Business combinations (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Combinations of Business [Abstract]

Business combinations and goodwill

Accounting policy

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, including assets given, equity instruments issued, and liabilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange, which is measured at acquisition date fair value, and the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether to measure non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or on the basis of its proportionate share in the identifiable net assets of the acquiree. Costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred.

The assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at fair value, classified, and allocated according to the contractual terms, economic circumstances, and relevant conditions as at the acquisition date. The Group identifies and measures the assets acquired and liabilities assumed by the value obtained in preliminary assessments at the acquisition date. The Group has up to 12 months after each of the acquisitions to conclude the assessment and frequently values the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the assistance of independent specialists. When the valuation is finalized, the Company recognizes the difference between the preliminary amounts and the final amounts related to the acquisition on its statement of financial position and statement of profit or loss, as appropriated.

Subsequent to the initial recognition of property and equipment and intangible assets identified, the Company records the depreciation and amortization over the useful lives defined at the initial recognition based on the preliminary assessments until the final assessments are available.

Contingent liabilities recognized as of acquisition date are measured at fair value. Subsequently, until the liability is settled, cancelled or expires, they are recognized at the higher of the amount initially recognized or the amount that would be recognized under IAS 37.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer is recognized at fair value on acquisition date. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration treated as an asset or liability is recognized in profit or loss. In order to evaluate the contingent consideration, the Group considers different probabilities of scenarios and discounted future contractual cash flows at the interest rates available in the market for similar financial instruments.

Goodwill is measured as the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognized for non-controlling interests and any previous interest held over the fair value of net assets acquired. If the fair value of net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Group re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all assets acquired and all liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognized at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is recognized in profit or loss. After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less than any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill indefinite useful life intangible assets recognized under business combination are tested for impairment at least annually at December 31 or whenever there is an indication that it may be impaired (Note 11.4).