10-Q

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022

OR

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-38685

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware	83-0632724
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

5000 Executive Parkway, Suite 520

San Ramon, CA 94583

(Address of principal executive offices)

(650) 523-5000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	GDYN	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x      No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x      No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	x
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨
Emerging growth company	x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨      No x

As of August 2, 2022, there were 67,295,463 shares of registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss	2
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	60
Item 3.	Default Upon Senior Securities	60
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	60
Item 5.	Other Information	60
Item 6.	Exhibits	61
SIGNATURES		62

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•the evolution of the digital engineering and information technology services landscape facing our customers and prospects;

•our ability to educate the market regarding the advantages of our digital transformation products;

•our ability to maintain an adequate rate of revenue growth;

•our future financial and operating results;

•our business plan and our ability to effectively manage our growth and associated investments;

•beliefs and objectives for future operations;

•our ability to expand a leadership position in enterprise-level digital transformation;

•our ability to attract and retain customers;

•our ability to further penetrate our existing customer base;

•our ability to maintain our competitive technological advantages against new entrants in our industry;

•our ability to timely and effectively scale and adapt our existing technology;

•our ability to innovate new products and services and bring them to market in a timely manner;

•our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand and intellectual property;

•our ability to capitalize on changing market conditions;

•our ability to develop strategic partnerships;

•benefits associated with the use of our services;

•our ability to expand internationally;

•our ability to raise financing in the future;

•operating expenses, including changes in research and development, sales and marketing, and general administrative expenses;

•the effects of seasonal trends on our results of operations;

•our ability to grow and manage growth profitably and retain our key employees;

•the expected benefits and effects of strategic acquisitions of business, products or technologies;

•our ability to maintain the listing of our shares of common stock on the NASDAQ;

•costs related to being a public company;

•changes in applicable laws or regulations;

•the military action launched by Russian forces in Ukraine, the actions that have been and could be taken by other countries, including new and stricter sanctions and actions taken in response to such sanctions, and the effect of these developments on our business and results of operations;

•the possibility that we have been and may continue to be adversely affected by macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, the geopolitical climate and other economic, business, and/or competitive factors, including the effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic; and

•other risks and uncertainties indicated in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including those set forth in Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

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We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including those described in in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, new risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on any forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We cannot assure you that the results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements.

Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, restructurings, joint ventures, partnerships, or investments we may make.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	150,018	$	144,364
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $447 and $315 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	44,160		38,838
Unbilled receivables	4,599		4,475
Prepaid income taxes	1,171		584
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	7,805		4,503
Total current assets	207,753		192,764
Property and equipment, net	7,343		6,169
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	4,929		—
Intangible assets, net	17,856		19,097
Goodwill	35,958		35,958
Deferred tax assets	3,153		2,731
Other noncurrent assets	1,181		—
Total assets	$	278,173	$	256,719
Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	3,394	$	2,053
Accrued liabilities	1,932		1,150
Accrued compensation and benefits	18,509		10,562
Accrued income taxes	5,058		1,980
Operating lease liabilities, current	2,053		—
Other current liabilities	7,622		9,599
Total current liabilities	38,568		25,344
Deferred tax liabilities	4,015		4,324
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	2,665		—
Total liabilities	45,248		29,668
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Stockholders’ equity (Note 13)
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 110,000,000 shares authorized; 67,294,377 and 66,850,941 issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	7		7
Additional paid-in capital	234,869		212,077
Retained earnings/(accumulated deficit)	(760)		15,093
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,191)		(126)
Total stockholders’ equity	232,925		227,051
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	278,173	$	256,719

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND

COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except per share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenue	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810
Cost of revenue	48,474		27,879		93,105		51,676
Gross profit	28,861		19,797		55,640		35,134
Operating expenses
Engineering, research, and development	3,840		1,772		6,936		3,555
Sales and marketing	5,132		2,837		9,347		5,869
General and administrative	30,738		13,804		50,003		26,104
Total operating expenses	39,710		18,413		66,286		35,528
Income/(loss) from operations	(10,849)		1,384		(10,646)		(394)
Other expenses	(626)		(79)		(1,326)		(1,129)
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(11,475)		1,305		(11,972)		(1,523)
Provision for income taxes	1,711		2,788		3,881		2,022
Net loss	$	(13,186)	$	(1,483)	$	(15,853)	$	(3,545)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(782)		(35)		(1,065)		14
Comprehensive loss	$	(13,968)	$	(1,518)	$	(16,918)	$	(3,531)
Loss per share
Basic	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)
Diluted	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic	67,136		54,431		67,028		53,044
Diluted	67,136		54,431		67,028		53,044

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

	Common Stock			Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings/(accumulated deficit)		Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)		Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021	66,851	$	7	$	212,077	$	15,093	$	(126)	$	227,051
Net loss	—	—		—		(2,667)		—		(2,667)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		8,661		—		—		8,661
Exercise of stock options	72	—		292		—		—		292
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	134	—		(1,802)		—		—		(1,802)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—		—		(283)		(283)
Balance at Balance at March 31, 2022	67,057	$	7	$	219,228	$	12,426	$	(409)	$	231,252
Net loss	—	—		—		(13,186)		—		(13,186)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		16,387		—		—		16,387
Exercise of stock options	160	—		538		—		—		538
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	77	—		(1,284)		—		—		(1,284)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—		—		(782)		(782)
Balance at June 30, 2022	67,294	$	7	$	234,869	$	(760)	$	(1,191)	$	232,925

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GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)

	Common Stock			Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings/(accumulated deficit)		Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)		Total stockholders’ equity
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020	50,879	$	5	$	128,930	$	22,793	$	(4)	$	151,724
Net loss	—	—		—		(2,062)		—		(2,062)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		5,671		—		—		5,671
Exchange of warrants into common stock	2,221	—		—		—		—		—
Exercise of stock options	41	—		162		—		—		162
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	1,030	—		(15,297)		—		—		(15,297)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—		—		49		49
Balance at March 31, 2021	54,171	$	5	$	119,466	$	20,731	$	45	$	140,247
Net loss	—	—		—		(1,483)		—		(1,483)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		6,675		—		—		6,675
Exchange of warrants into common stock	271	—		918		—		—		918
Exercise of stock options	138	—		254		—		—		254
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	149	—		(3,564)		—		—		(3,564)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	—	—		—		—		(35)		(35)
Balance at June 30, 2021	54,729	$	5	$	123,749	$	19,248	$	10	$	143,012

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

	For the six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(15,853)	$	(3,545)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,280		2,100
Operating lease right-of-use assets amortization expense	1,431		—
Bad debt expense/(recovery)	132		(65)
Deferred income taxes	(731)		1,115
Debt issuance cost amortization	20		—
Stock-based compensation	25,048		12,346
Change in fair value of warrants	—		839
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(5,454)		(8,779)
Unbilled receivables	(124)		(371)
Prepaid income taxes	(587)		(229)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3,302)		(1,666)
Accounts payable	1,341		1,393
Accrued liabilities	782		358
Accrued compensation and benefits	7,947		1,410
Operating lease liabilities	(1,642)		—
Accrued income taxes	3,078		376
Other current liabilities	(44)		1,368
Net cash provided by operating activities	15,322		6,650
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(3,213)		(1,940)
Purchase of investment	(1,000)		—
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired	—		(30,585)
Net cash used in investing activities	(4,213)		(32,525)
Cash flows from financing activities
Equity issuance costs	—		(465)
Proceeds from exercises of stock options, net of shares withheld for taxes	830		416
Payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	(3,086)		(18,861)
Payment of contingent consideration related to previously acquired business	(1,933)		—
Proceeds from debt	5,000		—
Repayment of debt	(5,000)		—
Debt issuance cost	(201)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(4,390)		(18,910)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(1,065)		14
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	5,654		(44,771)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	144,364		112,745
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	150,018	$	67,974
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	$	1,880	$	1,150
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:
Conversion of warrants	$	—	$	918
Fair value of contingent consideration issued for acquisition of business	$	—	$	3,400

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(In thousands, except per share data)

Note 1 — Background and nature of operations

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) provides enterprise-level digital transformation in the areas of search, analytics, and release automation to Fortune 1000 companies. The Company’s headquarters and principal place of business is in San Ramon, California.

The Company was originally incorporated in Delaware on May 21, 2018 as a special purpose acquisition company under the name ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp. (“ChaSerg”).  On March 5, 2020, the Company consummated its business combination with Grid Dynamics International, Inc. In connection with the business combination, the Company changed its name from ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp. to Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ under the symbol “GDYN”.

Note 2 — Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of critical accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Full description of significant accounting policies is provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on March 3, 2022.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of the Company’s management, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for the interim periods. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K that the Company filed with the SEC on March 3, 2022.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company provides services to its customers utilizing its own personnel as well as personnel from subcontractors. The most significant subcontractors are GD Ukraine, LLC and GD AM, LLC (“Affiliates”), third-party contractors in Ukraine and Armenia, respectively. The Affiliates exclusively support and perform services on behalf of the Company and its customers. The Company has no ownership in the Affiliates. The Company is required to apply accounting standards which address how a business enterprise should evaluate whether it has a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”) through means other than voting rights and accordingly should determine whether or not to consolidate the entity. The Company has determined that it is required to consolidate the Affiliates because the Company has the power to direct the VIEs' most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary of the Affiliates. The assets and liabilities of the Affiliates primarily consist of inter-company balances and transactions all of which have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. Significant estimates include allowances for receivables, calculation of accrued liabilities, capitalization of internally developed software, stock-based compensation, contingent consideration payable, determination of fair value, useful lives and recoverability of intangible assets and goodwill, determination of provision for income taxes and uncertain tax positions.

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Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), in the form of Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”), to the FASB’s ASC. The Company has elected not to opt out of the extended transition period and thus when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.

Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). The standard supersedes previously existing lease guidance (“Topic 840”) and requires entities to recognize all leases, with the exception of leases with a term of twelve months or less, on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets (“RoU Assets”) and lease liabilities. Disclosures should provide the information in the financial statements summarizing the amount, timing and cash flows arising from leasing. The Company adopted Topic 842, effective January 1, 2022 using current period adjustment method. Prior period amounts were not adjusted.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at lease inception. Assessment and classification of lease as either an operating or a financing is performed at the lease commencement date. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding RoU Assets are initially measured based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. RoU Asset value is additionally adjusted by initial direct costs and incentives received. Present value is calculated based in either interest rate implicit in lease agreement or, if not available, based on incremental borrowing rate. Incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment.

The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew or terminate a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will exercise the renewal option. RoU Assets are subject to periodic impairment tests. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In accordance with Topic 842, components of a lease should be split into three categories: lease components, non-lease components, and non-components. The fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any consideration related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components. The Company elected a practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single lease component. The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all classes of lease assets with an original term of twelve months or less. For transition, practical expedients were accepted to carry forward historical accounting for any expired or existing contracts that are or contain lease contracts and not to re-assess initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases.

The adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2022 resulted in the recognition of RoU Assets for operating leases of $5.9 million and operating lease liabilities of $5.7 million. The adoption of Topic 842 did not have an impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss, condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity or the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

See Note 11 “Leases” in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding leases.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Topic 326 was subsequently amended by ASU 2019-4, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, ASU 2019-5, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, and clarified the guidance with the release of ASU 2020-2 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) and Leases (Topic 842). These ASUs replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods with fiscal years after December 15, 2022. The Company has not yet determined the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2020, FASB issued ASU No. 2020-3, Codification to Financial Instruments. This ASU improves and clarifies various financial instruments topics, including the current expected credit losses standard issued in 2016. The ASU includes seven different issues that describe the areas of improvement and the related amendments to U.S. GAAP, intended to make the standards easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The amendments related to Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, and Issue 5 were effective upon issuance of this update. The new guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The amendments related to Issue 6 and Issue 7 are effective for the Company the earlier of January 1, 2023 or when the Company adopts ASU 2016-13, if early adopted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact these topics will have on the consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 — Acquisitions

Tacit — On May 29, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interest of the global consultancy company Tacit Knowledge Inc. (“Tacit”). Founded in 2002, Tacit is a global provider of digital commerce solutions, serving customers across the UK, North America, Continental Europe, and Asia. The acquisition of Tacit added approximately 180 employees to the Company's headcount. The acquisition will augment the Company's service offerings and will strengthen its competitive position within the market. Additionally, the acquisition also enabled the Company to leverage near-shore capabilities with Tacit's presence in Mexico.

The total purchase consideration is $37.6 million and consists of cash consideration of $33.6 million paid at closing, and fair value of the contingent consideration at the date of the acquisition of $4.0 million. The maximum amount of potential contingent cash consideration is $5.0 million. During the fourth quarter of 2021 the Company adjusted fair value of contingent consideration as of December 31, 2021 to its maximum amount and reflected the expense in its consolidated statement of loss. The contingent consideration is payable based on revenue and EBITDA metrics to be achieved by Tacit within 12 months. The Company recorded a liability for the contingent consideration amount based on the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of the expected payout. See Note 4 for further details on contingent consideration.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):

	Tacit
Current assets	$	9,145
Property, plant and equipment	466
Intangible assets	12,913
Goodwill	21,268
Total assets acquired	$	43,792
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(3,675)
Deferred taxes	(2,500)
Total liabilities assumed	$	(6,175)
Purchase price allocation	$	37,617

Current assets acquired include cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $3.0 million. The purchase price was assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition, and any excess was allocated to goodwill, as shown in the table above. Goodwill represents the value the Company expects to achieve through the implementation of operational synergies and growth opportunities as the Company expands its global reach. The goodwill for Tacit is not deductible for income tax purposes. 

During the second half of 2021 the Company updated fair value of contingent consideration for Tacit at acquisition date that resulted in the increase of goodwill for $0.7 million. During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company finalized the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of Tacit.

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The estimated fair value, useful lives and amortization methods of identifiable intangible assets as of the date of acquisition updated for any changes during June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

Tacit	Fair Value		Useful Life	Amortization method
Customer relationships	$	11,737	12 years	Straight-line
Trade name	1,176		4 years	Declining balance
Total Tacit identified intangible assets	$	12,913

The acquisition of Tacit was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and consequently, the results of operations for Tacit are reported in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Tacit revenue was approximately $14.3 million and $2.5 million during six months ended June 30, 2022 and from the date of acquisition to June 30, 2021, respectively.

The following unaudited pro forma information presents the combined results of operations as if the acquisition of Tacit had occurred at the beginning of 2021. Tacit pre-acquisition results have been added to the Company’s historical results. The pro forma results contained in the table below include adjustment for amortization of acquired intangibles. Any potential cost savings or other operational efficiencies that could result from the acquisition are not included in these pro forma results. 

These pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the acquisitions occurred on the assumed dates, nor are they necessarily an indication of future operating results.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Revenue	$	148,745	$	94,842
Net loss	$	(15,853)	$	(1,755)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24)	$	(0.03)

Note 4 — Fair value

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities, with the exceptions of contingent consideration payable described further herein, are all short term in nature; therefore, the carrying value of these items approximates their fair value.

The Company measures contingent consideration payable at fair value on a recurring basis using significant inputs that are not observable in the market. Fair value of the contingent consideration liability is based on the Monte-Carlo model which is primarily based on budgets and discounted cash flow analysis. The Company believes its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, however, there is significant judgment involved. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration payable primarily result from changes in the timing and amount of specific milestone estimates and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various earnout criteria. These changes could cause a material impact to, and volatility in the Company’s operating results.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 the Company completed two acquisitions under which the Company committed to make a cash earnout payment subject to attainment of specific performance targets. The weighted average

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discount rates used to determine the final fair value of Daxx Web Industries B.V. (“Daxx”) and Tacit contingent considerations was 4.8% and 13.5%, respectively.

The Company records contingent consideration payable in Other current liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of Level 3 acquisition-related contingent consideration payable using significant unobservable inputs for the six months ended June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
Contingent consideration payable as of December 31, 2021	$	6,933
Payment of contingent consideration - Daxx	(1,933)
Contingent consideration payable as of June 30, 2022	$	5,000

The Company holds investment in equity securities of its related party that do not have readily determinable fair values. This investment is recorded at cost and is remeasured to fair value based on certain observable price changes or impairment events as they occur. The carrying amount of the investment was $1.0 million as of June 30, 2022 and was classified as "Other noncurrent assets" in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not hold investments in equity securities recorded at cost as of December 31, 2021.

Note 5 — Prepaid expenses

The prepaid expenses were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Prepaid expenses	$	3,888	$	2,188
Prepaid insurance	1,462		921
Guarantee deposits placed	1,388		345
Value added tax receivable	911		931
Other assets	156		118
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	7,805	$	4,503

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Note 6 — Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	As of
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Computers and equipment	2-5	$	12,128	$	10,784
Machinery and automobiles	5	282		246
Furniture and fixtures	3-7	1,194		1,174
Software	5	513		513
Leasehold improvements	7-12	500		486
		14,617		13,203
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(8,477)		(8,240)
		6,140		4,963
Capitalized software development costs	2-3	5,340		4,656
Less: Accumulated amortization		(4,137)		(3,450)
		1,203		1,206
Property and equipment, net		$	7,343	$	6,169

Note 7 — Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	As of
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Customer relationships	8-12	$	15,971	$	15,971
Tradenames	4-10	4,676		4,676
Non-compete agreements	2	440		440
		21,087		21,087
Less: Accumulated amortization		(3,231)		(1,990)
Intangible assets, net		$	17,856	$	19,097

Note 8 — Other current liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Contingent consideration payable	$	5,000	$	6,933
Value added tax payable	1,232		1,274
Customer deposits	752		798
Other liabilities	638		594
Total other current liabilities	$	7,622	$	9,599

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As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company had payable to its related party in the amount of $0.6 million that was classified as Other current liabilities in unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Note 9 — Debt

Revolving Credit Facility — On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) by and among the Company, as borrower, the guarantors party thereto from time to time, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (the “Agent”). The 2022 Credit Agreement provides for a secured multicurrency revolving loan facility with an initial aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million, with a $10.0 million letter of credit sublimit. The Company may increase the size of the revolving loan facility up to $50.0 million, subject to certain conditions and additional commitments from existing and/or new lenders. The 2022 Credit Agreement matures on March 15, 2025.

At the Company’s option, borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 1.0% to 1.5%, (ii) an adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or adjusted the Euro Interbank Offer Rate ("EURIBOR") (based on one, three or six-month interest periods) plus a margin ranging from 2.0% to 2.5%, or (iii) an adjusted daily simple SOFR rate (or SONIA rate in the case of loans denominated in pounds sterling, or SARON rate in the case of loans denominated in Swiss francs), plus a margin ranging from 2.0% to 2.5%, in each case, with the applicable margin determined based on the Company’s consolidated total leverage ratio. The Company is also obligated to pay other closing fees, administration fees, commitment fees and letter of credit fees customary for a credit facility of this size and type.

The Company’s obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement are required to be guaranteed by certain of its domestic subsidiaries meeting materiality thresholds set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement. Such obligations, including the guaranties, are secured by substantially all of the personal property of the Company and the Company’s subsidiary guarantors.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments and acquisitions, make certain restricted payments, dispose of assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates, and enter into burdensome agreements, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Company is also required to maintain compliance with a consolidated total leverage ratio, determined in accordance with the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in the 2022 Credit Agreement.

In October, 2017, the Company entered into a loan agreement for a revolving line of credit facility (the “Line of Credit”) with a borrowing capacity of $0.5 million. The Line of Credit is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and was secured in order to provide credit support for a letter of credit facility and balances under the Company’s credit cards. Borrowings under the Line of Credit are subject to a variable interest rate, based on changes in the Prime Rate, as calculated published by the Wall Street Journal. The Company closed the Line of Credit in March of 2022.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, the Company did not have any outstanding debt under the 2022 Credit Agreement and Line of Credit.

Note 10 — Revenue

Disaggregation of revenues

The tables below present disaggregated revenues from contracts with customer by customer location, industries and contract-types. The Company believes this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues

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and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors. The Company has a single reportable segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by major customer location. Revenues are attributed to geographic regions based upon billed client location. Substantially all of the revenue in our North America region relates to operations in the United States.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Customer Location	(in thousands)
North America	$	63,658	$	38,783	$	121,267	$	71,389
Europe	13,596		8,855		27,331		15,383
Other	81		38		147		38
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by main vertical markets:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Vertical	(in thousands)
Retail	$	25,452	$	12,729	$	48,759	$	21,579
Technology, Media and Telecom	23,391		16,115		44,835		30,526
CPG/Manufacturing	16,090		9,899		31,069		18,624
Finance	5,049		4,071		9,576		7,509
Other	7,353		4,862		14,506		8,572
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by contract types:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Contract Type	(in thousands)
Time-and-material	$	71,002	$	44,230	$	136,208	$	80,470
Fixed-fee	6,333		3,446		12,537		6,340
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

Contract balances

A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. A contract liability, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenues recognized. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have material contract assets or liabilities recognized in condensed consolidated financial statements.

Remaining performance obligation

ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of June 30, 2022. This disclosure is not required for:

1)contracts with an original duration of one year or less, including contracts that can be terminated for convenience without a substantive penalty,

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2)contracts for which the Company recognizes revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed,

3)variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or

4)variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property.

All of the Company’s contracts met one or more of these exemptions as of June 30, 2022.

Customers concentration

The following table shows the amount of revenue derived from each customer exceeding 10% of the Company’s revenue:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Customer 1	11.9	%	11.9	%	11.6	%	12.4	%
Customer 2	11.1	%	11.5	%	10.7	%	12.8	%

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company recorded revenue from its related parties of $1.4 million and $2.6 million, respectively. During the same periods of 2021 the Company recorded revenue from related parties of $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

The following table shows number of customers exceeding 10% of the Company’s billed and unbilled receivable balances:

	As of
	June 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable	3	1
Unbilled receivable	2	1

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 accounts receivable from related parties was $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

Note 11 — Leases

A major part of the Company's lease obligations is for office real estate. The Company may also lease corporate apartments, cars and office equipment. Payments on some of our leases may depend on index or rate, including Consumer Price Index. Such payments are included in the calculation of lease liability and assets at the commencement dates, all future changes are accounted as variable payments similar to other variable payments, such as common area maintenance, property and other taxes, utilities and insurance that are based on the lessor’s cost.

The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms ranging from 0.4 to 4.1 years. Certain lease agreements may include the option to extend or terminate before the end of the contractual term and are often non-cancelable or cancellable only by the payment of penalties. The Company includes these options in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had no finance leases. Operating lease expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. During six months ended June 30, 2022 lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

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	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Operating lease cost	$	858	$	1,552
Variable lease cost	(96)		(72)
Short-term lease cost	28		267
Total lease cost	$	790	$	1,747

Supplemental information related to operating lease transactions is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Lease liability payments	$	752	$	1,618
Lease assets obtained in exchange for liabilities	$	1,514	$	1,514
Non-cash net decrease in lease assets due to lease modifications	$	(858)	$	(886)
Non-cash net decrease in lease liability due to lease modifications	$	858	$	886

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate as of June 30, 2022 is as follows:

	As of June 30, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term, in years	2.78
Weighted average discount rate	4.7	%

As of June 30, 2022, operating lease liabilities will mature as follows:

Years ending December 31, (in thousands)	Lease Payments
2022 (excluding six months ended June 30, 2022)	$	1,263
2023	1,604
2024	1,404
2025	565
2026	172
Total lease payments	5,008
Less: imputed interest	(290)
Total	$	4,718

Note 12 — Income taxes

The Company recorded income tax expense of $1.7 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate was (14.9)% and 213.6% for the second quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021 was attributable mainly to Section 162(m) compensation deduction limitations and foreign rate differential.

Income tax expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased to $3.9 million from $2.0 million recognized during the same period last year. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was (32.4)% and (132.8)%, respectively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company used a discrete effective tax rate method to calculate income taxes due to sensitivity of the forecast. Through June 30, 2022, the Company determined that small changes in estimated "ordinary" income would result in significant changes in the estimated annual effective tax rate causing material distortion in the year-to-date tax provision. As of June 30, 2022, the Company is unable to produce a reliable estimate of ordinary income

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for the quarter and year ending 2022 due to the inability to reliably or accurately forecast 2022 operating expenses. Similarly, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, due to uncertainties created by geopolitical risks, the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate method would not provide a reliable estimate and therefore was not used.

Note 13 — Stockholders’ equity

The following description summarizes the material terms and provisions of the securities that the Company has authorized.

Common stock

The Company is authorized to issue 110.0 million shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company had 67.3 million and 66.9 million shares of common stock that were outstanding, respectively.

Warrants

On April 12, 2021, the Staff of the SEC issued the “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “Staff Statement”). The Staff Statement provided new guidance for all SPAC-related companies regarding the accounting and reporting for their warrants that could result in the warrants issued by SPACs being classified as a liability measured at fair value, with non-cash fair value adjustments reported in earnings at each reporting period. The Company reviewed the accounting for both its public warrants and private warrants following the Staff Statement. The Company determined that the accounting for its public warrants as equity was consistent with the Staff Statement. The Company determined that its private warrants should be accounted for as liabilities but that the related accounting errors during the year ended December 31, 2020 were not material to the required financial statements and disclosures included in its annual report on Form 10-K filed on March 5, 2021. In the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company began accounting for the private warrants correctly, as disclosed in its quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2021.

As of June 30, 2021, there were a total of 0.01 million private warrants outstanding and 4.2 million public warrants outstanding. As part of its initial public offering (“IPO”), ChaSerg issued 22.0 million units including one share of common stock and one-half of one redeemable warrant. Simultaneously with its IPO, ChaSerg issued 0.6 million private placement units to its sponsor underwriter, each consisting of one common share and one-half of one redeemable warrant. ChaSerg issued 0.1 million units as a result of the conversion of a working capital sponsor loan consisting of one common share and one-half of one redeemable warrant. 

On February 17, 2021, the Company and Riverview Group LLC, an affiliate of Millennium Management LLC, a holder of 6.4 million of the outstanding publicly traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”) entered into a Warrant Exchange Agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”). Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, the holder exchanged each of its public warrants for 0.3480 shares of the Company’s common stock, i.e., 2.2 million shares. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, the Company entered into agreements with investors resulting in exchange of 0.8 million of its private warrants for 0.3 million shares of the Company's common stock.

As of June 30, 2022, there were no outstanding private or public warrants.  

Note 14 — Stock-based compensation

Employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	272	$	149	$	521	$	260
Engineering, research, and development	1,638		617		2,502		1,171
Sales and marketing	1,207		453		1,878		1,244
General and administrative	13,270		5,456		20,147		9,671
Total stock-based compensation	$	16,387	$	6,675	$	25,048	$	12,346

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Stock Options

2018 Plan

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2018 Plan is set forth below:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,916,101	$	3.54	$	65,971	6.97
Options exercised	(216,160)	$	3.54
Options forfeited	(2,978)	$	3.54
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2022	1,696,963	$	3.54	$	22,371	6.56
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2022	1,575,452	$	3.54	$	20,922	6.52

The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2018 Plan options as of June 30, 2022 was $0.1 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over 1.19 years.

2020 Plan

As of June 30, 2022, 8.2 million shares were available for grant under 2020 Incentive Stock Plan ("2020 Plan").

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2020 Plan is set forth below:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value, in thousands		Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2021	2,224,687	$	12.86	$	55,856	8.53
Options granted	616,000	$	13.13
Options exercised	(24,887)	$	8.84
Options forfeited	(195,284)	$	17.24
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2022	2,620,516	$	12.64	$	14,361	8.50
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2022	810,655	$	8.81	$	6,497	7.78

The Company elected the policy to account for forfeitures as these occur. The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan options as of June 30, 2022 was $9.6 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over the remaining 2.83 years.

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs granted do not participate in earnings, dividends, and do not have voting rights until vested.

The following table summarizes activity of the Company’s RSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards as of December 31, 2021	1,493,915	$	8.82
Awards granted	1,356,620	$	14.17
Awards vested and released	(313,050)	$	8.19
Unvested awards as of June 30, 2022	2,537,485	$	11.76

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During the six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company net withheld and returned to the 2020 Plan pool 0.2 million shares to cover $4.5 million tax obligations for RSU releases during first half of 2022. The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan RSUs as of June 30, 2022 was $27.3 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over 1.79 years.

Performance Stock Units

The following table summarizes activity of the Company's PSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards as of December 31, 2021	112,085	$	15.69
Awards granted	518,938	$	39.41
Awards vested and released	(112,085)	$	15.69
Unvested awards as of June 30, 2022	518,938	$	39.41

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company withheld 0.1 million shares to cover the $1.7 million tax obligations related to the release of remaining 2021 PSU on February 25, 2022. The total estimated unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan PSUs as of June 30, 2022 was $25.7 million to be expensed on over 0.67 years based on projected 218% performance goal achievement.

Note 15 — Earnings per share

The Company computed earnings per share (“EPS”) in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net income in determining net income attributable to common stockholders.

All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, warrants, and convertible preferred securities. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted EPS in order of dilution and by application of the treasury stock method and the if-converted method for stock-based compensation and convertible preferred securities, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS of common stock as follows (in thousands except per share data):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator for basic and diluted loss per share
Net loss	(13,186)		(1,483)		(15,853)		(3,545)
Denominator for basic and diluted loss per share
Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic and diluted	67,136		54,431		67,028		53,044
Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)
Diluted	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)

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The following table represents the number of share equivalents (in thousands) outstanding during the period that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2021	2022	2021
Stock options to purchase common stock	4,380	6,435	4,280	6,495
Restricted stock units	2,178	2,186	1,817	2,522
Performance stock units	1,131	938	1,153	966
Warrants to purchase common stock	—	4,611	—	6,523
Total	7,689	14,170	7,250	16,506

Note 16 — Commitments and contingencies

Legal Matters

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management evaluates each claim and provides for potential loss when the claim is probable to be paid and reasonably estimable. While adverse decisions in certain of these litigation matters, claims and administrative proceedings could have a material effect on a particular period’s results of operations, subject to the uncertainties inherent in estimating future costs for contingent liabilities, management believes that any future accruals with respect to these currently known contingencies would not have a material effect on the financial condition, liquidity or cash flows of the Company. There were no amounts required to be reflected in these consolidated financial statements related to contingencies.

Note 17 — Subsequent events

The Company performed its subsequent event procedures through August 4, 2022, the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Comparability of Financial Information

Grid Dynamics’ results of operations and statements of assets and liabilities may not be comparable between periods as a result of the Business Combination closed during the year ended December 31, 2021 as well as due to other events and transactions discussed below.

Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial statements and notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 3, 2022.

The statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seek,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “projects,” “anticipates,” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements,” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (“Grid Dynamics,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an emerging leader in enterprise-level digital transformations in Fortune 1000 companies. For enterprises that create innovative digital products and experiences, Grid Dynamics offers close collaboration to provide digital transformation initiatives that span strategy consulting, development of early prototypes and enterprise-scale delivery of new digital platforms. Since its inception in 2006 in Menlo Park, California, as a grid and cloud consultancy firm, Grid Dynamics has been on the forefront of digital transformation, working on big ideas like cloud computing, NOSQL, DevOps, microservices, big data and AI, and quickly established itself as a provider of choice for technology and digital enterprise companies.

As a leading global digital engineering and IT services provider with its headquarters in Silicon Valley and engineering centers in the United States, Mexico and multiple European countries, Grid Dynamics’ core business is to deliver focused and complex technical consulting, software design, development, testing and internet service operations. Grid Dynamics also helps organizations become more agile and create innovative digital products and experiences through its deep expertise in emerging technology, such as AI, data science, cloud computing, big data and DevOps, lean software development practices and a high-performance product culture. Grid Dynamics believes that the key to its success is a business culture that puts products over projects, client success over contract terms and real business results over pure technical innovation. By leveraging Grid Dynamics’ proprietary processes optimized for innovation, emphasis on talent development and technical expertise, Grid Dynamics has been able to achieve significant growth.

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The following table sets forth a summary of Grid Dynamics’ financial results for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2022				2021
			% of revenue				% of revenue
Revenues	$	77,335	100.0	%	$	47,676	100.0	%
Gross profit	28,861		37.3	%	19,797		41.5	%
Income/(loss) from operations	(10,849)		(14.0)	%	1,384		2.9	%
Net loss	(13,186)		(17.1)	%	(1,483)		(3.1)	%
Comprehensive loss	(13,968)		(18.1)	%	(1,518)		(3.2)	%
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.20)	n/a		$	(0.03)	n/a
Non-GAAP Financial Information(1)
Non-GAAP EBITDA(1)	13,282		17.2	%	9,731		20.4	%
Non-GAAP Net Income(1)	8,230		10.6	%	6,090		12.8	%
Non-GAAP Diluted EPS(1)	$	0.12	n/a		$	0.10	n/a

(1)Non-GAAP EBITDA, Non-GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Measures” below for additional information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2022				2021
			% of revenue				% of revenue
Revenues	$	148,745	100.0	%	$	86,810	100.0	%
Gross profit	55,640		37.4	%	35,134		40.5	%
Loss from operations	(10,646)		(7.2)	%	(394)		(0.5)	%
Net loss	(15,853)		(10.7)	%	(3,545)		(4.1)	%
Comprehensive loss	(16,918)		(11.4)	%	(3,531)		(4.1)	%
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24)	n/a		$	(0.07)	n/a
Non-GAAP Financial Information(1)
Non-GAAP EBITDA(1)	24,657		16.6	%	14,994		17.3	%
Non-GAAP Net Income(1)	15,178		10.2	%	9,155		10.5	%
Non-GAAP Diluted EPS(1)	$	0.22	n/a		$	0.15	n/a

(1)Non-GAAP EBITDA, Non-GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Diluted EPS are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Non-GAAP Measures” below for additional information and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

Quarterly Highlights

In the three months ended June 30, 2022, our revenues of $77.3 million were up $5.9 million or 8.3% in comparison to the three months ended March 31, 2022, and up $29.7 million from the three months ended June 30, 2021. In the three months ended June 30, 2022, we witnessed healthy business trends. The three months ended June 30, 2022 also marked the eighth consecutive sequential growth quarter since witnessing a bottom in revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2020. During the quarter, we witnessed strong demand from our customers across our industry verticals as digital transformation initiatives take center stage.

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, our largest industry vertical was Retail. At 32.9% of revenue, our Retail vertical was up 9.2% in comparison to the three months ended March 31, 2022, and up 100.0% from the three months ended June 30, 2021. The strong sequential and year-over-year growth was driven by a combination of factors that included ramping of business by Retail customers as they invest in digital transformation initiatives combined with several of our customers

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enhancing their engagements as they witness improving business trends. Our Technology Media, and Telecom (“TMT”) vertical comprised 30.2% of our revenue, while Consumer Packaged Goods (“CPG”)/Manufacturing, Finance, and Other verticals contributed to 20.8%, 6.5%, and 9.6% respectively. Revenues from our Top 5 customers during the quarter was 44.2%, slightly down from 45.4% in the same quarter a year ago. The diversification in our Top 5 customer concentration was driven by a combination of factors that included success in ramping business at new customers and growing business at existing customers.

We ended the three months ended June 30, 2022 with $13.2 million, or 17.1% in GAAP Net Loss, a change from a GAAP Net Loss of $2.7 million, or 3.7% in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and a GAAP Net Loss of $1.5 million, or 3.1% in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The year-over-year increase in GAAP Net Loss was largely driven by a combination of higher stock-based compensation expenses and operating expenses that include geographic reorganization expenses related to the war in Ukraine slightly offset by higher revenues. We ended the three months ended June 30, 2022 with $13.3 million, or 17.2% in Non-GAAP EBITDA, up from $11.4 million, or 15.9% in the three months ended March 31, 2022 and up from $9.7 million, or 20.4% in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The year-over-year increase in Non-GAAP EBITDA was largely driven by increase in business volume that included billable personnel and billable work hours.

COVID-19 Related Updates

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact communities around the world, and the pandemic, along with preventive measures taken by both governments and private businesses worldwide, continue to affect global economic activity and financial markets. Starting in March 2020, headwinds to our business from the pandemic were largely centered around our retail customers as many of them witnessed a slowdown in their sales. After witnessing a low point in the month of May 2020, our retail business has steadily improved as we have added new customers and have grown existing business across industry verticals. We continue to take precautionary measures intended to minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate. Although a significant proportion of our employees continue to work remotely, all our facilities have been opened for employees to work following local government guidelines. We continue to deliver services to our customers in this fashion which has so far resulted in minimal disruption in our operational and delivery capabilities, but the long-term impact of COVID-19 will depend largely on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including the duration of the pandemic, new information about additional variants, the availability and efficacy of vaccine distributions, additional or renewed actions by government authorities and private businesses to contain the pandemic or respond to its impact and altered consumer behavior, among other things.

Business Update Regarding Military Action in Ukraine

On February 24, 2022, Russian forces launched significant military action against Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region has resulted and is likely to continue. The impact to Ukraine as well as actions taken by other countries, including new and stricter sanctions imposed by the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and other countries and companies and organizations against officials, individuals, regions, and industries in Russia and Ukraine, and each country’s potential response to such sanctions, tensions, and military actions could have a material adverse effect on our operations. For example, in response to increased sanctions, Russia could attempt to take control of assets in Russia or Ukraine of companies registered in the United States, such as Grid Dynamics. Any such material adverse effect from the conflict and enhanced sanctions activity may disrupt our delivery of services, impair our ability to complete financial or banking transactions, cause us to continue to shift all or portions of our work occurring in the region to other countries, and may restrict our ability to engage in certain projects in the region or involving certain customers in the region.

We are actively monitoring the security of our personnel and the stability of our infrastructure, including communications and internet availability. We executed our business continuity plan and have adapted to developments as they occur to protect the safety of our people and handle potential impacts to our delivery infrastructure. This includes moving affected employees to safer locations in Western Ukraine and, where permissible, outside Ukraine, and reallocating work to other geographies within our global footprint. We are actively working with our personnel and with our customers to meet their needs and to ensure smooth delivery of services.

In April 2022, Grid Dynamics also announced it would cease remaining operations in the Russian Federation. We have worked towards the safe and expedient relocation of willing employees and ongoing management of projects to eliminate delivery impact to clients. In addition we announced our expansion to a new European hub with an office in Zug, Switzerland, a new engineering office in Yerevan, Armenia and workforce expansion in India. As of August 2022, we have minimal office personnel in Russia and are performing no client services from Russia.

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We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of the military action in Ukraine, as the conflict and government reactions continue to develop and are beyond our control. Prolonged unrest, military activities, expansion of hostilities, or broad-based sanctions, should they be implemented, could have a material adverse effect on our operations and business outlook.

The information contained in this section is accurate as of the date hereof, but may become outdated due to changing circumstances beyond our present awareness or control.

For additional information on the various risks posed by the military action in Ukraine and the impact in the region, please read “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Key Performance Indicators and Other Factors Affecting Performance

Grid Dynamics uses the following key performance indicators and assesses the following other factors to analyze its business performance, to make budgets and financial forecasts and to develop strategic plans:

Employees by Region

Attracting and retaining the right employees is critical to the success of Grid Dynamics’ business and is a key factor in Grid Dynamics’ ability to meet client needs and grow its revenue base. Grid Dynamics’ revenue prospects and long-term success depend significantly on its ability to recruit and retain qualified IT professionals. A substantial majority of Grid Dynamics’ personnel is comprised of such IT professionals.

The following table shows the number of Grid Dynamics personnel (including full-time employees and contractors serving in similar capacities) by region, as of the dates indicated:

	As of June 30,
	2022	2021
United States and LATAM	470	317
Central and Eastern Europe, U.K., and the Netherlands	3,191	2,193
Rest of the world	102	—
Total	3,763	2,510

Attrition

There is competition for IT professionals in the regions in which Grid Dynamics operates, and any increase in such competition may adversely impact Grid Dynamics’ business and gross profit margins. Employee retention is one of Grid Dynamics’ main priorities and is a key driver of operational efficiency. Grid Dynamics seeks to retain top talent by providing the opportunity to work on exciting, cutting-edge projects for high profile clients, a flexible work environment and training and development programs. Grid Dynamics’ management targets a voluntary attrition rate no higher than the mid-teen percentages, in line with the industry.

Hours and Utilization

As most of Grid Dynamics’ customer projects are performed and invoiced on a time and materials basis, Grid Dynamics’ management tracks and projects billable hours as an indicator of business volume and corresponding resource needs for IT professionals. To maintain its gross profit margins, Grid Dynamics must effectively utilize its IT professionals, which depends on its ability to integrate and train new personnel, to efficiently transition personnel from completed projects to new assignments, to forecast customer demand for services and to deploy personnel with appropriate skills and seniority to projects. Grid Dynamics’ management generally tracks utilization with respect to subsets of employees, by location or by project, and calculates the utilization rate for each subset by dividing (x) the aggregate number of billable hours for a period by (y) the aggregate number of total available hours for the same period. Grid Dynamics’ management analyzes and projects utilization to measure the efficiency of its workforce and to inform management’s budget and personnel recruiting decisions. 

Customer Concentration

Grid Dynamics’ ability to retain and expand its relationships with existing customers and add new customers are key indicators of its revenue potential. Grid Dynamics grew its customer base from 226 customers during the six months ended June 30, 2021 to 232 customers in the same period of 2022. Grid Dynamics’ procurement of new customers has a direct impact on its ability

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to diversify its sources of revenue and replace customers that may no longer require its services. Grid Dynamics has a relatively high level of revenue concentration with certain customers.

The following table shows the evolution of Grid Dynamics’ customer base and revenue concentration, as of the dates and for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Total customers (for the period)	208			212			232			226
Of which (customer revenue amounts annualized for interim periods):
>$5.0 million	13			9			13			9
>$2.5 – 5.0 million	7			4			7			4
>$1.0 – 2.5 million	26			15			26			15
Top five customers	44.2		%	45.4		%	43.5		%	48.6		%
Top ten customers	60.2		%	62.3		%	59.0		%	64.3		%
Top five customers	$	34,166		$	21,634		$	64,710		$	42,213
Top ten customers	$	46,539		$	29,690		$	87,826		$	55,786

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Exposure

Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk and its profit margins are subject to volatility between periods due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Grid Dynamics’ functional currency apart from the U.S. dollar includes EURO, British pounds, Mexican pesos and Moldovan leu. Grid Dynamics contracts with customers for payment in and generates predominantly all of its revenue in U.S. dollars. Apart from U.S. dollars, revenues are also generated in EURO and British pounds. At the same time the major part of our expenses excluding U.S. dollars are incurred in Russian rubles, EURO and Polish zloty. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, approximately 31.2% and 35.1% of Grid Dynamics’ combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses of $88.2 million and $159.4 million were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, respectively. Comparatively, approximately 38.9% and 37.6% of Grid Dynamics’ combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses of $46.3 million and $87.2 million were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge its foreign currency exposure, although it seeks to minimize such exposure by limiting cash transfers to amounts necessary to fund subsidiary operating expenses for a short period, typically one to two weeks. When and where possible, Grid Dynamics seeks to match expenses to the U.S. dollar. Management carefully evaluates its exposure to foreign currency risk and, though Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge this exposure using financial instruments, it may do so in the future. See Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” below for more information about Grid Dynamics’ exposure to foreign currency exchange rates.

Seasonality

Grid Dynamics’ business is subject to seasonal trends that impact its revenues and profitability between quarters. Some of the factors that influence the seasonal trends include the timing of holidays in the countries in which Grid Dynamics operates and the U.S. retail cycle, which drives the behavior of Grid Dynamics’ retail customers. Excluding the impact of growth in its book of business, Grid Dynamics has historically recorded higher revenue and gross profit in the second and third quarters of each year compared to the first and fourth quarters of each year. In addition, many of Grid Dynamics’ retail sector customers tend to slow their discretionary spending during the holiday sale season, which typically lasts from late November (before Thanksgiving) through late December (after Christmas).

Non-GAAP Measures

To supplement Grid Dynamics’ consolidated financial data presented on a basis consistent with U.S. GAAP, this Quarterly Report contains certain non-GAAP financial measures, including Non-GAAP EBITDA, Non-GAAP Net Income and Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share, or EPS. Grid Dynamics has included these non-GAAP financial measures because they are financial measures used by Grid Dynamics’ management to evaluate Grid Dynamics’ core operating performance and trends, to make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital and new investments and are among the factors analyzed in making

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performance-based compensation decisions for key personnel. These measures exclude certain expenses that are required under U.S. GAAP. Grid Dynamics excludes these items because they are not part of core operations or, in the case of stock-based compensation, non-cash expenses that are determined based in part on Grid Dynamics’ underlying performance.

Grid Dynamics believes these supplemental performance measurements are useful in evaluating operating performance, as they are similar to measures reported by its public industry peers and those regularly used by security analysts, investors and other interested parties in analyzing operating performance and prospects. These non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to be a substitute for any GAAP financial measures and, as calculated, may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of performance of other companies in other industries or within the same industry.

There are significant limitations associated with the use of non-GAAP financial measures. Further, these measures may differ from the non-GAAP information, even where similarly titled, used by other companies and therefore should not be used to compare our performance to that of other companies. Grid Dynamics compensates for these limitations by providing investors and other users of its financial information a reconciliation of non-GAAP measures to the related GAAP financial measures. Grid Dynamics encourages investors and others to review its financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure and to view its non-GAAP measures in conjunction with GAAP financial measures.

Grid Dynamics defines and calculates its non-GAAP financial measures as follows:

•Non-GAAP EBITDA: Net income/(loss) before interest income/expense, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization, and further adjusted for the impact of stock-based compensation expense, transaction-related costs (which include, when applicable, professional fees, retention bonuses, and consulting, legal and advisory costs related to Grid Dynamics’ merger and acquisition and capital-raising activities), impairment of goodwill and other income/expenses, net (which includes mainly interest income and expense, foreign currency transaction losses and gains, fair value adjustments and other miscellaneous expenses), and geographic reorganization expenses.

•Non-GAAP Net Income: Net income/(loss) adjusted for the impact of stock-based compensation, impairment of goodwill, transaction-related costs, geographic reorganization expenses, other income/expenses, net, and the tax impacts of these adjustments.

•Non-GAAP Diluted EPS: Non-GAAP Net income, divided by the diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.

The following table presents the reconciliation of Grid Dynamics’ Non-GAAP EBITDA to its consolidated net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
GAAP net loss	$	(13,186)	$	(1,483)	$	(15,853)	$	(3,545)
Adjusted for:
Depreciation and amortization	1,691		1,154		3,280		2,100
Provision for income taxes	1,711		2,788		3,881		2,022
Stock-based compensation	16,387		6,675		25,048		12,346
Transaction and transformation-related costs (1)	—		518		—		942
Geographic reorganization (2)	6,053		—		6,975		—
Other expenses (3)	626		79		1,326		1,129
Non-GAAP EBITDA	$	13,282	$	9,731	$	24,657	$	14,994

(1)Transaction and transformation-related costs include, when applicable, external deal costs, transaction-related professional fees, transaction-related retention bonuses, which are allocated proportionally across cost of revenue, engineering, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as well as other transaction-related costs including integration expenses consisting of outside professional and consulting services.

(2)Geographic reorganization includes expenses connected with military actions of Russia against Ukraine and the exit plan announced by the Company and includes travel and relocation-related expenses of employees from the aforementioned countries, severance payments, allowances as well as legal and professional fees related to geographic repositioning in

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various locations. These expenses are incremental to those expenses incurred prior to the crisis, clearly separable from normal operations, and not expected to recur once the crisis has subsided and operations return to normal.

(3)Other expenses consist primarily of losses and gains on foreign currency transactions, fair value adjustments, and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses and other income consists primarily of interest on cash held at banks.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Grid Dynamics’ Non-GAAP Diluted EPS and its Non-GAAP Net Income to its consolidated net loss for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands, except per share data)
GAAP net loss	$	(13,186)	$	(1,483)	$	(15,853)	$	(3,545)
Adjusted for:
Stock-based compensation	16,387		6,675		25,048		12,346
Transaction and transformation-related costs (1)	—		518		—		942
Geographic reorganization (2)	6,053		—		6,975		—
Other expenses (3)	626		79		1,326		1,129
Tax impact of non-GAAP adjustments (4)	(1,650)		301		(2,318)		(1,717)
Non-GAAP Net Income	$	8,230	$	6,090	$	15,178	$	9,155
Number of shares used in the Non-GAAP Diluted EPS	69,909		60,996		70,126		60,799
Non-GAAP Diluted EPS	$	0.12	$	0.10	$	0.22	$	0.15

(1)Transaction and transformation-related costs include, when applicable, external deal costs, transaction-related professional fees, transaction-related retention bonuses, which are allocated proportionally across cost of revenue, engineering, research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses as well as other transaction-related costs including integration expenses consisting of outside professional and consulting services.

(2)Geographic reorganization includes expenses connected with military actions of Russia against Ukraine and the exit plan announced by the Company and includes travel and relocation-related expenses of employees from the aforementioned countries, severance payments, allowances as well as legal and professional fees related to geographic repositioning in various locations. These expenses are incremental to those expenses incurred prior to the crisis, clearly separable from normal operations, and not expected to recur once the crisis has subsided and operations return to normal.

(3)Other expenses consist primarily of losses and gains on foreign currency transactions, fair value adjustments, and other miscellaneous non-operating expenses and other income consists primarily of interest on cash held at banks.

(4)Reflects the estimated tax impact of the non-GAAP adjustments presented in the table.

Key Components of Revenue and Expenses

Revenue

Grid Dynamics generates revenue by providing focused and complex services in the area of software engineering, development, integration, testing, and operations of digital services. Grid Dynamics provides services mainly on a time and materials basis and, to a much lesser extent, on a fixed-fee basis. While fixed-fee contracts currently represent an immaterial portion of overall revenue for the periods presented, Grid Dynamics expects proportionate revenue from fixed-fee contracts to increase in future periods. On a time and materials basis, Grid Dynamics earns and recognizes revenue as hours and costs are incurred. On its current and future fixed fee contracts, Grid Dynamics earns and recognizes revenue as the work is performed, the monthly calculation of which is based upon actual labor hours incurred and level of effort expended throughout the duration of the contract. For both time and materials contracts and fixed fee contracts, hourly rates are typically determined based on the location and experience of Grid Dynamics personnel selected to perform the service and are negotiated for each contract or statement of work, as the case may be. For fixed fee contracts, the fixed fee generally remains constant for the contracted project period unless the customer directs a change in scope of project work or requests additional Grid Dynamics employees in excess of those scheduled for a specific project.

In select cases, Grid Dynamics offers volume discounts or early settlement discounts, which are recorded as contra-revenue items. Volume discounts apply once the customer reaches certain contractual spend thresholds. Early settlement discounts are issued contingent upon the timing of the payment from the customer. If there is uncertainty about project completion or receipt of payment for services provided, revenue is deferred until the uncertainty is sufficiently resolved.

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Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists primarily of salaries and employee benefits, including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation, and travel expenses for client-serving personnel. Cost of revenue also includes depreciation and amortization expense related to client-serving activities.

Engineering, Research and Development. Engineering, research and development expenses consist mainly of salaries and employee benefits including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation for personnel engaged in the design and development of solutions. Engineering, research and development expenses also include depreciation and amortization expenses related to such activities. Engineering, research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of expenses associated with promoting and selling Grid Dynamics’ services and consists mainly of salaries and employee benefits, including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation, marketing events, travel, as well as depreciation and amortization expenses related to such activities.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of administrative personnel and officers’ salaries and employee benefits including performance bonuses and stock-based compensation, legal and audit expenses, insurance, operating lease expenses (mainly facilities and vehicles) and other facility costs, workforce global mobility initiatives, restructuring and employee relocations cost (not in connection with customer projects), and depreciation and amortization expenses related to such activities. General and administrative expenses include a substantial majority of Grid Dynamics’ stock-based compensation costs for the financial periods discussed herein.

Provision for Income Taxes. Grid Dynamics follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes, whereby deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities. The provision for income taxes reflects income earned and taxed in the various U.S. federal and state and non-U.S. jurisdictions. Jurisdictional tax law changes, increases or decreases in permanent differences between book and tax items, accruals, or adjustments of accruals for tax contingencies or valuation allowances, and the change in the mix of earnings from these taxing jurisdictions all affect the overall effective tax rate.

Results of Operations

The three and six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021

The following table sets forth a summary of Grid Dynamics’ consolidated results of operations for the interim periods indicated, and the changes between periods:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Change
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2022		2021		Dollars		Percentage
Revenue	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	29,659	62.2	%
Cost of revenue	48,474		27,879		20,595		73.9	%
Gross profit	28,861		19,797		9,064		45.8	%
Engineering, research, and development	3,840		1,772		2,068		116.7	%
Sales and marketing	5,132		2,837		2,295		80.9	%
General and administrative	30,738		13,804		16,934		122.7	%
Total operating expense	39,710		18,413		21,297		115.7	%
Income/(loss) from operations	(10,849)		1,384		(12,233)		(883.9)	%
Other expenses	(626)		(79)		(547)		692.4	%
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(11,475)		1,305		(12,780)		(979.3)	%
Provision for income taxes	1,711		2,788		(1,077)		(38.6)	%
Net loss	$	(13,186)	$	(1,483)	$	(11,703)	789.1	%

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	Six Months Ended June 30,				Change
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2022		2021		Dollars		Percentage
Revenue	$	148,745	$	86,810	$	61,935	71.3	%
Cost of revenue	93,105		51,676		41,429		80.2	%
Gross profit	55,640		35,134		20,506		58.4	%
Engineering, research, and development	6,936		3,555		3,381		95.1	%
Sales and marketing	9,347		5,869		3,478		59.3	%
General and administrative	50,003		26,104		23,899		91.6	%
Total operating expense	66,286		35,528		30,758		86.6	%
Loss from operations	(10,646)		(394)		(10,252)		2,602.0	%
Other expenses	(1,326)		(1,129)		(197)		17.4	%
Loss before income taxes	(11,972)		(1,523)		(10,449)		686.1	%
Provision for income taxes	3,881		2,022		1,859		91.9	%
Net loss	$	(15,853)	$	(3,545)	$	(12,308)	347.2	%

Revenues by Vertical. We assign our customers into one of our four main vertical markets or a group of various industries where we are increasing our presence, which we label as “Verticals”. The following table presents our revenues by vertical and revenues as a percentage of total revenues by vertical for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2022		% of revenue		2021		% of revenue
Retail	$	25,452	32.9	%	$	12,729	26.7	%
Technology, Media and Telecom	23,391		30.2	%	16,115		33.8	%
CPG/Manufacturing	16,090		20.8	%	9,899		20.8	%
Finance	5,049		6.5	%	4,071		8.5	%
Other	7,353		9.6	%	4,862		10.2	%
Total	$	77,335	100.0	%	$	47,676	100.0	%

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands, except percentages)	2022		% of revenue		2021		% of revenue
Retail	$	48,759	32.8	%	$	21,579	24.9	%
Technology, Media and Telecom	44,835		30.1	%	30,526		35.2	%
CPG/Manufacturing	31,069		20.9	%	18,624		21.5	%
Finance	9,576		6.4	%	7,509		8.6	%
Other	14,506		9.8	%	8,572		9.8	%
Total	$	148,745	100.0	%	$	86,810	100.0	%

Revenue. Revenue increased by $29.7 million, or 62.2%, to $77.3 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 from $47.7 million in the three months ended June 30, 2021. On a year-to-date basis revenue increased by $61.9 million or 71.3%, reaching $148.7 million. The year-over-year increases both on a three month and six-month basis, were largely driven by the improved business conditions that resulted in increased billable headcount and billable hours.

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue increased by $20.6 million, or 73.9%, to $48.5 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 from $27.9 million in the same period last year largely from increased costs of personnel to support higher revenue. Cost of revenue increased by $41.4 million, or 80.2% to $93.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $51.7 million in the same period last year for the same reasons.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased by $9.1 million, or 45.8%, to $28.9 million in the second quarter of 2022 from $19.8 million in the comparable period of 2021. Gross margin (gross profit as a percentage of revenue) decreased by 4.2 percentage points to 37.3% in the three months ended June 30, 2022 from 41.5% in the three months ended June 30, 2021. Gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased by $20.5 million and reached $55.6 million. Gross margin (gross profit as a

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percentage of revenue) decreased to 37.4% during the first half of 2022 from 40.5% for the same period of 2021. During the first three and six months of 2022, our business was impacted by higher costs associated with the relocation of employees due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Engineering, Research and Development. Engineering, research and development expenses increased by $2.1 million, or 116.7% to $3.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. During the first half of 2022, engineering, research and development expenses increased by 95.1% to $6.9 million from $3.6 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase in both periods was primarily due to staffing and greater investments in customer delivery operations.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $2.3 million, or 80.9% to $5.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. Sales and marketing expenses increased by $3.5 million, or 59.3% to $9.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared to the same period in 2021. The increase in both periods was mainly due to increase in sales personnel, sales initiatives, and increase in wages in 2022. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 remained relatively on the same level and accounted for 6.3% and 6.8% of Grid Dynamics’ revenue, respectively.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by more than 70.0% during both three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and reached $30.7 million and $50.0 million, respectively. The increase during both periods was mainly due to increase in stock-based compensation, increase in wages and bonuses, additional expenses from facilities, increase in amortization of intangibles, and geographic reorganization expenses triggered by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Other Expenses. Other expenses increased by $0.5 million in the second quarter of 2022 in comparison to the same period of last year. The increase was primarily due to fluctuation of currencies compared to the same period of 2021. Other expenses remained relatively on the same level and increased by $0.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Provision for Income Tax. During the three months ended June 30, 2022 we recognized a provision for income tax of $1.7 million compared to provision for income tax of $2.8 million in the same period of 2021. The difference in the tax provision was attributable mainly to Section 162(m) compensation deduction limitations and foreign rate differential. Provision for income tax was $3.9 million in the first half of 2022 compared to $2.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Net Loss. During three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized net loss of $13.2 million and $15.9 million, respectively, compared to $1.5 million and $3.5 million in the same periods of 2021 due to the reasons stated above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Grid Dynamics measures liquidity in terms of its ability to fund the cash requirements of its business operations, including working capital needs, capital expenditures, contractual obligations, and other commitments with cash flows from operations and other sources of funding. Grid Dynamics’ current liquidity needs relate mainly to compensation and benefits of Grid Dynamics’ employees and contractors and capital expenditures for computer hardware and office furniture. Grid Dynamics’ ability to expand and grow its business will depend on many factors including its capital expenditure needs and the evolution of its operating cash flows. Grid Dynamics may need more cash resources due to changed business conditions or other developments, including investments or acquisitions. Grid Dynamics believes that its current cash position on its balance sheet of $150.0 million as of June 30, 2022 is sufficient to fund its currently expected levels of operating, investing and financing expenditures for a period of twelve months from the date of this filing. However, if Grid Dynamics’ resources are insufficient to satisfy its cash requirements, it may need to seek additional equity or debt financing, which may be subject to conditions outside of Grid Dynamics’ control and may not be available on terms acceptable to Grid Dynamics’ management or at all.

As of June 30, 2022, Grid Dynamics had cash and cash equivalents amounting to $150.0 million (compared to $144.4 million at December 31, 2021). Of this amount, $14.3 million was held outside the United States, namely in UK, Poland, the Netherlands, Ukraine, Russia, Armenia, Serbia, Moldova, Mexico, and Singapore (compared to $8.5 million as of December 31, 2021). As many of Grid Dynamics’ assets, operations and employees are located in these countries, Grid Dynamics expects that all such cash and cash equivalents will be used to fund future operating needs and Grid Dynamics’ management has no intention of repatriating the funds. If Grid Dynamics decided to remit funds from these countries to the United States in the future, whether in the form of inter-company dividends or otherwise, they may be subject to foreign withholding taxes. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ cash in banks in Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Moldova, Serbia, Armenia, and Mexico may be subject to other risks, as the banking sector in certain of these countries is subject to periodic instability, may be subject to sanctions and may be subject to capital adequacy and other banking standards that are substantially less rigorous than those of the United States.

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On March 15, 2022, we entered into a new agreement establishing a revolving credit facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders. See Note 9 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. As of June 30, 2022 we had no outstanding debt under the credit facility.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes Grid Dynamics’ cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(unaudited, in thousands)	2022		2021
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	15,322	$	6,650
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(4,213)	$	(32,525)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(4,390)	$	(18,910)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	$	(1,065)	$	14
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	5,654	$	(44,771)
Cash, cash equivalents (beginning of period)	$	144,364	$	112,745
Cash, cash equivalents (end of period)	$	150,018	$	67,974

Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased by $8.7 million to $15.3 million from $6.7 million provided by in the same period of 2021, driven by higher cash operating profit (before non-cash depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation charges).

Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $(4.2) million reflecting mainly capital expenditures for computer hardware, related equipment and software and purchase of investment. Net cash used in investing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $(32.5) million, which primarily reflects the acquisition of Tacit.

Financing Activities. Net cash used in financing activities was $(4.4) million in the six months ended June 30, 2022, reflecting the payment of contingent consideration related to an acquisition and the tax withholding obligations due to issuance of shares in connection with vested awards. Net cash used in financing activities was $(18.9) million in the six months ended June 30, 2021, reflecting primarily the tax withholding obligations due to issuance of shares in connection with vested awards.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Commitments

Except for its credit support for the letter of credit and balances on corporate credit cards, Grid Dynamics does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements of the kind required to be disclosed under SEC rules and does not have any off-balance sheet or contingent commitments, except as described above with respect to operating leases.

As a result of analysis related to Grid Dynamics’ functional control of subcontractors GD Ukraine, LLC and GD AM, LLC, the subcontractors were determined to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and are therefore consolidated in Grid Dynamics’ financial statements. The assets and liabilities of these VIEs consist primarily of intercompany balances and transactions, all of which have been eliminated in consolidation.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Grid Dynamics management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on the condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Preparation of the financial statements requires Grid Dynamics to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amount of revenue and expenses, assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Grid Dynamics considers an accounting judgment, estimate or assumption to be critical when (1) an estimate or assumption is complex in nature or requires a high degree of judgment, and (2) the use of different judgments, estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on Grid Dynamics’ condensed consolidated financial statements.

Other than as discussed below, during the six months ended June 30, 2022, there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies or in the underlying accounting assumptions and estimates used in such policies as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Leases — The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at lease inception. Assessment and classification of lease as either an operating or a financing is performed at the lease commencement date. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding RoU Assets are initially measured based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. RoU Asset value is additionally adjusted by initial direct costs and incentives received. Present value is calculated based in either interest rate implicit in lease agreement or, if not available, based on incremental borrowing rate. Incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew or terminate a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will exercise the renewal option.

The Company has elected a practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single lease component. In addition, the Company elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all classes of lease assets.

Emerging Growth Company Accounting Election

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies and any such election to not to take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. Prior to the Business Combination, ChaSerg was an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act and has elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, Grid Dynamics remains an emerging growth company and continues to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period. We expect to lose emerging growth company status on December 31, 2022.

Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements are described in Note 2 to Grid Dynamics’ condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Grid Dynamics has in the past and may in the future be exposed to certain market and credit risks in the ordinary course of business, including exposure related to fluctuations in foreign currency rates, and on occasion and to a lesser extent, changes in interest rates and concentration of credit risk. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ international operations are subject to risks related to differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax structures, and other regulations and restrictions. See the section titled “Risk Factors” for additional information.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk and its profit margins are subject to volatility between periods due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Grid Dynamics’ functional currency apart from the U.S. dollar includes EURO, British pounds, Mexican pesos and Moldovan leu. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ profit margins are subject to volatility as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates. When and where possible, Grid Dynamics seeks to match expenses of each entity to currencies in which revenues are generated creating natural hedge. In future periods, Grid Dynamics may also become materially exposed to changes in the value of the Serbian dinar, Mexican pesos and Moldovan leu against the U.S. dollar, due to the recent acquisitions and continuous expansion of operations.

In the three months ended June 30, 2022, approximately 31.2% of Grid Dynamics’ $88.2 million combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Comparatively, approximately 38.9% of Grid Dynamics’ $46.3 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in the three months ended June 30, 2021.

In the three months ended June 30, 2022:

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.7 increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $0.6 decrease in income from operations.

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•a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.6 increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.5 decrease in income from operations.

In the three months ended June 30, 2021:

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.5 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $0.6 million decrease in income from operations.

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.3 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.4 million decrease in income from operations.

In the six months ended June 30, 2022, approximately 35.1% of Grid Dynamics’ $159.4 million combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Comparatively, approximately 37.6% of Grid Dynamics’ $87.2 million of combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses in the six months ended June 30, 2021.

In the six months ended June 30, 2022:

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $1.7 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $1.4 million decrease in income from operations.

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $1.1 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.9 million decrease in income from operations.

In the six months ended June 30, 2021:

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Russian rouble against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.9 million increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the rouble’s value would have resulted in a $1.1 million decrease in income from operations.

•a 10% decrease in the value of the Polish zloty against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a $0.6 million n increase in Grid Dynamics’ income from operations, while a 10% increase in the zloty’s value would have resulted in a $0.7 million decrease in income from operations.

Grid Dynamics analyses sensitivity to the rouble and zloty separately because, in management’s experience, fluctuations in the value of these currencies against the U.S. dollar are frequently driven by distinct macroeconomic and geopolitical factors.

Grid Dynamics does not currently hedge its foreign currency exposure, although it seeks minimize it by limiting cash transfers to amounts necessary to fund subsidiary operating expenses for a short period, typically one week. Grid Dynamics’ management may evaluate new hedging strategies in future periods.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting on a timely basis, information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act and were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management, including the CEO and CFO, confirmed there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our CEO and CFO, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Although we may, from time to time, be involved in litigation and claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business, we are not currently a party to any material legal proceeding. In addition, we are not aware of any material legal or governmental proceedings against us or contemplated to be brought against us. Future litigation may be necessary, among other things, to defend us or our customers by determining the scope, enforceability and validity of third-party proprietary rights or to establish our proprietary rights. The results of any litigation cannot be predicted with certainty and, regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on our company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors set forth below. The risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business. See the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs and have a material adverse effect on us, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed.

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should consider before investing in our company, as fully described below. The principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in our company risky include, among others:

•We have a relatively short operating history and operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not continue to be successful and may adversely impact our stock price.

•We may be unable to effectively manage our growth or achieve anticipated growth, particularly as we expand into new geographies, which could place significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources.

•Our revenues have historically been highly dependent on a limited number of clients and industries that are affected by seasonal trends, and any decrease in demand for outsourced services in these industries may reduce our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•We have incurred significant net losses in recent years, we expect to incur losses in the future and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

•The impact of the military action in Ukraine has affected and may continue to affect our business.

•The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (and its variants) has and may continue to affect our overall financial performance, business operations, and stock price.

•Macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, and the geopolitical climate could adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.

•Our revenues are highly dependent on clients primarily located in the U.S. Any economic downturn in the U.S. or in other parts of the world, including Europe, or disruptions in the credit markets may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•We face intense competition.

•Damage to our reputation may adversely impact our ability to generate and retain business.

•Our failure to successfully attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

•Our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose the services of our senior executives and key employees.

•Failure to adapt to changing technologies, methodologies, and evolving industry standards may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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•Security breaches and incidents, system failures or errors, and other disruptions to our networks and systems, could result in unauthorized access to, or disclosure or other processing of, confidential information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

•Undetected software design defects, errors or failures may result in loss of business or in liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations.

•War, terrorism, other acts of violence, or natural or manmade disasters may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our service delivery.

•Acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships or alliances could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction, and we may be exposed to claims, liabilities and disputes as a result of the transaction that may adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Business, Operations and Industry

We have a relatively short operating history and operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not continue to be successful and may adversely impact our stock price.

We were founded in 2006 and have a relatively short operating history in the technology services industry, which is competitive and continuously evolving, subject to rapidly changing demands and constant technological developments. As a result, success and performance metrics are difficult to predict and measure. Since services and technologies are rapidly evolving and each company within the industry can vary greatly in terms of the services it provides, its business model and its results of operations, it can be difficult to predict how any company’s services, including ours, will be received in the market.

While many Fortune 1000 enterprises, including our clients, have been willing to devote significant resources to incorporate emerging technologies and related market trends into their business models, they may not continue to spend any significant portion of their budgets on services like those provided by us in the future. Neither our past financial performance nor the past financial performance of any other company in the technology services industry is indicative of how we will fare financially in the future. Our future profits may vary substantially from those of other companies and our past profits, making an investment in us risky and speculative. If clients’ demand for our services declines as a result of economic conditions, market factors or shifts in the technology industry, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Our stock performance is highly dependent on our ability to successfully execute and grow the business. Consequently, our stock price may be adversely impacted by our inability to execute to our plan, our inability to meet or exceed forward looking financial forecasts, and our inability to achieve our stated short-term and long-term goals.

We may be unable to effectively manage our growth or achieve anticipated growth, particularly as we expand into new geographies, which could place significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources.

Continued growth and expansion may increase challenges we face in recruiting, training and retaining sufficiently skilled professionals and management personnel, maintaining effective oversight of personnel and delivery centers, developing financial and management controls, coordinating effectively across geographies and business units, and preserving our culture and values. Failure to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the quality of the execution of our engagements, our ability to attract and retain IT professionals, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, as we increase the size and complexity of projects that we undertake with clients, add new delivery sites, introduce new services or enter into new markets, we may face new market, technological, operational, compliance and administrative risks and challenges, including risks and challenges unfamiliar to us. We may not be able to mitigate these risks and challenges to achieve our anticipated growth or successfully execute large and complex projects, which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

All of these risks are heightened as we are currently rapidly expanding geographically. We recently announced our expansion to a new European hub with an office in Zug, Switzerland, a new engineering office in Yerevan, Armenia and workforce expansion in India. We continue to explore other geographies where we may expand our business. Our expenses may increase, affecting our gross margins, as we expand our business internationally. As we expand to new geographies, we may not be able

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to sustain the competitiveness, including high quality and low cost, of our workforce that has enabled us to succeed and earn the trust of our customers worldwide. We do not have a long history of operating our business, including recruiting, training and retaining employees, in these new geographies, and our competitiveness may decline if we are not able to effectively manage these risks.

Our revenues have historically been highly dependent on a limited number of clients and industries and any decrease in demand for outsourced services in these industries may reduce our revenues and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our revenues have historically been highly dependent on a limited number of clients. In the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we generated a significant portion of our revenues from our largest clients. For example, we generated approximately 59.0% and 64.3% of our revenue from our 10 largest clients during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our top two clients each accounted for greater than 10% of our revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Since a substantial portion of our revenue is derived through time and materials contracts, which are mostly short-term in nature, a major client in one year may not provide the same level of revenues for us in any subsequent year. In addition, a significant portion of our revenues is concentrated in our top two industry verticals: technology and retail. Our growth largely depends on our ability to diversify the industries in which we serve, continued demand for our services from clients in these industry verticals and other industries that we may target in the future, as well as on trends in these industries to outsource the type of services we provide.

Our business is also subject to seasonal trends that impact our revenues and profitability between quarters, driven by the timing of holidays in the countries in which we operate and the U.S. retail cycle, which drives the behavior of several of our retail clients. Excluding the impact of growth in our book of business, we have historically recorded higher revenue and gross profit in the second and third quarters of each year compared to the first and fourth quarters of each year. In addition, many of our retail sector clients tend to slow their discretionary spending during the holiday sale season, which typically lasts from late November (before Thanksgiving) through late December (after Christmas). Such seasonal trends may cause reductions in our profitability and profit margins during periods affected.  

A reduction in demand for our services and solutions caused by seasonal trends, downturns in any of our targeted industries, a slowdown or reversal of the trend to outsource IT services in any of these industries or the introduction of regulations that restrict or discourage companies from outsourcing may result in a decrease in the demand for our services and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have incurred significant net losses in recent years, we expect to incur losses in the future and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to achieve and maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant net losses in recent periods, including net losses of $15.9 million for the first half ended June 30, 2022 and $7.7 million and $12.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We may continue to incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including unforeseen expenses, rising inflation and interest rates, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown events, including the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on our business.

We anticipate that our operating expenses will increase substantially in the foreseeable future as we undertake the acquisition and integration of different brands, incur expenses associated with maintaining compliance as a public company, and increased marketing and sales efforts to increase our customer base. These increased expenditures may make it more difficult to achieve and maintain profitability. In addition, our efforts to grow our business may be more expensive than we expect, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to offset increased operating expenses. If we are required to reduce our expenses, our growth strategy could be materially affected. We will need to generate and sustain significant revenue levels in future periods in order to become profitable, and, even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or increase our level of profitability.

Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will achieve sustainable operating profits as we continue to expand our business and infrastructure, further develop our marketing efforts, and otherwise implement our growth initiatives. Any failure to increase our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses could prevent us from achieving and maintaining profitability or positive cash flow on a consistent basis. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected. In the event that we fail to achieve or maintain profitability, this could negatively impact the value of our common stock.

The impact of the military action in Ukraine has affected and may continue to affect our business.

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On February 24, 2022, Russian forces launched significant military action against Ukraine, and sustained conflict and disruption in the region has resulted and is likely to continue. The impact to Ukraine as well as actions taken by other countries, including new and stricter sanctions imposed by the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and other countries and companies and organizations against officials, individuals, regions, and industries in Russia and Ukraine, and each country’s potential response to such sanctions, tensions, and military actions could have a material adverse effect on our operations. For example, in response to increased sanctions, Russia could attempt to take control of assets in Russia or Ukraine of companies registered in the United States, such as Grid Dynamics. Any such material adverse effect from the conflict and enhanced sanctions activity may disrupt our delivery of services, impair our ability to complete financial or banking transactions, cause us to continue to shift all or portions of our work occurring in the region to other countries, and may restrict our ability to engage in certain projects in the region or involving certain customers in the region.

We are actively monitoring the security of our personnel and the stability of our infrastructure, including communications and internet availability. We executed our business continuity plan and have adapted to developments as they occur to protect the safety of our people and handle potential impacts to our delivery infrastructure. This includes moving affected employees to safer locations in Western Ukraine and, where permissible, outside Ukraine, and reallocating work to other geographies within our global footprint. We are actively working with our personnel and with our customers to meet their needs and to ensure smooth delivery of services.

In April 2022, Grid Dynamics also announced it would cease remaining operations in the Russian Federation. We have worked towards the safe and expedient relocation of willing employees and ongoing management of projects to eliminate delivery impact to clients. In addition we announced our expansion to a new European hub with an office in Zug, Switzerland, a new engineering office in Yerevan, Armenia and workforce expansion in India. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we relocated the majority of our Russia based employees outside of Russia. As of August 2022, we have minimal office personnel in Russia and are performing no client services from Russia.

We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of the military action in Ukraine, as the conflict and government reactions continue to develop and are beyond our control. Prolonged unrest, military activities, expansion of hostilities, or broad-based sanctions, could have a material adverse effect on our operations and business outlook. For example, if Russia were to invade other countries, such as Moldova, it could adversely affect our business, including preventing the relocation of our employees from Russia. In addition, the current geopolitical situation in Serbia creates additional uncertainty in the region, and could adversely affect our business.

The information contained in this section is accurate as of the date hereof, but may become outdated due to changing circumstances beyond our present awareness or control.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has and may continue to affect our overall financial performance, business operations, and stock price.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 was reported in China, and in March 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. This contagious disease pandemic has continued to spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity and financial markets, significantly increasing economic volatility and uncertainty. In response to this global pandemic, local, state, and federal governments have been prompted to take unprecedented steps that include, but are not limited to, travel restrictions, closure of businesses, social distancing, and quarantines.

In March 2020 we started witnessing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic to our revenues, largely as a consequence of the effect of the pandemic on the business conditions at some of our customers’ operations. The impacts varied across our business with it being more pronounced at our retail vertical while the impact at other verticals of our business was largely determined by customer specific dynamics. Since witnessing a low-point in our revenues in the three months ended June 30, 2020, we have consistently grown our quarterly revenues and are generating quarterly revenues higher than our pre-COVID levels. That said, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may pose risks in the future to our business as it impacts some of our customers. Examples of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact to our business have included a temporary scale back to our personnel on projects, our customers placing projects and SOWs on temporary hold, and request for longer payment terms. Additionally, because more of our personnel are working remotely, we face increased cyber threats that may affect our systems and networks or those of our clients and contractors, and we anticipate the potential for increased costs to maintain and help secure our infrastructure and data.

Although vaccine rollouts have improved the outlook of the global economy generally, renewed waves and new variants still pose concerns. Growth and investor confidence may be weakened by a variety of factors, including but not limited to, difficulties in containing the virus and related variants, limited availability of effective vaccines and other medical treatments,

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and stringent social distancing or lockdowns efforts. In the broader economy, supply chain disruption and resulting inflationary pressures, a global labor shortage, and the ebb and flow of COVID, including in specific geographies, are currently impacting the pace of global economic recovery and outlook, which could adversely affect our business. We are now facing challenges from COVID-19 such as employee retention and shortage of talent on the job market. We continue to take precautionary measures intended to minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers, and the communities in which we operate. All of our facilities have been opened for employees to work following local government guidelines. That said, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed restrictions in movement, and the majority of our employees continue to work remotely. Additionally, we have been successful in transitioning the majority of our workforce to work remotely and this has resulted in minimal disruption in our ability to deliver services to our customers.

Macroeconomic conditions, inflationary pressures, and the geopolitical climate could adversely affect our operating results and growth prospects.

We operate globally and as a result our business, revenues and profitability are impacted by global macroeconomic conditions. The success of our activities is affected by general economic and market conditions, including, among others, inflation rate fluctuations, interest rates, tax rates, economic uncertainty, political instability, changes in laws, and trade barriers and sanctions. Recently, inflation rates in the US have increased to levels not seen in several years, and there are concerns of a recession. Such economic volatility could adversely affect our clients' business, as well as our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and future market disruptions could negatively impact us. Geopolitical destabilization could continue to impact global currency exchange rates, commodity prices, trade and movement of resources, which may adversely affect the technology spending of our clients and potential clients.

Our revenues are highly dependent on clients primarily located in the U.S. Any economic downturn in the U.S. or in other parts of the world, including Europe, or disruptions in the credit markets may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The IT services industry is particularly sensitive to the economic environment and tends to decline during general economic downturns. We derive the majority of our revenues from clients in the U.S. In the event of an economic downturn in the U.S. or in other parts of the world, including Europe (where we have gained customers in the Netherlands, Germany and the U.K. through our acquisition of Daxx Web Industries B.V.(“Daxx”) in December 2020, as well as through our acquisition of Tacit in May 2021), our existing and prospective clients may reduce or postpone their technology spending significantly, which may in turn lower the demand for our services and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if a disruption in the credit markets were to occur, it could pose a risk to our business if clients or vendors are unable to obtain financing to meet payment or delivery obligations to us or if we are unable to obtain necessary financing. The COVID-19 pandemic, rising inflation and central banks’ efforts to curtail inflation have had adverse effects on economies and financial markets globally, which have particularly impacted many small, medium as well as large-sized businesses. Although the U.S. government and others throughout the world have provided or have taken steps to provide monetary and fiscal assistance to individuals and businesses affected by the pandemic, it is unclear whether these government actions will be sufficient to successfully avert or mitigate any economic downturn. Any economic downturn resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and preventative measures taken by governments and private business worldwide could decrease technology spending and negatively affect demand for our offerings, which could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We face intense competition.

The market for technology and IT services is highly competitive and subject to rapid change and evolving industry standards and we expect competition to persist and intensify. We face competition from offshore IT services providers in other outsourcing destinations with low wage costs such as India, China, CEE countries and Latin America, as well as competition from large, global consulting and outsourcing firms and in-house IT departments of large corporations. Industry clients tend to engage multiple IT services providers instead of using an exclusive IT services provider, which could reduce our revenues to the extent that our clients obtain services from competing companies. Industry clients may prefer IT services providers that have more locations or that are based in countries that are more cost-competitive, stable and/or secure than some of the emerging markets in which we operate.

Our primary competitors include global consulting and traditional IT service providers such as Accenture plc, Capgemini SE, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation, Infosys Technologies, Wipro, and digital transformation providers such as EPAM Systems, Inc., Globant S.A., Endava plc, Ciklum, and Andersen Lab. Many of our present and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing and technical resources, and name recognition than we do. Therefore, they may be able to compete more aggressively on pricing or devote greater resources to the development and promotion of technology and IT services and we may be unable to retain our clients while competing against such competitors. Increased competition as

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well as our inability to compete successfully may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Damage to our reputation may adversely impact our ability to generate and retain business.

Since our business involves providing tailored services and solutions to clients, we believe that our corporate reputation is a significant factor when an existing or prospective client is evaluating whether to engage our services as opposed to those of our competitors. In addition, we believe that our brand name and reputation also play an important role in recruiting, hiring and retaining highly skilled personnel.

However, our brand name and reputation is potentially susceptible to damage by factors beyond our control, including actions or statements made by current or former clients and employees, competitors, vendors, adversaries in legal proceedings, government regulators and the media. There is a risk that negative information about us, even if untrue, could adversely affect our business. Any damage to our reputation could be challenging to repair, could make potential or existing clients reluctant to select us for new engagements, could adversely affect our recruitment and retention efforts, and could also reduce investor confidence.

Our failure to successfully attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our continued growth and success and operational efficiency is dependent on our ability to attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel, including IT engineers and other technical personnel, in the geographically diverse locations in which we operate and into which we are expanding. In the current environment, competition for highly skilled IT professionals is particularly intense and as a consequence, we are witnessing increasing challenges around employee retention, talent shortages, and attrition rates. While our management targets a voluntary attrition rate (expressed as a percentage) no higher than in the low-twenties, the significant market demand for highly skilled IT personnel and competitors’ activities may induce our qualified personnel to leave and make it more difficult for us to recruit new employees with suitable knowledge, experience and professional qualifications. High attrition rates of IT personnel would increase our operating costs, including hiring and training costs, and could have an adverse effect on our ability to complete existing contracts in a timely manner, meet client objectives and expand our business. Failure to attract, hire, develop, motivate and retain personnel with the skills necessary to serve our clients could decrease our ability to meet and develop ongoing and future business and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business operations may be severely disrupted if we lose the services of our senior executives and key employees.

Our success depends substantially upon the continued services of our senior executives and other key employees. If we lose the services of one or more of such senior executives or key employees, our business operations can be disrupted, and we may not be able to replace them easily or at all. In addition, competition for senior executives and key personnel in our industry is intense, and we may be unable to retain our senior executives and key personnel or attract and retain new senior executives and key personnel in the future, in which case our business may be severely disrupted.

Failure to adapt to changing technologies, methodologies, and evolving industry standards may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We operate in an industry characterized by rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards. Our future success depends in part upon our ability to anticipate developments in our industry, enhance our existing services and to develop and introduce new services to keep pace with such changes and developments and to meet changing client needs. 

Development and introduction of new services and products is expected to become increasingly complex and expensive, involve a significant commitment of time and resources, and subject to a number of risks and challenges, including:

•difficulty or cost in updating services, applications, tools and software and in developing new services quickly enough to meet clients’ needs;

•difficulty or cost in making some features of software work effectively and securely over the internet or with new or changed operating systems;

•difficulty or cost in updating software and services to keep pace with evolving industry standards, methodologies, regulatory and other developments in the industries where our clients operate; and

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•difficulty or cost in maintaining a high level of quality and reliability as we implement new technologies and methodologies.

We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments in a timely manner, and even if we do so, the services, technologies or methodologies we develop or implement may not be successful in the marketplace. Furthermore, services, technologies or methodologies that are developed by competitors may render our services non-competitive or obsolete. Our failure to adapt and enhance our existing services and to develop and introduce new services to promptly address the needs of our clients may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Security breaches and incidents, system failures or errors, and other disruptions to our networks and systems could result in unauthorized access to, or disclosure or other processing of, confidential information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

We often have access to, or are required to collect, process, transmit, store, or otherwise process, sensitive or confidential client and customer data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information of Grid Dynamics and our clients, and personal information of our clients, customers, employees, contractors, service providers, and others. We use our data centers and networks, and certain networks and other facilities and equipment of our contractors and service providers, for these purposes. Despite our detailed, company-wide, ISO27001 certified and other information security standards and best practices-conformant security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks and disruptions by hackers or other third parties, the introduction of ransomware or other malicious code, or otherwise may be breached or otherwise subject to security incidents or compromises due to human error, phishing attacks, social engineering, zero-day vulnerabilities, malfeasance or other disruptions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, because more of our personnel are working remotely, we face increased risks of such attacks and disruptions that may affect our systems and networks or those of our clients and contractors. Increased risks of such attacks and disruptions, including a heightened risk of potential cyberattacks by state actors also exist because of the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia. Such risks could increase as we expand geographically. Any such breach, incident or disruption could compromise our data centers, networks and other equipment and the information stored or processed there could be accessed, disclosed, altered, misappropriated, lost, stolen, rendered unavailable, or otherwise processed without authorization. In addition, any failure or security breach or incident in a client’s system relating to the services we provide could also result in loss or misappropriation of, or unauthorized access, alteration, use, acquisition, disclosure, or other processing of sensitive or confidential information, and may result in a perception that we or our contractors or service providers caused such an incident, even if Grid Dynamics’ and our contractors’ networks and other facilities and equipment were not compromised.

Our contractors and service providers face similar risks with respect to their facilities and networks used by us, and they also may suffer outages, disruptions, and security incidents and breaches. We cannot guarantee that our or our third-party vendors and service providers’ systems and networks have not been breached or otherwise compromised or that they do not contain any exploitable vulnerabilities, defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our systems and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support us and our services. Breaches and security incidents suffered by us and our contractors and service providers may remain undetected for an extended period. Any such breach, disruption or other circumstance leading to loss, alteration, misappropriation, or unauthorized use, access, acquisition, disclosure, or other processing of sensitive or confidential client or customer data suffered by us or our contractors or service providers, or the perception that any may have occurred, could expose us to claims, litigation, and liability, regulatory investigations and proceedings, cause us to lose clients and revenue, disrupt our operations and the services provided to clients, damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, require us to expend significant resources designed to protect against further breaches and incidents and to rectify problems caused by these events, and result in significant financial and other potential losses.

Our errors and omissions insurance covering certain damages and expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liability. Although we maintain insurance for liabilities incurred as a result of certain security-related damages, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations, and reputation.

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Undetected software design defects, errors or failures may result in loss of business or in liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations.

Our services involve developing software solutions for our clients and we may be required to make certain representations and warranties to our clients regarding the quality and functionality of our software. Given that our software solutions have a high degree of technological complexity, they could contain design defects or errors that are difficult to detect or correct. We cannot provide assurances that, despite testing by us, errors or defects will not be found in our software solutions. Any such errors or defects could result in litigation, other claims for damages against us, the loss of current clients and loss of, or delay in, revenues, loss of market share, a failure to attract new clients or achieve market acceptance, diversion of development resources, increased support or service costs, as well as reputational harm and thus could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not have long-term commitments from our clients, and our clients may terminate contracts before completion or choose not to renew contracts.

Our clients are generally not obligated for any long-term commitments to us. Although a substantial majority of our revenues are generated from repeated business, which we define as revenues from a client who also contributed to our revenues during the prior year, our engagements with our clients are typically for projects that are singular in nature. In addition, our clients can terminate many of our master services agreements and work orders with or without cause, and in most cases without any cancellation charge. Therefore, we must seek to obtain new engagements when our current engagements are successfully completed or are terminated as well as maintain relationships with existing clients and secure new clients to expand our business.

There are a number of factors relating to our clients that are outside of our control which might lead them to terminate a contract or project with us, including:

•financial difficulties for the client;

•a change in strategic priorities, resulting in elimination of the impetus for the project or a reduced level of technology spending;

•a change in outsourcing strategy resulting in moving more work to the client’s in-house technology departments or to our competitors;

•the replacement by our clients of existing software with packaged software supported by licensors; and

•mergers and acquisitions or significant corporate restructurings.

Failure to perform or observe any contractual obligations could result in cancellation or non-renewal of a contract, which could cause us to experience a higher than expected number of unassigned employees and an increase in our cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues, until we are able to reduce or reallocate our headcount. The ability of our clients to terminate agreements makes our future revenues uncertain. We may not be able to replace any client that elects to terminate or not renew its contract with us, which could materially adversely affect our revenues and thus our results of operations.

In addition, some of our agreements specify that if a change of control of our company occurs during the term of the agreement, the client has the right to terminate the agreement. If any future event triggers any change-of- control provision in our client contracts, these master services agreements may be terminated, which would result in loss of revenues.

Failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to clients’ businesses may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on our ability to successfully deliver contracted services in a timely manner. Any partial or complete failure of our equipment or systems, or any major disruption to basic infrastructure like power and telecommunications in the locations in which we operate, could impede our ability to provide contracted services to our clients. In addition, if our professionals make errors in the course of delivering services to our clients or fail to consistently meet the service requirements of a client, these errors or failures could disrupt the client’s business. Any failure to successfully deliver contracted services or causing disruptions to a client’s business, including the occurrence of any failure in a client’s system or breach of security relating to the services provided by us, may expose us to substantial liabilities and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Additionally, our clients may perform audits or require us to perform audits and provide audit reports with respect to the IT and financial controls and procedures that we use in the performance of services for our clients. Our ability to acquire new clients and retain existing clients may be adversely affected and our reputation could be harmed if we receive a qualified opinion, or if we cannot obtain an unqualified opinion in a timely manner, with respect to our controls and procedures in connection with any such audit. We could also incur liability if our controls and procedures, or the controls and procedures we manage for a client, were to result in an internal control failure or impair our client’s ability to comply with its own internal control requirements. If we or our partners fail to meet our contractual obligations or otherwise breach obligations to our clients, we could be subject to legal liability, which may have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely on software, hardware and SaaS technologies from third parties that may be difficult to replace or that may cause errors or defects in, or failures of, our services or solutions.

We rely on software and hardware from various third parties as well as hosted Software as a Service ("SaaS") applications from third parties to deliver our services and solutions. If any of these software, hardware or SaaS applications become unavailable due to loss of license, extended outages, interruptions, or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, there may be delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could increase our expenses or otherwise harm our business. Furthermore, any errors or defects in or failures of third-party software, hardware or SaaS applications could result in errors or defects in or failures of our services and solutions, which could be costly to correct and have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Existing insurance coverage and limitation of liability provisions in service contracts may be inadequate to protect us against losses.

We maintain certain insurance coverage, including professional liability insurance, director and officer insurance, property insurance for certain of our facilities and equipment, and business interruption insurance for certain of our operations. However, we do not insure for all risks in our operations and if any claims for injury are brought against us, or if we experience any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster, we might incur substantial costs and diversion of resources.

Most of the agreements we have entered into with our clients require us to purchase and maintain specified insurance coverage during the terms of the agreements, including commercial general insurance or public liability insurance, umbrella insurance, product liability insurance, and workers’ compensation insurance. Some of these types of insurance are not available on reasonable terms or at all in some countries in which we operate.

Our liability for breach of our obligations is in some cases limited under client contracts. Such limitations may be unenforceable or otherwise may not protect us from liability for damages. In addition, our existing contracts may not limit certain liabilities, such as claims of third parties for which we may be required to indemnify our clients. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us in amounts greater than those covered by our current insurance policies could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if such assertions against us are unsuccessful, we may incur reputational harm and substantial legal fees.

If we are not able to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, current and potential investors could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our stock price. We cannot provide assurances that material weaknesses, or significant deficiencies, will not occur in the future.

Any failure to maintain effective internal controls over our financial reporting could materially and adversely affect us. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to include in our annual reports on Form 10-K an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. In addition, we will be required to have our independent public accounting firm attest to and report on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting when we cease qualifying as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), which we expect to occur on December 31, 2022. We are currently undergoing the expensive and time-consuming work necessary to enable our independent public accounting firm to make such an attestation in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or, if our independent auditors are unable to provide us with an attestation and an unqualified report as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could result in a decrease in the value of our securities.

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If material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in internal controls are discovered in the future, they may adversely affect our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information in a timely and accurate manner and, as a result, our financial statements may contain material misstatements or omissions.

Our global business, especially in CIS and CEE countries, exposes us to significant legal, economic, tax and political risks.

We have significant operations in certain emerging market economies, and are expanding into other countries, which creates legal, economic, tax and political risks. Risks inherent in conducting international operations include:

•less established legal systems and legal ambiguities, inconsistencies and anomalies;

•changes in laws and regulations;

•application and imposition of protective legislation and regulations relating to import or export, including tariffs, quotas and other trade protection measures;

•difficulties in enforcing intellectual property and/or contractual rights;

•bureaucratic obstacles and corruption;

•compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws, including those relating to privacy and data protection;

•restrictions on the repatriation of dividends or profits;

•expropriation or nationalization of property;

•restrictions on currency convertibility and exchange controls;

•fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

•potentially adverse tax consequences;

•competition from companies with more experience in a particular country or with international operations;

•civil strife;

•unstable political and military situations; and

•overall foreign policy and variability of foreign economic conditions, including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The legal systems of Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Serbia and Moldova and other countries in which we are expanding are often beset by legal ambiguities as well as inconsistencies and anomalies due to the relatively recent enactment of many laws that may not always coincide with market developments. Furthermore, legal and bureaucratic obstacles and corruption exist to varying degrees in each of these countries. In such environments, our competitors may receive preferential treatment from governments, potentially giving them a competitive advantage. Governments may also revise existing contract rules and regulations or adopt new ones at any time and for any reason, and government officials may apply contradictory or ambiguous laws or regulations in ways that could materially adversely affect our business and operations in such countries. Any of these changes could impair our ability to obtain new contracts or renew or enforce contracts under which we currently provide services or to which we are a party. Any new contracting methods could be costly or administratively difficult for us to implement, which could materially adversely affect our business and operations. We cannot guarantee that regulators, judicial authorities or third parties in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Serbia and Moldova or other countries will not challenge our (including our subsidiaries’) compliance with applicable laws, decrees and regulations. In addition to the foregoing, selective or arbitrary government actions may include withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The banking and other financial systems in certain Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”) and CEE countries where we operate remain subject to periodic instability and generally do not meet the banking standards of more developed markets. Armed conflict, or the threat of armed conflict, including the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia, as well as sanctions targeting banks in the region in response to such military action, could contribute to banking challenges or a banking crisis in these countries. Such events, or a financial crisis or the bankruptcy or insolvency of banks through which we receive, or with which we hold, funds may result in the loss of our deposits or adversely affect our ability to complete banking transactions in that region, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Furthermore, existing tensions and the emergence of new or escalated tensions in CIS and CEE countries, including the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia, has exacerbated and could further exacerbate tensions between such countries and the U.S. Such tensions, concerns regarding information security, and actual and potential imposition of

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additional sanctions by the U.S. and other countries, or responses by Russia to such additional sanctions, may discourage existing or prospective clients to engage our services, have a negative effect on our ability to develop or maintain our operations in the countries where we currently operate, and disrupt our ability to attract, hire and retain employees. The occurrence of any such event may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of our acquisition of Tacit on May 29, 2021, we have acquired operations in Guadalajara, Mexico. The laws and regulations in Mexico to which we have become subject thereby, and interpretations thereof, may change, sometimes substantially, as a result of a variety of factors beyond our control, including political, economic, regulatory or social events. As a result of amendments in May 2019 to the Mexican Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) and other related regulations, among other things, new labor authorities and courts were created, new bargaining procedures were implemented and provisions related to employees’ freedom of association and organization, collective bargaining agreements, and rules against labor discrimination were issued or amended. We cannot assure you that these changes will not lead to an increase in litigation, labor activism or increasingly contentious labor relations, which in turn may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, particularly in Mexico. These and any other policies, laws and regulations which are further adopted could result in a deterioration of investment sentiment, political and economic uncertainty, and increased costs for our business, which may in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration of the pandemic, travel restrictions and social distancing in the CIS and CEE countries, the U.S. and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken by governments and private businesses to attempt to contain and treat the disease. Any prolonged shut down of a significant portion of global economic activity or downturn in the global economy, along with any adverse effects on industries in which our customers operate, could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations and financial condition could be materially affected by the enactment of legislation implementing changes in the U.S. taxation of international business activities or the adoption of other tax reform policies.

In November 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the legislation commonly known as the Build Back Better Act (the “BBBA”) that proposed several significant modifications to key provisions, as well as introduced new provisions, to the U.S. internal revenue code. Although it is uncertain if some or all of the identified provisions will be enacted, a change in U.S. tax law may materially and adversely impact our income tax liability, provision for income taxes, and effective tax rate.

Our effective tax rate could be adversely affected by several factors.

We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including changes in the amount of income taxed by, or allocated to, the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates; changing tax laws, regulations and interpretations of such tax laws in multiple jurisdictions; and the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. In particular, there have been significant changes to the taxation systems in CEE countries in recent years as the authorities have gradually replaced or introduced new legislation regulating the application of major taxes such as corporate income tax, value-added tax, corporate property tax, personal income taxes and payroll taxes. Furthermore, any significant changes to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“U.S. Tax Act”) enacted in 2017, or to regulatory guidance associated with the U.S. Tax Act, could materially adversely affect our effective tax rate. Adoption of the BBBA could also materially affect our effective tax rate.

The determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires estimation, judgment and calculations where the ultimate tax determination may not be certain. Our determination of tax liability is always subject to review or examination by authorities in various jurisdictions. If a tax authority in any jurisdiction reviews any of our tax returns and proposes an adjustment, including a determination that the transfer prices and terms we have applied are not appropriate, such an adjustment could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, could increase the estimated tax liability that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our balance sheets, and otherwise affect our financial position, future results of operations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our stockholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

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There may be adverse tax and employment law consequences if the independent contractor status of some of our personnel or the exempt status of our employees is successfully challenged.

Certain of our personnel are retained as independent contractors. The criteria to determine whether an individual is considered an independent contractor or an employee are typically fact intensive and vary by jurisdiction, as can the interpretation of the applicable laws. If a government authority or court makes any adverse determination with respect to some or all of our independent contractors, we could incur significant costs, including for prior periods, in respect of tax withholding, social security taxes or payments, workers’ compensation and unemployment contributions, and recordkeeping, or we may be required to modify our business model, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Global mobility of employees may potentially create additional tax liabilities for us in different jurisdictions.

In performing services to clients, our employees have been and may be required to travel to various locations. Depending on the length of the required travel and the nature of employees’ activities the tax implications of travel arrangements vary, with generally more extensive tax consequences in cases of longer travel. Such tax consequences mainly include payroll tax liabilities related to employee compensation and, in cases envisaged by international tax legislation, taxation of profits generated by employees during their time of travel.

We have internal procedures, policies and systems, including an internal mobility program, for monitoring our tax liabilities arising in connection with the business travel. However, considering that the tax authorities worldwide are paying closer attention to global mobility issues, our operations may be adversely affected by additional tax charges related to the activity of our mobile employees. These risks may also affect us as we are relocating employees from Ukraine and Russia to other locations.

Loss of taxation benefits related to our employment-related taxes that are enjoyed in Russia could have a negative impact on our operating results and profitability.

The Russian government provides qualified Russian IT companies with substantial tax benefits through a reduced social contribution charge rate program. This program resulted in savings for us of approximately $3.1 million during six months ended June 30, 2022, $4.1 million and $1.8 million in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Until January 1, 2021 the reduced tax rates for social contributions (16% in total) were a temporary measure. On January 1, 2021 a new law came into force that provides additional support to the IT industry, including among others, a fixed social tax rate of 7.6% compared to 14% previously. Companies must meet certain criteria to be eligible for the new provisions. We started to benefit from the program starting from January 1, 2021. If the Russian government were to change its favorable treatment of Russian IT companies by modifying or repealing its current favorable tax measures, or if we become ineligible for such favorable treatment, including because we have announced that we are ceasing remaining operations in the Russian Federation or because our Russian subsidiary is ultimately owned by a U.S. company, it would significantly impact our financial condition and results of operations depending upon the size of our operations at that time in Russia.

Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, or may apply existing rules in an arbitrary or unforeseen manner, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.

A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, a tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including methodologies for valuing developed technology and amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development.

A tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, where there has been a technical violation of contradictory laws and regulations that are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive review or interpretation, in which case we expect that we might contest such assessment. High-profile companies can be particularly vulnerable to aggressive application of unclear requirements. Many companies must negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors who may demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.

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Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk and its profit margins are subject to volatility between periods due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Grid Dynamics’ functional currency apart from the U.S. dollar includes EURO, British pounds, Mexican pesos, Moldovan leu. In addition, Grid Dynamics’ profit margins are subject to volatility as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates. When and where possible, Grid Dynamics seeks to match expenses of each entity to currencies in which revenues are generated creating natural hedge. In future periods, Grid Dynamics may also become materially exposed to changes in the value of the Serbian dinar, Mexican pesos and Moldovan leu, among other currencies, against the U.S. dollar, due to the recent acquisitions and continuous expansion of operations.

Grid Dynamics is exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk and its profit margins are subject to volatility between periods due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar. Grid Dynamics’ functional currency apart from the U.S. dollar includes EURO, British pounds, Mexican pesos and Moldovan Leu. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange transaction risk related to funding our non-U.S. operations and to foreign currency translation risk related to certain of our subsidiaries’ cash balances that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar as we do not currently hedge our foreign currency exposure. In addition, our profit margins are subject to volatility as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates. In the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, approximately 31.2% and 35.1% of Grid Dynamics’ combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, respectively. Comparatively, approximately 38.9% and 37.6% of Grid Dynamics’ combined cost of revenue and total operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. Any significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a material impact on our business and results of operations. In some countries, we may be subject to regulatory or practical restrictions on the movement of cash and the exchange of foreign currencies, which would limit our ability to use cash across our global operations and increase our exposure to currency fluctuations. This risk could increase as we continue expanding our global operations, which may include entering emerging markets that may be more likely to impose these types of restrictions. Currency exchange volatility caused by political or economic instability or other factors, could also materially impact our results. See the section titled, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk” in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for more information about our exposure to foreign currency exchange rates.

We may be exposed to liability for actions taken by our subsidiaries.

In certain cases, we may be jointly and severally liable for losses of our subsidiaries. Irrespective of incurring liability for losses of our subsidiaries, we may incur secondary liability and, in certain cases, liability to creditors for obligations of our subsidiaries in certain instances involving bankruptcy or insolvency.

In particular, under Article 53, Part 1 of the Russian Civil Code, a “controlling person” of a legal entity may be held directly liable for losses that the entity suffers because of his or her “fault,” and any agreement that seeks to limit or waive such liability will not be valid. Generally, a controlling person is anyone who holds the power to determine the entity’s actions, including the right to direct the actions of officers or executives. When a controlling person causes losses, officers and executives may all be held jointly and severally liable (a parent entity may also be held jointly liable with a subsidiary for actions directed by the parent or made with its consent). Liability may also apply to stockholders or controlling persons when the company is a foreign legal entity but conducts its business primarily in Russia.

Further, an effective parent is secondarily liable for an effective subsidiary’s debts if the effective subsidiary becomes insolvent or bankrupt as a result of the action or inaction of the effective parent. Compensation for the effective subsidiary’s losses from the effective parent that caused the effective subsidiary to take action or fail to take action, knowing that such action or failure to take action would result in losses, may be claimed, inter alia, by the other stockholders of the effective subsidiary, the administrators and creditors in an insolvency proceeding. We could be found to be the effective parent of the subsidiaries, in which case we could become liable for their debts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations or prospects.

Our profitability may suffer if we are unable to maintain our resource utilization and productivity levels.

As most of our client projects are performed and invoiced on a time and materials basis, our management tracks and projects billable hours as an indicator of business volume and corresponding resource needs for IT professionals. To maintain our gross profit margins, we must effectively utilize our IT professionals, which depends on our ability to:

•integrate and train new personnel;

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•efficiently transition personnel from completed projects to new assignments;

•forecast customer demand for services; and

•deploy personnel with appropriate skills and seniority to projects.

If we experience a slowdown or stoppage of work for any client, or on any project for which we have dedicated personnel or facilities, we may be unable to reallocate these personnel or assets to other clients and projects to keep their utilization and productivity levels high. If we are unable to maintain appropriate resource utilization levels, including as we relocate personnel from Ukraine and Russia and expand to new geographies, our profitability may suffer.

If we are unable to accurately estimate the cost of service or fail to maintain favorable pricing for our services, our contracts may be unprofitable.

Grid Dynamics expects proportionate revenue from fixed-fee contracts to increase in future periods. In order for our contracts to be profitable, we must be able to accurately estimate our costs to provide the services required by the applicable contract and appropriately price our contracts. Such estimates and pricing structures used by us for our contracts are highly dependent on internal forecasts, assumptions and predictions about our projects, the marketplace, global economic conditions (including foreign exchange volatility) and the coordination of operations and personnel in multiple locations with different skill sets and competencies. Due to the inherent uncertainties that are beyond our control, we may underprice our projects, fail to accurately estimate the costs of performing the work or fail to accurately assess the risks associated with potential contracts. In select cases, we also offer volume discounts once a client reaches certain contractual spend thresholds, which may lower the reference price for a client or result in a loss of profits if we do not accurately estimate the amount of discounts to be provided. We may not be able to recognize revenues from fixed-fee contracts in the period in which our services are performed, which may cause our margins to fluctuate. Any increased or unexpected costs, delays or failures to achieve anticipated cost savings, or unexpected risks we encounter in connection with the performance of our contracts, including those caused by factors outside our control, could make these contracts less profitable or unprofitable.

We face risks associated with the long selling and implementation cycle for our services that require significant resource commitments prior to realizing revenues for those services.

We have a long selling cycle for our services, which requires us to expend substantial time and resources to educate clients on the value of our services and our ability to meet their requirements. In certain cases, we may begin work and incur costs prior to executing a contract. Our selling cycle is subject to many risks and delays over which we have little or no control, including clients’ decisions to choose alternatives to our services (such as other IT services providers or in-house resources) and the timing of clients’ budget cycles and approval processes. Therefore, selling cycles for new clients can be especially unpredictable and we may fail to close sales with prospective clients to whom we have devoted significant time and resources. Any significant failure to generate revenues or delays in recognizing revenues after incurring costs related to sales processes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to obtain engagements for and effectively manage increasingly large and complex projects may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operating results are dependent on the scale of our projects and the prices we are able to charge for our services. In order to successfully perform larger and more complex projects, we need to establish and maintain effective, close relationships with our clients, continue high levels of client satisfaction and develop a thorough understanding of our clients’ needs. We may also face a number of challenges managing larger and more complex projects, including:

•maintaining high quality control and process execution standards;

•maintaining planned resource utilization rates on a consistent basis;

•using an efficient mix of on-site, off-site and offshore staffing;

•maintaining productivity levels;

•implementing necessary process improvements;

•recruiting and retaining sufficient numbers of highly skilled IT personnel; and

•controlling costs.

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There is no guarantee that we may be able to overcome such challenges. In addition, large and complex projects may involve multiple engagements or stages, and there is a risk that a client may choose not to retain us for additional stages or may cancel or delay additional planned engagements. Our failure to successfully obtain engagements for and effectively manage large and complex projects may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increases in compensation expenses, including stock-based compensation expenses, could lower our profitability, and dilute our existing stockholders.

Wages and other compensation costs in the countries in which we maintain significant operations and delivery centers are lower than comparable wage costs in more developed countries. However, wages in the technology industry in these countries may increase at a faster rate than in the past, which may make us less competitive unless we are able to increase the efficiency and productivity of our people. If we increase operations and hiring in more developed economies, our compensation expenses will increase because of the higher wages demanded by technology professionals in those markets. Wage inflation, whether driven by competition for talent or ordinary course pay increases, could increase our cost of services as well as selling, general and administrative expenses and reduce our profitability if we are not able to pass those costs on to our customers or charge premium prices when justified by market demand.

In addition, we have granted certain equity-based awards under our equity incentive plans and expect to continue doing so. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, Grid Dynamics recorded $25.0 million and $12.3 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the grant of equity-based awards. If we do not grant equity awards, or if we reduce the value of equity awards we grant, we may not be able to attract, hire and retain key personnel. If we grant more equity awards to attract, hire and retain key personnel, the expenses associated with such additional equity awards could materially adversely affect our results of operations. If the anticipated value of these equity awards does not materialize because of volatility or lack of positive performance in our stock price, we may be unable to retain our key personnel or attract and retain new key employees in the future, in which case our business may be severely disrupted our ability to attract and retain personnel could be adversely affected. The issuance of equity-based compensation may also result in dilution to stockholders.

Failure to collect receivables from, or bill for unbilled services to, clients may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

Our business depends on our ability to successfully obtain payment from our clients of the amounts they owe for work performed. We usually bill and collect such amounts on relatively short cycles and maintain allowances for doubtful accounts. However, actual losses on client balances could differ from those that we anticipate and, as a result, we might need to adjust our allowances.

There is no guarantee that we will accurately assess the creditworthiness of our clients. If clients suffer financial difficulties, it could cause them to delay payments, request modifications to their payment arrangements that could increase our receivables balance, or default on their payment obligations.

In addition, some of our clients may delay payments due to changes in internal payment procedures driven by rules and regulations to which they are subject. Timely collection of client balances also depends on our ability to complete our contractual commitments and bill and collect contracted revenues. If we are unable to meet our contractual requirements, we may experience delays in collection of or inability to collect accounts receivable. If this occurs, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Our debt service obligations may adversely affect our financial condition and cash flows from operations.

On March 15, 2022, we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”), by and among us, as borrower, the guarantors party thereto from time to time, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (the “Agent”). The 2022 Credit Agreement provides for a three-year secured multicurrency revolving loan facility in an initial aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million, with a $10.0 million letter of credit sublimit. We may increase the size of the revolving loan facility up to $50.0 million, subject to certain conditions and additional commitments from existing and/or new lenders. The 2022 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments and acquisitions, make certain restricted payments, dispose of assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates, and enter into burdensome agreements, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Company is also required to maintain compliance with a consolidated total leverage ratio, determined in accordance with the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement. Our obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement are required to be guaranteed by certain of our domestic subsidiaries meeting materiality thresholds

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set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement. Such obligations, including the guaranties, are secured by substantially all of the personal property of our and our subsidiary guarantors.

Maintenance of our indebtedness, contractual restrictions, and additional issuances of indebtedness could:

•cause us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations towards debt service obligations and principal repayments;

•increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry, and competitive conditions;

•limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry;

•impair our ability to obtain future financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, general corporate, or other purposes; and

•due to limitations within the debt instruments, restrict our ability to take certain corporate actions, subject to customary exceptions.

We are required to comply with the covenants set forth in our credit agreement. If we breach any of the covenants and do not obtain a waiver from the lenders, then, subject to applicable cure periods, we would not be able to incur additional indebtedness under the credit agreement, and any outstanding indebtedness under the credit agreement may be declared immediately due and payable.

We may need additional capital and failure to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to grow our business and develop or enhance our service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

We may require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments. If existing resources are insufficient to satisfy cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain one or more credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to stockholders. The incurrence of additional indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including investors’ perception of, and demand for, securities of IT services companies, conditions in the capital markets in which we may seek to raise funds, our future results of operations and financial condition, and general economic and political conditions. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could limit our ability to grow our business and develop or enhance our service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

War, terrorism, other acts of violence, or natural or man-made disasters may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by instability, disruption or destruction in a geographic region in which we operate, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest, and natural or manmade disasters, including famine, flood, fire, earthquake, storm or pandemic events and spread of disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia has affected and will further affect our business, and other geopolitical events in the region, including in Serbia, could also adversely affect our business. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the services provided by us and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events also pose significant risks to our personnel and to physical facilities and operations, which could materially adversely affect our financial results.

Acquisitions could be difficult to identify and integrate, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction, and we may be exposed to claims, liabilities and disputes as a result of the transaction that may adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

We continuously review and consider strategic acquisitions of businesses, products or technologies. In December 2020 we acquired Daxx, in May 2021 we acquired Tacit, and we may in the future seek to acquire or invest in other businesses, products or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our services, enhance our technical capabilities or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not the acquisition purchases are completed. Additionally, we may not be able to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or be successful in entering into

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an agreement with any particular target or obtain adequate financing to complete such acquisitions. If we acquire businesses, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired personnel, operations, and technologies, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition.

Additionally, we may not be able to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular target or obtain adequate financing to complete such acquisitions. Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, we may not achieve the financial and strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of a transaction, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Furthermore, we may acquire businesses that have inferior margins and profitability levels in comparison to our existing business and this may dilute our overall profitability of the company. This, in turn, may result in adverse financial results and dilution to existing stockholders.

Our operating results or financial condition may be adversely impacted by claims or liabilities that we assume from an acquired company or technology or other claims or liabilities otherwise related to an acquisition, including, among others, claims from governmental and regulatory agencies or bodies, terminated employees, current or former customers, current or former stockholders or other third parties, or arising from contingent payments related to the acquisition; pre-existing contractual relationships that we assume from an acquired company that we would not have otherwise entered into, the termination or modification of which may be costly or disruptive to our business; unfavorable revenue recognition or other accounting treatment as a result of an acquired company’s practices; and intellectual property claims or disputes. We may fail to identify or assess the magnitude of certain liabilities, shortcomings or other circumstances prior to acquiring a company or technology, which could result in unexpected litigation or regulatory exposure and other adverse effects on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We face risks associated with the transparency, quality, and reliability of financial information of a business we acquire.

Although we perform due diligence on a targeted business that we intend to acquire, we are exposed to risks associated with the quality and reliability of the financial statements of the acquired business. This risk may be higher with smaller businesses and businesses that are operated in jurisdictions and countries with poorer regulatory and compliance requirements. In such situation where we acquire a target with unreliable financial statements, we are exposed to material risks that may impact the reliability of our overall financial statements and may adversely impact our stock price.

We also cannot assure you that the diligence we conduct when evaluating future acquisitions will reveal all material issues that may be present, that it would be possible to uncover all material issues through a customary amount of due diligence, or that factors outside of our control will not later arise. Even if our due diligence successfully identifies certain risks, unexpected risks may arise and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. Further, as a result of a completed acquisition, purchase accounting, and integration of the acquired business, we may be required to take write-offs or write-downs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could negatively affect our business, assets, liabilities, prospects, outlook, financial condition and results of operations.

Some of the additional risks associated with acquiring a business include, but not limited to the following:

•inability to integrate or benefit from acquired technologies or services;

•product synergies, cost reductions, increases in revenue and economies of scale may not materialize as expected;

•the business culture of the acquired entity may not match well with our culture;

•unforeseen delays, unanticipated costs and liabilities may arise when integrating operations, processes and systems in geographies where we have not conducted business;

•unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the strategic transactions;

•incurrence of transaction-related costs;

•assumption of the existing obligations or unforeseen liabilities of the acquired business;

•difficulty integrating the accounting systems, security infrastructure, operations, and personnel of the acquired business;

•difficulties and additional expenses associated with supporting legacy products and hosting infrastructure of the acquired business;

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•difficulty converting the current and prospective customers of the acquired business onto our platform and contract terms, including disparities in the revenue, licensing, support, or professional services model of the acquired company;

•diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

•adverse effects to our existing business relationships with business partners and customers as a result of the strategic transactions;

•unexpected costs may arise due to unforeseen changes in tax, payroll, pension, labor, trade, environmental and safety policies in new jurisdictions where the acquired entity operates;

•difficulty in retaining, motivating and integrating key management and other employees of the acquired business;

•use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business;

•dispute over contingent payments; and

•use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the strategic transaction.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and if we take advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for the first five years after the completion of our initial public offering, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of any June 30 before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We expect to lose emerging growth company status on December 31, 2022. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the market prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the market prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported results of operations.

Generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

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Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our common stock.

Securities research analysts may establish and publish their own periodic projections for us. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Our share price may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price could decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, our share price or trading volume could decline and demand for our shares could decrease.

Risks Related to Government Regulations

Failure to comply with privacy and data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions, private litigation and adverse publicity.

We receive, store and process personal information and other data from and about customers in addition to our employees and contractors. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies and various state, local and foreign agencies. Our data handling also is subject to contractual obligations and may be deemed to be subject to industry standards, including certain industry standards that we undertake to comply with. The laws and regulations relating to privacy and data security are evolving, can be subject to significant change and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions.

For example, the European Union has implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR has a significant impact on how businesses can collect and process the personal data of individuals in the European Economic Area (“EEA”). The regulation includes stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues. With regard to transfers to the U.S. of personal data from our employees and European customers and users, we rely upon standard contractual clauses approved by the European Commission (the “SCCs”). The SCCs have been subject to legal challenge and may be modified or invalidated, and we may be unsuccessful in maintaining legitimate means for the transfer and receipt of personal data from the EEA. In the “Schrems II” decision issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) on July 16, 2020, the CJEU deemed the SCCs valid, but ruled that transfers made pursuant to the SCCs and other alternative transfer mechanisms must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis to ensure EU standards of data protection are met in the jurisdiction where the data importer is based.  Subsequent guidance from EU regulators has stated that in certain cases, the SCCs must be accompanied by the use of supplementary measures. Concerns remain about the potential for the SCCs and other mechanisms to face additional challenges. On June 4, 2021, the European Commission published new SCCs that are required to be implemented. Additionally, the United Kingdom has enacted legislation that substantially implements the GDPR, with a similar penalty structure, and on February 2, 2022, the United Kingdom’s Information Commissioner’s Office issued new standard contractual clauses to support personal data transfers out of the United Kingdom (“UK SCCs”). If approved by the United Kingdom Parliament, the UK SCCs will become effective March 21, 2022. We may, in addition to other impacts of the Schrems II decision and other developments relating to cross-border transfer, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens, and we and our customers face the potential for regulators in the EEA, Switzerland, or the United Kingdom to apply different standards to the transfer of personal data from those regions to the U.S., and to block, or require ad hoc verification of measures taken with respect to, certain data flows from those regions to the U.S. We also may be required to engage in new contract negotiations with third parties that aid in processing data on our behalf. We may experience reluctance or refusal by current or prospective customers in those regions to use our products, and may find it necessary or desirable to make further changes to our handling of personal data of residents of those regions. The regulatory environment applicable to the handling of personal data of residents of the EEA, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, and our actions taken in response, may cause us to assume additional liabilities or incur additional costs and obligations and could result in our business, operating results and financial condition being harmed. Additionally, we and our customers may face a risk of enforcement actions by data protection authorities relating to personal data transfers. Any such enforcement actions could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, distract management and technical personnel and negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, California has enacted legislation that has been described as the first “GDPR-like” law in the U.S. The California state legislature passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) in 2018 and California voters approved a ballot measure subsequently establishing the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) in 2020, which will modify the CCPA and increase the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of California residents, including requiring covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, and afford such consumers new abilities to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA came into effect on January 1, 2020, and the California Attorney

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General may bring enforcement actions, with penalties for violations of the CCPA. The CPRA will go into effect on January 1, 2023 instilling enforcement authority in a new dedicated regulatory body, the California Privacy Protection Agency, which will begin carrying out enforcement actions as soon as six months after the enactment date. Other states have also proposed, and in certain aspects enacted, legislation similar to the CCPA. Virginia and Colorado both enacted such laws in 2021, and Utah and Connecticut enacted similar laws in 2022. While aspects of the CCPA, CPRA, other state laws, and their interpretations remain to be determined in practice, we are committed to comply with their obligations. We cannot yet fully predict the impact of these laws on our business or operations, but developments regarding these and all privacy and data protection laws and regulations around the world may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur substantial additional costs and expenses in an effort to maintain compliance on an ongoing basis. Other countries and jurisdictions throughout the world are considering or enacting laws and regulations requiring the local storage of data. For example, under Russian law, all data operators collecting personal data of Russian citizens through electronic communications, including the Internet, must comply with Russian laws regulating the local storage of such data in databases located in the territory of Russia. This law applies not only to local data controllers but also to data controllers established outside Russia to the extent they gather personal data relating to Russian nationals through websites aimed at the territory of Russia.

We have been undertaking measures in an effort to comply with the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA and other applicable privacy and data protection laws and regulations, and our efforts to comply with these laws and regulations may require us to incur substantial operational costs and to require its data handling practices. The costs of our measures designed to comply with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to us may limit the use and adoption of our products and solutions, alter the way we conduct business and/or could otherwise have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. For example, we may find it necessary to establish systems to maintain data originated in certain jurisdictions within those jurisdictions, which may involve substantial expense and distraction from other aspects of our business. Further, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to us, may limit the use and adoption of our products and solutions and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Any failure or perceived failure (including as a result of deficiencies in our policies, procedures or measures relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing or client communications) by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies, legal or contractual obligations, industry standards, or regulatory guidance relating to privacy, data protection or data security may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our clients to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing, consumer communications and information security in the U.S., the European Union, Russia and other jurisdictions, and we cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations or any changed interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations could impair our ability to develop and market new services and maintain and grow our client base and increase revenue.

We are subject to laws and regulations restricting our operations, including export restrictions, economic sanctions and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws. If we are not in compliance with applicable legal requirements, we may be subject to civil or criminal penalties and other remedial measures.

Our operations are subject to laws and regulations restricting our operations, including activities involving restricted countries, organizations, entities and persons that have been identified as unlawful actors or that are subject to U.S. sanctions imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) or other international economic sanctions that prohibit us from engaging in trade or financial transactions with certain countries, businesses, organizations and individuals. We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), which prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from bribing foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment, and other laws concerning our international operations. The FCPA’s foreign counterparts contain similar prohibitions, although varying in both scope and jurisdiction. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree, and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices.

We are currently in the process of developing and implementing formal controls and procedures to ensure that we are in compliance with the FCPA, OFAC sanctions, and similar sanctions, laws and regulations. The implementation of such procedures may be time consuming and expensive and could result in the discovery of issues or violations with respect to the foregoing by us or our employees, independent contractors, subcontractors or agents of which we were previously unaware.

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If we are not completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all such applicable laws, it could result in us being subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of such laws by the U.S. or other jurisdictions could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to the U.S. administration’s fiscal, political, regulatory and other policies may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recent events, including new policy introductions following the 2020 U.S presidential election, may result in substantial regulatory uncertainty regarding international trade and trade policy. U.S. policies have called for substantial changes to trade agreements, have increased tariffs on certain goods imported into the U.S. and have raised the possibility of imposing significant, additional tariff increases. In the past, unilateral tariffs on imported products by the U.S. have triggered retaliatory actions from certain foreign governments, including China and Russia, and may trigger retaliatory actions by other foreign governments, potentially resulting in a “trade war.” While we cannot predict the extent to which the U.S. or other countries will impose quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes or other similar restrictions upon the import or export of our products in the future, a “trade war” of this nature or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements could have an adverse impact on demand for our services, sales and clients and affect the economies of the U.S. and various countries, having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, regulatory, judicial or other developments regarding SPACs or companies, such as us, that have merged with a SPAC, could have an adverse effect on us. For example, the SEC has recently issued several statements regarding regulatory matters involving SPACS, and there can be no assurances that future statements would not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Negative publicity about offshore outsourcing or anti-outsourcing legislation and restriction on immigration may have an adverse effect on our business.

The issue of companies outsourcing services to organizations operating in other countries is a topic of political discussion in many countries, including the U.S., which is our largest source of revenues. Many organizations and public figures in the U.S. and Europe have publicly expressed concern about a perceived association between offshore outsourcing IT services providers and the loss of jobs in their home countries. For example, measures aimed at limiting or restricting outsourcing by U.S. companies are periodically considered in Congress and in numerous state legislatures to address concerns over the perceived association between offshore outsourcing and the loss of jobs in the U.S. A number of U.S. states have passed legislation that restricts state government entities from outsourcing certain work to offshore IT services providers. Given the ongoing debate over this issue, the introduction and consideration of other restrictive legislation is possible. If enacted, such measures may broaden restrictions on outsourcing by federal and state government agencies and on government contracts with firms that outsource services directly or indirectly, impact private industry with measures such as tax disincentives or intellectual property transfer restrictions, and/or restrict the use of certain business visas. In addition, current or prospective clients may be discouraged from transferring services to providers that utilize offshore delivery centers such as us to avoid any negative perceptions that may be associated with using an offshore provider or for data privacy and security concerns. As a result, our ability to service our clients could be impaired and we may not be able to compete effectively with competitors that operate primarily from within the countries in which our clients operate. Any such slowdown or reversal of the existing industry trends toward offshore outsourcing may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These risks may become more acute as we continue to expand to new geographies internationally.

Some of our projects may involve our personnel obtaining visas to travel and work at customer sites outside of our personnel’s home countries and often in the United States. Our reliance on visas to staff projects with employees who are not citizens of the country where the work is to be performed makes us vulnerable to legislative and administrative changes in the number of visas to be issued in any particular year and other work permit laws and regulations. The process to obtain the required visas and work permits can be lengthy and difficult and variations due to political forces and economic conditions in the number of permitted applications, as well as application and enforcement processes, may cause delays or rejections when trying to obtain visas. Delays in obtaining visas may result in delays in the ability of our personnel to travel to meet with and provide services to our customers or to continue to provide services on a timely basis. In addition, the availability of a sufficient number of visas without significant additional costs could limit our ability to provide services to our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis or manage our sales and delivery centers as efficiently as we otherwise could. Delays in or the unavailability of visas and work permits could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

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Our subsidiaries in CEE can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal noncompliance with certain legal requirements.

We operate in CEE primarily through locally organized subsidiaries. Certain provisions of local laws may allow a court to order liquidation of a locally organized legal entity on the basis of its formal noncompliance with certain requirements during formation, reorganization or during its operations. If a company fails to comply with certain requirements including those relating to minimum net assets, governmental or local authorities can seek the involuntary liquidation of such company in court, and the company’s creditors will have the right to accelerate their claims or demand early performance of the company’s obligations as well as demand compensation for any damages. If involuntary liquidation of any of our subsidiaries were to occur, such liquidation could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Associated with Intellectual Property

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property and our intellectual property rights may not be adequate to protect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success largely depends on methodologies, practices, tools and technical expertise and other intellectual property that we use in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining our services and solutions. We rely upon a combination of nondisclosure, confidentiality, assignment of invention and other contractual arrangements as well as trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws to protect our intellectual property rights. We may also rely on litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights and contractual rights.

The nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements that we enter into with our employees, independent contractors, vendors and clients in order to protect our proprietary information may not provide meaningful protection against unauthorized use, misappropriation or disclosure for trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information and there can be no assurance that others will not independently develop the know-how and trade secrets or develop better methods than us. Policing unauthorized use of such proprietary information is difficult and expensive. We may not be able to deter current and former employees, contractors, vendors, clients and other parties from breaching confidentiality agreements and misappropriating proprietary information and it is possible that third parties may copy, reverse engineer, or otherwise obtain and use our information and proprietary technology without authorization or otherwise infringing on our intellectual property rights.

In addition, our current and former employees or contractors could challenge our exclusive rights in the intellectual property they have developed in the course of their employment. In Russia and certain other countries in which we operate, an employer is deemed to own the copyright in works created by its employees during the course, and within the scope, of their employment, provided certain requirements are complied with. The employer may be required to satisfy additional legal requirements in order to make further use and dispose of such works. While we believe that we have complied with all such requirements and have fulfilled all requirements necessary to acquire all rights in intellectual property developed by our contractors and subcontractors, these requirements are often ambiguously defined and enforced.

Implementation of intellectual property-related laws in CIS and CEE countries in which we operate has historically been lacking and there is no assurance that we will be able to enforce or defend our rights under our non-disclosure, confidentiality or assignment of invention agreements or that protection of intellectual property rights in such countries will be as effective as that in the U.S. Any litigation relating to our intellectual property may not prove successful and might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

In some cases, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights or to protect our trade secrets. Litigation could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights and exposing us to significant damages or injunctions. Our inability to protect our intellectual property against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay sales or the implementation of our products, impair the functionality of our products, delay introductions of new products, result in our substituting less-advanced or more-costly technologies into our products or harm our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional intellectual property from third parties to develop and market new products, and we cannot assure you that we could license that intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Due to the foregoing reasons, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in maintaining existing or obtaining future intellectual property rights or registrations, be able to detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property and take appropriate steps to enforce and protect our rights, or that any such steps will be successful. We can also neither guarantee that we have

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taken all necessary steps to enforce our intellectual property rights in each jurisdiction in which we operate nor that the intellectual property laws of any jurisdiction in which we operate are adequate to protect our interest or that any favorable judgment obtained by us with respect thereto will be enforced in the courts. Unauthorized use by third parties of, or other failure to protect, our intellectual property, including the costs of enforcing intellectual property rights, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and failure to defend against such claims may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success largely depends on our ability to use and develop our technology, tools, code, methodologies and services without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, including patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights of third parties.

We typically indemnify clients who purchase our services and solutions against potential infringement of intellectual property rights, which subjects us to the risk of indemnification claims. These claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our clients, regardless of the merits of these claims and are often not subject to liability limits or exclusion of consequential, indirect or punitive damages. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages on behalf of our clients, redesign or cease offering our allegedly infringing services or solutions or obtain licenses for the intellectual property such services or solutions allegedly infringe. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our clients may be forced to stop using our services or solutions.

The holders of patents and other intellectual property rights potentially relevant to our service offerings may make it difficult for us to acquire a license on commercially acceptable terms. Also, we may be unaware of intellectual property registrations or applications relating to our services that may give rise to potential infringement claims against us. There may also be technologies licensed to and relied on by us that are subject to infringement or other corresponding allegations or claims by third parties which may damage our ability to rely on such technologies.

Parties making infringement claims may be able to obtain an injunction to prevent us from delivering our services or using technology involving the allegedly infringing intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention from our business. A successful infringement claim against us, whether with or without merit, could, among other things, require us to pay substantial damages, develop non-infringing technology, or rebrand our name or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and would require us to cease making, licensing or using products that have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. Protracted litigation could also result in existing or prospective clients deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our software product development services or solutions until resolution of such litigation or could require us to indemnify our clients against infringement claims in certain instances. Any intellectual property claims or litigation in this area, whether or not we ultimately win or lose, could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

Our use of open source software may lead to possible litigation, negatively affect sales and create liability.

We often incorporate software licensed by third parties under so-called “open source” licenses, which may expose us to liability and have a material impact on our software development services. Use of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification, or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our services. Although we monitor our use of open source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting our client deliverables to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by courts in relevant jurisdictions, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our clients’ ability to use the software that we develop for them and operate their businesses as they intend. Moreover, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling our use of open source software in our products will be effective. From time to time, there have been claims challenging the ownership of open source software against companies that incorporate it into their products.

Therefore, there is a possibility that our clients could be subject to actions by third parties claiming that what we believe to be licensed open source software infringes such third parties’ intellectual property rights, and we would generally be required to indemnify our clients against such claims. In addition, in the event that portions of client deliverables are determined to be subject to an open source license, we or our clients could be required to publicly release the affected portions of source code or

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re-engineer all, or a portion of, the applicable software. Disclosing our proprietary source code could allow our clients’ competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for our clients. Furthermore, if the license terms for the open source code change, we may be forced to re-engineer our software or incur additional costs. Any of these events could create liability for us to our clients and damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders (other than claims arising under federal securities laws, including the Securities Act or the Exchange Act and any successors thereto), which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, another State court in Delaware or the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for the following (except for any claim as to which such court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within 10 days following such determination), which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than such court or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction):

•any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

•any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by, or otherwise wrongdoing by, any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders;

•any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), our certificate of incorporation or bylaws;

•any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; and

•any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

However, notwithstanding the exclusive forum provisions, our bylaws explicitly state that they would not preclude the filing of claims brought to enforce any liability or duty created under federal securities laws, including the Exchange Act or Securities Act.

Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to the Securities Act, such a provision known as a “Federal Forum Provision.” Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our shares of capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Additionally, a court could determine that the exclusive forum provision is unenforceable. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.

The price of our common stock may be volatile.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

•our ability to effectively service any current and future outstanding debt obligations;

•the announcement the introduction of new products or services, or enhancements thereto, by us or our competitors;

•developments concerning intellectual property rights;

•changes in legal, regulatory and enforcement frameworks impacting our products;

•variations in our and our competitors’ results of operations;

•the addition or departure of key personnel;

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•announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances;

•actual or perceived data security incidents or breaches;

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results and those of other public companies in our industry;

•the failure of securities analysts to publish research about us, or shortfalls in our results of operations compared to levels forecast by securities analysts;

•any delisting of our common stock from NASDAQ due to any failure to meet listing requirements;

•the military action launched by Russian forces in Ukraine, the actions that have been and could be taken by other countries, including new and stricter sanctions and actions taken in response to such sanctions, and the effect of these developments on our business and results of operations;

•adverse developments from litigation; and

•the general state of the securities market.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.

As of June 30, 2022, approximately 28 percent of our outstanding common stock was held or beneficially owned by our executive officers and directors, or by stockholders controlled by our executive officers or directors. The concentration of ownership provides such persons with substantial control over us, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control, and future resales of our common stock held by such persons may cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly.

As a result, such stockholders, acting together, have significant influence over all matters that require approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate action might be taken even if other stockholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company that other stockholders may view as beneficial.

To the extent that such persons purchase additional shares of ours, the percentage of shares that will be held by them will increase, decreasing the percentage of shares that are held by public stockholders.

If any significant stockholder sells large amounts of our common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, this could have the effect of increasing the volatility in the price of our common stock or putting significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock since our merger with ChaSerg. The payment of any cash dividends will be dependent upon our revenue, earnings and financial condition from time to time. The payment of any dividends will be within the discretion of our board of directors. It is presently expected that we will retain all earnings for use in our business operations and, accordingly, it is not expected that our board of directors will declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our ability to declare dividends may be limited by the terms of any financing and/or other agreements entered into by us or our subsidiaries from time to time and by requirements under the laws of our subsidiaries’ respective jurisdictions of incorporation to set aside a portion of their net income in each year to legal reserves. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your common stock for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in shares of our common stock will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of our common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.

Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and the DGCL, contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors and therefore depress the trading

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price of our common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions regarding:

•a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors;

•the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock, and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;

•the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of our directors and officers;

•the exclusive right of our board of directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors;

•the requirement that directors may only be removed from our board of directors for cause;

•a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders and could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a stockholder proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

•the requirement that a special meeting of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, the chairman of our board of directors, or our chief executive officer, which could delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors;

•controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings;

•the requirement for the affirmative vote of holders of at least a majority of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of the voting stock, voting together as a single class, to amend, alter, change or repeal any provision of our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may inhibit the ability of an acquirer to effect such amendments to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt;

•the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and

•advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which may prohibit certain stockholders holding 15% or more of our outstanding capital stock from engaging in certain business combinations with us for a specified period of time.

Any provision of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our capital stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number	Description	Incorporated by Reference From Form	Incorporated by Reference From Exhibit Number	Date Filed
10.1	Amendments to Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Leonard Livschitz.	Filed herewith
10.2	Executive Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Yury Gryzlov.	Filed herewith
31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Filed herewith
31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Filed herewith
32.1*	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Furnished herewith
32.2*	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.	Furnished herewith
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.	Filed herewith
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101,LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File the cover page interactive data is embedded within the Inline XBRL document or included within the Exhibit 101 attachments	Filed herewith

*    The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.
Date: August 4, 2022	By:	/s/ Leonard Livschitz
		Leonard Livschitz
		Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 4, 2022	By:	/s/ Anil Doradla
		Anil Doradla
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-10.1

FIRST AMENDMENT TO EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

This FIRST AMENDMENT to the EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (the “Amendment”) is entered into by and between Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), and Leonard Livschitz (“Executive”) (together, the “Parties”).

RECITALS

WHEREAS, Executive signed an Executive Employment Agreement with Grid Dynamics International, Inc. on January 24, 2020, which the Company assumed (the “Agreement”); and

WHEREAS, the Parties desire to amend certain terms of the Agreement, as stated in this Amendment.

Now, therefore, the Parties hereby agree as follows:

1.Confidentiality Agreement. Section 12 of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

12. Confidentiality Agreement. Executive agrees to follow and comply with the terms and conditions of the At-Will Employment, Confidential Information, Invention Assignment, and Arbitration Agreement entered into by Employee and Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Confidentiality Agreement”). The Parties agree that if any term in the Agreement is inconsistent with any term in the Confidentiality Agreement, the terms of the Agreement shall govern and prevail.

2.Full Force and Effect. To the extent not expressly amended hereby, the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

3.Entire Agreement; No Oral Modification. This Amendment constitutes the full and entire understanding and agreement between the Company and Executive with regard to the amendment of the Agreement. This Amendment supersedes any prior promises, agreements, or understandings related to the subject matter hereof and may be amended only in writing signed by the Company and Executive.

4.Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall constitute but one instrument.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the Parties has executed this Amendment as of the date set forth below.

Dated: September 1, 2020		COMPANY
	By:	/s/ Yury Gryzlov
		Yury Gryzlov
		Senior Vice President of Operations
Dated: September 1, 2020		EXECUTIVE
		/s/ Leonard Livschitz
		Leonard Livschitz

SECOND AMENDMENT TO EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

This SECOND AMENDMENT to the EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (the “Amendment”) is entered into by and between Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), and Leonard Livschitz (“Executive”) (together, the “Parties”) and is effective as of April 28, 2022.

RECITALS

WHEREAS, Executive signed an Executive Employment Agreement with Grid Dynamics International, Inc. on January 24, 2020, which the Company assumed (the “Agreement”); and

WHEREAS, the Parties desire to amend certain terms of the Agreement, as stated in this Amendment.

Now, therefore, effective as of the date written above, the Parties hereby agree as follows:

5.Positions, Duties and Location. Section 1(a) of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

[1](a) Positions, Duties and Location. As of the Effective Date, Executive will continue to serve as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Executive will render such business and professional services in the performance of Executive’s duties, consistent with Executive’s position within the Company, as will reasonably be assigned to him by the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). During the Employment Term beginning as of a date mutually agreed between Executive and the Company, Executive will perform Executive’s duties from the Company’s corporate offices located in Plano, Texas (with the exception of the period during which any shelter-in-place order, quarantine order, or similar work-from-home requirement affecting Executive’s ability to work at the Company’s corporate offices remains in effect), subject to customary travel as reasonably required by the Company and necessary to the performance of Executive’s job duties.

6.Base Salary. Section 4(a) of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

[4](a) Base Salary. Effective May 1, 2022 and during the Employment Term thereafter, the Company will pay Executive an annual salary of $800,000 as compensation for Executive’s services (the “Base Salary”). The Base Salary will be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices and be subject to the usual, required withholdings. The Company shall review the amount of the Base Salary from time to time, but shall not be required to increase the Base Salary.

7.Bonus. Section 4(b) of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

[4](b) Bonus. Executive will be eligible to receive additional incentive-based compensation or bonuses, in the sole discretion of the Board or its Compensation Committee, with an annual target amount equal to $800,000 effective from May 1, 2022 (and any target bonus for a performance period in effect prior to, and that also includes May 1, will be prorated for the base salaries in effect for such performance period), which may be subject to the individual goals of Executive and/or any financial or other performance criteria of the Company, also as determined by the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, in its sole discretion. To the extent bonuses are payable on a quarterly basis, the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, will determine bonus eligibility each fiscal quarter, and any awarded bonus will be paid within sixty (60) days of the end of each fiscal quarter. For any bonuses payable for the Company’s full fiscal year, the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, will determine the bonus eligibility for the applicable year, and any awarded bonus will be paid within sixty (60) days of the end of such year. Eligibility for any bonus is dependent upon Executive's continued employment with the Company on the date the bonus is to be paid. The Board or its Compensation Committee shall review the amount of potential bonus from time to time, but shall not be required to increase the potential bonus.

8.Equity. Executive acknowledges and agrees that the “Initial Awards” (as defined in Section 4(c) of the Agreement) previously have been granted to Executive under the Company’s 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and applicable award agreements thereunder. Each such Initial Award is, and will continue to be, subject to the terms of

such plan and the applicable award agreement under which it was granted. For purposes of clarity, reference to Executive’s outstanding Equity Award agreements under Section 16 of the Agreement includes the award agreements under which the Initial Awards were granted. Accordingly, Section 4(c) of the Agreement is hereby deleted in its entirety. Further, Section 4(c)(iii) of the Agreement titled “Change of Control” shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

[4(c)](iii) Change of Control. In the event the Company is subject to a Change of Control, all Equity Awards (or portions thereof) outstanding as of immediately prior to the completion of the Change of Control that are not assumed or substituted by the successor corporation in connection with the Change of Control, as determined under the Company’s 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Plan”), will become fully vested and exercisable and all restrictions on any such awards of restricted stock or restricted stock units will lapse. Equity Awards will not be deemed assumed or substituted and will become fully vested (and exercisable, as applicable) in a Change of Control if the awards are amended or modified in any manner that is adverse to Executive (e.g., less favorable vesting terms) without Executive’s written consent.

9.Expenses. Section 7 of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

7. Expenses. The Company will reimburse Executive for reasonable travel, entertainment or other expenses incurred by Executive in the furtherance of or in connection with the performance of Executive’s duties hereunder, in accordance with the Company’s expense reimbursement policy as in effect from time to time. Further, in connection with Executive’s relocation from California to Texas, Executive will be eligible to receive certain relocation benefits, in accordance with the Company’s US Relocation Policy, as may be in effect and/or amended from time to time (the “Policy”). In addition (but without duplication with the same or similar relocation benefits already provided under the Policy), Executive will be eligible to receive the following relocation benefits: (a) the Company will contract with a relocation company to move Executive’s household belongings and automobiles from California to Dallas, Texas (the “New Location”), and arrange for temporary storage in or around the New Location for such household belongings for up to three (3) months; (b) the Company will arrange for, and reimburse the rental costs of, reasonable temporary housing in or around the New Location for Executive and Executive’s spouse, for up to one (1) year following Executive’s relocation, with such housing arrangements to be mutually agreed between the Company and Executive; and (c) Executive will be eligible to use the shared corporate car that the Company makes available from time to time to Company employees at the New Location. All relocation benefits are subject to Executive’s continued employment with the Company through the date the benefit is provided or in the case of any reimbursements, the date that the expense is incurred, provided that in no event will any reimbursement be made after March 15 of the year immediately following the year in which such expense is incurred. In order to allow adequate time for expense reimbursements to be processed, Executive is advised to remit the appropriate documentation substantiating expenses to be reimbursed as soon as reasonably practicable following the date such expenses are incurred. Relocation benefits that are taxable to Executive will be subject to any applicable withholdings. The Company may provide additional reasonable benefits to assist with Executive’s relocation, based on the relevant circumstances at such time, which benefits will be determined by mutual agreement between the Company and Executive.

10.Equity Awards. Section 11(h) of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

[11](h) Equity Awards. “Equity Awards” means Company stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance stock units and any other Company equity compensation awards granted to Executive.

11.Notices. Section 14 of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

14. Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications called for hereunder will be in writing and will be deemed given (i) on the date of delivery if delivered personally, (ii) one (1) day after being sent by a well-established commercial overnight service, or (iii) four (4) days after being mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, prepaid and addressed to the parties or their successors at the following addresses, or at such other addresses as the parties may later designate in writing:

If to the Company:

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.

Attn: Anil Doradla, Chief Financial Officer

Grid Dynamics, 5000 Executive Parkway, Ste 520,

San Ramon, CA 94583, United States of America

If to Executive:

Leonard Livschitz

[address omitted]

at the last residential address known by the Company.

12.Governing Law. Section 20 of the Agreement shall be amended and replaced in full as follows:

20. Governing Law. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of Texas (with the exception of its conflict of laws provisions).

13.Full Force and Effect. To the extent not expressly amended hereby, the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

14.Entire Agreement; No Oral Modification. This Amendment constitutes the full and entire understanding and agreement between the Company and Executive with regard to the amendment of the Agreement. This Amendment supersedes any prior promises, agreements, or understandings related to the subject matter hereof and may be amended only in writing signed by the Company and Executive.

15.Counterparts. This Amendment may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall constitute but one instrument.

16.Governing Law. This Amendment will be governed by the laws of the State of Texas (with the exception of its conflict of laws provisions).

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the Parties has executed this Amendment as of the date set forth below.

Dated: April 30, 2022		COMPANY
	By:	/s/ Yury Gryzlov
		Yury Gryzlov
		Senior Vice President of Operations
Dated: April 30, 2022		EXECUTIVE
		/s/ Leonard Livschitz
		Leonard Livschitz

EX-10.2

GRID DYNAMICS SWITZERLAND GMBH

EXECUTIVE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

This Employment Agreement is concluded under Swiss law and the contract has been adapted from foreign law. All clauses shall be interpretated in a way that they are in line with Swiss law and where a clause might defer, the Swiss Code of Obligation is applicable in any way.

This Employment Agreement (the “Agreement”) entered into by and between Grid Dynamics Switzerland GmbH, Zug, Switzerland (the “Company”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (“Parent,” and Parent together with its subsidiaries including the Company, the “Company Group”), and Yury Gryzlov (“Executive”).This Agreement will become effective under the condition that a Swiss work and residence permit is granted and upon the date that Executive transfers to the Company and to Switzerland, latest as per 15th of July 2022 (“the “Effective Date”).

1.Duties and Scope of Employment.

a.Positions and Duties. As of the Effective Date and under the condition that the Executive receives a work and residence permit by the Swiss authorities, Executive will serve as the Company’s managing officer (“Geschäftsführer”) and Chief Executive Officer, Europe. In addition, as of the Effective Date, Executive will continue to serve as Parent’s Chief Operating Officer. Executive will render such business and professional services in the performance of Executive’s duties, consistent with Executive’s position within the Company Group, as will reasonably be assigned to him by Parent’s Chief Executive Officer or his or her designee.

b.Obligations. During the Employment Term (defined below), Executive will perform Executive’s duties faithfully and to the best of his ability and devote his full business efforts and time to the Company Group. Overtime work performed by Executive is fully compensated by the Base Salary as set forth below. Executive acknowledges during Executive's employment with Company Group, that Executive will not, without prior written approval of Company Group: (a) engage in any activity competitive or adverse to Company Group's business or welfare, whether alone, as a partner, or as an officer, director, executive, shareholder, employee, or consultant of any other entity, or (b) undertake planning for the organization of any business activity competitive with Company Group or combine or conspire with other employees or representatives of Company Group for the purposes of organizing any such competitive business. Nothing contained in this Section 1(b) shall prevent Executive from making passive personal investments, or engaging in other businesses or serving on boards of directors, which do not violate this Section 1(b) or materially interfere with the services rendered under this Agreement, as determined in the sole discretion of the Parent’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). Executive further agrees to comply with all applicable Company Group policies, including, for the avoidance of any doubt, any insider trading policies and compensation clawback policies currently in existence or that may be adopted by the Company Group during the Employment Term.

c.Place of Work; Employment. Executive’s place of work will be Zug, Switzerland. Executive is aware of and accepts that Executive will be required to travel frequently in the performance of Executive’s employment duties and responsibilities hereunder. The Company will employ Executive on the terms and conditions set forth herein. Executive will receive his cash compensation and benefits from the Company and the Company will maintain and distribute employment-related records. In the event that during the Employment Term Executive becomes employed by another member of the Company Group in the performance of Executive’s duties and obligations hereunder, any reference to the Company in this Agreement will be a reference to that member of the Company Group, unless the context clearly requires otherwise.

d.Other Entities. Executive agrees to serve and may be appointed as an officer and director for any of the Parent’s subsidiaries, partnerships, joint ventures, limited liability companies and other affiliates, including entities in which the Parent has a significant investment as determined by the Parent. As used in this Agreement, the term “affiliates” will include any entity controlled by, controlling, or under common control of the Parent. Upon ceasing employment with the Company for any reason other than to become employed with another member of the Company Group, Executive agrees that Executive will be deemed to have resigned from all officer positions with all members of the Company Group (including, without limitation, Parent and the Company) and any of their respective affiliates and Executive agrees to execute such documents and take such actions as Parent or the Company reasonably request to give effect to the same.

2.Term of Agreement. This Agreement will have an initial term of two (2) years commencing on the Effective Date (the “Initial Term”). Following the Initial Term, Executive’s employment with the Company will continue for an indefinite period of time. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a Change of Control occurs during the Initial Term, the term of this Agreement will extend automatically through the date that is twelve (12) months following the date of the Change of Control. If Executive becomes entitled to the benefits under Section 7 of this Agreement, then the Agreement will not terminate until all of the obligations of the parties hereto with respect to this Agreement have been satisfied. The period of Executive’s employment under this Agreement, including the Initial Term and any period of employment thereafter, is referred to herein as the “Employment Term.”

3.Compensation.

a.Base Salary. During the Employment Term, the Company will pay Executive an annual salary of CHF400,000.00 as compensation for Executive’s services (the “Base Salary”). The Base Salary will be paid periodically in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll practices and be subject to the usual, required withholdings. The Board or its Compensation Committee shall review the amount of the Base Salary from time to time, but shall not be required to increase the Base Salary but no decrease may occur.

b.Bonus. Executive will be eligible to receive additional incentive-based compensation or bonuses, in the sole discretion of the Board or its Compensation Committee, with an annual target amount equal to CHF200,000 effective from May 1, 2022 (and any target bonus for a performance period in effect prior to, and that also includes May 1, will be prorated for the target bonus opportunities in effect for such performance period), which may be subject to the individual goals of Executive and/or any financial or other performance criteria of the Company, also as determined by the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, in its sole discretion. To the extent bonuses are payable on a quarterly basis, the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, will determine bonus eligibility each fiscal

quarter, and any awarded bonus will be paid within sixty (60) days of the end of each fiscal quarter. For any bonuses payable for Parent’s full fiscal year, the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, will determine the bonus eligibility for the applicable year, and any awarded bonus will be paid within sixty (60) days of the end of such year. Eligibility for any bonus is dependent upon Executive's continued employment with the Company Group on the date the bonus is to be paid. The Board or its Compensation Committee shall review the amount of potential bonus from time to time, but shall not be required to increase the potential bonus.

c.Deductions. The Company will deduct from Executive’s Base Salary as well as from Executive’s bonuses, if any, the applicable employee contributions, respectively premiums to social security schemes (AHV|IV, EO, ALV), the premiums for the pension fund (BVG), the non-occupational accident insurance and the daily sickness benefits insurance, as well as the applicable taxes, if any, payable by Executive in accordance with the respective laws and regulations.

d.Equity.

i.Prior Grants. Executive previously was granted certain Equity Awards and, to the extent outstanding, will continue to be subject to the terms of the equity plan and applicable award agreement under which the applicable Equity Award was granted.

ii.Discretionary Awards. Executive also may be eligible to receive additional Equity Awards in the discretion of the Board or its Compensation Committee, as applicable, to reward extraordinary performance or for achievement of stretch financial performance objectives under individual incentive agreements for very strong performance of the Company Group.

iii.Change of Control. In the event Parent is subject to a Change of Control, all Equity Awards (or portions thereof) that are not assumed or substituted by the successor corporation, as determined under the applicable equity plan(s) under which such Equity Awards were granted, will become fully vested and exercisable and all restrictions on any such awards of restricted stock or restricted stock units will lapse. Equity Awards will not be deemed assumed or substituted and will become fully vested and exercisable in a Change of Control if the awards are amended or modified in any manner that is adverse to the Executive (e.g., less favorable vesting terms) without Executive’s written consent.

4.Employee Benefits. During the Employment Term, Executive will be entitled to participate in the employee benefit plans currently and hereafter maintained by the Company of general applicability to other executives of the Company to the extent Executive meets the eligibility requirements for each individual plan or program. The Company provides no assurance as to the adoption or continuance of any particular employee benefit plan or program, and Executive’s participation in any such plan or program shall be subject to the provisions, rules and regulations applicable thereto.

5.Vacation. Executive will be entitled to accrue up to twenty (20) days paid annual vacation in accordance with the Company policy as in effect from time to time, including eligibility for any policy subsequently adopted for Company Group senior executives.

6.Expenses. The Company will reimburse Executive for reasonable travel, entertainment or other expenses incurred by Executive in the furtherance of or in connection with the performance of Executive’s duties hereunder, in accordance with the Company’s expense reimbursement policy as in effect from time to time. Further, in connection with Executive’s relocation from California to the Zug, Switzerland area (the “New Location”), Executive will be eligible to receive certain

relocation benefits, in accordance with Parent’s US Relocation Policy, as may be in effect and/or amended from time to time (the “Policy”). In addition (but without duplication with the same or similar relocation benefits already provided under the Policy), Executive will be eligible to receive the following relocation benefits: (a) the Company will contract with a relocation company to move Executive’s household belongings and automobiles from California to the New Location, and arrange for temporary storage in or around the New Location for such household belongings for up to three (3) months; (b) the Company will arrange for, and reimburse the rental costs of, reasonable temporary housing in or around the New Location for Executive and Executive’s spouse, for up to one (1) year following Executive’s relocation, with such housing arrangements to be mutually agreed between the Company and Executive; and (c) Executive will be eligible to use the shared corporate car that the Company makes available from time to time to Company employees at the New Location. All relocation benefits are subject to Executive’s continued employment with the Company through the date the benefit is provided or in the case of any reimbursements, the date that the expense is incurred, provided that in no event will any reimbursement be made after March 15 of the year immediately following the year in which such expense is incurred. In order to allow adequate time for expense reimbursements to be processed, Executive is advised to remit the appropriate documentation substantiating expenses to be reimbursed as soon as reasonably practicable following the date such expenses are incurred. Relocation benefits that are taxable to Executive will be subject to any applicable withholdings. The Company may provide additional reasonable benefits to assist with Executive’s relocation, based on the relevant circumstances at such time, which benefits will be determined by mutual agreement between the Company and Executive.

7.Notice of Termination; Severance Benefits.

a.Notice of Termination. Notwithstanding any contrary provision of this Agreement, Executive agrees that before voluntarily terminating his employment without Good Reason, and the Company agrees that before terminating Executive’s employment without Cause, the party initiating the termination of employment with the Company will provide to the other party at least three (3) months of advance written notice of the proposed termination date (the “Notice Period”). During the Notice Period, Executive will continue to diligently and in good faith perform his duties to the Company unless the Company notifies Executive in writing that Executive’s performance of duties and obligations with the Company shall terminate sooner than the end of the Notice Period (“Freistellung”). For the avoidance of doubt, Executive will continue to receive his then-standard compensation for the period in which he continues to provide actual services to the Company during the Notice Period.

b.Qualified Termination Outside the Change of Control Period. If, outside the Change of Control Period, the Company Group or an Affiliate terminates Executive’s employment with the Company Group and the Affiliates other than for Cause, and not due to Executive’s death or Disability, or Executive resigns from such employment with Company Group and the Affiliates for Good Reason, then, subject to Section 8, Executive will receive the following severance benefits:

i.Salary Severance. Continuing payments of Executive’s Base Salary, as in effect immediately prior to such termination of Executive’s employment (or, if higher, immediately prior to reduction of Executive’s Base Salary described in clause (ii) of the definition of Good Reason below), for twelve (12) months from the termination date, paid in accordance with the Company’s regular payroll procedures.

ii.Bonus Severance. A lump-sum payment equal to 50% of Executive’s then current annual maximum bonus target amount.

iii.Health Insurance Coverage. Subject to Section 7(d), the Company will pay the premiums for coverage under COBRA (as defined below) for the Executive and the Executive’s eligible dependents, if any, at the rates then in effect, subject to any subsequent changes in rates that are generally applicable to the Company’s active employees (the “Health Insurance Coverage”), until the earliest of (A) a period of twelve (12) months from the date of the Executive’s termination of employment, (B) the date upon which the Executive (and the Executive’s eligible dependents, as applicable) becomes covered under similar plans, or (C) the date upon which the Executive ceases to be eligible for coverage under COBRA.

iv.Equity. Immediate vesting of all then-outstanding unvested Equity Awards that would have vested had Executive continued employment with the Company Group for an additional period of one year following the date of termination of employment. If, however, an outstanding Equity Award is to vest and/or the amount of the Equity Award to vest during such one year period is to be determined based on the achievement of performance criteria, then the Equity Award will be deemed to vest assuming the performance criteria had been achieved at target levels for the relevant performance period(s).

c.Qualified Termination within the Change of Control Period. If, within the Change of Control Period, the Company Group or an Affiliate terminates Executive’s employment with the Company Group and the Affiliates other than for Cause, and not due to Executive’s death or Disability, or Executive resigns from such employment for Good Reason, then, subject to Section 8, Executive will receive the following severance benefits from the Company:

i.Salary Severance. A lump sum severance payment equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s Base Salary, as in effect immediately prior to the termination of Executive’s employment (or, if higher, as in effect immediately prior to reduction of Executive’s Base Salary described in clause (ii) of the definition of Good Reason), which will be paid in accordance with the Company’s regular payroll procedures. For the avoidance of doubt, if (A) Executive incurred a termination prior to a Change of Control that qualifies Executive for severance payments under Section 7(b)(i); and (B) a Change of Control occurs within the three (3)-month period following the termination of Executive’s employment that qualifies Executive for the superior benefits under this Section 7(c)(i), then Executive shall be entitled to a lump-sum payment of the amount calculated under this Section 7(c)(i), less amounts already paid under Section 7(b)(i).

ii.Bonus Severance. A lump-sum payment equal to 50% of Executive’s current annual target bonus amount.

iii.Health Insurance Coverage. Subject to Section 7(d), the Company will provide Health Insurance Coverage until the earliest of (A) a period of twelve (12) months from the date of the Executive’s termination of employment, (B) the date upon which the Executive (and the Executive’s eligible dependents, as applicable) becomes covered under similar plans, or (C) the date upon which the Executive ceases to be eligible for coverage under COBRA.

iv.Equity. Vesting acceleration of one hundred percent (100%) of Executive’s outstanding unvested Equity Awards on the date of Executive’s termination. If, however, an outstanding Equity Award is to vest and/or the amount of the Equity Award to vest is to be determined based on the achievement of performance criteria, then the Equity Award will vest as to one hundred percent (100%) of the amount of

the Equity Award assuming the performance criteria had been achieved at target levels for the relevant performance period(s).

d.Conditions to Receipt of Health Insurance Coverage. The Executive’s receipt of Health Insurance Coverage is subject to the Executive electing COBRA continuation coverage within the time period prescribed pursuant to COBRA for the Executive and the Executive’s eligible dependents, if any. If the Company determines in its sole discretion that it cannot provide the Health Insurance Coverage pursuant to COBRA either (i) because COBRA is not available in the jurisdiction in which Executive is employed, or (ii) without potentially violating, or being subject to an excise tax under, applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then in lieu of any Health Insurance Coverage, the Company will provide to the Executive a taxable monthly payment payable on the last day of a given month (except as provided by the immediately following sentence), in an amount equal to (A) if Health Insurance Coverage pursuant to COBRA is not available in the jurisdiction in which Executive is employed, an amount equal to the premium that was required to be paid for health coverage in effective immediately prior to Executive’s termination, which will include employer and employee contributions to payment of those premiums), or (B) the monthly COBRA premium that the Executive would be required to pay to continue his or her group health coverage in effect on the date of his or her Qualifying Termination (which amount will be based on the premium rates applicable for the first month of Health Insurance Coverage for the Executive and any of eligible dependents of the Executive) (each, a “Health Coverage Replacement Payment”), which Health Coverage Replacement Payments will be made regardless of whether the Executive elects COBRA continuation coverage, if applicable, and will end on the earlier of (x) the date upon which the Executive obtains other employment or (y) the date the Company has paid an amount totaling the number of Health Coverage Replacement Payments equal to the number of months in the applicable Health Insurance Coverage period. For the avoidance of doubt, the Health Insurance Replacement Payments may be used for any purpose, including, but not limited to continuation coverage under COBRA, and will be subject to any applicable withholdings as required by applicable law. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary under this Agreement, if the Company determines in its sole discretion at any time that it cannot provide the Health Insurance Replacement Payments without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), the Executive will not receive the Health Insurance Replacement Payments or any further Health Insurance Coverage.

e.Non-Duplication of Payment or Benefits. For purposes of clarity, any severance payments and benefits to be provided to the Executive under Section 7(c) will be reduced by any amounts that already were provided to the Executive under Section 7(b). Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, if the Executive is entitled to any cash severance, continued health coverage benefits, or continued vesting or vesting acceleration of any equity awards during any portion of the Notice Period during which Executive is released from the obligation to perform any work duties (“Freistellung”) for the Company, by operation of applicable law or under a plan, policy, contract, or arrangement sponsored by or to which any member of the Company Group is a party, including, but not limited to, Statutory Severance Benefits (collectively, “Other Benefits”), then the corresponding severance payments and benefits under this Agreement will be reduced by the amount of Other Benefits paid or provided to the Executive.

f.Voluntary Resignation other than for Good Reason; Termination for Cause. If Executive’s employment with the Company Group and the Affiliates terminates (i) voluntarily by Executive (other than for Good Reason) or (ii) for Cause by the Company, then Executive will not be entitled to receive severance or other benefits except for those (if any) as may

then be established under the Company’s then existing severance and benefits plans and practices or pursuant to other written agreements with the Company or any Statutory Severance Benefits.

g.Disability; Death. If the Company terminates Executive’s employment as a result of Executive’s Disability, or Executive’s employment terminates due to Executive’s death, then Executive will not be entitled to receive severance or other benefits except for those (if any) as may then be established under the Company’s then existing written severance and benefits plans and practices or pursuant to other written agreements with the Company.

h.Accrued Compensation. For the avoidance of any doubt, in the event of a termination of Executive’s employment with the Company Group and the Affiliates, Executive will be entitled to receive all accrued but unpaid vacation, expense reimbursements, wages, and other benefits due to Executive under any Company-provided plans, policies, and arrangements.

i.Transfer between the Company and Affiliates. For purposes of this Section 7, if Executive’s employment with the Company Group or one of the Affiliates terminates, Executive will not be determined to have been terminated without Cause, provided Executive continues to remain employed by the Company Group or one of the Affiliates (e.g., upon transfer from one Affiliate to another); provided, however, that the parties understand and acknowledge that any such termination could potentially result in Executive’s ability to resign for Good Reason.

j.Exclusive Remedy. In the event of a termination of Executive’s employment with the Company Group and the Affiliates, the provisions of this Section 7 are intended to be and are exclusive and in lieu of any other rights or remedies to which Executive or the Company Group may otherwise be entitled, whether at law, tort or contract, in equity. Executive will be entitled to no benefits, compensation or other payments or rights upon termination of employment other than those benefits expressly set forth in this Section 7.

k.Statutory Severance. In the event that Executive becomes eligible to receive statutory severance payments or benefits required under applicable law (“Statutory Severance Benefits”), such Statutory Severance Benefits will be provided to Executive in accordance with applicable law.

8.Conditions to Receipt of Severance.

a.Separation Agreement and Release of Claims. The receipt of any severance pursuant to Sections 7(b) or (c) will be subject to Executive signing and not revoking a separation agreement and release of claims in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Company Group (the “Release”) and provided that such Release becomes effective and irrevocable no later than sixty (60) days following the termination date (such deadline, the “Release Deadline”). If the Release does not become effective and irrevocable by the Release Deadline, Executive will forfeit any rights to severance or benefits under this Agreement. In no event will severance payments or benefits be paid or provided until the Release becomes effective and irrevocable. Except as required by Section 8(b), any installment payments that would have been made to Executive prior to the Release becoming effective and irrevocable but for the preceding sentence will be paid to Executive on the first regularly scheduled Company payroll date following the date the Release becomes effective and irrevocable, and the remaining payments will be made as provided in the Agreement.

b.Section 409A.

i.Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, no Deferred Payments will be paid or otherwise provided until Executive has a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A. Similarly, no severance payable to Executive, if any, pursuant to this Agreement that otherwise would be exempt from Section 409A pursuant to Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(9) will be payable until Executive has a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A.

ii.Any severance payments or benefits under this Agreement that would be considered Deferred Payments will be paid on, or, in the case of installments, will not commence until, the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service, or, if later, such time as required by Section 8(b)(iii). Except as required by Section 8(b)(iii), any installment payments that would have been made to Executive during the sixty (60) day period immediately following Executive’s separation from service but for the preceding sentence will be paid to Executive on the sixtieth (60th) day following Executive’s separation from service and the remaining payments shall be made as provided in this Agreement. In no event will Executive have discretion to determine the taxable year of payment for any Deferred Payments.

iii.Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, if Executive is a “specified employee” within the meaning of Section 409A at the time of Executive’s separation from service (other than due to death), then the Deferred Payments that are payable within the first six (6) months following Executive’s separation from service, will, to the extent required to be delayed pursuant to Section 409A(a)(2)(B) of the Code, become payable on the date six (6) months and one (1) day following the date of Executive’s separation from service. All subsequent Deferred Payments, if any, will be payable in accordance with the payment schedule applicable to each payment or benefit. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if Executive dies following Executive’s separation from service, but prior to the six (6) month anniversary of the separation from service, then any payments delayed in accordance with this paragraph will be payable in a lump sum as soon as administratively practicable after the date of Executive’s death and all other Deferred Payments will be payable in accordance with the payment schedule applicable to each payment or benefit. Each payment and benefit payable under this Agreement is intended to constitute a separate payment for purposes of Section 1.409A-2(b)(2) of the Treasury Regulations.

iv.Any amount paid under this Agreement that satisfies the requirements of the “short-term deferral” rule set forth in Section 1.409A-1(b)(4) of the Treasury Regulations will not constitute Deferred Payments.

v.Any amount paid under this Agreement that qualifies as a payment made as a result of an involuntary separation from service pursuant to Section 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii) of the Treasury Regulations that does not exceed the Section 409A Limit (as defined below) will not constitute Deferred Payments.

vi.The foregoing provisions and all compensation and benefits provided for under this Agreement are intended to comply with or be exempt from the requirements of Section 409A so that none of the severance payments and benefits to be provided hereunder will be subject to the additional tax imposed under Section 409A, and any ambiguities or ambiguous terms herein will be interpreted to be exempt or so comply. The Company and Executive agree to work together in good faith to consider amendments to this Agreement and to take such reasonable actions which are necessary, appropriate or desirable to avoid imposition of any additional tax or

income recognition prior to actual payment to Executive under Section 409A. In no event will the Company Group or any Affiliate reimburse Executive for any taxes that may be imposed on Executive as a result of Section 409A.

9.Limitation on Payments. In the event that the severance and other benefits provided for in this Agreement or otherwise payable to Executive (i) constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and (ii) but for this Section 10, would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then Executive’s severance benefits under Section 8 will be either:

a.delivered in full, or

b.delivered as to such lesser extent which would result in no portion of such severance benefits being subject to excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code,

whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local income taxes and the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, results in the receipt by Executive on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of severance benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such severance benefits may be taxable under Section 4999 of the Code. If a reduction in severance and other benefits constituting “parachute payments” is necessary so that benefits are delivered to a lesser extent, reduction will occur in the following order: (i) reduction of cash payments; (ii) cancellation of awards granted “contingent on a change in ownership or control” (within the meaning of Code Section 280G); (iii) cancellation of accelerated vesting of equity awards; or (iv) reduction of employee benefits. In the event that acceleration of vesting of equity award compensation is to be reduced, such acceleration of vesting will be cancelled in the reverse order of the date of grant of Executive’s equity awards.

Unless the Company Group and Executive otherwise agree in writing, any determination required under this Section 10 will be made in writing by a nationally recognized certified professional services firm selected by the Company Group or such other person or entity to which the parties mutually agree (the “Firm”) immediately prior to Change of Control, whose determination will be conclusive and binding upon Executive and the Company Group for all purposes. For purposes of making the calculations required by this Section 10, the Firm may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations concerning the application of Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code. The Company Group and Executive will furnish to the Firm such information and documents as the Firm may reasonably request in order to make a determination under this Section. The Company Group will bear all costs for services rendered by the Firm in connection with any calculations contemplated by this Section 10.

10.Definition of Terms. The following terms referred to in this Agreement will have the following meanings:

a.Affiliate. “Affiliate” means Parent and any other parent or subsidiary corporation of Parent, as such terms are defined in Section 424(e) and the Code.

b.Cause. “Cause” means (i) an act of dishonesty made by Executive in connection with Executive’s responsibilities as an employee, (ii) Executive’s conviction of, or plea of nolocontendere to, a felony or any crime involving fraud, embezzlement or any other act of moral turpitude, (iii) Executive’s gross misconduct, (iv) Executive’s unauthorized use or disclosure of any proprietary information or trade secrets of the Company Group or any other party to whom Executive owes an obligation of nondisclosure as a result of Executive’s relationship with the Company Group; (v) Executive’s willful breach of any obligations under any written agreement or covenant with the Company Group; or (vi) Executive’s continued failure to perform his employment duties after Executive has received a written demand of performance from the Company Group which specifically sets forth the factual basis for the Company Group’s belief that Executive has not

substantially performed his duties and has failed to cure such non-performance to the Company Group’s satisfaction within 10 business days after receiving such notice.

c.Change of Control. “Change of Control” means the occurrence of any of the following events:

i.A change in the ownership of Parent which occurs on the date that any one person, or more than one person acting as a group (“Person”), acquires ownership of the stock of Parent that, together with the stock held by such Person, constitutes more than fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power of the stock of Parent; provided, however, that for purposes of this subsection, the acquisition of additional stock by any one Person, who is considered to own more than fifty percent (50%) of the total voting power of the stock of Parent will not be considered a Change of Control; or

ii.A change in the effective control of Parent which occurs on the date that a majority of members of the Board is replaced during any twelve (12) month period by members of the Board whose appointment or election is not endorsed by a majority of the members of the Board prior to the date of the appointment or election. For purposes of this clause (ii), if any Person is considered to be in effective control of Parent, the acquisition of additional control of Parent by the same Person will not be considered a Change of Control; or

iii.A change in the ownership of a substantial portion of Parent’s assets which occurs on the date that any Person acquires (or has acquired during the twelve (12) month period ending on the date of the most recent acquisition by such person or persons) assets from Parent that have a total gross fair market value equal to or more than fifty percent (50%) of the total gross fair market value of all of the assets of Parent immediately prior to such acquisition or acquisitions; provided, however, that for purposes of this subsection (iii), the following will not constitute a change in the ownership of a substantial portion of Parent’s assets: (A) a transfer to an entity that is controlled by Parent’s stockholders immediately after the transfer, or (B) a transfer of assets by Parent to: (1) a stockholder of Parent (immediately before the asset transfer) in exchange for or with respect to Parent’s stock, (2) an entity, fifty percent (50%) or more of the total value or voting power of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by Parent, (3) a Person, that owns, directly or indirectly, fifty percent (50%) or more of the total value or voting power of all the outstanding stock of Parent, or (4) an entity, at least fifty percent (50%) of the total value or voting power of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by a Person described in this subsection (iii)(B)(3). For purposes of this subsection (iii), gross fair market value means the value of the assets of Parent, or the value of the assets being disposed of, determined without regard to any liabilities associated with such assets.

For purposes of this definition, persons will be considered to be acting as a group if they are owners of a corporation that enters into a merger, consolidation, purchase or acquisition of stock, or similar business transaction with Parent.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, a transaction will not be deemed a Change of Control unless the transaction qualifies as a change in control event within the meaning of Section 409A.

Further and for the avoidance of doubt, a transaction will not constitute a Change of Control if: (i) its sole purpose is to change the state of Parent’s incorporation, or (ii) its sole purpose is to create a holding company that will be owned in substantially the same proportions by the persons who held Parent’s securities immediately before such transaction.

a.Change of Control Period. “Change of Control Period” means the period beginning on the date three (3) months prior to, and ending on the date that is twelve (12) months following, a Change of Control.

b.Code. “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

c.Deferred Payment. “Deferred Payment” means any severance pay or benefits to be paid or provided to Executive (or Executive’s estate or beneficiaries) pursuant to this Agreement and any other severance payments or separation benefits, that in each case, when considered together, are considered deferred compensation under Section 409A.

d.Disability. “Disability” means that the Employee has been unable to perform Executive’s Company Group duties as the result of Executive’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness, and such inability, at least twenty-six (26) weeks after its commencement or 180 days in any consecutive twelve (12) month period, is determined to be total and permanent by a physician selected by the Company Group or its insurers and acceptable to Executive or Executive’s legal representative (such agreement as to acceptability not to be unreasonably withheld). Unless otherwise required by applicable law, termination resulting from Disability may only be effected after at least thirty (30) days’ written notice by the Company Group of its intention to terminate the Employee’s employment. In the event that the Employee resumes the performance of substantially all of Executive’s duties hereunder before the termination of Executive’s employment becomes effective, the notice of intent to terminate will automatically be deemed to have been revoked.

e.Equity Awards. “Equity Awards” means Executive’s stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance stock units and any other equity compensation awards, in each case covering shares of Parent common stock.

f.Good Reason. “Good Reason” means Executive’s resignation within thirty (30) days following the expiration of any Company Group cure period (discussed below) following the occurrence of one or more of the following, without Executive’s express written consent: (i) a material diminution of Executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities relative to Executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities in effect immediately prior to such diminution; provided, however, that a reduction in the Executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities solely by virtue of Parent being acquired and made part of a larger entity (for example, if the Executive is employed by the Company Group with substantially the same responsibilities with respect to the Company Group’s business that Executive had immediately prior to the Change of Control regardless of whether Executive’s title is revised to reflect Executive’s placement within the overall corporate hierarchy or whether Executive provides services to a subsidiary, affiliate, business unit or otherwise) shall not constitute Good Reason; (ii) a material reduction by the Company in the base compensation of the Executive as in effect immediately prior to such reduction, with a reduction of more than ten percent (10%) to be deemed material for such purposes; (iii) a material change in the location of Executive’s principal place of work, provided that if Executive is then employed by any member of the Company Group other than the Company, a relocation of less than fifty five (55) miles from Executive’s then-current work location shall not be deemed material, or if Executive is then employed by the Company, a relocation within of the German speaking part of Switzerland shall not be deemed material; or (iv) any other action that constitutes a material breach by the Company of its obligations to Executive under this Agreement. Executive’s resignation will not be deemed to be for Good Reason unless Executive has first provided the Company Group with written notice of the acts or omissions constituting the grounds for “Good Reason” within ninety (90) days of the initial existence of the grounds for “Good Reason” and a reasonable cure period of not less than

thirty (30) days following the date the Company Group receives such notice, and such condition has not been cured during such period. For purposes of clarity, Executive’s relocation to the New Location and the changes to the terms of Executive’s employment pursuant to this Agreement shall not constitute or contribute in any way to Good Reason under this Agreement or any other written agreement with the Company Group.

g.Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement. “Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement” means the Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement entered into previously by the Executive and the Company.

h.Section 409A. “Section 409A” means Section 409A of the Code and any final regulations and guidance thereunder and any applicable state law equivalent, as each may be amended or promulgated from time to time.

i.Section 409A Limit. “Section 409A Limit” will mean two (2) times the lesser of: (i) Executive’s annualized compensation based upon the annual rate of pay paid to Executive during the Executive’s taxable year preceding the Executive’s taxable year of Executive’s separation from service as determined under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(b)(9)(iii)(A)(1) and any Internal Revenue Service guidance issued with respect thereto; or (ii) the maximum amount that may be taken into account under a qualified plan pursuant to Section 401(a)(17) of the Internal Revenue Code for the year in which Executive’s separation from service occurred.

11.Confidentiality, Business Secrets, Non-Compete Obligation. The Executive is obliged to keep confidential all manufacturing and business secrets, including client lists, technical, organisational, financial information as well as other information of any kind that is directly or indirectly connected to the operation of the Company or the operation of a client of the Company in which information the Company or one of its clients has granted the Executive insight and which became known to the Executive during the employment relationship. The Executive undertakes to keep such information in confidence at any time, i.e. during the term of the employment relationship and after its termination. Moreover, the Executive undertakes not to hand over such information to any third parties and not to make use of such information in any other way in his own favour or in favour of any person other than the Company. During the term of this agreement, the Executive undertakes to refrain from any action that may compete with the Company or any of its Group Companies.

12.Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement. Executive agrees to continue to follow and comply with the terms and conditions of the Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement and agrees to execute any proprietary information and invention assignment agreement that the Company may require as part of commencing employment with the Company hereunder. Additionally, the Executive hereby assigns all current and future copyrights and other intellectual property rights to the Company which arise within the scope of the employment relationship, provided that they can be transferred. Insofar as it is legally permitted, the Executive waives the assertion of any existing copyrights, compensation exceeding the contractual salary or other claims in connection with the assignment of the copyright and other intellectual property rights to the Company. Upon request of the Executive and provided that it does not contradict the Company’s eco-nomic interests, the Company may approve the assignment of copyrights developed during the Creative Time to the Executive. Insofar as an assignment of the copyrights is not legally permitted, the Executive grants the Company the exclusive right of use and enjoyment for all current and future possible ways of utilization. Such right shall be temporally and territorially unlimited and shall exclude any other person – including the Executive – from the utilization of the copyright. The Company is entitled to assign any of the above-mentioned rights in whole or in parts to third parties or to grant third parties such rights without an additional approval of the Executive. Inventions and designs produced by Executive alone or in collaboration with others in the course

of his work and fulfilling his contractual obligations belong to the Company regardless of their protectability (“job-related inventions"). Inventions and designs produced by the Executive alone or in collaboration with others when performing his work but not when fulfilling his contractual obligations, regardless of whether this invention or design was completed during or after the end of the working relationship, also belong to the Company (“ad-hoc inventions") regardless of their protectability. The Company is to be notified of both job-related and ad-hoc inventions and designs immediately in writing. In case of ad-hoc inventions the Company has to notify the Executive within six months whether it wants to release it to the Executive. If the invention or design is not released, the Executive shall receive suitable compensation as per article 332, paragraph 4 of the Swiss Code of Obligations. All provisions as set out under this section also apply to copyrights, other intellectual property rights, inventions and designs that have been produced under former employment contracts with the Company. All provisions as set out under this section also apply to co-creations. If the Executive is not the owner but is only entitled to the utilization, the Executive grants the Company the right to issue declarations and perform legal acts within the joint-ownership (community of co-creators) and to fully dispose of the right.

13.D&O Insurance Policy. The Company will take out D&O insurance policy for the Executive for the duration of the Agreement. The costs of this insurance shall be borne by the Company.

14.Assignment. This Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of (a) the heirs, executors and legal representatives of Executive upon Executive’s death and (b) any successor of the Company. Any such successor of the Company will be deemed substituted for the Company under the terms of this Agreement for all purposes. For this purpose, “successor” means any person, firm, corporation or other business entity which at any time, whether by purchase, merger or otherwise, directly or indirectly acquires all or substantially all of the assets or business of the Company. None of the rights of Executive to receive any form of compensation payable pursuant to this Agreement may be assigned or transferred except by will or the laws of descent and distribution. Any other attempted assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of Executive’s right to compensation or other benefits will be null and void.

15.Notices. All notices, requests, demands and other communications called for hereunder will be in writing and will be deemed given (i) on the date of delivery if delivered personally, (ii) one (1) day after being sent by a well-established commercial overnight service, or (iii) four (4) days after being mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, prepaid and addressed to the parties or their successors at the following addresses, or at such other addresses as the parties may later designate in writing:

If to the Company:

Grid Dynamics Switzerland GmbH

Attn: Yury Gryzlov

Current address in: c/o Bright Law AG, Bundesplatz 9, 6300 Zug, Switzerland

If to any member of the Company Group other than the Company:

Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.

Attn: Anil Doradla, Chief Financial Officer

5000 Executive Parkway, Ste 520,

San Ramon, CA 94583, United States of America

If to Executive:

Yury Gryzlov

[address omitted]

at the last residential address known by the Company.

16.Severability. In the event that any provision hereof becomes or is declared by a court of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, unenforceable or void, this Agreement will continue in full force and effect without said provision.

17.Integration. This Agreement, the Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement and Executive’s outstanding Equity Award agreements and plans under which such Equity Awards were granted, represent the entire agreement and understanding between the parties as to the subject matter herein and supersede all prior or contemporaneous agreements whether written or oral. This Agreement may be modified only by agreement of the parties by a written instrument executed by the parties that is designated as an amendment to this Agreement.

18.Waiver of Breach. The waiver of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement, which must be in writing, will not operate as or be construed to be a waiver of any other previous or subsequent breach of this Agreement.

19.Headings. All captions and section headings used in this Agreement are for convenient reference only and do not form a part of this Agreement.

20.Tax/Social Security Withholding. All payments made pursuant to this Agreement will be subject to withholding of applicable taxes and social security deductions.

21.Governing Law. This Agreement will be governed exclusively by the laws of Executive’s primary place of employment with the Company, without regard to that jurisdiction’s conflicts-of-law.

22.Jurisdiction. All disputes arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the domicile of the Parent or the Company if either is a defendant in any such dispute or the Employee's ordinary place of work.

23.Acknowledgment. Executive acknowledges that he has had the opportunity to discuss this matter with and obtain advice from his private attorney, has had sufficient time to, and has carefully read and fully understands all the provisions of this Agreement, and is knowingly and voluntarily entering into this Agreement.

24.Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, and each counterpart will have the same force and effect as an original and will constitute an effective, binding agreement on the part of each of the undersigned.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement, in the case of the Company by their duly authorized officers, as of the day and year set forth below.

COMPANY

Grid Dynamics Switzerland GmbH

Signature: /s/ Leonard Livschitz

By: Leonard Livschitz

Title: Director

Date: May 5, 2022

ACKNOWLEDGED BY PARENT:

GRID DYNAMICS HOLDINGS, INC.

By: Anil Doradla

Title: CFO

Date: May 5, 2022

Signature: /s/ Anil Doradla

EXECUTIVE:

 /s/ Yury Gryzlov

Yury Gryzlov

Date: May 5, 2022

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Leonard Livschitz, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 4, 2022	By:	/s/ Leonard Livschitz
	Name:	Leonard Livschitz
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Anil Doradla, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 4, 2022	By:	/s/ Anil Doradla
	Name:	Anil Doradla
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Leonard Livschitz, Chief Executive Officer of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

(1)The quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the Company for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 4, 2022	By:	/s/ Leonard Livschitz
	Name:	Leonard Livschitz
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Anil Doradla, Chief Financial Officer of Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”), certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

(1)The quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the Company for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 4, 2022	By:	/s/ Anil Doradla
	Name:	Anil Doradla
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

XML

Cover Page - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Aug. 02, 2022
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2022
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38685
Entity Registrant Name	Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	83-0632724
Entity Address, Address Line One	5000 Executive Parkway
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 520
Entity Address, City or Town	San Ramon
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94583
City Area Code	650
Local Phone Number	523-5000
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	GDYN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		67,295,463
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Central Index Key	0001743725
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2

XML

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 150,018	$ 144,364
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $447 and $315 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	44,160	38,838
Unbilled receivables	4,599	4,475
Prepaid income taxes	1,171	584
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	7,805	4,503
Total current assets	207,753	192,764
Property and equipment, net	7,343	6,169
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	4,929	0
Intangible assets, net	17,856	19,097
Goodwill	35,958	35,958
Deferred tax assets	3,153	2,731
Other noncurrent assets	1,181	0
Total assets	278,173	256,719
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	3,394	2,053
Accrued liabilities	1,932	1,150
Accrued compensation and benefits	18,509	10,562
Accrued income taxes	5,058	1,980
Operating lease liabilities, current	2,053	0
Other current liabilities	7,622	9,599
Total current liabilities	38,568	25,344
Deferred tax liabilities	4,015	4,324
Operating lease liabilities, noncurrent	2,665	0
Total liabilities	45,248	29,668
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Stockholders’ equity (Note 13)
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 110,000,000 shares authorized; 67,294,377 and 66,850,941 issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	7	7
Additional paid-in capital	234,869	212,077
Retained earnings/(accumulated deficit)	(760)	15,093
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,191)	(126)
Total stockholders’ equity	232,925	227,051
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 278,173	$ 256,719

XML

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 447	$ 315
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	110,000,000	110,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	67,294,377	66,850,941
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	67,294,377	66,850,941

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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue	$ 77,335	$ 47,676	$ 148,745	$ 86,810
Cost of revenue	48,474	27,879	93,105	51,676
Gross profit	28,861	19,797	55,640	35,134
Operating expenses
Engineering, research, and development	3,840	1,772	6,936	3,555
Sales and marketing	5,132	2,837	9,347	5,869
General and administrative	30,738	13,804	50,003	26,104
Total operating expenses	39,710	18,413	66,286	35,528
Income/(loss) from operations	(10,849)	1,384	(10,646)	(394)
Other expenses	(626)	(79)	(1,326)	(1,129)
Income/(loss) before income taxes	(11,475)	1,305	(11,972)	(1,523)
Provision for income taxes	1,711	2,788	3,881	2,022
Net loss	(13,186)	(1,483)	(15,853)	(3,545)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(782)	(35)	(1,065)	14
Comprehensive loss	$ (13,968)	$ (1,518)	$ (16,918)	$ (3,531)
Loss per share
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.20)	$ (0.03)	$ (0.24)	$ (0.07)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.20)	$ (0.03)	$ (0.24)	$ (0.07)
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic (in shares)	67,136	54,431	67,028	53,044
Diluted (in shares)	67,136	54,431	67,028	53,044

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UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional paid-in capital	Retained earnings/(accumulated deficit)	Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		50,879
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 151,724	$ 5	$ 128,930	$ 22,793	$ (4)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	(2,062)			(2,062)
Stock-based compensation	5,671		5,671
Exchange of warrants into common stock (in shares)		2,221
Exchange of warrants into common stock	0
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		41
Exercise of stock options	162		162
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards (in shares)		1,030
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	(15,297)		(15,297)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	49				49
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2021		54,171
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2021	140,247	$ 5	119,466	20,731	45
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		50,879
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	151,724	$ 5	128,930	22,793	(4)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	(3,545)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	14
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2021		54,729
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2021	143,012	$ 5	123,749	19,248	10
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2021		54,171
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2021	140,247	$ 5	119,466	20,731	45
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	(1,483)			(1,483)
Stock-based compensation	6,675		6,675
Exchange of warrants into common stock (in shares)		271
Exchange of warrants into common stock	918		918
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		138
Exercise of stock options	254		254
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards (in shares)		149
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	(3,564)		(3,564)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(35)				(35)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2021		54,729
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2021	143,012	$ 5	123,749	19,248	10
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		66,851
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	227,051	$ 7	212,077	15,093	(126)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	(2,667)			(2,667)
Stock-based compensation	8,661		8,661
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		72
Exercise of stock options	292		292
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards (in shares)		134
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	(1,802)		(1,802)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(283)				(283)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		67,057
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	231,252	$ 7	219,228	12,426	(409)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		66,851
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	227,051	$ 7	212,077	15,093	(126)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	(15,853)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(1,065)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		67,294
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	232,925	$ 7	234,869	(760)	(1,191)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022		67,057
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022	231,252	$ 7	219,228	12,426	(409)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	(13,186)			(13,186)
Stock-based compensation	16,387		16,387
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		160
Exercise of stock options	538		538
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards (in shares)		77
Issuance of shares and payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	(1,284)		(1,284)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(782)				(782)
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		67,294
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 232,925	$ 7	$ 234,869	$ (760)	$ (1,191)

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UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$ (15,853)	$ (3,545)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,280	2,100
Operating lease right-of-use assets amortization expense	1,431	0
Bad debt expense/(recovery)	132	(65)
Deferred income taxes	(731)	1,115
Debt issuance cost amortization	20	0
Stock-based compensation	25,048	12,346
Change in fair value of warrants	0	839
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(5,454)	(8,779)
Unbilled receivables	(124)	(371)
Prepaid income taxes	(587)	(229)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(3,302)	(1,666)
Accounts payable	1,341	1,393
Accrued liabilities	782	358
Accrued compensation and benefits	7,947	1,410
Operating lease liabilities	(1,642)	0
Accrued income taxes	3,078	376
Other current liabilities	(44)	1,368
Net cash provided by operating activities	15,322	6,650
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(3,213)	(1,940)
Purchase of investment	(1,000)	0
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired	0	(30,585)
Net cash used in investing activities	(4,213)	(32,525)
Cash flows from financing activities
Equity issuance costs	0	(465)
Proceeds from exercises of stock options, net of shares withheld for taxes	830	416
Payments of tax obligations resulted from net share settlement of vested stock awards	(3,086)	(18,861)
Payment of contingent consideration related to previously acquired business	(1,933)	0
Proceeds from debt	5,000	0
Repayment of debt	(5,000)	0
Debt issuance cost	(201)	0
Net cash used in financing activities	(4,390)	(18,910)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(1,065)	14
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	5,654	(44,771)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	144,364	112,745
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	150,018	67,974
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes	1,880	1,150
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:
Conversion of warrants	0	918
Fair value of contingent consideration issued for acquisition of business	$ 0	$ 3,400

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Background and nature of operations	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Background and nature of operations	Background and nature of operationsGrid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) provides enterprise-level digital transformation in the areas of search, analytics, and release automation to Fortune 1000 companies. The Company’s headquarters and principal place of business is in San Ramon, California.The Company was originally incorporated in Delaware on May 21, 2018 as a special purpose acquisition company under the name ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp. (“ChaSerg”).  On March 5, 2020, the Company consummated its business combination with Grid Dynamics International, Inc. In connection with the business combination, the Company changed its name from ChaSerg Technology Acquisition Corp. to Grid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ under the symbol “GDYN”

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Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of critical accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Full description of significant accounting policies is provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on March 3, 2022.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of the Company’s management, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for the interim periods. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K that the Company filed with the SEC on March 3, 2022.

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company provides services to its customers utilizing its own personnel as well as personnel from subcontractors. The most significant subcontractors are GD Ukraine, LLC and GD AM, LLC (“Affiliates”), third-party contractors in Ukraine and Armenia, respectively. The Affiliates exclusively support and perform services on behalf of the Company and its customers. The Company has no ownership in the Affiliates. The Company is required to apply accounting standards which address how a business enterprise should evaluate whether it has a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”) through means other than voting rights and accordingly should determine whether or not to consolidate the entity. The Company has determined that it is required to consolidate the Affiliates because the Company has the power to direct the VIEs' most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary of the Affiliates. The assets and liabilities of the Affiliates primarily consist of inter-company balances and transactions all of which have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. Significant estimates include allowances for receivables, calculation of accrued liabilities, capitalization of internally developed software, stock-based compensation, contingent consideration payable, determination of fair value, useful lives and recoverability of intangible assets and goodwill, determination of provision for income taxes and uncertain tax positions.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), in the form of Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”), to the FASB’s ASC. The Company has elected not to opt out of the extended transition period and thus when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.

Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). The standard supersedes previously existing lease guidance (“Topic 840”) and requires entities to recognize all leases, with the exception of leases with a term of twelve months or less, on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets (“RoU Assets”) and lease liabilities. Disclosures should provide the information in the financial statements summarizing the amount, timing and cash flows arising from leasing. The Company adopted Topic 842, effective January 1, 2022 using current period adjustment method. Prior period amounts were not adjusted.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at lease inception. Assessment and classification of lease as either an operating or a financing is performed at the lease commencement date. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding RoU Assets are initially measured based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. RoU Asset value is additionally adjusted by initial direct costs and incentives received. Present value is calculated based in either interest rate implicit in lease agreement or, if not available, based on incremental borrowing rate. Incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment.

The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew or terminate a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will exercise the renewal option. RoU Assets are subject to periodic impairment tests. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In accordance with Topic 842, components of a lease should be split into three categories: lease components, non-lease components, and non-components. The fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any consideration related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components. The Company elected a practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single lease component. The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all classes of lease assets with an original term of twelve months or less. For transition, practical expedients were accepted to carry forward historical accounting for any expired or existing contracts that are or contain lease contracts and not to re-assess initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases.

The adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2022 resulted in the recognition of RoU Assets for operating leases of $5.9 million and operating lease liabilities of $5.7 million. The adoption of Topic 842 did not have an impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss, condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity or the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

See Note 11 “Leases” in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding leases.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Topic 326 was subsequently amended by ASU 2019-4, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, ASU 2019-5, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, and clarified the guidance with the release of ASU 2020-2 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) and Leases (Topic 842). These ASUs replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods with fiscal years after December 15, 2022. The Company has not yet determined the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU No. 2020-3, Codification to Financial Instruments. This ASU improves and clarifies various financial instruments topics, including the current expected credit losses standard issued in 2016. The ASU includes seven different issues that describe the areas of improvement and the related amendments to U.S. GAAP, intended to make the standards easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The amendments related to Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, and Issue 5 were effective upon issuance of this update. The new guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The amendments related to Issue 6 and Issue 7 are effective for the Company the earlier of January 1, 2023 or when the Company adopts ASU 2016-13, if early adopted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact these topics will have on the consolidated financial statements.

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Acquisitions

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

Tacit — On May 29, 2021, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interest of the global consultancy company Tacit Knowledge Inc. (“Tacit”). Founded in 2002, Tacit is a global provider of digital commerce solutions, serving customers across the UK, North America, Continental Europe, and Asia. The acquisition of Tacit added approximately 180 employees to the Company's headcount. The acquisition will augment the Company's service offerings and will strengthen its competitive position within the market. Additionally, the acquisition also enabled the Company to leverage near-shore capabilities with Tacit's presence in Mexico.

The total purchase consideration is $37.6 million and consists of cash consideration of $33.6 million paid at closing, and fair value of the contingent consideration at the date of the acquisition of $4.0 million. The maximum amount of potential contingent cash consideration is $5.0 million. During the fourth quarter of 2021 the Company adjusted fair value of contingent consideration as of December 31, 2021 to its maximum amount and reflected the expense in its consolidated statement of loss. The contingent consideration is payable based on revenue and EBITDA metrics to be achieved by Tacit within 12 months. The Company recorded a liability for the contingent consideration amount based on the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of the expected payout. See Note 4 for further details on contingent consideration.

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):

	Tacit
Current assets	$	9,145
Property, plant and equipment	466
Intangible assets	12,913
Goodwill	21,268
Total assets acquired	$	43,792
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(3,675)
Deferred taxes	(2,500)
Total liabilities assumed	$	(6,175)
Purchase price allocation	$	37,617

Current assets acquired include cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $3.0 million. The purchase price was assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition, and any excess was allocated to goodwill, as shown in the table above. Goodwill represents the value the Company expects to achieve through the implementation of operational synergies and growth opportunities as the Company expands its global reach. The goodwill for Tacit is not deductible for income tax purposes. 

During the second half of 2021 the Company updated fair value of contingent consideration for Tacit at acquisition date that resulted in the increase of goodwill for $0.7 million. During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company finalized the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the acquisition of Tacit.

The estimated fair value, useful lives and amortization methods of identifiable intangible assets as of the date of acquisition updated for any changes during June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

Tacit	Fair Value		Useful Life	Amortization method
Customer relationships	$	11,737	12 years	Straight-line
Trade name	1,176		4 years	Declining balance
Total Tacit identified intangible assets	$	12,913

The acquisition of Tacit was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and consequently, the results of operations for Tacit are reported in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. Tacit revenue was approximately $14.3 million and $2.5 million during six months ended June 30, 2022 and from the date of acquisition to June 30, 2021, respectively.

The following unaudited pro forma information presents the combined results of operations as if the acquisition of Tacit had occurred at the beginning of 2021. Tacit pre-acquisition results have been added to the Company’s historical results. The pro forma results contained in the table below include adjustment for amortization of acquired intangibles. Any potential cost savings or other operational efficiencies that could result from the acquisition are not included in these pro forma results. 

These pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the acquisitions occurred on the assumed dates, nor are they necessarily an indication of future operating results.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Revenue	$	148,745	$	94,842
Net loss	$	(15,853)	$	(1,755)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24)	$	(0.03)

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Fair Value

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value

Fair value

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities, with the exceptions of contingent consideration payable described further herein, are all short term in nature; therefore, the carrying value of these items approximates their fair value.

The Company measures contingent consideration payable at fair value on a recurring basis using significant inputs that are not observable in the market. Fair value of the contingent consideration liability is based on the Monte-Carlo model which is primarily based on budgets and discounted cash flow analysis. The Company believes its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, however, there is significant judgment involved. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration payable primarily result from changes in the timing and amount of specific milestone estimates and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various earnout criteria. These changes could cause a material impact to, and volatility in the Company’s operating results.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 the Company completed two acquisitions under which the Company committed to make a cash earnout payment subject to attainment of specific performance targets. The weighted average

discount rates used to determine the final fair value of Daxx Web Industries B.V. (“Daxx”) and Tacit contingent considerations was 4.8% and 13.5%, respectively.

The Company records contingent consideration payable in Other current liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of Level 3 acquisition-related contingent consideration payable using significant unobservable inputs for the six months ended June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
Contingent consideration payable as of December 31, 2021	$	6,933
Payment of contingent consideration - Daxx	(1,933)
Contingent consideration payable as of June 30, 2022	$	5,000

The Company holds investment in equity securities of its related party that do not have readily determinable fair values. This investment is recorded at cost and is remeasured to fair value based on certain observable price changes or impairment events as they occur. The carrying amount of the investment was $1.0 million as of June 30, 2022 and was classified as "Other noncurrent assets" in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not hold investments in equity securities recorded at cost as of December 31, 2021.

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Prepaid expenses

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Prepaid expenses

Prepaid expenses

The prepaid expenses were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Prepaid expenses	$	3,888	$	2,188
Prepaid insurance	1,462		921
Guarantee deposits placed	1,388		345
Value added tax receivable	911		931
Other assets	156		118
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	7,805	$	4,503

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Property and equipment, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	As of
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Computers and equipment	2-5	$	12,128	$	10,784
Machinery and automobiles	5	282		246
Furniture and fixtures	3-7	1,194		1,174
Software	5	513		513
Leasehold improvements	7-12	500		486
		14,617		13,203
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(8,477)		(8,240)
		6,140		4,963
Capitalized software development costs	2-3	5,340		4,656
Less: Accumulated amortization		(4,137)		(3,450)
		1,203		1,206
Property and equipment, net		$	7,343	$	6,169

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Intangible assets, net

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Intangible assets, net

ntangible assets, net

Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	As of
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Customer relationships	8-12	$	15,971	$	15,971
Tradenames	4-10	4,676		4,676
Non-compete agreements	2	440		440
		21,087		21,087
Less: Accumulated amortization		(3,231)		(1,990)
Intangible assets, net		$	17,856	$	19,097

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Other current liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Other Liabilities, Current [Abstract]

Other current liabilities

Other current liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Contingent consideration payable	$	5,000	$	6,933
Value added tax payable	1,232		1,274
Customer deposits	752		798
Other liabilities	638		594
Total other current liabilities	$	7,622	$	9,599

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company had payable to its related party in the amount of $0.6 million that was classified as Other current liabilities in unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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Debt

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Debt

Revolving Credit Facility — On March 15, 2022, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) by and among the Company, as borrower, the guarantors party thereto from time to time, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent for the lenders (the “Agent”). The 2022 Credit Agreement provides for a secured multicurrency revolving loan facility with an initial aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million, with a $10.0 million letter of credit sublimit. The Company may increase the size of the revolving loan facility up to $50.0 million, subject to certain conditions and additional commitments from existing and/or new lenders. The 2022 Credit Agreement matures on March 15, 2025.

At the Company’s option, borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement accrue interest at a per annum rate based on either (i) the base rate plus a margin ranging from 1.0% to 1.5%, (ii) an adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or adjusted the Euro Interbank Offer Rate ("EURIBOR") (based on one, three or six-month interest periods) plus a margin ranging from 2.0% to 2.5%, or (iii) an adjusted daily simple SOFR rate (or SONIA rate in the case of loans denominated in pounds sterling, or SARON rate in the case of loans denominated in Swiss francs), plus a margin ranging from 2.0% to 2.5%, in each case, with the applicable margin determined based on the Company’s consolidated total leverage ratio. The Company is also obligated to pay other closing fees, administration fees, commitment fees and letter of credit fees customary for a credit facility of this size and type.

The Company’s obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement are required to be guaranteed by certain of its domestic subsidiaries meeting materiality thresholds set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement. Such obligations, including the guaranties, are secured by substantially all of the personal property of the Company and the Company’s subsidiary guarantors.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants limiting the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, grant liens, undergo certain fundamental changes, make investments and acquisitions, make certain restricted payments, dispose of assets, enter into certain transactions with affiliates, and enter into burdensome agreements, in each case, subject to limitations and exceptions set forth in the 2022 Credit Agreement. The Company is also required to maintain compliance with a consolidated total leverage ratio, determined in accordance with the terms of the 2022 Credit Agreement. As of June 30, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in the 2022 Credit Agreement.

In October, 2017, the Company entered into a loan agreement for a revolving line of credit facility (the “Line of Credit”) with a borrowing capacity of $0.5 million. The Line of Credit is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and was secured in order to provide credit support for a letter of credit facility and balances under the Company’s credit cards. Borrowings under the Line of Credit are subject to a variable interest rate, based on changes in the Prime Rate, as calculated published by the Wall Street Journal. The Company closed the Line of Credit in March of 2022.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, the Company did not have any outstanding debt under the 2022 Credit Agreement and Line of Credit.

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Revenue

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

Revenue

Disaggregation of revenues

The tables below present disaggregated revenues from contracts with customer by customer location, industries and contract-types. The Company believes this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues

and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors. The Company has a single reportable segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by major customer location. Revenues are attributed to geographic regions based upon billed client location. Substantially all of the revenue in our North America region relates to operations in the United States.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Customer Location	(in thousands)
North America	$	63,658	$	38,783	$	121,267	$	71,389
Europe	13,596		8,855		27,331		15,383
Other	81		38		147		38
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by main vertical markets:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Vertical	(in thousands)
Retail	$	25,452	$	12,729	$	48,759	$	21,579
Technology, Media and Telecom	23,391		16,115		44,835		30,526
CPG/Manufacturing	16,090		9,899		31,069		18,624
Finance	5,049		4,071		9,576		7,509
Other	7,353		4,862		14,506		8,572
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by contract types:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Contract Type	(in thousands)
Time-and-material	$	71,002	$	44,230	$	136,208	$	80,470
Fixed-fee	6,333		3,446		12,537		6,340
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

Contract balances

A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. A contract liability, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenues recognized. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company did not have material contract assets or liabilities recognized in condensed consolidated financial statements.

Remaining performance obligation

ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of June 30, 2022. This disclosure is not required for:

1)contracts with an original duration of one year or less, including contracts that can be terminated for convenience without a substantive penalty,

2)contracts for which the Company recognizes revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed,

3)variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or

4)variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property.

All of the Company’s contracts met one or more of these exemptions as of June 30, 2022.

Customers concentration

The following table shows the amount of revenue derived from each customer exceeding 10% of the Company’s revenue:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Customer 1	11.9	%	11.9	%	11.6	%	12.4	%
Customer 2	11.1	%	11.5	%	10.7	%	12.8	%

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company recorded revenue from its related parties of $1.4 million and $2.6 million, respectively. During the same periods of 2021 the Company recorded revenue from related parties of $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

The following table shows number of customers exceeding 10% of the Company’s billed and unbilled receivable balances:

	As of
	June 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable	3	1
Unbilled receivable	2	1

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 accounts receivable from related parties was $1.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

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Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

Leases

A major part of the Company's lease obligations is for office real estate. The Company may also lease corporate apartments, cars and office equipment. Payments on some of our leases may depend on index or rate, including Consumer Price Index. Such payments are included in the calculation of lease liability and assets at the commencement dates, all future changes are accounted as variable payments similar to other variable payments, such as common area maintenance, property and other taxes, utilities and insurance that are based on the lessor’s cost.

The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms ranging from 0.4 to 4.1 years. Certain lease agreements may include the option to extend or terminate before the end of the contractual term and are often non-cancelable or cancellable only by the payment of penalties. The Company includes these options in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.

As of June 30, 2022, the Company had no finance leases. Operating lease expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. During six months ended June 30, 2022 lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Operating lease cost	$	858	$	1,552
Variable lease cost	(96)		(72)
Short-term lease cost	28		267
Total lease cost	$	790	$	1,747

Supplemental information related to operating lease transactions is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Lease liability payments	$	752	$	1,618
Lease assets obtained in exchange for liabilities	$	1,514	$	1,514
Non-cash net decrease in lease assets due to lease modifications	$	(858)	$	(886)
Non-cash net decrease in lease liability due to lease modifications	$	858	$	886

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate as of June 30, 2022 is as follows:

	As of June 30, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term, in years	2.78
Weighted average discount rate	4.7	%

As of June 30, 2022, operating lease liabilities will mature as follows:

Years ending December 31, (in thousands)	Lease Payments
2022 (excluding six months ended June 30, 2022)	$	1,263
2023	1,604
2024	1,404
2025	565
2026	172
Total lease payments	5,008
Less: imputed interest	(290)
Total	$	4,718

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Income taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income taxes

Income taxes

The Company recorded income tax expense of $1.7 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate was (14.9)% and 213.6% for the second quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2022, as compared to the same periods in 2021 was attributable mainly to Section 162(m) compensation deduction limitations and foreign rate differential.

Income tax expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased to $3.9 million from $2.0 million recognized during the same period last year. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was (32.4)% and (132.8)%, respectively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company used a discrete effective tax rate method to calculate income taxes due to sensitivity of the forecast. Through June 30, 2022, the Company determined that small changes in estimated "ordinary" income would result in significant changes in the estimated annual effective tax rate causing material distortion in the year-to-date tax provision. As of June 30, 2022, the Company is unable to produce a reliable estimate of ordinary income

for the quarter and year ending 2022 due to the inability to reliably or accurately forecast 2022 operating expenses. Similarly, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, due to uncertainties created by geopolitical risks, the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate method would not provide a reliable estimate and therefore was not used.

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Stockholders' equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Stockholders’ equity

Stockholders’ equity

The following description summarizes the material terms and provisions of the securities that the Company has authorized.

Common stock

The Company is authorized to issue 110.0 million shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 the Company had 67.3 million and 66.9 million shares of common stock that were outstanding, respectively.

Warrants

On April 12, 2021, the Staff of the SEC issued the “Staff Statement on Accounting and Reporting Considerations for Warrants Issued by Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (“SPACs”)” (the “Staff Statement”). The Staff Statement provided new guidance for all SPAC-related companies regarding the accounting and reporting for their warrants that could result in the warrants issued by SPACs being classified as a liability measured at fair value, with non-cash fair value adjustments reported in earnings at each reporting period. The Company reviewed the accounting for both its public warrants and private warrants following the Staff Statement. The Company determined that the accounting for its public warrants as equity was consistent with the Staff Statement. The Company determined that its private warrants should be accounted for as liabilities but that the related accounting errors during the year ended December 31, 2020 were not material to the required financial statements and disclosures included in its annual report on Form 10-K filed on March 5, 2021. In the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company began accounting for the private warrants correctly, as disclosed in its quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2021.

As of June 30, 2021, there were a total of 0.01 million private warrants outstanding and 4.2 million public warrants outstanding. As part of its initial public offering (“IPO”), ChaSerg issued 22.0 million units including one share of common stock and one-half of one redeemable warrant. Simultaneously with its IPO, ChaSerg issued 0.6 million private placement units to its sponsor underwriter, each consisting of one common share and one-half of one redeemable warrant. ChaSerg issued 0.1 million units as a result of the conversion of a working capital sponsor loan consisting of one common share and one-half of one redeemable warrant. 

On February 17, 2021, the Company and Riverview Group LLC, an affiliate of Millennium Management LLC, a holder of 6.4 million of the outstanding publicly traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”) entered into a Warrant Exchange Agreement (the “Exchange Agreement”). Pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, the holder exchanged each of its public warrants for 0.3480 shares of the Company’s common stock, i.e., 2.2 million shares. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, the Company entered into agreements with investors resulting in exchange of 0.8 million of its private warrants for 0.3 million shares of the Company's common stock.

As of June 30, 2022, there were no outstanding private or public warrants.

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Stock-based compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation

Employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	272	$	149	$	521	$	260
Engineering, research, and development	1,638		617		2,502		1,171
Sales and marketing	1,207		453		1,878		1,244
General and administrative	13,270		5,456		20,147		9,671
Total stock-based compensation	$	16,387	$	6,675	$	25,048	$	12,346

Stock Options

2018 Plan

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2018 Plan is set forth below:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,916,101	$	3.54	$	65,971	6.97
Options exercised	(216,160)	$	3.54
Options forfeited	(2,978)	$	3.54
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2022	1,696,963	$	3.54	$	22,371	6.56
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2022	1,575,452	$	3.54	$	20,922	6.52

The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2018 Plan options as of June 30, 2022 was $0.1 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over 1.19 years.

2020 Plan

As of June 30, 2022, 8.2 million shares were available for grant under 2020 Incentive Stock Plan ("2020 Plan").

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2020 Plan is set forth below:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value, in thousands		Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2021	2,224,687	$	12.86	$	55,856	8.53
Options granted	616,000	$	13.13
Options exercised	(24,887)	$	8.84
Options forfeited	(195,284)	$	17.24
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2022	2,620,516	$	12.64	$	14,361	8.50
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2022	810,655	$	8.81	$	6,497	7.78

The Company elected the policy to account for forfeitures as these occur. The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan options as of June 30, 2022 was $9.6 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over the remaining 2.83 years.

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs granted do not participate in earnings, dividends, and do not have voting rights until vested.

The following table summarizes activity of the Company’s RSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards as of December 31, 2021	1,493,915	$	8.82
Awards granted	1,356,620	$	14.17
Awards vested and released	(313,050)	$	8.19
Unvested awards as of June 30, 2022	2,537,485	$	11.76

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company net withheld and returned to the 2020 Plan pool 0.2 million shares to cover $4.5 million tax obligations for RSU releases during first half of 2022. The total unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan RSUs as of June 30, 2022 was $27.3 million to be expensed on a straight-line basis over 1.79 years.

Performance Stock Units

The following table summarizes activity of the Company's PSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards as of December 31, 2021	112,085	$	15.69
Awards granted	518,938	$	39.41
Awards vested and released	(112,085)	$	15.69
Unvested awards as of June 30, 2022	518,938	$	39.41

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company withheld 0.1 million shares to cover the $1.7 million tax obligations related to the release of remaining 2021 PSU on February 25, 2022. The total estimated unrecognized compensation expenses related to 2020 Stock Plan PSUs as of June 30, 2022 was $25.7 million to be expensed on over 0.67 years based on projected 218% performance goal achievement.

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Earnings per share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings per share

Earnings per share

The Company computed earnings per share (“EPS”) in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net income in determining net income attributable to common stockholders.

All participating securities are excluded from basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units, warrants, and convertible preferred securities. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted EPS in order of dilution and by application of the treasury stock method and the if-converted method for stock-based compensation and convertible preferred securities, respectively.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS of common stock as follows (in thousands except per share data):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator for basic and diluted loss per share
Net loss	(13,186)		(1,483)		(15,853)		(3,545)
Denominator for basic and diluted loss per share
Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic and diluted	67,136		54,431		67,028		53,044
Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)
Diluted	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)

The following table represents the number of share equivalents (in thousands) outstanding during the period that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2021	2022	2021
Stock options to purchase common stock	4,380	6,435	4,280	6,495
Restricted stock units	2,178	2,186	1,817	2,522
Performance stock units	1,131	938	1,153	966
Warrants to purchase common stock	—	4,611	—	6,523
Total	7,689	14,170	7,250	16,506

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Commitments and contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies

Legal Matters

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management evaluates each claim and provides for potential loss when the claim is probable to be paid and reasonably estimable. While adverse decisions in certain of these litigation matters, claims and administrative proceedings could have a material effect on a particular period’s results of operations, subject to the uncertainties inherent in estimating future costs for contingent liabilities, management believes that any future accruals with respect to these currently known contingencies would not have a material effect on the financial condition, liquidity or cash flows of the Company. There were no amounts required to be reflected in these consolidated financial statements related to contingencies.

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Subsequent events	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent events	Subsequent eventsThe Company performed its subsequent event procedures through August 4, 2022, the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

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Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of the Company’s management, necessary for the fair presentation of the results of operations for the interim periods. Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K that the Company filed with the SEC on March 3, 2022.

Principles of consolidation

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Principles of consolidation, variable interest entities

The Company provides services to its customers utilizing its own personnel as well as personnel from subcontractors. The most significant subcontractors are GD Ukraine, LLC and GD AM, LLC (“Affiliates”), third-party contractors in Ukraine and Armenia, respectively. The Affiliates exclusively support and perform services on behalf of the Company and its customers. The Company has no ownership in the Affiliates. The Company is required to apply accounting standards which address how a business enterprise should evaluate whether it has a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity (“VIE”) through means other than voting rights and accordingly should determine whether or not to consolidate the entity. The Company has determined that it is required to consolidate the Affiliates because the Company has the power to direct the VIEs' most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary of the Affiliates. The assets and liabilities of the Affiliates primarily consist of inter-company balances and transactions all of which have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates

Use of estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. Significant estimates include allowances for receivables, calculation of accrued liabilities, capitalization of internally developed software, stock-based compensation, contingent consideration payable, determination of fair value, useful lives and recoverability of intangible assets and goodwill, determination of provision for income taxes and uncertain tax positions.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

Changes to U.S. GAAP are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), in the form of Accounting Standards Updates (“ASUs”), to the FASB’s ASC. The Company has elected not to opt out of the extended transition period and thus when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.

Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). The standard supersedes previously existing lease guidance (“Topic 840”) and requires entities to recognize all leases, with the exception of leases with a term of twelve months or less, on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets (“RoU Assets”) and lease liabilities. Disclosures should provide the information in the financial statements summarizing the amount, timing and cash flows arising from leasing. The Company adopted Topic 842, effective January 1, 2022 using current period adjustment method. Prior period amounts were not adjusted.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at lease inception. Assessment and classification of lease as either an operating or a financing is performed at the lease commencement date. Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding RoU Assets are initially measured based on the present value of future lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. RoU Asset value is additionally adjusted by initial direct costs and incentives received. Present value is calculated based in either interest rate implicit in lease agreement or, if not available, based on incremental borrowing rate. Incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Company could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment.

The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew or terminate a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will exercise the renewal option. RoU Assets are subject to periodic impairment tests. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

In accordance with Topic 842, components of a lease should be split into three categories: lease components, non-lease components, and non-components. The fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any consideration related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components. The Company elected a practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single lease component. The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all classes of lease assets with an original term of twelve months or less. For transition, practical expedients were accepted to carry forward historical accounting for any expired or existing contracts that are or contain lease contracts and not to re-assess initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases.

The adoption of Topic 842 on January 1, 2022 resulted in the recognition of RoU Assets for operating leases of $5.9 million and operating lease liabilities of $5.7 million. The adoption of Topic 842 did not have an impact on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss, condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity or the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

See Note 11 “Leases” in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding leases.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

The Company considered the applicability and impact of all ASUs. ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326) — Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Topic 326 was subsequently amended by ASU 2019-4, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, ASU 2019-5, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, and clarified the guidance with the release of ASU 2020-2 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) and Leases (Topic 842). These ASUs replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investments in leases, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods with fiscal years after December 15, 2022. The Company has not yet determined the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU No. 2020-3, Codification to Financial Instruments. This ASU improves and clarifies various financial instruments topics, including the current expected credit losses standard issued in 2016. The ASU includes seven different issues that describe the areas of improvement and the related amendments to U.S. GAAP, intended to make the standards easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. The amendments related to Issue 1, Issue 2, Issue 3, Issue 4, and Issue 5 were effective upon issuance of this update. The new guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. The amendments related to Issue 6 and Issue 7 are effective for the Company the earlier of January 1, 2023 or when the Company adopts ASU 2016-13, if early adopted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact these topics will have on the consolidated financial statements.

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Acquisitions (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of business acquisition, assets acquired and liabilities assumed

The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed (in thousands):

	Tacit
Current assets	$	9,145
Property, plant and equipment	466
Intangible assets	12,913
Goodwill	21,268
Total assets acquired	$	43,792
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(3,675)
Deferred taxes	(2,500)
Total liabilities assumed	$	(6,175)
Purchase price allocation	$	37,617

Schedule of business acquisition, finite-lived intangibles

The estimated fair value, useful lives and amortization methods of identifiable intangible assets as of the date of acquisition updated for any changes during June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

Tacit	Fair Value		Useful Life	Amortization method
Customer relationships	$	11,737	12 years	Straight-line
Trade name	1,176		4 years	Declining balance
Total Tacit identified intangible assets	$	12,913

Schedule of business acquisition, pro forma information

These pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations as they would have been had the acquisitions occurred on the assumed dates, nor are they necessarily an indication of future operating results.

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited, in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021
Revenue	$	148,745	$	94,842
Net loss	$	(15,853)	$	(1,755)
Diluted loss per share	$	(0.24)	$	(0.03)

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Fair Value (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of Level 3 acquisition-related contingent consideration payable using significant unobservable inputs for the six months ended June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

	Amount
Contingent consideration payable as of December 31, 2021	$	6,933
Payment of contingent consideration - Daxx	(1,933)
Contingent consideration payable as of June 30, 2022	$	5,000

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Prepaid expenses (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Prepaid and Other Current Assets

The prepaid expenses were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Prepaid expenses	$	3,888	$	2,188
Prepaid insurance	1,462		921
Guarantee deposits placed	1,388		345
Value added tax receivable	911		931
Other assets	156		118
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	7,805	$	4,503

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Property and equipment, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of property and equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	As of
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Computers and equipment	2-5	$	12,128	$	10,784
Machinery and automobiles	5	282		246
Furniture and fixtures	3-7	1,194		1,174
Software	5	513		513
Leasehold improvements	7-12	500		486
		14,617		13,203
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(8,477)		(8,240)
		6,140		4,963
Capitalized software development costs	2-3	5,340		4,656
Less: Accumulated amortization		(4,137)		(3,450)
		1,203		1,206
Property and equipment, net		$	7,343	$	6,169

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Intangible assets, net (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Intangible assets

Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):

	Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	As of
		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Customer relationships	8-12	$	15,971	$	15,971
Tradenames	4-10	4,676		4,676
Non-compete agreements	2	440		440
		21,087		21,087
Less: Accumulated amortization		(3,231)		(1,990)
Intangible assets, net		$	17,856	$	19,097

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Other current liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Other Liabilities, Current [Abstract]

Schedule of other current liabilities

The components of other current liabilities were as follows (in thousands):

	As of
	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Contingent consideration payable	$	5,000	$	6,933
Value added tax payable	1,232		1,274
Customer deposits	752		798
Other liabilities	638		594
Total other current liabilities	$	7,622	$	9,599

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Revenue (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by major customer location. Revenues are attributed to geographic regions based upon billed client location. Substantially all of the revenue in our North America region relates to operations in the United States.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Customer Location	(in thousands)
North America	$	63,658	$	38,783	$	121,267	$	71,389
Europe	13,596		8,855		27,331		15,383
Other	81		38		147		38
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by main vertical markets:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Vertical	(in thousands)
Retail	$	25,452	$	12,729	$	48,759	$	21,579
Technology, Media and Telecom	23,391		16,115		44,835		30,526
CPG/Manufacturing	16,090		9,899		31,069		18,624
Finance	5,049		4,071		9,576		7,509
Other	7,353		4,862		14,506		8,572
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

The following table shows the disaggregation of the Company’s revenues by contract types:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Contract Type	(in thousands)
Time-and-material	$	71,002	$	44,230	$	136,208	$	80,470
Fixed-fee	6,333		3,446		12,537		6,340
Total Revenues	$	77,335	$	47,676	$	148,745	$	86,810

Schedules of Concentration of Risk, by Risk Factor

The following table shows the amount of revenue derived from each customer exceeding 10% of the Company’s revenue:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Customer 1	11.9	%	11.9	%	11.6	%	12.4	%
Customer 2	11.1	%	11.5	%	10.7	%	12.8	%

The following table shows number of customers exceeding 10% of the Company’s billed and unbilled receivable balances:

	As of
	June 30, 2022	December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable	3	1
Unbilled receivable	2	1

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Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Cost and Supplemental Lease Information

Operating lease expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. During six months ended June 30, 2022 lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Operating lease cost	$	858	$	1,552
Variable lease cost	(96)		(72)
Short-term lease cost	28		267
Total lease cost	$	790	$	1,747

Supplemental information related to operating lease transactions is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2022
Lease liability payments	$	752	$	1,618
Lease assets obtained in exchange for liabilities	$	1,514	$	1,514
Non-cash net decrease in lease assets due to lease modifications	$	(858)	$	(886)
Non-cash net decrease in lease liability due to lease modifications	$	858	$	886

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate as of June 30, 2022 is as follows:

	As of June 30, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term, in years	2.78
Weighted average discount rate	4.7	%

Schedule of Operating Lease Maturities

As of June 30, 2022, operating lease liabilities will mature as follows:

Years ending December 31, (in thousands)	Lease Payments
2022 (excluding six months ended June 30, 2022)	$	1,263
2023	1,604
2024	1,404
2025	565
2026	172
Total lease payments	5,008
Less: imputed interest	(290)
Total	$	4,718

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Stock-based compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of stock-based compensation

Employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in the consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	272	$	149	$	521	$	260
Engineering, research, and development	1,638		617		2,502		1,171
Sales and marketing	1,207		453		1,878		1,244
General and administrative	13,270		5,456		20,147		9,671
Total stock-based compensation	$	16,387	$	6,675	$	25,048	$	12,346

Schedule of option activity

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2018 Plan is set forth below:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2021	1,916,101	$	3.54	$	65,971	6.97
Options exercised	(216,160)	$	3.54
Options forfeited	(2,978)	$	3.54
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2022	1,696,963	$	3.54	$	22,371	6.56
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2022	1,575,452	$	3.54	$	20,922	6.52

Stock option activity under the Company’s 2020 Plan is set forth below:

	Number of Options	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value, in thousands		Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2021	2,224,687	$	12.86	$	55,856	8.53
Options granted	616,000	$	13.13
Options exercised	(24,887)	$	8.84
Options forfeited	(195,284)	$	17.24
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2022	2,620,516	$	12.64	$	14,361	8.50
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2022	810,655	$	8.81	$	6,497	7.78

Schedule of restricted stock unit activity

The following table summarizes activity of the Company’s RSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards as of December 31, 2021	1,493,915	$	8.82
Awards granted	1,356,620	$	14.17
Awards vested and released	(313,050)	$	8.19
Unvested awards as of June 30, 2022	2,537,485	$	11.76

Schedule of performance share activity

The following table summarizes activity of the Company's PSUs for the six months ended June 30, 2022:

	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested awards as of December 31, 2021	112,085	$	15.69
Awards granted	518,938	$	39.41
Awards vested and released	(112,085)	$	15.69
Unvested awards as of June 30, 2022	518,938	$	39.41

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Earnings per share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted EPS of common stock as follows (in thousands except per share data):

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator for basic and diluted loss per share
Net loss	(13,186)		(1,483)		(15,853)		(3,545)
Denominator for basic and diluted loss per share
Weighted-average shares outstanding – basic and diluted	67,136		54,431		67,028		53,044
Net loss per share
Basic	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)
Diluted	$	(0.20)	$	(0.03)	$	(0.24)	$	(0.07)

Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share

The following table represents the number of share equivalents (in thousands) outstanding during the period that were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

	Three Months Ended June 30,		Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2021	2022	2021
Stock options to purchase common stock	4,380	6,435	4,280	6,495
Restricted stock units	2,178	2,186	1,817	2,522
Performance stock units	1,131	938	1,153	966
Warrants to purchase common stock	—	4,611	—	6,523
Total	7,689	14,170	7,250	16,506

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Basis of presentation and summary of significant accounting policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022	Jan. 01, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	$ 4,929		$ 0
Operating lease, liability	$ 4,718
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net		$ 5,900
Operating lease, liability		$ 5,700

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Acquisitions - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	May 29, 2021 USD ($) employee	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Fair value of contingent consideration issued for acquisition of business		$ 3,400	$ 0
Increase in goodwill				$ 700
Tactic Knowledge Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Percentage of voting interests acquired	100.00%
Number of employees acquired | employee	180
Consideration transferred	$ 37,600
Payments to acquire business	33,600
Fair value of contingent consideration issued for acquisition of business	4,000
Maximum contingent consideration	$ 5,000
Estimated future operating results period	12 months
Cash and cash equivalents			3,000
Pro forma information, revenue of acquiree		$ 2,500	$ 14,300

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Acquisitions - Assets acquired and liabilities assumed (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	May 29, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 35,958	$ 35,958
Tactic Knowledge Inc.
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Current assets			$ 9,145
Property, plant and equipment			466
Intangible assets	$ 12,913		12,913
Goodwill			21,268
Total assets acquired			43,792
Accounts payable and accrued expenses			(3,675)
Deferred taxes			(2,500)
Total liabilities assumed			(6,175)
Purchase price allocation			$ 37,617

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Acquisitions - Intangible assets acquired (Details) - Tactic Knowledge Inc. - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	May 29, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 12,913	$ 12,913
Customer relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 11,737
Useful Life	12 years
Trade name
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 1,176
Useful Life	4 years

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Acquisitions - Pro forma information (Details) - Tactic Knowledge Inc. - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 148,745	$ 94,842
Net loss	$ (15,853)	$ (1,755)
Diluted loss per share (in usd per share)	$ (0.24)	$ (0.03)

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Fair Value - Narrative (Details)	24 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) acquisition	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Number of acquisitions | acquisition	2
Equity securities without readily determinable fair value, amount | $	$ 0	$ 1,000,000
Daxx | Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Contingent consideration, measurement input		0.048
Tactic Knowledge Inc. | Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Contingent consideration, measurement input		0.135

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Fair Value - Fair Value Of Contingent Consideration Payable (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Fair Value, Liabilities Reconciliation [Roll Forward]
Contingent consideration payable, beginning balance	$ 6,933
Acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration payable	(1,933)
Contingent consideration payable, ending balance	$ 5,000

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Prepaid expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Prepaid expenses	$ 3,888	$ 2,188
Prepaid insurance	1,462	921
Guarantee deposits placed	1,388	345
Value added tax receivable	911	931
Other assets	156	118
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$ 7,805	$ 4,503

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Property and Equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, net	$ 7,343	$ 6,169
Property, Plant and Equipment, Excluding Capitalized Software Costs
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	14,617	13,203
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(8,477)	(8,240)
Property and equipment, net	6,140	4,963
Computers and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 12,128	10,784
Computers and equipment | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	2 years
Computers and equipment | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	5 years
Machinery and automobiles
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	5 years
Property and equipment, gross	$ 282	246
Furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 1,194	1,174
Furniture and fixtures | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	3 years
Furniture and fixtures | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	7 years
Software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	5 years
Property and equipment, gross	$ 513	513
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 500	486
Leasehold improvements | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	7 years
Leasehold improvements | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	12 years
Capitalized software development costs
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 5,340	4,656
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(4,137)	(3,450)
Property and equipment, net	$ 1,203	$ 1,206
Capitalized software development costs | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	2 years
Capitalized software development costs | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	3 years

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Intangible assets, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 21,087	$ 21,087
Less: Accumulated amortization	(3,231)	(1,990)
Intangible assets, net	17,856	19,097
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 15,971	15,971
Customer relationships | Minimum
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	8 years
Customer relationships | Maximum
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	12 years
Tradenames
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 4,676	4,676
Tradenames | Minimum
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	4 years
Tradenames | Maximum
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	10 years
Non-compete agreements
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated Useful Life (In Years)	2 years
Intangible assets, gross	$ 440	$ 440

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Other current liabilities - Schedule of other current liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Other Liabilities, Current [Abstract]
Contingent consideration payable	$ 5,000	$ 6,933
Value added tax payable	1,232	1,274
Customer deposits	752	798
Other liabilities	638	594
Total other current liabilities	7,622	9,599
Payable to related party	$ 600	$ 600

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Debt - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 15, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Oct. 31, 2017
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity				$ 500,000
Debt outstanding		$ 0	$ 0
Base Rate | Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	1.00%
Base Rate | Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	1.50%
SOFR Or Adjusted EURIBOR Rate | Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.00%
SOFR Or Adjusted EURIBOR Rate | Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.50%
Daily Simple SOFR, SONIA, Or SARON Rate | Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.00%
Daily Simple SOFR, SONIA, Or SARON Rate | Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.50%
Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 30,000,000
Contingent maximum borrowing capacity	50,000,000
Letter of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit, maximum borrowing capacity	$ 10,000,000

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Revenue - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($) segment	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($) segment	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($) segment	Jun. 30, 2021 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments | segment	1	1	1	1
Revenue from related parties	$ 1.4	$ 1.0	$ 2.6	$ 1.9
Accounts receivable from related parties	$ 1.1		$ 1.1		$ 0.6

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Revenue - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	$ 77,335	$ 47,676	$ 148,745	$ 86,810
Time-and-material
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	71,002	44,230	136,208	80,470
Fixed-fee
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	6,333	3,446	12,537	6,340
Retail
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	25,452	12,729	48,759	21,579
Technology, Media and Telecom
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	23,391	16,115	44,835	30,526
CPG/Manufacturing
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	16,090	9,899	31,069	18,624
Finance
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	5,049	4,071	9,576	7,509
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	7,353	4,862	14,506	8,572
North America
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	63,658	38,783	121,267	71,389
Europe
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	13,596	8,855	27,331	15,383
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Revenues	$ 81	$ 38	$ 147	$ 38

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Revenue - Concentration Risk (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk - customer	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Sales | Customer 1
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	11.90%	11.90%	11.60%	12.40%
Sales | Customer 2
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	11.10%	11.50%	10.70%	12.80%
Accounts receivable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of major customers	3		3		1
Unbilled receivable
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of major customers	2		2		1

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Leases - Narrative (Details)	Jun. 30, 2022
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, remaining term	4 months 24 days
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, remaining term	4 years 1 month 6 days

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Leases - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 858	$ 1,552
Variable lease cost	(96)	(72)
Short-term lease cost	28	267
Total lease cost	$ 790	$ 1,747

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Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Lease Information (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
Lease liability payments	$ 752	$ 1,618
Lease assets obtained in exchange for liabilities	1,514	1,514
Non-cash net decrease in lease assets due to lease modifications	(858)	(886)
Non-cash net decrease in lease liability due to lease modifications	$ 858	$ 886
Weighted average remaining lease term, in years	2 years 9 months 10 days	2 years 9 months 10 days
Weighted average discount rate	4.70%	4.70%

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Leases - Operating Lease Maturities (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
2022 (excluding six months ended June 30, 2022)	$ 1,263
2023	1,604
2024	1,404
2025	565
2026	172
Total lease payments	5,008
Less: imputed interest	(290)
Total	$ 4,718

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Income taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ 1,711	$ 2,788	$ 3,881	$ 2,022
Effective tax rate, percentage	(14.90%)	213.60%	(32.40%)	(132.80%)

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Stockholders' equity - Common stock (Details) - shares	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	110,000,000	110,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	67,294,377	66,850,941
Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	110,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	67,300,000	66,900,000

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Stockholders' equity - Warrants (Details)					3 Months Ended
	Feb. 17, 2022 shares	Mar. 05, 2020 redeemableWarrant	Mar. 05, 2020 shares	Mar. 05, 2020 commonStock	Jun. 30, 2021 shares	Jun. 30, 2022 shares	Feb. 17, 2021 shares
ChaSerg | Working Capital Sponsor Loan, Equity Units
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued upon debt conversion (in shares)			100,000
ChaSerg | Working Capital Sponsor Loan, Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued upon debt conversion (in shares)			1
ChaSerg | Working Capital Sponsor Loan, Redeemable Warrant
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Shares issued upon debt conversion (in shares)			0.5
Riverview Group LLC
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrant, convertible, conversion ratio							0.3480
Warrant, convertible, common shares (in shares)	2,200,000				300,000
Private Warrant
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding (in shares)					10,000.00	0
Private Warrant | Riverview Group LLC
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants converted (in shares)					800,000
Public Warrant
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Warrants outstanding (in shares)					4,200,000	0	6,400,000
Initial Public Offering | ChaSerg
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, components of units issued in transaction (in shares)		0.5		1
Initial Public Offering | Equity Unit | ChaSerg
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)			22,000,000
Over-Allotment Option | ChaSerg
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, components of units issued in transaction (in shares)		0.5		1
Over-Allotment Option | Equity Unit | ChaSerg
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, components of units issued in transaction (in shares)			600,000

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Stock-based compensation - Schedule of employee stock-based compensation recognized (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	$ 16,387	$ 6,675	$ 25,048	$ 12,346
Cost of revenue
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	272	149	521	260
Engineering, research, and development
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	1,638	617	2,502	1,171
Sales and marketing
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	1,207	453	1,878	1,244
General and administrative
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation	$ 13,270	$ 5,456	$ 20,147	$ 9,671

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Stock-based compensation - Narrative (Details) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($) shares
Restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Period for recognition	1 year 9 months 14 days
Shares withheld (in shares) | shares	0.2
Tax withholding obligation	$ 4.5
Unrecognized compensation expense, excluding options	$ 27.3
Performance stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Period for recognition	8 months 1 day
Shares withheld (in shares) | shares	0.1
Tax withholding obligation	$ 1.7
Unrecognized compensation expense, excluding options	$ 25.7
Performance factor percentage	218.00%
2018 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation expense, options	$ 0.1
2018 Plan | Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Period for recognition	1 year 2 months 8 days
2020 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation expense, options	$ 9.6
Remaining shares available for grant (in shares) | shares	8.2
2020 Plan | Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Period for recognition	2 years 9 months 29 days

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Stock-based compensation - Schedule of option activity (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares
2018 Plan
Number of Options
Options outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) | shares	1,916,101
Options exercised (in shares) | shares	(216,160)
Options forfeited (in shares) | shares	(2,978)
Options outstanding, ending balance (in shares) | shares	1,696,963	1,916,101
Options vested and exercisable (in shares) | shares	1,575,452
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding, beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.54
Options exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.54
Options forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.54
Option outstanding, ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	3.54	$ 3.54
Options vested and exercisable (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.54
Aggregate Intrinsic Value and Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding, aggregate intrinsic value | $	$ 22,371	$ 65,971
Options vested and exercisable, aggregate intrinsic value | $	$ 20,922
Options outstanding, weighted average contractual term (in years)	6 years 6 months 21 days	6 years 11 months 19 days
Options vested and exercisable, weighted average contractual term (in years)	6 years 6 months 7 days
2020 Plan
Number of Options
Options outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) | shares	2,224,687
Options granted (in shares) | shares	616,000
Options exercised (in shares) | shares	(24,887)
Options forfeited (in shares) | shares	(195,284)
Options outstanding, ending balance (in shares) | shares	2,620,516	2,224,687
Options vested and exercisable (in shares) | shares	810,655
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding, beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 12.86
Options granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	13.13
Options exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	8.84
Options forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	17.24
Option outstanding, ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	12.64	$ 12.86
Options vested and exercisable (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 8.81
Aggregate Intrinsic Value and Weighted Average Contractual Term (in years)
Options outstanding, aggregate intrinsic value | $	$ 14,361	$ 55,856
Options vested and exercisable, aggregate intrinsic value | $	$ 6,497
Options outstanding, weighted average contractual term (in years)	8 years 6 months	8 years 6 months 10 days
Options vested and exercisable, weighted average contractual term (in years)	7 years 9 months 10 days

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Stock-based compensation - Schedule of restricted stock unit and performance stock unit activity (Details) - $ / shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Restricted stock units
Number of Shares
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares)	1,493,915
Granted (in shares)	1,356,620
Vested and released (in shares)	(313,050)
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares)	2,537,485
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 11.76	$ 8.82
Granted (in dollars per share)	14.17
Vested and released (in dollars per share)	$ 8.19
Performance stock units
Number of Shares
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares)	112,085
Granted (in shares)	518,938
Vested and released (in shares)	(112,085)
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares)	518,938
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 39.41	$ 15.69
Granted (in dollars per share)	39.41
Vested and released (in dollars per share)	$ 15.69

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Earnings per share - Schedule of Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Numerator for basic and diluted loss per share
Net loss	$ (13,186)	$ (2,667)	$ (1,483)	$ (2,062)	$ (15,853)	$ (3,545)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic (in shares)	67,136		54,431		67,028	53,044
Weighted average number of shares outstanding - diluted (in shares)	67,136		54,431		67,028	53,044
Net loss per share
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.20)		$ (0.03)		$ (0.24)	$ (0.07)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.20)		$ (0.03)		$ (0.24)	$ (0.07)

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Earnings per share - Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021	Jun. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	7,689	14,170	7,250	16,506
Stock options to purchase common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	4,380	6,435	4,280	6,495
Restricted stock units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	2,178	2,186	1,817	2,522
Performance stock units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	1,131	938	1,153	966
Warrants to purchase common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	0	4,611	0	6,523