	$	118,615	$	(615,931)	$	(467,483)

(1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

	Quarter ended
Liabilities	September 30, 2024
	(in thousands)
Mortgage servicing liabilities:
Balance, June 30, 2024	$	1,708
Changes in fair value included in income		10
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	1,718
Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2024	$	10

	Quarter ended September 30, 2023
			Interest		Mortgage
	Loans held		rate lock		servicing
Assets	for sale		commitments, net (1)		rights			Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	392,758	$	30,636	$	6,510,585	$	6,933,979
Purchases and issuances, net		681,022		46,991		—		728,013
Capitalization of interest and servicing advances		10,770		—		—		10,770
Sales and repayments		(202,892)		—		(73)		(202,965)
Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales		—		—		450,936		450,936
Changes in fair value included in income arising from:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk		15,520		—		—		15,520
Other factors		(1,831)		(32,161)		220,974		186,982
		13,689		(32,161)		220,974		202,502
Transfers:
From Level 3 to Level 2		(496,019)		—		—		(496,019)
To real estate acquired in settlement of loans		(144)		—		—		(144)
To loans held for sale		—		(24,692)		—		(24,692)
Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities		—		—		(98,066)		(98,066)
Balance, September 30, 2023	$	399,184	$	20,774	$	7,084,356	$	7,504,314
Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to assets still held at September 30, 2023	$	6,519	$	20,774	$	220,974	$	248,267

(1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

Liabilities	Quarter ended September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Mortgage servicing liabilities:
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	1,940
Changes in fair value included in income		(122)
Balance, September 30, 2023	$	1,818
Changes in fair value recognized during the quarter relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2023	$	(122)

	Nine months ended September 30, 2024
			Interest		Mortgage
	Loans held		rate lock		servicing
Assets	for sale		commitments, net (1)		rights		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	478,564	$	89,593	$	7,099,348	$	7,667,505
Purchases and issuances, net		2,873,461		474,903		—		3,348,364
Capitalization of interest and servicing advances		40,618		—		—		40,618
Sales and repayments		(1,125,088)		—		—		(1,125,088)
Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales		—		—		1,532,709		1,532,709
Changes in fair value included in income arising from:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk		82,121		—		—		82,121
Other factors		(741)		181,400		(758,245)		(577,586)
		81,380		181,400		(758,245)		(495,465)
Transfers:
From Level 3 to Level 2		(1,915,061)		—		—		(1,915,061)
To loans held for sale		—		(627,281)		—		(627,281)
Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities		—		—		(121,520)		(121,520)
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	433,874	$	118,615	$	7,752,292	$	8,304,781
Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2024	$	28,536	$	118,615	$	(752,232)	$	(605,081)

(1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

	Nine months ended
Liabilities	September 30, 2024
	(in thousands)
Mortgage servicing liabilities:
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	1,805
Changes in fair value included in income		(87)
Balance, September 30, 2024	$	1,718
Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2024	$	(87)

	Nine months ended September 30, 2023
			Interest		Mortgage
	Loans held		rate lock		servicing
Assets	for sale		commitments, net (1)		rights		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	345,772	$	25,844	$	5,953,621	$	6,325,237
Purchases and issuances, net		1,733,158		177,377		—		1,910,535
Capitalization of interest and servicing advances		31,608		—		—		31,608
Sales and repayments		(472,039)		—		(305)		(472,344)
Mortgage servicing rights resulting from loan sales		—		—		1,299,992		1,299,992
Changes in fair value included in income arising from:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk		36,014		—		—		36,014
Other factors		(1,967)		18,559		(70,886)		(54,294)
		34,047		18,559		(70,886)		(18,280)
Transfers:
From Level 3 to Level 2		(1,272,912)		—		—		(1,272,912)
To real estate acquired in settlement of loans		(450)		—		—		(450)
To loans held for sale		—		(201,006)		—		(201,006)
Exchange of mortgage servicing spread for interest-only stripped mortgage-backed securities		—		—		(98,066)		(98,066)
Balance, September 30, 2023	$	399,184	$	20,774	$	7,084,356	$	7,504,314
Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to assets still held at September 30, 2023	$	10,465	$	20,774	$	(70,886)	$	(39,647)

(1) For the purpose of this table, the IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

Liabilities	Nine months ended September 30, 2023
	(in thousands)
Mortgage servicing liabilities:
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	2,096
Changes in fair value included in income		(278)
Balance, September 30, 2023	$	1,818
Changes in fair value recognized during the period relating to liabilities still outstanding at September 30, 2023	$	(278)

The Company had transfers among the fair value levels arising from the return to salability in the active secondary market of certain loans held for sale and from transfers of IRLCs to Loans held for sale at fair value upon purchase or funding.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value under the Fair Value Option

Net changes in fair values included in income for assets and liabilities carried at fair value, as a result of management’s election of the fair value option, by income statement line item are summarized below:

	Quarter ended September 30, 2024
	2024						2023
	Net gains on		Net				Net gains on		Net
	loans held		loan				loans held		loan
	for sale at		servicing				for sale at		servicing
	fair value		fees		Total		fair value		fees		Total
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Principal-only stripped mortgage-backed securities	$	—	$	48,969	$	48,969	$	—	$	—	$	—
Loans held for sale		425,501		—		425,501		762		—		762
Mortgage servicing rights		—		(628,248)		(628,248)		—		220,974		220,974
	$	425,501	$	(579,279)	$	(153,778)	$	762	$	220,974	$	221,736
Liabilities:
Mortgage servicing liabilities	$	—	$	(10)	$	(10)	$	—	$	122	$	122

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2024						2023
	Net gains on		Net				Net gains on		Net
	loans held		loan				loans held		loan
	for sale at		servicing				for sale at		servicing
	fair value		fees		Total		fair value		fees		Total
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Principal-only stripped mortgage-backed securities	$	—	$	32,198	$	32,198	$	—	$	—	$	—
Loans held for sale		679,704		—		679,704		187,462		—		187,462
Mortgage servicing rights		—		(758,245)		(758,245)		—		(70,886)		(70,886)
	$	679,704	$	(726,047)	$	(46,343)	$	187,462	$	(70,886)	$	116,576
Liabilities:
Mortgage servicing liabilities	$	—	$	87	$	87	$	—	$	278	$	278

Following are the fair value and related principal amounts due upon maturity of loans held for sale:

	September 30, 2024						December 31, 2023
			Principal						Principal
			amount						amount
	Fair		due upon				Fair		due upon
Loans held for sale	value		maturity		Difference		value		maturity		Difference
	(in thousands)
Current through 89 days delinquent	$	6,531,836	$	6,325,838	$	205,998	$	4,378,042	$	4,233,764	$	144,278
90 days or more delinquent:
Not in foreclosure		29,485		31,884		(2,399)		35,253		38,922		(3,669)
In foreclosure		4,383		9,065		(4,682)		7,396		22,003		(14,607)
	$	6,565,704	$	6,366,787	$	198,917	$	4,420,691	$	4,294,689	$	126,002

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Following is a summary of assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

Real estate acquired in settlement of loans	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2024	$	—	$	—	$	6,687	$	6,687
December 31, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	2,669	$	2,669

The following table summarizes the losses recognized on assets when they were remeasured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

	Quarter ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Real estate acquired in settlement of loans	$	(1,758)	$	(494)	$	(2,804)	$	(791)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost

The Company’s Assets sold under agreements to repurchase, Mortgage loan participation purchase and sale agreements, Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets and Unsecured senior notes are carried at amortized cost.

These liabilities are classified as “Level 3” fair value items due to the Company’s reliance on unobservable inputs to estimate their fair values. The Company has concluded that the fair values of these liabilities other than term notes and term loans included in Notes payable secured by mortgage servicing assets and the Unsecured senior notes approximate their carrying values due to their short terms and/or variable interest rates.

The Company estimates the fair value of the term notes, term loans and the Unsecured senior notes using indications of fair value provided by non-affiliate brokers, pricing services and internal estimates of fair value. The fair values and carrying values of these liabilities are summarized below:

	September 30, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Fair value		Carrying value		Fair value		Carrying value
	(in thousands)
Term notes and term loans	$	1,742,421	$	1,723,632	$	1,730,000	$	1,724,290
Unsecured senior notes	$	3,235,284	$	3,162,239	$	2,467,750	$	2,519,651

Valuation Governance

Most of the Company’s non-cash financial assets, and all of its derivatives, MSRs and MSLs, are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current period income. Certain of the Company’s financial assets and derivatives and all of its MSRs and MSLs are “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities which require use of unobservable inputs that are significant to the estimation of the items’ fair values. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own judgments about the factors that market participants use in pricing an asset or liability, and are based on the best information available under the circumstances.

Due to the difficulty in estimating the fair values of “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, the Company has assigned responsibility for estimating the fair values of these assets and liabilities to specialized staff within its capital markets group and subjects the valuation process to significant senior management oversight.

With respect to “Level 3” valuations other than IRLCs, the capital markets valuation staff group reports to the Company’s senior management valuation committee, which oversees the valuations. Capital markets valuation staff monitors the models used for valuation of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including the models’ performance versus actual results, and reports those results as well as changes in the valuation of the non-IRLC “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities, including major factors affecting the valuations and any changes in model methods and inputs, to the Company’s senior management valuation committee. The Company’s senior management valuation committee includes the Company’s chief financial, risk, and capital markets officers as well as other senior members of the Company’s finance, risk management and capital markets staffs.

To assess the reasonableness of its valuations, the capital markets valuation staff presents an analysis of the effect on the valuations of changes to the significant inputs to the models and, for MSRs, comparisons of its estimates of fair value and of key inputs to those procured from nonaffiliate brokers and published surveys.

The fair value of the Company’s IRLCs is developed by its capital markets risk management staff and is reviewed by its capital markets operations staff.

Valuation Techniques and Inputs

Following is a description of the techniques and inputs used in estimating the fair values of “Level 2” and “Level 3” fair value assets and liabilities:

Principal-Only Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company categorizes principal-only stripped securities as “Level 2” fair value financial instruments. Fair values of these securities are established based on quoted market prices for these or similar securities.

Loans Held for Sale

Most of the Company’s loans held for sale at fair value are saleable into active markets and are therefore categorized as “Level 2” fair value assets. The fair values of “Level 2” fair value loans are determined using their contracted selling prices or quoted market prices or market price equivalents.

Certain of the Company’s loans held for sale are not saleable into active markets and are therefore categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. Loans held for sale categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets include:

● Closed-end second lien mortgage loans. At present, there is no active market with observable inputs that are significant to the estimation of fair value of the closed-end second lien mortgage loans the Company produces.

● Early buy out (“EBO”) loans. EBO loans are government guaranteed or insured loans purchased by the Company from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securities in its loan servicing portfolio. The Company’s right to purchase a government guaranteed or insured loan from a Ginnie Mae security arises as the result of the loan being at least three months delinquent on the date of purchase by the Company and provides an alternative to the Company’s obligation to continue advancing principal and interest at the coupon rate of the related Ginnie Mae security. Such a loan may be resold to an investor and thereafter may be repurchased to the extent it becomes eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae guaranteed security.

A loan becomes eligible for resale into a new Ginnie Mae security when the loan becomes current either through completion of a modification of the loan’s terms or after three months of timely payments following either the completion of a payment deferral program or borrower reperformance and when the issuance date of the new security is at least 120 days after the date the loan was last delinquent.

● Loans with identified defects. Loans that are not saleable into active markets due to identification of a defect by the Company or to the repurchase by the Company of a loan with an identified defect.

The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of its “Level 3” fair value loans held for sale. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s “Level 3” fair value loans held for sale are discount rates, home price projections, voluntary prepayment/resale and total prepayment/resale speeds. Significant changes in any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change to the loans’ fair value measurement. Increases in home price projections are generally accompanied by an increase in voluntary prepayment speeds.

Following is a quantitative summary of key “Level 3” fair value inputs used in the valuation of loans held for sale:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Fair value (in thousands)	$	433,874	$	478,564
Key inputs (1):
Discount rate:
Range		6.0% – 9.3%		7.1% – 10.2%
Weighted average		6.6%		7.2%
Twelve-month projected housing price index change:
Range		2.3% – 2.9%		0.3% – 0.5%
Weighted average		2.6%		0.5%
Voluntary prepayment/resale speed (2):
Range		6.4% – 39.3%		4.0% – 36.9%
Weighted average		23.0%		24.8%
Total prepayment/resale speed (3):
Range		6.5% – 48.8%		4.0% – 50.3%
Weighted average		25.5%		32.2%

(1) Weighted average inputs are based on the fair values of the “Level 3” fair value loans.

(2) Voluntary prepayment/resale speed is measured using life voluntary Conditional Prepayment Rate (“CPR”).

(3) Total prepayment/resale speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayment/resale speeds.

Changes in fair value of loans held for sale attributable to changes in a loan’s instrument-specific credit risk are measured with reference to the change in the respective loan’s delinquency status and performance history at period end from the later of the beginning of the period or acquisition date. Changes in fair value of loans held for sale are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Interest Rate Lock Commitments

The Company categorizes IRLCs as “Level 3” fair value assets or liabilities. The Company estimates the fair values of IRLCs based on quoted Agency MBS prices, its estimate of the fair value of the MSRs it expects to receive in the sale of the loans and the probability that the loans will be funded or purchased (the “pull-through rate”).

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s IRLCs are the pull-through rate and the estimated fair values of MSRs attributable to the mortgage loans it has committed to originate or purchase. Significant changes in the pull-through rate or the MSR components of the IRLCs, in isolation, could result in significant changes in the IRLCs’ fair value measurements. The financial effects of changes in these inputs are generally inversely correlated as increasing interest rates have a positive effect on the fair value of the MSR component of IRLC fair value, but increase the pull-through rate for the loan principal and interest payment cash flow component, which has decreased in fair value. Changes in fair value of IRLCs are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Following is a quantitative summary of key unobservable inputs used in the valuation of IRLCs:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Fair value (in thousands) (1)	$	118,615	$	89,593
Committed amount (in thousands)	$	9,749,537	$	6,349,628
Key inputs (2):
Pull-through rate:
Range		19.8% – 100%		10.2% – 100%
Weighted average		84.5%		81.1%
Mortgage servicing rights fair value expressed as:
Servicing fee multiple:
Range		1.0 – 8.1		1.1 – 7.3
Weighted average		5.1		4.2
Percentage of loan commitment amount:
Range		0.3% – 4.7%		0.3% – 4.3%
Weighted average		2.5%		1.9%

(1) For purpose of this table, IRLC asset and liability positions are shown net.

(2) Weighted average inputs are based on the committed amounts.

Hedging Derivatives

Fair values of derivative financial instruments actively traded on exchanges are categorized by the Company as “Level 1” fair value assets and liabilities; fair values of derivative financial instruments based on observable interest rates, volatilities and prices in the MBS or other markets are categorized by the Company as “Level 2” fair value assets and liabilities.

Changes in the fair values of hedging derivatives are included in Net gains on loans held for sale at fair value, or Net loan servicing fees – Mortgage servicing rights hedging results, as applicable, in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

MSRs are categorized as “Level 3” fair value assets. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSRs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSRs include the applicable prepayment rate (prepayment speed), pricing spread (discount rate), and annual per-loan cost to service the underlying loans, all of which are unobservable. Significant changes to any of those inputs in isolation could result in a significant change in the MSR fair value measurement. Changes in these key inputs are not directly related. Changes in the fair value of MSRs are included in Net loan servicing fees—Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSRs received by the Company when it retains the obligation to service the mortgage loans it sells:

	Quarter ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(Amount recognized and unpaid principal balance of underlying loans in thousands)
MSR and underlying loan characteristics:
Amount recognized	$	578,982	$	450,936	$	1,532,709	$	1,299,992
Unpaid principal balance	$	25,922,146	$	21,861,437	$	70,148,676	$	60,549,919
Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points)		46		42		44		47
Key inputs (1):
Annual total prepayment speed (2):
Range		7.9% – 25.8%		7.5% – 20.4%		7.3% – 25.8%		7.5% – 23.2%
Weighted average		11.5%		10.3%		10.5%		10.9%
Equivalent average life (in years):
Range		3.7 – 9.3		3.6 – 9.4		3.5 – 9.7		3.0 – 9.4
Weighted average		7.4		7.7		7.7		7.6
Pricing spread (3):
Range		4.9% – 12.6%		5.5% – 12.6%		4.9% – 12.6%		5.5% – 12.6%
Weighted average		5.7%		6.1%		6.1%		7.0%
Per-loan annual cost of servicing:
Range		$69 – $127		$68 – $127		$69 – $127		$68 – $127
Weighted average		$102		$97		$100		$99

(1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying loans.

(2) Annual total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayments. Equivalent average life is provided as supplementary information.

(3) Pricing spread represents a margin that is applied to a reference interest rate’s forward rate curve to develop periodic discount rates. The Company applies a pricing spread to a derived United State Treasury Securities (“Treasury”) yield curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs.

Following is a quantitative summary of key inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s MSRs and the effect on the fair value from adverse changes in those inputs:

	September 30, 2024	December 31, 2023
	(Fair value, unpaid principal balance of underlying
	loans and effect on fair value amounts in thousands)
Fair value	$ 7,752,292	$ 7,099,348
Underlying loan characteristics:
Unpaid principal balance	$ 410,031,301	$ 370,244,119
Weighted average note interest rate	4.4%	4.1%
Weighted average servicing fee rate (in basis points)	38	38
Key inputs (1):
Annual total prepayment speed (2):
Range	6.3% – 18.9%	6.1% – 17.8%
Weighted average	9.1%	8.3%
Equivalent average life (in years):
Range	2.7 – 8.8	3.0 – 9.0
Weighted average	7.7	8.1
Effect on fair value of (3):
5% adverse change	($133,350)	($107,757)
10% adverse change	($261,595)	($211,643)
20% adverse change	($503,923)	($408,638)
Pricing spread (4):
Range	5.0% – 11.3%	5.5% – 12.6%
Weighted average	6.3%	6.4%
Effect on fair value of (3):
5% adverse change	($101,071)	($94,307)
10% adverse change	($199,523)	($186,129)
20% adverse change	($388,935)	($362,671)
Per-loan annual cost of servicing:
Range	$68 – $131	$70 – $135
Weighted average	$106	$107
Effect on fair value of (3):
5% adverse change	($46,687)	($44,572)
10% adverse change	($93,373)	($89,145)
20% adverse change	($186,746)	($178,289)

(1) Weighted average inputs are based on the UPB of the underlying loans.

(2) Annual total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayments. Equivalent average life is provided as supplementary information.

(3) These sensitivity analyses are limited in that they were performed as of a particular date; only contemplate the movements in the indicated inputs; do not incorporate changes to other inputs; are subject to the accuracy of the models and inputs used; and do not incorporate other factors that would affect the Company’s overall financial performance in such events, including operational adjustments made to account for changing circumstances. For these reasons, these analyses should not be viewed as earnings forecasts.

(4) The Company applies a pricing spread to a derived Treasury yield curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSRs.

Mortgage Servicing Liabilities

MSLs are categorized as “Level 3” fair value liabilities. The Company uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of MSLs. The key inputs used in the estimation of the fair value of MSLs include the applicable annual total prepayment speed, pricing spread, and the per-loan annual cost of servicing the underlying loans. Changes in the fair value of MSLs are included in Net servicing fees—Change in fair value of mortgage servicing rights and mortgage servicing liabilities in the Company’s consolidated statements of income.

Following are the key inputs used in determining the fair value of MSLs:

		September 30,		December 31,
		2024		2023
Fair value (in thousands)	$	1,718	$	1,805
Underlying loan characteristics:
Unpaid principal balance of underlying loans (in thousands)	$	20,179	$	24,892
Servicing fee rate (in basis points)		25		25
Key inputs (1):
Annual total prepayment speed (2)		16.0%		16.1%
Equivalent average life (in years)		5.0		5.1
Pricing spread (3)		8.5%		8.3%
Per-loan annual cost of servicing	$	1,001	$	1,043

(1) Weighted average inputs are based on UPB of the underlying mortgage loans.

(2) Annual total prepayment speed is measured using life total CPR, which includes both voluntary and involuntary prepayments. Equivalent average life is provided as supplementary information.

(3) The Company applies a pricing spread to a derived Treasury yield curve for purposes of discounting cash flows relating to MSLs.