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As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 20, 2018.

Registration No. 333-                

 

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

Form F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

Farfetch Limited*

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

 

 

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

 

 

 

Cayman Islands   5961   Not Applicable

(State or other Jurisdiction of

Incorporation or Organization)

 

(Primary Standard Industrial

Classification Code Number)

 

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification Number)

The Bower

211 Old Street

London EC1V 9NR

United Kingdom

+44 (0) 20 7549 5400

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

 

C T Corporation System

111 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10011

(212) 894-8940

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

 

Copies of all communications, including communications sent to agent for service, should be sent to:

 

Marc D. Jaffe, Esq.

Joshua G. Kiernan, Esq.

Ian D. Schuman, Esq.

Latham & Watkins LLP

885 Third Avenue

New York, New York 10022

(212) 906-1200

 

Mark C. Stevens, Esq.

Jeffrey R. Vetter, Esq.

James D. Evans, Esq.

Fenwick & West LLP

801 California Street

Mountain View, California 94041

(650) 988-8500

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.

 

The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

 

Title of Each Class of

Securities to be Registered

 

Proposed

Maximum

Aggregate

Offering

Price(1)(2)

 

Amount of

Registration Fee

Class A ordinary shares, par value $             per share

  $100,000,000   $12,450

 

 

 

(1)

Includes the aggregate offering price of additional Class A ordinary shares that may be acquired by the underwriters if the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares is exercised.

(2)

Estimated solely for purpose of calculating the amount of registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

 

 

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

*

The registrant is an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands known as Farfetch Limited. Prior to the consummation of this offering, all holders of warrants over Farfetch.com shares, except a holder of              warrants that will remain outstanding after this offering, will exercise their warrants into the applicable class of shares, and the outstanding shares of Farfetch.com Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the Isle of Man with registered number 000657V, will be exchanged for shares of Farfetch Limited with equivalent rights. Following the exchange and immediately prior to and conditional upon the consummation of the offering, the ordinary shares, the restricted linked ordinary shares and the preference shares held by the shareholders of Farfetch Limited will be converted into ordinary shares of Farfetch Limited and subsequently exchanged for Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, as applicable, and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will be in effect on consummation of the offering will be adopted. In a similar way, outstanding options of Farfetch.com Limited will be released in exchange for grants of options with equivalent rights in relation to Farfetch Limited. As a result of these reorganization transactions our business will be conducted through Farfetch Limited and its subsidiaries.

 

 

 


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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

Subject to Completion. Dated August 20, 2018

             Shares

 

LOGO

Farfetch Limited

Class A Ordinary Shares

 

 

$             per share

This is the initial public offering of Class A ordinary shares of Farfetch Limited. We are selling              of our Class A ordinary shares and the selling shareholders identified in this prospectus are selling              of our Class A ordinary shares in this offering. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A ordinary shares by the selling shareholders.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A ordinary shares. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per share will be between $             and $            . We have applied to have our Class A ordinary shares listed on The New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FTCH.”

Following this offering, we will have two classes of shares outstanding, Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. The rights of the holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote per share and is not convertible into any other shares. Each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 20 votes per share and is convertible at any time into one Class A ordinary share. In addition, our Class B ordinary shares will automatically convert into Class A ordinary shares upon certain transfers and other events. After giving effect to the sale of Class A ordinary shares hereby, José Neves, our Chief Executive Officer and the beneficial owner of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares, will hold approximately         % of the voting power of our outstanding shares following this offering (        % if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares in full).

Concurrently with, and subject to, the consummation of this offering, Kadi Group Holding Limited, an existing shareholder and an affiliate of JD.com Inc., or any of its affiliates, has agreed to purchase from us, in a private placement, Class A ordinary shares totalling one-third of the number of Class A ordinary shares Kadi Group Holding Limited would need to purchase in order to maintain its percentage holding of our total issued and outstanding share capital on a fully diluted basis immediately following the consummation of this offering at a price per share equal to the initial public offering price. Kadi Group Holding Limited will not purchase additional Class A ordinary shares in the event that the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares.

We are both an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” under applicable U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules and will be eligible for reduced public company disclosure requirements. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an ‘Emerging Growth Company’ and a ‘Foreign Private Issuer.’”

 

 

Investing in our Class A ordinary shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 22.

 

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

 

    Per Share          Total      

Initial public offering price

  $                    $                

Underwriting discount(1)

  $        $    

Proceeds, before expenses, to us

  $        $    

Proceeds, before expenses, to the selling shareholders

  $        $    

 

(1)

We refer you to “Underwriting” for additional information regarding underwriting compensation.

To the extent that the underwriters sell more than         Class A ordinary shares, the underwriters have the option to purchase up to an additional         Class A ordinary shares from us at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discount.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares against payment in New York, New York on to purchasers on                     , 2018.

 

 

 

Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC    J.P. Morgan    Allen & Company LLC    UBS Investment Bank
Credit Suisse  

Deutsche Bank Securities

 

Wells Fargo Securities

Cowen    

BNP PARIBAS

 

 

Prospectus dated                     , 2018


Table of Contents

LOGO


Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

About this Prospectus

     ii  

Presentation of Financial and Other Information

     ii  

Market and Industry Data

     iv  

Trademarks, Service Marks and Tradenames

     iv  

Prospectus Summary

     1  

The Offering

     13  

Summary Consolidated Financial and Operating Data

     17  

Risk Factors

     22  

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

     58  

Use of Proceeds

     60  

Dividend Policy

     61  

Capitalization

     62  

Dilution

     63  

Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data

     65  

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

     67  

Letter from José Neves

     94  

Business

     97  

Management

     124  

Principal and Selling Shareholders

     135  

Related Party Transactions

     138  

Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association

     142  

Shares Eligible for Future Sale

     152  

Material Tax Considerations

     154  

Underwriting

     162  

Expenses of the Offering

     169  

Legal Matters

     170  

Experts

     170  

Enforcement of Civil Liabilities

     171  

Where You Can Find More Information

     172  

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

     F-1  

 

 

For investors outside the United States: Neither we, the selling shareholders, nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of our Class A ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

Neither we, the selling shareholders, nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared, and neither we, the selling shareholders, nor the underwriters take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information others may give you. We, the selling shareholders, and the underwriters are not making an offer to sell, or seeking offers to buy, these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than its date, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the Class A ordinary shares.

 

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

We have historically conducted our business through Farfetch.com Limited (“Farfetch.com”), a company incorporated under the laws of the Isle of Man with registered number 000657V, and its subsidiaries, but prior to the consummation of this offering we will engage in the Reorganization Transactions described in “Prospectus Summary—The Reorganization Transactions” pursuant to which Farfetch.com will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Farfetch Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, as amended and restated from time to time (the “Companies Law”). Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated, the terms “Farfetch,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company” and “our business” refer, prior to the Reorganization Transactions discussed below, to Farfetch.com and, after the Reorganization Transactions, to Farfetch Limited, in each case together with its consolidated subsidiaries as a consolidated entity.

The terms “dollar,” “USD” or “$” refer to U.S. dollars, the terms “pound sterling” or “£” refer to the legal currency of the United Kingdom and the terms “” or “euro” are to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of European economic and monetary union pursuant to the treaty establishing the European Community, as amended.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION

We report under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (the “IASB”). None of the financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. We have historically conducted our business through Farfetch.com and its subsidiaries, and therefore our historical consolidated financial statements present the financial position and results of operations of Farfetch.com on a consolidated basis. Following the Reorganization Transactions and the consummation of this offering, our financial statements will present the financial position and results of operations of Farfetch Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Key Terms and Performance Indicators Used in this Prospectus

Throughout this prospectus, we use a number of key terms and provide a number of key performance indicators used by management. These key performance indicators are discussed in more detail in the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Operating and Financial Metrics.” We define these terms as follows:

 

   

“Active Consumers” means active consumers on the Farfetch Marketplace. A consumer is deemed to be active if they made a purchase on the Farfetch Marketplace within the last 12-month period, irrespective of cancellations or returns.

 

   

“Adjusted Revenue” means revenue less Platform Fulfilment Revenue.

 

   

“Adjusted Platform Revenue” means Adjusted Revenue less Browns In-Store Revenue.

 

   

“API” means our application programming interfaces that enable third parties to connect with our platform.

 

   

“Articles” means our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association.

 

   

“Average Order Value,” or “AOV,” means the average value of all orders placed on the Farfetch Marketplace excluding value added taxes.

 

   

“brands” means the brands with whom we have a direct contractual relationship to display and sell their products on the Farfetch Marketplace. Please refer to the definition of “Retailers” below for the difference between “brands” and “retailers,” both of which are a source of supply on the Farfetch Marketplace.

 

   

“Browns In-Store Revenue” means revenue generated in Browns retail stores.

 

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“Farfetch Black & White” means Farfetch Black & White Solutions, our comprehensive modular white-label business to business ecommerce solution for brands and retailers.

 

   

“Farfetch Marketplace,” or our “Marketplace,” is as defined in “Business—The World’s Largest Marketplace for Luxury.”

 

   

“Farfetcher” means an employee of Farfetch.

 

   

“first-party sales” means sales on our platform of inventory directly purchased by us.

 

   

“Generation X” means a person born in the years between 1965 to 1979.

 

   

“Generation Z” means a person born in the years between 1995 to 2009.

 

   

“Gross Merchandise Value,” or “GMV,” means the total dollar value of orders processed. GMV is inclusive of product value, shipping and duty. It is net of returns, value added taxes and cancellations. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us, although GMV and revenue are correlated.

 

   

“Group” means Farfetch Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

   

“luxury sellers” means the retailers and brands with whom we have a direct contractual relationship to display and sell their products on the Farfetch Marketplace.

 

   

“Marketplace consumer” means a consumer who has completed a purchase on the Farfetch Marketplace.

 

   

“Millennial” means a person born in the years 1980 to 1994. Millennials are also referred to as “Generation Y.”

 

   

“Number of Orders” means the total number of consumer orders placed on the Farfetch Marketplace, gross of returns and net of cancellations, in a particular period. An order is counted on the day the consumer places the order.

 

   

“our consumer” means a person who browses and/or purchases luxury fashion products on the Farfetch Marketplace.

 

   

“Platform Fulfilment Revenue” means revenue from shipping and customs clearing services that we provide to our consumers, net of consumer promotional incentives, such as free shipping and promotional codes.

 

   

“Platform GMV” is consistent with the definition for GMV given above but excludes Browns In-Store Revenue.

 

   

“Platform Order Contribution” means gross profit after deducting demand generation expense, which includes fees that we pay for our various marketing channels.

 

   

“retailers” means the boutiques and department stores with whom we have a direct contractual relationship to display and sell their products on the Farfetch Marketplace. Retailers buy wholesale from multiple luxury brands to then sell to the end consumer. Brands (1) sell wholesale to retailers; (2) operate concessions within the offline and online stores of retailers; and/or (3) sell to consumers directly through a mono-brand store or website. Both “brands” and “retailers” sell via the Farfetch Marketplace, but the distinction is not apparent to our consumer.

 

   

“shelf value” means the combined value of the retail unit price of all SKUs available on our Marketplace.

 

   

“stock value” means the combined amount of all stock units available on our Marketplace multiplied by each item’s retail unit price.

 

   

“Third-Party Take Rate” means Adjusted Platform Revenue excluding revenue from first-party sales, as a percentage of GMV excluding GMV from first-party sales and Platform Fulfilment Revenue.

 

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MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

We obtained the industry, market and competitive position data in this prospectus from our own internal estimates, surveys and research as well as from publicly available information, industry and general publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties such as reports by Bain & Company (“Bain”). Information contained herein from the “Luxury Goods Worldwide Market Study” (Fall-Winter 2017 and the Spring 2018 update) by Bain was converted from euro to U.S. dollars at an exchange rate of $1.1824 as of the date of the updated report, June 7, 2018.

Industry publications, research, surveys, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this prospectus. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described under “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the forecasts or estimates from independent third parties and us.

TRADEMARKS, SERVICE MARKS AND TRADENAMES

We have proprietary rights to trademarks used in this prospectus that are important to our business, many of which are registered under applicable intellectual property laws. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, logos and trade names referred to in this prospectus are without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

This prospectus contains additional trademarks, service marks and trade names of others, which are the property of their respective owners. All trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are, to our knowledge, the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, service marks, copyrights or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

 

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in more detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary may not contain all the information that may be important to you, and we urge you to read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections and our historical consolidated audited and condensed consolidated unaudited financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our Class A ordinary shares.

FARFETCH

Our Mission

Farfetch exists for the love of fashion. We believe in empowering individuality. Our mission is to be the global technology platform for luxury fashion, connecting creators, curators and consumers.

Overview

Farfetch is the leading technology platform for the global luxury fashion industry. We operate the only truly global luxury digital marketplace at scale, seamlessly connecting brands, retailers and consumers. We are redefining how fashion is bought and sold through technology, data and innovation. We were founded ten years ago, and through significant investments in technology, infrastructure, people and relationships, we have become a trusted partner to luxury brands and retailers alike.

The global market for personal luxury goods was estimated to be worth $307 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach $446 billion by 2025, according to Bain, and is largely characterized by family-controlled companies, brand integrity, longstanding relationships and fragmented supply. As a result, these sellers have been cautious in their adoption of emerging commerce technologies.

The global luxury market is evolving, driven by an accelerating shift of consumers to online discovery and purchase, the increasing importance of Millennials and the growth of luxury consumption in China and other emerging markets. We connect a global consumer base to the highly fragmented supply of luxury fashion, and we have established ourselves as the innovation partner to the luxury industry.

We are a technology company at our core and have created a purpose-built platform for the luxury fashion industry. Our platform consists of three main components: applications, services and data.

The Farfetch Marketplace is the first and largest application built on our platform and is currently the source of over 90% of our revenue. As of June 30, 2018, the Farfetch Marketplace connected over 2.3 million Marketplace consumers in 190 countries to over 980 luxury sellers. For consumers, we provide curated access to the highly fragmented supply of luxury merchandise. For luxury sellers, we facilitate connection to the deepest pool of luxury consumers across the world.

Aggregating a large number of luxury sellers requires long and careful relationship building and acts as a significant barrier to entry. We have carefully nurtured these relationships for a decade. Our Marketplace model allows us to offer the broadest and deepest selection of luxury fashion available



 

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online globally, while incurring minimal inventory risk and without capital-intensive retail operations. For the 2018 spring/summer season, we had 5.7 million stock units available on our Marketplace, with a stock value of $2.4 billion.

We are reinventing how consumers discover and engage with luxury fashion. We facilitate the discovery of new brands, provide tools to allow consumers to find the items they are looking for and inspire lovers of fashion around the world. We provide a unique, personalized experience based on our deep understanding of our consumers. Consumers choose our Marketplace because they trust we will deliver a consistent, high-quality experience from start to finish, while being able to access over 3,200 different brands as of June 30, 2018. We believe that people who love fashion, love Farfetch.

We are redefining commerce for luxury sellers. With access to a global consumer base, combined with an integrated marketing approach, we drive demand for our luxury sellers. Luxury sellers gain deep data insights and real-time feedback that are valuable in their decision making. They choose our platform because we help them grow their businesses with an enhanced online presence, powerful tools and superior economics, all while retaining control, which is critical to them. By providing a digital storefront, inventory management, a global logistics solution and other tools to help manage their businesses, we are embedding ourselves as both a commerce enabler and an innovation partner for the future.

In May 2015, Farfetch acquired Browns, an iconic British fashion and luxury goods boutique. Browns operates two retail stores in London and also leverages applications on our platform. Ownership of Browns enables us to understand the luxury fashion ecosystem through the lens of a boutique.

We generate income from transactions conducted on our platform, which, together with Browns In-Store Revenue, represents our GMV. We primarily operate a revenue-share model where we retain commissions and related income from these transactions. Our business has grown significantly, as evidenced by the following:

 

   

As of December 31, 2017, we had 935,772 Active Consumers, up 43.6% since December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had 651,674 Active Consumers, up 56.8% since December 31, 2015.

 

   

Our GMV was $909.8 million in 2017, up 55.3% over 2016, and was $585.8 million in 2016, up 53.4% from 2015.

 

   

Our revenue was $386.0 million in 2017, up 59.4% over 2016, and was $242.1 million in 2016, up 70.1% from 2015.

 

   

Our Adjusted Platform Revenue was $296.4 million in 2017, up 63.8% over 2016, and was $180.9 million in 2016, up 69.4% from 2015.

Our Industry

We operate at the intersection of luxury fashion, online commerce and technology. The global luxury industry is large and characterized by specific market dynamics and consumer trends that are shaping the future of the industry, including the following:

 

   

Large, stable and resilient addressable market.    According to Bain, the global market for personal luxury goods was estimated to reach a record high of $307 billion in 2017, growing at a 6% CAGR since 2010, and in 2017, the personal luxury goods market experienced growth across all regions. Bain also states that online has become a larger percentage of the overall market, growing at a 27% CAGR since 2010.



 

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Fragmented supply.    Of the 20 largest luxury fashion brands by revenue, 19 are headquartered in Europe yet address a global demand. Larger luxury brands access demand by building expansive networks of directly operated stores and through department stores. Emerging brands typically have no route to the global market, and their distribution is limited by their ability to finance and produce sufficient supply for each local market. They largely rely on wholesale distribution through a network of independent fashion boutiques as their primary distribution channel. As a result, luxury fashion inventory, from both larger and smaller brands, is distributed across a highly fragmented network of luxury sellers.

 

   

Luxury channel shift to online.    According to Bain, the online share of the global personal luxury goods market in 2017 was approximately 9%, significantly lower than other retail markets. This has been driven by luxury brands’ cautious approach to adopting technology and social platforms. However, online sales are expected to become a larger percentage of the total market, reaching 25% by 2025, according to Bain.

 

   

Transition to digital.    The shift to digital is affecting how the luxury industry and consumers interact. Inspiration and trends have shifted from editorial content on the printed pages of monthly fashion magazines to the real-time social media channels of the world’s leading fashion bloggers, influencers and celebrities. We believe digital is already informing 70% of consumers’ purchasing decisions.

 

   

Generational demographic shift.    As new generations of global luxury consumers account for a larger share of spending, they are fundamentally changing the way luxury products are purchased. According to Bain, Millennial and Generation Z online shoppers accounted for approximately 85% of the growth in luxury fashion in 2017, and they are expected to make 45% of total luxury fashion spend by 2025.

 

   

Emerging markets driving growth.    The demand for luxury fashion is truly global. Consumers of luxury fashion have traditionally been from Europe, the Americas and Japan. Europe and the Americas collectively accounted for almost two-thirds of sales in the global personal luxury goods market in 2016, according to Bain. Over the next decade, growth of the global luxury goods market is expected to be significantly driven by demand from emerging markets, including China, the Middle East, Latin America and Eastern Europe.



 

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Our Platform

We operate a modular end-to-end technology platform purpose built to connect the luxury fashion ecosystem worldwide. Our vision was to create a single operating system that could address the complex demands of consumers and luxury sellers alike. Our platform is built on an API-enabled proprietary technology stack, which provides the foundation for the three main components: applications, services and data, as illustrated below.

 

 

LOGO

Applications

Farfetch Marketplace.    Our Marketplace is the first and largest application built on our platform, connecting the two sides of the luxury fashion market: consumers from 190 countries and luxury sellers from 45 countries.

Farfetch Black & White Solutions.    Our modular, white-label ecommerce offering provides retailers and brands with platform services ranging from individual off-the-shelf elements to a full-service, branded ecommerce solution.

Farfetch Store of the Future.    We believe the future of luxury fashion retail will be defined by the reinvention of the consumer experience by connecting the online and offline retail worlds. We have developed, and continue to evolve, a suite of connected in-store technologies to provide a digitally enabled, personalized physical shopping experience.

Seller Tools.    We have created powerful operational tools that help drive efficiencies for our luxury sellers.



 

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Services

We have invested in and developed an integrated service approach that enables us to offer a consistent luxury environment for all of our platform partners. We achieve this through free and fast content creation to achieve a luxury product presentation, demand generation through our marketing services, secure multi-currency payment processing and smart supply chain management. We provide consumers with a localized luxury experience, including after-care in the form of multilingual customer service and free returns processing.

Data

Through our multiple interactions with our luxury sellers and consumers, we develop rich data sets and proprietary algorithms that drive operational efficiencies to create value for all participants on our platform. Our data science capabilities automate decision making through the application of machine learning to guide merchandizing, targeting, curation and feedback. As of June 30, 2018, we had 631 engineers and data scientists developing and enhancing the data interactions on our platform.

Sales and Marketing

Our integrated marketing framework is a core competency essential to the success of our Marketplace model. We formulate data insights from multiple touch points in the luxury fashion ecosystem, which enable us to focus both brand and performance marketing campaigns on those we believe have a high propensity to purchase. We believe that with continued investment in brand marketing, data-led insights and effective consumer targeting, we can expand and strengthen our reach.

The World’s Largest Marketplace for Luxury

In a market that is both global and highly fragmented, we operate the only global marketplace at scale to match demand for, and supply of, personal luxury goods. We offer merchandise across multiple categories, including Womenswear, Menswear, Kidswear, Vintage, Fine Watches and Fine Jewelry.

Benefits for Our Consumers

 

   

Global access to an unparalleled range of luxury merchandise.    We offer our consumers the ability to discover and access the most comprehensive range and depth of luxury merchandise online, no matter where they are in the world. As of June 30, 2018, over 3,200 different brands were available on our Marketplace, ranging from heritage brands to emerging designers.

 

   

Curation of supply.    We focus on the curation of supply for our consumers. Brands and department stores on our Marketplace provide the benefits of depth of supply, while our network of boutiques provides breadth and the individual perspectives and combined buying insight of 614 of the world’s leading luxury retailers, as of June 30, 2018. We have a three-stage supply curation process:

 

   

Stage 1—Curation of the luxury sellers who sell on our Marketplace.

 

   

Stage 2—Curation of the stock on our Marketplace by our luxury sellers.

 

   

Stage 3—Curation of the overall product mix on our Marketplace using our data tools.



 

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Luxury consumer experience.    We deliver a consistent, high-quality experience from start to finish, including localized websites, multilingual customer support and superior logistics. This includes same-day delivery options in 18 major global cities and F90 store to door in 90 minutes, when shopping from select luxury sellers. In 2017, 91% of our orders were cross border.

 

   

Personalization and inspiration.    We use our rich data sets and data science capabilities to enable our consumers to navigate the breadth of product available, providing inspiration and a more personalized discovery experience.

Our Luxury Sellers

As of June 30, 2018, we had 989 luxury sellers on our Marketplace, of which 614 were retailers and 375 were brands, including many of the most sought-after and prestigious names in the fashion industry. Of our 614 retailers, 98% have entered into an exclusive relationship with us. In the last three years, we have retained all of our top 100 retailers and all but one of our top 100 brands, excluding those we terminated for poor performance.

Benefits for Our Luxury Sellers

 

   

Global distribution and access.    We are transforming the addressable market for luxury sellers by enabling them to reach, from any physical location, over 2.3 million Marketplace consumers of luxury fashion in 190 countries. We offer a fully managed suite of services to support our luxury sellers, from content creation to last-mile delivery and returns.

 

   

Attractive economic model.    We believe that we offer attractive economics to all luxury sellers. We enable them to grow their addressable market without diminishing economics. Luxury sellers are able to achieve incremental sales making their inventory available to a global audience, optimizing inventory without increasing their physical footprint.

 

   

Data insights.    The Farfetch Marketplace model provides us with access to rich consumer data throughout the whole consumer journey. This data feeds our proprietary algorithms, generating critical insights that allow our luxury sellers to offer more relevant products, improve inventory management and optimize their pricing strategies, enabling them to efficiently scale their businesses.

 

   

Market insights.    Our buying experts, who have deep roots in the fashion ecosystem, work with our luxury sellers to provide tailored perspectives on industry trends, brand dynamics and new season launches.

Additional Benefits for Brands

Further to the benefits provided to all luxury sellers, we offer additional strategic benefits to brands:

 

   

Full control.    Brand positioning and visual representation are of paramount importance to luxury brands. We facilitate engagement with a wider audience in a multi-brand environment without forgoing control of the most important aspects of their business including product pricing.

 

   

Powerful media partner.    With compelling brand adjacencies, superior content and access to a high-intent consumer base that is hard to reach effectively through traditional media, our Marketplace offers a highly targeted digital channel and enhances a brand’s online visibility and exposure.



 

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Marketplace innovation.    Our Marketplace enables luxury brands to deliver an optimized ecommerce experience. We allow brands to outsource innovation to a partner who they trust and who understands the unique complexities and challenges of the luxury industry.

 

   

Catalyst for emerging brands.    Emerging brands typically face high barriers to entry in the global luxury market, such as limited reach, scalable economics and brand exposure. Our Marketplace lowers these barriers by providing access to a high-intent luxury consumer base, attractive marketplace economics and exposure alongside the world’s leading luxury brands.

Our Strengths

We believe that the following strengths contribute to our success and are differentiating factors:

 

   

Visionary, founder-led management team.    We are led by our founder, José Neves, who has a unique combination of knowledge of and passion for the fashion industry, and a deep understanding of technology.

 

   

Scalable proprietary technology.    Our scalable proprietary technology is purpose built to connect the luxury fashion ecosystem through a modular end-to-end technology platform.

 

   

Unique data capabilities.    Our business model allows us to collate large volumes of unique data from touch points throughout the luxury fashion ecosystem. This includes real-time inventory data, global behavioral and transactional data and pricing data for over 335,000 SKUs from more than 3,200 different brands available on our Marketplace as of June 30, 2018.

 

   

Established partner relationships.    We are the partner of choice for the world’s leading brands, boutiques and department stores. These relationships cannot easily be replicated and represent a high barrier to entry. As of June 30, 2018, we partnered with 614 of the world’s leading luxury retailers and 375 brands. Our platform relationships extend beyond our Marketplace and include, for example, our multi-year global innovation partnership with CHANEL.

 

   

The world’s largest selection of luxury.    We operate the only luxury digital marketplace at scale. We offer ten times more SKUs than the closest competitor to our Marketplace.

 

   

Fully integrated supply chain operations.    We offer comprehensive supply chain capabilities to our platform partners, from content creation to our global fulfilment network, which integrates delivery partners from around the world in a single, efficient interface.

 

   

Our marketplace business model.    Our model allows us to offer the broadest and deepest selection of luxury fashion available online globally, while incurring minimal inventory risk and without capital-intensive retail operations. This allows for low capital expenditures, favorable working capital dynamics, minimal inventory holding and an ability to drive stronger future margins than traditional inventory-taking business models. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, our Average Order Value was $622.1, and we had a 31.7% Third-Party Take Rate.

 

   

Powerful network effects.    More brands, boutiques and department stores on our Marketplace increases the choices available to consumers, and more consumers on our Marketplace increases the potential sales for our luxury sellers through a self-reinforcing, mutually beneficial network effect.

 

   

Culture of innovation.    Innovation is intrinsic to Farfetch. We believe that technology will continue to enable a better luxury ecosystem, and we will continue to pioneer innovation.



 

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Our Growth Strategies

The key elements of our growth strategies include:

 

   

Increasing the lifetime value of existing consumers.    

 

   

Attracting new consumers.    

 

   

Increasing supply from existing luxury sellers.    

 

   

Adding brands, boutiques, department stores and other partners.    

 

   

Expanding into new categories and offerings.    

 

   

Investing in new technologies and innovation.    

 

   

Building the Farfetch brand.    

The Reorganization Transactions

We have historically conducted our business through Farfetch.com Limited (“Farfetch.com”), incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Isle of Man with registered number 000657V, and its subsidiaries. On May 15, 2018, we formed Farfetch Limited, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the Companies Law, for purposes of effectuating this offering.

Prior to the consummation of this offering, all holders of warrants over Farfetch.com shares, except a holder of          warrants that will remain outstanding after this offering, will exercise their warrants into the applicable class of shares, and the outstanding shares of Farfetch.com will be exchanged for shares of Farfetch Limited with equivalent rights. Following the exchange and immediately prior to and conditional upon the consummation of the offering, the ordinary shares, the restricted linked ordinary shares and the preference shares held by the shareholders of Farfetch Limited will be converted into ordinary shares of Farfetch Limited and subsequently exchanged for Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, as applicable, and our Articles that will be in effect on consummation of the offering will be adopted. Outstanding options of Farfetch.com will be released in exchange for the grant of options with equivalent rights over Class A ordinary shares of Farfetch Limited. As a result of these transactions our business will be conducted through Farfetch Limited and its subsidiaries. In this prospectus, we refer to all of these events as the “Reorganization Transactions.”



 

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The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure immediately following the Reorganization Transactions and the consummation of this offering:

 

LOGO

 

 

(1)

Includes shares registered in the name of TGF Participations Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the Isle of Man with registered number 007463V, for which José Neves is the only named beneficiary. TGF Participations Limited holds all of our issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares.

A description of the material terms of our Articles, Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares as will be in effect following the Reorganization Transactions and the consummation of this offering are described in the section entitled “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association.”

Concurrent Private Placement

On June 21, 2017, Kadi Group Holding Limited (“Kadi Group”), a wholly owned subsidiary of JD.com Inc. (“JD.com”), completed the purchase of an equity interest in Farfetch.com. In connection with Kadi Group’s purchase of shares in Farfetch.com, Kadi Group and Farfetch.com entered into a forward purchase agreement, as amended, pursuant to which, subject to certain conditions, we agreed to issue and Kadi Group agreed to subscribe for one-third of such number of shares (at a price per share equal to the initial public offering price per share) that would result in Kadi Group maintaining its percentage holding, or         %, of our issued and outstanding share capital on a fully diluted basis immediately following the consummation of this offering. Kadi Group may assign this right to purchase to any of its affiliates. Kadi Group has agreed not to sell or transfer any of our Class A ordinary shares it held immediately prior to this offering during the two-year period commencing from the consummation of this offering, subject to limited exceptions. The above transaction shall be referred to throughout this prospectus as the “concurrent private placement.” See “Related Party Transactions—Relationships with Kadi Group Holding Limited” for additional information.



 

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In addition, Kadi Group has agreed to a 180-day lock-up agreement with the underwriters pursuant to which both its pre-offering Class A ordinary shares and Class A ordinary shares purchased in the concurrent private placement will be locked up for a period of 180 days, subject to certain exceptions.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in the Cayman Islands on May 15, 2018 as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law. Exempted companies are Cayman Islands companies whose operations are conducted mainly outside the Cayman Islands. Pursuant to the Reorganization Transactions, Farfetch Limited will become the holding company of Farfetch.com and its subsidiaries.

Our principal executive offices are located at The Bower, 211 Old Street, London EC1V 9NR, United Kingdom. Our telephone number at this address is +44 (0) 20 7549 5400. Our website address is https://aboutfarfetch.com/. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of, and shall not be incorporated by reference into, this prospectus. We have included our website address as an inactive textual reference only.

Risks Associated With Our Business

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this prospectus and, in particular, should evaluate the specific factors set forth under the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus in deciding whether to invest in our securities. Among these important risks are the following:

 

   

purchasers of luxury products may not choose to shop online in sufficient numbers;

 

   

our ability to generate sufficient revenue to be profitable or to generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis;

 

   

the volatility and difficulty in predicting the luxury fashion industry;

 

   

our reliance on a limited number of retailers and brands for the supply of products on our Marketplace;

 

   

our reliance on retailers and brands to anticipate, identify and respond quickly to new and changing fashion trends, consumer preferences and other factors;

 

   

our reliance on retailers and brands to make products available to our consumers on our Marketplace and to set their own prices for such products;

 

   

our reliance on information technologies and our ability to adapt to technological developments;

 

   

our ability to acquire or retain consumers and to promote and sustain the Farfetch brand;

 

   

our ability or the ability of third parties to protect our sites, networks and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential information;

 

   

our ability to successfully launch and monetize new and innovative technology;

 

   

our dependence on highly skilled personnel, including our senior management, data scientists and technology professionals, and our ability to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel; and

 

   

Mr. Neves has considerable influence over important corporate matters due to his ownership of us, and our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including a change of control.



 

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Enforcement of Civil Liabilities

We are registered as an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands. A substantial portion of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, many of our directors and officers are residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on us or those persons in the United States or to enforce in the United States judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or those persons based on the civil liability or other provisions of the U.S. securities laws or other laws.

We have been advised by our Cayman Islands legal counsel that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (1) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or any state and (2) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or any state, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands will recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. See “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.”

Implications of Being an “Emerging Growth Company” and a “Foreign Private Issuer”

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). As such, we are eligible, for up to five years, to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other publicly traded entities that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

 

   

the ability to present more limited financial data in the registration statement on Form F-1 of which this prospectus is a part;

 

   

not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; and

 

   

not being required to comply with any requirement that has or may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements.

We may take advantage of these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the consummation of this offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. As a result, we do not know if some investors will find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. The result may be a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares, and the price of our Class A ordinary shares may become more volatile.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (1) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenue exceeds $1.07 billion; (2) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of this offering; (3) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our Class A ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period.



 

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Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Given that we currently report and expect to continue to report under IFRS as issued by the IASB, we have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we will adopt new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required by the IASB. Under federal securities laws, our decision to opt out of the extended transition period is irrevocable.

Upon consummation of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

 

   

the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

 

   

the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

 

   

the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specific information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events.

Both foreign private issuers and emerging growth companies are also exempt from certain more extensive executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, but remain a foreign private issuer, we will continue to be exempt from the more extensive compensation disclosures required of companies that are neither an emerging growth company nor a foreign private issuer.



 

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THE OFFERING

 

Class A ordinary shares offered by us

            Class A ordinary shares (            Class A ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares from us in full).

 

Class A ordinary shares offered by the selling shareholders

            Class A ordinary shares.

 

Concurrent private placement

Concurrently with, and subject to, the consummation of this offering, Kadi Group, an existing shareholder, has agreed to purchase from us, subject to certain conditions, one-third of such number of Class A ordinary shares Kadi Group would need to purchase in order to maintain its pre-IPO percentage holding of our total issued and outstanding share capital on a fully diluted basis immediately following the consummation of this offering, which will be             Class A ordinary shares assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. Kadi Group will not purchase additional Class A ordinary shares in the event that the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares. See “Related Party Transactions—Relationship with Kadi Group Holding Limited.”

 

Class A ordinary shares to be outstanding after this offering and the concurrent private placement

            Class A ordinary shares (            Class A ordinary shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares from us in full).

 

Class B ordinary shares to be outstanding after this offering and the concurrent private placement

            Class B ordinary shares.

 

Option to purchase additional shares

We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to              additional Class A ordinary shares from us within 30 days of the date of this prospectus.

 

Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $            million, assuming an initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this



 

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prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and approximately $            million from the concurrent private placement. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A ordinary shares by the selling shareholders.

 

  We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placement for working capital, to fund growth and other general corporate purposes, including possible acquisitions. See “Use of Proceeds.”

 

Voting rights

Following this offering, we will have two classes of shares outstanding, Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. The rights of the holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote per share and is not convertible into any other class of share. Each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 20 votes per share and is convertible at any time into one Class A ordinary share. In addition, our Class B ordinary shares will automatically convert into Class A ordinary shares upon certain transfers and other events.

 

  Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares will generally vote together as a single class, unless otherwise required by law or our Articles. TGF Participations Limited, the holder of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares, for which Mr. Neves is the only named beneficiary, will hold         % of the voting power of our outstanding shares following this offering (        % if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares in full) and will have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the appointment of our members of our board of directors (the “Board”) and the approval of any change of control transaction. See “Principal and Selling Shareholders” and “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association” for additional information.


 

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Dividend policy

We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. However, if we do pay a cash dividend on our Class A ordinary shares in the future, we will pay such dividend out of our profits or share premium (subject to solvency requirements) as permitted under the Companies Law. See “Dividend Policy.”

 

Risk factors

See “Risk Factors” and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider before deciding to invest in our Class A ordinary shares.

 

Listing

We have applied to list our Class A ordinary shares on The New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “FTCH.”

The number of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares to be outstanding after this offering and the concurrent private placement is based on             Class A ordinary shares and              Class B ordinary shares outstanding as of                     , 2018 and excludes:

 

   

             Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options outstanding as of                 , 2018 at a weighted average exercise price of $            per share;

 

   

             Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our employee share option programs as described in “Management—Long-Term Incentive Plans;” and

 

   

             Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of              warrants outstanding at a weighted exercise price of             , which will remain outstanding following the consummation of this offering.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information contained in this prospectus assumes or gives effect to:

 

   

the consummation of the Reorganization Transactions;

 

   

the conversion on a one-to-one basis of our ordinary shares and preference shares into ordinary shares;

 

   

the conversion of our restricted linked ordinary shares into              ordinary shares based on an assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, as described in “Management—Long-Term Incentive Plans—Farfetch.com Limited 2015 Long-Term Incentive Plan”;

 

   

the conversion of our ordinary shares, based upon a conversion ratio of      -to-     , into              Class A ordinary shares and              Class B ordinary shares;

 

   

the issuance of              Class A ordinary shares to Kadi Group upon the closing of the concurrent private placement immediately following the consummation of this offering;

 

   

no exercise of the outstanding options described above after            , 2018;

 

   

no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase an additional                  Class A ordinary shares from us in this offering; and

 

   

an initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.



 

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The number of ordinary shares to be issued upon the conversion of our outstanding restricted linked ordinary shares depends in part on the initial public offering price in this offering. The terms of our restricted linked ordinary shares provide the ratio at which each share of such series automatically converts into ordinary shares in connection with this offering. Based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, our outstanding restricted linked ordinary shares would convert into an aggregate of              ordinary shares, which will ultimately be converted into                  Class A ordinary shares, immediately prior to the consummation of this offering. For illustrative purposes only, the table below shows the number of Class A ordinary shares that would be issuable upon conversion of the ordinary shares at various initial public offering prices and the resulting total number of outstanding Class A ordinary shares expected to be outstanding after this offering:

 

Assumed public offering price

  

Total Class A ordinary shares
outstanding after this  offering

$            

  

$

  

$

  

$

  

$

  


 

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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA

We have historically conducted our business through Farfetch.com and its subsidiaries, and therefore our historical consolidated financial statements present the results of operations of Farfetch.com. Prior to the consummation of this offering, we will engage in the Reorganization Transactions. Following these Reorganization Transactions and this offering, our financial statements will present the results of operations of Farfetch Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries. Farfetch Limited’s financial statements will be the same as Farfetch.com’s financial statements prior to this offering, as adjusted for the Reorganization Transactions. Upon consummation, the Reorganization Transactions will be reflected retroactively in Farfetch Limited’s financial statements. See “The Reorganization Transactions.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The summary historical consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary historical consolidated financial data as of June 30, 2018 and for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018 has been derived from our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature that are necessary for a fair statement of the results of the unaudited interim periods. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results expected in any future period.

The financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified by reference to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

    Six months ended June 30,     Year ended December 31,  
    2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
    (in thousands except share and per share data)  

Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:

         

Revenue

  $ 172,571     $ 267,508     $ 142,305     $ 242,116       $385,966  

Cost of revenue

    (78,223     (130,643     (69,702     (125,238     (181,200
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross profit

    94,348       136,865       72,603       116,878       204,766  

Selling, general and administrative

    (125,762     (208,801     (130,073     (205,558     (299,260

Share of profits of associates

    15       24             18       31  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating loss

    (31,399     (71,912     (57,470     (88,662     (94,463

Net finance income/(costs)

    1,690       4,218       (4,265     7,402       (17,642
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss before tax

    (29,709     (67,694     (61,735     (81,260     (112,105

Income tax credit/(expense)

    429       (714     628       (199     (170
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss after tax

    $(29,280     $(68,408     $(61,107     $(81,459   $ (112,275
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss per share attributable to owners of the parent:

         

Basic and diluted

    $(0.75     $(1.42     $(1.80     $(2.21     $(2.62

Weighted average shares outstanding:

         

Basic and diluted

    39,254,535       48,316,103       33,610,279       36,864,992       42,867,409  


 

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    Six months ended June 30,     Year ended December 31,  
  2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
    (in thousands, except as otherwise noted)  

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow Data:

         

Net cash outflow from operating activities

    $(25,967     $(105,962     $(37,258)       $(47,079)       $(59,320)  

Net cash outflow from investing activities

    (12,840     (27,393     (27,571     (16,961     (28,863

Net cash inflow from financing activities

    299,639       82,269       77,414       161,173       300,142  

Selected Other Data(1):

         

Consolidated Group:

         

GMV

    $394,506       $631,235       $381,809       $585,842       $909,826  

Revenue

    172,571       267,508       142,305       242,116       385,966  

Adjusted Revenue(2)

    138,811       216,957       113,688       193,605       311,784  

Adjusted EBITDA(2)

    (13,972     (49,075     (47,375     (53,380     (58,079

Adjusted EBITDA Margin(3)

    (10.1 %)      (22.6 %)      (41.7 %)      (27.6 %)      (18.6 %) 

Platform:

         

Platform GMV

    $387,175       $624,044       $374,915       $573,174       $894,392  

Adjusted Platform Revenue(2)

    131,480       209,766       106,794       180,937       296,350  

Platform Gross Profit(4)

    90,494       133,587       69,355       111,762       196,581  

Platform Order Contribution Margin(4)

    46.7     44.0     33.0     35.0     43.0

Third-Party Take Rate

    33.7     31.7     30.0     31.3     32.9

Farfetch Marketplace:

         

Active Consumers

    796.3       1,118.0       415.7       651.7       935.8  

Number of Orders

    853.2       1,305.3       800.5       1,259.7       1,881.0  

Average Order Value (actual)

    $591.7       $622.1       $586.8       $583.6       $620.0  

 

     As of June 30, 2018  
     Actual      As
adjusted(5)
 
    

(in thousands)

 

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data:

     

Non-current assets

   $ 127,958      $               

Current assets

     472,547     

Total assets

     600,505     

Current liabilities

     155,999     

Non-current liabilities

     11,968     

Total liabilities

     167,967     

Share capital and premium

     789,551     

Total equity

   $ 432,538     

 

(1)

See the definitions of key operating and financial metrics in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Operating and Financial Metrics.

 

(2)

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue are supplemental measures of our performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, IFRS. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue are not measurements of our financial performance under IFRS and should not be considered as an alternative to loss after tax, revenue or any other performance measure derived in accordance with IFRS.

 

  

We define Adjusted EBITDA as loss after tax before net finance costs/(income), income tax (credit)/expense and depreciation and amortization, further adjusted for share based compensation expense, other items and share of results of associates. We define Adjusted Revenue as revenue less Platform Fulfilment Revenue. We define Adjusted Platform Revenue as



 

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  Adjusted Revenue less Browns In-Store Revenue. We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definitions of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other companies, because not all companies and analysts calculate Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Revenue in the same manner. We present Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue because we consider them to be important supplemental measures of our performance, and we believe they are frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies. Management believes that investors’ understanding of our performance is enhanced by including these non-IFRS financial measures as a reasonable basis for comparing our ongoing results of operations. Many investors are interested in understanding the performance of our business by comparing our results from ongoing operations period over period and would ordinarily add back non-cash expenses such as depreciation, amortization and items that are not part of normal day-to-day operations of our business. By providing these non-IFRS financial measures, together with reconciliations to IFRS, we believe we are enhancing investors’ understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives.

Management uses Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue:

 

   

as measurements of operating performance because they assist us in comparing our operating performance on a consistent basis, as they remove the impact of items not directly resulting from our core operations;

 

   

for planning purposes, including the preparation of our internal annual operating budget and financial projections;

 

   

to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of our strategic initiatives; and

 

   

to evaluate our capacity to fund capital expenditures and expand our business.

 

  

Items excluded from these non-IFRS measures are significant components in understanding and assessing financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to, or a substitute for loss after tax, revenue or other financial statement data presented in our consolidated financial statements as indicators of financial performance. Some of the limitations are:

 

   

such measures do not reflect revenue related to fulfilment, which is necessary to the operation of our business;

 

   

such measures do not reflect our expenditures, or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

 

   

such measures do not reflect changes in our working capital needs;

 

   

such measures do not reflect our share based payments, income tax (credit)/expense or the amounts necessary to pay our taxes;

 

   

although depreciation and amortization are eliminated in the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future and such measures do not reflect any costs for such replacements; and

 

   

other companies may calculate such measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

 

  

Due to these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business. We compensate for these limitations by relying primarily on our IFRS results and using these non-IFRS measures only as supplemental measures.



 

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The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable IFRS financial performance measure, which is loss after tax:

 

     Six months ended
June 30,
    Year ended December 31,  
     2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands)  

Loss after tax

   $ (29,280   $ (68,408   $ (61,107   $ (81,459   $ (112,275

Net finance costs/(income)

     (1,690     (4,218     4,265       (7,402     17,642  

Income tax expense/(credit)

     (429     714       (628     199       170  

Depreciation and amortization

     5,019       10,338       3,104       6,897       10,980  

Share based payments(a)

     8,600       12,523       6,505       19,848       21,486  

Other items(b)

     3,823             486       8,555       3,949  

Share of results of associates

     (15     (24           (18     (31
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted EBITDA

   $ (13,972   $ (49,075   $ (47,375   $ (53,380   $ (58,079
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

  (a)

Represents share based payment expense.

  (b)

Represents other items, which are outside the normal scope of our ordinary activities or non-cash, including legal fees directly related to acquisitions of $676,262 in 2017 and fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration of $8.5 million in 2016 and $3.3 million in 2017, all of which are included within the general and administrative component of selling, general and administrative expenses. There were no other such items in the six months ended June 30, 2018. Other items in the six months ended June 30, 2017 included legal fees of $550,185 and the fair value remeasurement of contingent consideration of $3.3 million.

 

  

The following table reconciles Adjusted Revenue and Adjusted Platform Revenue to the most directly comparable IFRS financial performance measure, which is revenue:

 

     Six months ended
June 30,
    Year ended December 31,  
     2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands)  

Revenue

   $ 172,571     $ 267,508     $ 142,305     $ 242,116     $ 385,966  

Less: Platform Fulfilment Revenue

     (33,760     (50,551     (28,617     (48,511     (74,182
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted Revenue

     138,811       216,957       113,688       193,605       311,784  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Less: Browns In-Store Revenue

     (7,331     (7,191     (6,894     (12,668     (15,434
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted Platform Revenue

   $ 131,480     $ 209,766     $ 106,794     $ 180,937     $ 296,350  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

(3)

Adjusted EBITDA Margin means Adjusted EBITDA calculated as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue.

 

(4)

Adjusted Platform Gross Profit Margin is defined as Platform Gross Profit, which is defined as gross profit, excluding Browns In-Store Gross Profit, as a percentage of Adjusted Platform Revenue. Platform Order Contribution Margin is defined as Platform Order Contribution, which is defined as Platform Gross Profit less demand generation expense, as a percentage of Adjusted Platform Revenue. Platform Gross Profit, Adjusted Platform Gross Profit Margin, Platform Order Contribution and Platform Order Contribution Margin are not measurements of our financial performance under IFRS and do not purport to be alternatives to gross profit or loss after tax derived in accordance with IFRS.



 

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We believe that Platform Gross Profit, Adjusted Platform Gross Profit Margin, Platform Order Contribution and Platform Order Contribution Margin are useful measures in evaluating our operating performance because they take into account demand generation expense and are used by management to analyze the operating performance of our platform for the periods presented. We also believe that Platform Gross Profit, Adjusted Platform Gross Profit Margin, Platform Order Contribution and Platform Order Contribution Margin are useful measures in evaluating our operating performance within our industry because they permit the evaluation of our platform productivity, efficiency and performance.

The following table reconciles Platform Gross Profit and Platform Order Contribution to the most directly comparable IFRS financial performance measure, which is gross profit:

 

     Six months ended June 30,     Year ended, December 31,  
     2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands)  

Gross profit

     $94,348       $136,865       $72,603       $116,878       $204,766  

Less: Browns In-Store Gross Profit(a)

     (3,854     (3,278     (3,248     (5,116     (8,185
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Platform Gross Profit

     90,494       133,587       69,355       111,762       196,581  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Less: Demand generation expense

     (29,123     (41,258     (34,158     (48,381     (69,202
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Platform Order Contribution

     $61,371       $92,329       $35,197       $63,381       $127,379  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

  (a)

Browns In-Store Gross Profit is Browns In-Store Revenue less the direct cost of goods sold relating to Browns In-Store Revenue.

 

(5)

As adjusted information gives effect to (i) the Reorganization Transactions, (ii) the issuance of        Class A ordinary shares in this offering at an initial public offering price of $        per Class A ordinary share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and (iii) the issuance and sale of          Class A ordinary shares in the concurrent private placement at the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the as adjusted amount of each of current assets, total equity and total capitalization by approximately $         million, assuming the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. An increase or decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of current assets, total equity and total capitalization by approximately $         million, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.



 

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in our Class A ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainty described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before deciding to invest in our Class A ordinary shares. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. The trading price and value of our Class A ordinary shares could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to our Business and Industry

Purchasers of luxury products may not choose to shop online, which would prevent us from growing our business.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to attract additional consumers who have historically purchased luxury products through traditional retailers rather than online. The online market for luxury products is significantly less developed than the online market for other goods and services such as books, music, travel and other consumer products. If this market does not gain widespread acceptance, our business may suffer. Furthermore, we may have to incur significantly higher and more sustained advertising and promotional expenditures or offer more incentives than we currently anticipate in order to attract additional online consumers to our Marketplace and convert them into purchasing consumers. Specific factors that could prevent consumers from purchasing luxury products from us include:

 

   

concerns about buying luxury products online without a physical storefront, face-to-face interaction with sales personnel and the ability to physically handle and examine products;

 

   

preference for a more personal experience when purchasing luxury products;

 

   

product offerings that do not reflect current consumer tastes and preferences;

 

   

pricing that does not meet consumer expectations;

 

   

delayed shipments or shipments of incorrect or damaged products;

 

   

inconvenience and costs associated with returning or exchanging items purchased online;

 

   

concerns about the security of online transactions and the privacy of personal information; and

 

   

usability, functionality and features of our Marketplace.

If the online market for luxury products does not continue to develop and grow, our business will not grow and our results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to be profitable or to generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis, and our revenue growth rate may decline.

We cannot assure you that we will generate sufficient revenue to offset the cost of maintaining our platform and maintaining and growing our business. Although our revenue grew from $172.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 to $267.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, our revenue growth rate may decline in the future because of a variety of factors, including increased competition and the maturation of our business. We cannot assure you that our revenue will continue to grow or will not decline. You should not consider our historical revenue growth or operating expenses as indicative of our future performance. If our revenue growth rate declines or our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our financial performance will be adversely affected.

 

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Additionally, we also expect our costs to increase in future periods, which could negatively affect our future operating results and ability to achieve and sustain profitability. We expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on acquiring and retaining consumers, our technology infrastructure, research and development, including investments in our research and development team and the development of new features, sales and marketing, international expansion, and general administration, including expenses, related to being a public company. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If we cannot successfully earn revenue at a rate that exceeds the costs associated with our business, we will not be able to achieve or sustain profitability or generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis and our revenue growth rate may decline. If we fail to continue to grow our revenue and overall business, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

We have experienced losses in the past, and we may experience losses in the future.

We experienced losses after tax of $29.3 million and $68.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018, respectively, and losses after tax of $61.8 million, $81.5 million and $112.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. We may continue to experience losses after tax in the future, and we cannot assure you that we will achieve profitability and may continue to incur significant losses in future periods.

The luxury fashion industry can be volatile and difficult to predict.

As a global platform for luxury fashion, we are subject to variable industry conditions. Consumer demand can quickly change depending on many factors, including the behavior of both online and brick and mortar competitors, promotional activities of competitors, rapidly changing tastes and preferences, frequent introductions of new products and services, advances in technology and the internet and macroeconomic factors, many of which are beyond our control. With this constantly changing environment, our future business strategies, practices and results may not meet expectations or respond quickly enough to consumer demand, and we may face operational difficulties in adjusting to any changes. Any of these developments could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on a limited number of retailers and brands for the supply of products that we make available to consumers on our Marketplace.

We rely on a limited number of retailers and brands for the supply of products available on our Marketplace. In the year ended December 31, 2017, 22% of our GMV was from our top ten retailers, excluding Browns. We cannot guarantee that these retailers and brands will always choose to use our Marketplace to sell their products. We also typically enter into one-year contracts with retailers and brands, and there is no guarantee our retailers and brands will renew these contracts upon expiration, which currently automatically renew every year unless either party serves 90 days’ notice of termination. We cannot control whether a retailer or brand chooses to make any of its supply available on our Marketplace. Further, a small number of entities may, on their own, take actions that adversely affect our business, such as creating their own marketplace that could directly compete with us. Additionally, our business may be adversely affected if our access to products is limited or delayed because of deterioration in our relationships with one or more of our retailers or brands, or if they choose not to sell their products with us for any other reason. If we fail to successfully retain current, as well as acquire new, retailers and brands on our platform, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

If our brands and retailers fail to anticipate, identify and respond quickly to new and changing fashion trends in consumer preferences, our business could be harmed.

The luxury apparel, footwear and accessories available on our Marketplace are subject to rapidly changing fashion trends and constantly evolving consumer tastes and demands. Our success is

 

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dependent on the ability of our retailers and brands to anticipate, identify and respond to the latest fashion trends and consumer demands and to translate such trends and demands into product offerings in a timely manner. The failure of our retailers and brands to anticipate, identify or react swiftly and appropriately to new and changing styles, trends or desired consumer preferences, to accurately anticipate and forecast demand for certain product offerings or to provide relevant and timely product offerings to list on our Marketplace may lead to lower demand for merchandise on our Marketplace, which could cause, among other things, declines in GMV sold through our Marketplace. If our retailers and brands are not able to accurately anticipate, identify, forecast, analyze or respond to changing fashion trends and consumer preferences, we may lose consumers and market share, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Retailers and brands set their own prices for the products they make available on our Marketplace, which could affect our ability to respond to consumer preferences and trends.

We do not control the pricing strategies of our retailers and brands (other than Browns), which could affect our revenue and our ability to effectively compete on price with the other distribution channels used by our brands and retailers, including ecommerce retailers and brick and mortar stores. Retailers and brands may determine that they can more competitively price their products through other distribution channels and may choose such other channels instead of listing products on our Marketplace. Additionally, retailers and brands often employ different pricing strategies based on the geographical location of consumers, which is accomplished online through geo-blocking that blocks a consumer’s ability to access certain websites based on geography. Proposed legislation in the European Union would, if it takes effect, remove geo-blocking in the European Union. This would allow our consumers registered in the European Union to access and make purchases through our Marketplace at the prices listed in different European geographies irrespective of their country of residence in Europe. This could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Fluctuations in exchange rates may adversely affect our results of operations.

Our financial information is presented in U.S. dollars, which differs to the underlying functional currencies of our subsidiaries, which causes translation risk. We do not hedge translation risk, and therefore, our results of operations have in the past, and will in the future, fluctuate due to movements in exchange rates when the currencies are translated into U.S. dollars. At a subsidiary level, we are also exposed to transactional foreign exchange risk because we earn revenues and incur expenses in a number of different foreign currencies relative to the relevant subsidiary’s functional currency. Movements in exchange rates therefore impact our subsidiaries and thus, our consolidated results and cash flows, which results in transactional foreign currency exposure. We generally hedge a portion of transactional exposure using forward foreign exchange contracts; however, because this is not fully hedged, we are exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates that could harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on information technologies and systems to operate our business and maintain our competitiveness, and any failure to invest in and adapt to technological developments and industry trends could harm our business.

We depend on the use of sophisticated information technologies and systems, including technology and systems used for websites and apps, customer service, supplier connectivity, communications, fraud detection and administration. As our operations grow in size, scope and complexity, we will need to continuously improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to offer an increasing number of consumer-enhanced services, features and functionalities, while maintaining and improving the reliability and integrity of our systems and infrastructure.

 

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Our future success also depends on our ability to adapt our services and infrastructure to meet rapidly evolving consumer trends and demands while continuing to improve our platform’s performance, features and reliability. The emergence of alternative platforms, such as smartphones and tablets, and niche competitors who may be able to optimize such services or strategies, may require us to continue to invest in new and costly technology. We may not be successful, or we may be less successful than our competitors, in developing technologies that operate effectively across multiple devices and platforms and that are appealing to consumers, which would negatively impact our business and financial performance. New developments in other areas, such as cloud computing providers, could also make it easier for competitors to enter our markets due to lower up-front technology costs. In addition, we may not be able to maintain our existing systems or replace our current systems or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly or cost effectively as we would like. Failure to invest in and adapt to technological developments and industry trends may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our efforts to acquire or retain consumers may not be successful, which could prevent us from maintaining or increasing our sales.

If we do not promote and sustain our brand and platform through marketing and other tools, we may fail to build and maintain the critical mass of consumers required to increase our sales. Promoting and positioning our brand and platform will depend largely on the success of our marketing efforts, our ability to attract consumers cost effectively and our ability to consistently provide a high-quality product and user experience. In order to acquire and retain consumers, we have incurred and will continue to incur substantial expenses related to advertising and other marketing efforts. We also use promotions to drive sales, which may not be effective and may adversely affect our gross margins. Our investments in marketing may not effectively reach potential consumers, potential consumers may decide not to buy through us or the spend of consumers that purchase from us may not yield the intended return on investment, any of which could negatively affect our financial results. The failure of our marketing activities could also adversely affect our ability to attract new and maintain relationships with our consumers, retailers and brands, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may not succeed in promoting and sustaining our brand, which could have an adverse effect on our future growth and business.

A critical component of our future growth is our ability to promote and sustain our brand, which we believe can be achieved by providing a high-quality user experience. An important element of our brand promotion strategy is establishing a relationship of trust with our consumers. In order to provide a high-quality user experience, we have invested and will continue to invest substantial amounts of resources in the development and functionality of our platform, website, technology infrastructure, fulfilment and customer service operations. Our ability to provide a high-quality user experience is also highly dependent on external factors over which we may have little or no control, including, without limitation, the reliability and performance of our retailers and brands, suppliers and third-party carriers. If our consumers are dissatisfied with the quality of the products sold on our platform or the customer service they receive and their overall customer experience, or if we or our service providers cannot deliver products to our consumers in a timely manner or at all, our consumers may stop purchasing products from us. We also rely on third parties for information, including product characteristics and availability shown on our Marketplace that may be inaccurate. Our failure to provide our consumers with high-quality products and high-quality user experiences for any reason could substantially harm our reputation and adversely impact our efforts to develop Farfetch as a trusted brand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

 

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Any significant disruption in service on our websites or apps or in our computer systems, some of which are currently hosted by third-party providers, could damage our reputation and result in a loss of consumers, which would harm our business and results of operations.

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract and retain consumers to use our platform depend upon the reliable performance of our network infrastructure and content delivery processes. We have experienced interruptions in these systems in the past, including server failures that temporarily slowed down or interfered with the performance of our websites and apps, or particular features of our websites and apps, and we may experience interruptions in the future. For example, in July 2017, we experienced a full platform outage for one hour and forty-five minutes, and in July 2016, consumers were unable to log on to our Marketplace to complete sales for six hours and twenty minutes. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, human input errors, computer viruses or physical or electronic break-ins, and denial-of-service attacks on us, third-party vendors or communications infrastructure, could affect the availability of our services on our platform and prevent or inhibit the ability of consumers to access our websites and apps or complete purchases on our websites and apps. Volume of traffic and activity on our Marketplace spikes on certain days, such as during a Black Friday promotion, and any such interruption would be particularly problematic if it were to occur at such a high volume time. Problems with the reliability of our systems could prevent us from earning revenue or commission and could harm our reputation. Damage to our reputation, any resulting loss of consumer, retailer or brand confidence and the cost of remedying these problems could negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Substantially all of the communications, network and computer hardware used to operate our website are strategically located, for convenience and regulatory reasons, at facilities in Portugal, the Netherlands, Russia, China and Ireland. Our ability to maintain communications, network, and computer hardware in these countries is, or may in the future be, subject to regulatory review and licensing, and the failure to obtain any required licenses could negatively affect our business. We either lease or own our servers and have service agreements with data center providers. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and physical break-ins, computer viruses, earthquakes and similar events. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could result in damage to our systems and hardware or could cause them to fail completely, and our insurance may not cover such events or may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. Our systems are not completely redundant, so a system failure at one site could result in reduced platform functionality for our consumers, and a total failure of our systems could cause our websites or apps to be inaccessible by some or all of our consumers. Problems faced by our third-party service providers with the telecommunications network providers with whom they contract or with the systems by which they allocate capacity among their users, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our consumers. Our third-party service providers could decide to close their facilities without adequate notice. Any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy or reorganization, faced by our third-party service providers or any of the service providers with whom they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. If our third-party service providers are unable to keep up with our needs for capacity, this could have an adverse effect on our business. Any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our services could harm our reputation and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

 

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Our failure or the failure of third parties to protect our sites, networks and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential information, could damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and operating results.

We collect, maintain, transmit and store data about our consumers, retailers and brands and others, including credit card information and personally identifiable information, as well as other confidential information.

We also engage third parties that store, process and transmit these types of information on our behalf. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties in an effort to securely transmit confidential and sensitive information, including credit card numbers. Advances in computer capabilities, new technological discoveries or other developments may result in the whole or partial failure of this technology to protect transaction data or other confidential and sensitive information from being breached or compromised. In addition, ecommerce websites are often attacked through compromised credentials, including those obtained through phishing and credential stuffing. Our security measures, and those of our third-party service providers, may not detect or prevent all attempts to breach our systems, denial-of-service attacks, viruses, malicious software, break-ins, phishing attacks, social engineering, security breaches or other attacks and similar disruptions that may jeopardize the security of information stored in or transmitted by our websites, networks and systems or that we or such third parties otherwise maintain, including payment card systems, which may subject us to fines or higher transaction fees or limit or terminate our access to certain payment methods. We and such third parties may not anticipate or prevent all types of attacks until after they have already been launched. Further, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and may not be known until launched against us or our third-party service providers. In addition, security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent breaches by our employees or by third parties. These risks may increase over time as the complexity and number of technical systems and applications we use also increases.

Breaches of our security measures or those of our third-party service providers or cyber security incidents could result in unauthorized access to our sites, networks and systems; unauthorized access to and misappropriation of consumer information, including consumers’ personally identifiable information, or other confidential or proprietary information of ourselves or third parties; viruses, worms, spyware or other malware being served from our sites, networks or systems; deletion or modification of content or the display of unauthorized content on our sites; interruption, disruption or malfunction of operations; costs relating to breach remediation, deployment of additional personnel and protection technologies, response to governmental investigations and media inquiries and coverage; engagement of third-party experts and consultants; litigation, regulatory action and other potential liabilities. In the past, we have experienced social engineering, phishing, malware and similar attacks and threats of denial-of-service attacks; however, such attacks could in the future have a material adverse effect on our operations. If any of these breaches of security should occur, our reputation and brand could be damaged, our business may suffer, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to alleviate problems caused by such breaches, and we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation or regulatory action and possible liability. We cannot guarantee that recovery protocols and backup systems will be sufficient to prevent data loss. Actual or anticipated attacks may cause us to incur increasing costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees and engage third-party experts and consultants. In addition, any party who is able to illicitly obtain a subscriber’s password could access the subscriber’s transaction data or personal information, resulting in the perception that our systems are insecure.

Any compromise or breach of our security measures, or those of our third-party service providers, could violate applicable privacy, data protection, data security, network and information systems security and other laws and cause significant legal and financial exposure, adverse publicity and a loss of confidence in our security measures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,

 

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results of operations, financial condition and prospects. We continue to devote significant resources to protect against security breaches or we may need to in the future to address problems caused by breaches, including notifying affected subscribers and responding to any resulting litigation, which in turn, diverts resources from the growth and expansion of our business.

We rely on retailers and brands, suppliers, third-party carriers and transportation providers as part of our fulfilment process, and these third parties may fail to adequately serve our consumers.

We significantly rely on retailers and brands to properly and promptly prepare products ordered by our consumers for shipment. Any failure by these suppliers to timely prepare such products for shipment to our consumers will have an adverse effect on the fulfilment of consumer orders, which could negatively affect the consumer experience and harm our business and results of operations. We also rely upon third-party carriers and transportation providers for substantially all of our merchandise shipments, including shipments of items from our retailers and brands, to our production facilities for processing, shipments returning these items to our retailers and brands and the shipments to our consumers after purchase. Our shipments are also subject to risks that could increase our distribution costs, including rising fuel costs and events such as employee strikes and inclement weather, which may impact the third party’s ability to provide delivery services that adequately meet our needs. If we needed to change shipping companies, we could face logistical difficulties that could adversely impact deliveries and we would incur costs and expend resources in connection with such change. Moreover, we may not be able to obtain terms as favorable as those received from the independent third-party transportation providers we currently use, which would increase our costs. Any increase in shipping costs or any other significant shipping difficulties or disruptions or any failure by our retailers, brands or third-party carriers to deliver high-quality products to our consumers in a timely manner or to otherwise adequately serve our consumers could damage our reputation and brand and may substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on third parties to drive traffic to our website, and these providers may change their search engine algorithms or pricing in ways that could negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our success depends on our ability to attract consumers cost effectively. With respect to our marketing channels, we rely heavily on relationships with providers of online services, search engines, social media, directories and other websites and ecommerce businesses to provide content, advertising banners and other links that direct consumers to our websites. We rely on these relationships to provide significant sources of traffic to our website. In particular, we rely on search engines, such as Google, Bing and Yahoo! and the major mobile app stores, as important marketing channels. Search engine companies change their natural search engine algorithms periodically, and our ranking in natural searches may be adversely affected by those changes, as has occurred from time to time. Search engine companies may also determine that we are not in compliance with their guidelines and consequently penalize us in their algorithms as a result. If search engines change or penalize us with their algorithms, terms of service, display and featuring of search results, or if competition increases for advertisements, we may be unable to cost-effectively drive consumers to our website and apps.

Our relationships with our marketing providers are not long term in nature and do not require any specific performance commitments. In addition, many of the parties with whom we have online advertising arrangements provide advertising services to other companies, including retailers with whom we compete. As competition for online advertising has increased, the cost for some of these services has also increased. A significant increase in the cost of the marketing providers upon which we rely could adversely impact our ability to attract consumers cost effectively and harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

 

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We face significant competition in the retail industry and may be unsuccessful in competing against current and future competitors.

The retail industry is intensely competitive. Online retail, including on mobile devices and tablets, is rapidly evolving and is subject to changing technology, shifting consumer preferences and tastes and frequent introductions of new products and services. We could face competition from technology enablement companies and luxury sellers. Technology enablement companies are those that enable commerce, such as Shopify or Square, and white-label service providers that offer end-to-end solutions. Luxury sellers are typically either larger more established companies, such as luxury department stores, luxury brand stores or online retailers, or multichannel players that are independent retailers operating brick and mortar stores with an online presence, and these luxury sellers may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, existing consumer and supplier relationships and significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources. Additionally, larger competitors seeking to establish an online presence in luxury fashion may be able to devote substantially more resources to website systems development and exert more leverage over the supply chain for luxury products than we can. Larger competitors may also be better capitalized to opportunistically acquire, invest in or partner with other domestic and international businesses. We believe that companies with a combination of technical expertise, brand recognition, financial resources and ecommerce experience also pose a significant threat of developing competing luxury fashion distribution technologies. In particular, if known incumbents in the ecommerce space choose to offer competing services, they may devote greater resources than we have available, have a more accelerated time frame for deployment and leverage their existing user base and proprietary technologies to provide services or a user experience that our consumers may view as superior.

Online retail companies and marketplaces, including emerging start-ups, may be able to innovate and provide products and services faster than we can, and they may be willing to price their products and services more aggressively in order to gain market share. In addition, traditional brick and mortar based retailers offer consumers the ability to handle and examine products in person and offer a more convenient means of returning and exchanging purchased products. If our competitors are more successful in offering compelling products or in attracting and retaining consumers than we are, our revenue and growth rates could decline.

If we are unable to compete successfully, or if competing successfully requires us to expend significant resources in response to our competitors’ actions, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to privacy, data protection and information security. If we are unable to comply with these, we may be subject to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity.

We collect personally identifiable information and other data from our consumers and prospective consumers. We use this information to provide services and relevant products to our consumers, to support, expand and improve our business, and to tailor our marketing and advertising efforts. We may also share consumers’ personal data with certain third parties as authorized by the consumer or as described in our privacy policy.

As a result, we are subject to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to the protection of personal data, privacy and information security in certain countries where we do business and there has been and will continue to be a significant increase globally in such laws that restrict or control the use of personal data.

In Europe, where we have significant business operations, the data privacy and information security regime recently underwent a significant change and continues to evolve and is subject to

 

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increasingly regulatory scrutiny. The new General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into force on May 25, 2018, implemented more stringent operational requirements for our use of personal data. These more stringent requirements include expanded disclosures to tell our consumers about how we may use their personal data, increased controls on profiling customers and increased rights for customers to access, control and delete their personal data. In addition, there are mandatory data breach notification requirements and significantly increased penalties of the greater of 20 million or 4% of global turnover for the preceding financial year. The UK’s Network and Information Systems Regulations 2018 (“NID Regulations”), which came into force on May 10, 2018, apply to us as an online marketplace and place additional network and information systems security obligations on us, as well as mandatory security incident notification in certain circumstances with penalties of up to £17 million.

In recent years, U.S. and European lawmakers and regulators have expressed concern over the use of third-party cookies and similar technologies for online behavioral advertising, and laws in this area are also under reform. In the European Union, current national laws that implement the ePrivacy Directive will be replaced by an EU regulation known as the ePrivacy Regulation. In the European Union, informed consent is required for the placement of a cookie on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing, and the GDPR also imposes additional conditions in order to satisfy such consent, such as a prohibition on pre-checked consents. The draft ePrivacy Regulation retains these additional consent conditions and also imposes the strict opt-in marketing rules on direct marketing that is “presented” on a web page rather than sent by email, alters rules on third-party cookies and similar technology and significantly increases penalties for breach of the rules. Regulation of cookies and similar technologies may lead to broader restrictions on our marketing and personalization activities and may negatively impact our efforts to understand users’ internet usage, as well as the effectiveness of our marketing and our business generally. Such regulations may have a negative effect on businesses, including ours, that collect and use online usage information for consumer acquisition and marketing, it may increase the cost of operating a business that collects or uses such information and undertakes online marketing, it may also increase regulatory scrutiny and increase potential civil liability under data protection or consumer protection laws. In response to marketplace concerns about the usage of third-party cookies and web beacons to track user behaviors, providers of major browsers have included features that allow users to limit the collection of certain data generally or from specified websites, and the ePrivacy Regulations draft also advocates the development of browsers that block cookies by default. These developments could impair our ability to collect user information, including personal data and usage information, that helps us provide more targeted advertising to our current and prospective consumers, which could adversely affect our business, given our use of cookies and similar technologies to target our marketing and personalize the consumer experience.

As the text of the ePrivacy Regulation is still under development, and as further guidance is issued and interpretation of both the ePrivacy Regulation and GDPR develop, we could incur substantial costs to comply with these regulations. The changes could require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, adversely affect our margins, increase costs and subject us to additional liabilities.

In the United States, federal and various state governments have adopted or are considering, laws, guidelines or rules for the collection, distribution, use and storage of information collected from or about consumers or their devices. For example, California recently passed the California Consumer Privacy Act, which has an effective date of January 1, 2020 and introduces substantial changes to privacy law for businesses that collect personal information from California residents. Additionally, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and many state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws, to impose standards for the online collection, use and dissemination of data. Furthermore, these obligations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other requirements or our practices.

 

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In China, the Personal Information Security Specification (“China Specification”) came into force on May 1, 2018. Although the China Specification is not a mandatory regulation, it nonetheless has a key implementing role in relation to China’s Cyber Security Law in respect of protecting personal information in China. Furthermore, it is likely that the China Specification will be relied on by Chinese government agencies as a standard to determine whether businesses have abided by China’s data protection rules. This China Specification has introduced many concepts and protection rules for personal information, such as “Data Controller” from GDPR. From the consent perspective the China Specification and GDPR are similar, but the China Specification has broadened the scope of personal sensitive information (“PSI”) as compared to GDPR (including but not limited to phone number, transaction record and purchase history, bank account, browse history, and e-ID info such as system account, email address and corresponding password) and thus, the application of explicit consent under the China Specification is more far reaching. Furthermore, under the China Specification, the data controller must provide the purpose of collecting and using subject personal information, as well as business functions of such purpose, and the China Specification requires the data controller to distinguish its core function from additional functions to ensure the data controller will only collect personal information as needed. Our failure to comply with the China Specification could result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Many data protection regimes apply based on where a consumer is located, and as we expand and new laws are enacted or existing laws change, we may be subject to new laws, regulations or standards or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations or standards, including those in the areas of data security, data privacy and regulation of email providers and those that require localization of certain data (such as in Russia, where we have already undertaken localization), which could require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with rapidly evolving privacy or security laws such as the China Specification, policies (including our own stated privacy policies), legal obligations or industry standards or any security incident that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other consumer data may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation (including consumer class actions), fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our consumers to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our failure to address risks associated with payment methods, credit card fraud and other consumer fraud, or our failure to control any such fraud, could damage our reputation and brand and may cause our business and results of operations to suffer.

Under current credit card practices, we are liable for fraudulent credit card transactions because we do not obtain a cardholder’s signature. We do not currently carry insurance against this risk. To date, we have experienced minimal losses from credit card fraud, but we face the risk of significant losses from this type of fraud as our net sales increase and as we continue to expand globally. Our failure to adequately control fraudulent credit card transactions could damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We also accept payments for many of our sales through credit and debit card transactions, which are handled through third-party payment processors. In particular, for the year ended December 31, 2017, we relied on one third-party payment processor, which processed, directly and indirectly, more than 80% of our transactions. As a result, we are subject to a number of risks related to credit and debit card payments, including that we pay interchange and other fees, which may increase over time and could require us to either increase the prices we charge for our products or absorb an increase in our costs and expenses. In addition, as part of the payment processing process, our consumers’ credit and debit card information is transmitted to our third-party payment processors. We may in the future

 

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become subject to lawsuits or other proceedings for purportedly fraudulent transactions arising out of the actual or alleged theft of our consumers’ credit or debit card information if the security of our third-party credit card payment processors are breached. We and our third-party credit card payment processors are also subject to payment card association operating rules, certification requirements and rules governing electronic funds transfers, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. If we or our third-party credit card payment processors fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our consumers in addition to the consequences that could arise from such action or inaction violating applicable privacy, data protection, data security and other laws as outlined above, and there may be an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Use of social media, emails and text messages may adversely impact our reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties.

We use social media, emails and text messages as part of our omnichannel approach to marketing. As laws and regulations rapidly evolve to govern the use of these channels, the failure by us, our employees or third parties acting at our direction to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these channels could adversely affect our reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties. In addition, our employees or third parties acting at our direction may knowingly or inadvertently make use of social media in ways that could lead to the loss or infringement of intellectual property, as well as the public disclosure of proprietary, confidential or sensitive personal information of our business, employees, consumers or others. Any such inappropriate use of social media, emails and text messages could also cause reputational damage.

Consumers value readily available information concerning retailers and their goods and services and often act on such information without further investigation and without regard to its accuracy. Our consumers may engage with us online through our social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest and Twitter, by providing feedback and public commentary about all aspects of our business. Information concerning us or our retailers and brands, whether accurate or not, may be posted on social media platforms at any time and may have a disproportionately adverse impact on our brand, reputation or business. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

If we are unable to successfully launch and monetize new and innovative technology, our growth and profitability could be adversely affected.

We are constantly developing new and innovative technology, such as Farfetch Store of the Future. Our ability to monetize these technologies and other new business lines in a timely manner and operate them profitably depends on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

 

   

our ability to manage the financial and operational aspects of developing and launching new technology, including making appropriate investments in our software systems, information technologies and operational infrastructure;

 

   

our ability to secure required governmental permits and approvals;

 

   

the level of commitment and interest from our actual and potential third-party innovators;

 

   

our competitors (including our existing retailers and brands who may launch competing technologies) developing and implementing similar or better technology;

 

   

our ability to effectively manage any third-party challenges to the intellectual property behind our technology;

 

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our ability to collect, combine and leverage data about our consumers collected online and through our new technology in compliance with data protection laws; and

 

   

general economic and business conditions affecting consumer confidence and spending and the overall strength of our business.

We may not be able to grow our new technologies or business lines or operate them profitability, and these new and innovative technology initiatives may never generate material revenue. In addition, the substantial management time and resources that our technology development requires may result in disruption to our existing business operations and adversely affect our financial condition, which may decrease our profitability and growth.

Our customer concentration may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the top 1% of our consumers accounted for approximately 20% of our Marketplace GMV. Accordingly, our revenue, financial condition or results of operations may be unduly affected by fluctuations in the buying patterns of these consumers. If we were to lose the business of some or all of these consumers, it could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our operating results are subject to seasonal and quarterly variations in our revenue and operating income, and as a result, our quarterly results may fluctuate and could be below expectations.

Our business is seasonal and historically, we have realized a disproportionate amount of our revenue and earnings for the year in the fourth quarter as a result of the holiday season and seasonal promotions, and we expect this to continue in the future. If we experience lower than expected revenue during any fourth quarter, it may have a disproportionately large impact on our operating results and financial condition for that year. Any factors that harm our fourth quarter operating results, including disruptions in our brands’ or retailers’ supply chains or unfavorable economic conditions, could have a disproportionate effect on our results of operations for our entire fiscal year.

In anticipation of increased sales activity during the fourth quarter, we may incur significant additional expenses, including additional marketing and additional staffing in our customer support operations. In addition, we may experience an increase in our net shipping costs due to complimentary upgrades, split-shipments, and additional long-zone shipments necessary to ensure timely delivery for the holiday season. At peak periods, there could also be further delays by our retailers and brands in processing orders, which could leave us unable to fulfill consumer orders due to “no stock,” or in packaging a consumer’s order once received, which could lead to lower consumer satisfaction. In the future, our seasonal sales patterns may become more pronounced, may strain our personnel and production activities and may cause a shortfall in net sales as compared with expenses in a given period, which could substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our quarterly results of operations may also fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of other factors, including those described above. As a result, historical period-to-period comparisons of our sales and operating results are not necessarily indicative of future period-to-period results. You should not rely on the results of a single fiscal quarter as an indication of our annual results or our future performance.

We may not accurately forecast income and appropriately plan our expenses.

We base our current and future expense levels on our operating forecasts and estimates of future income. Income and operating results are difficult to forecast because they generally depend on the

 

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volume and timing of the orders we receive, which are uncertain. Additionally, our business is affected by general economic and business conditions around the world. A softening in income, whether caused by changes in consumer preferences or a weakening in global economies, may result in decreased revenue levels, and we may be unable to adjust our spending in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in income. This inability could cause our (loss)/income after tax in a given quarter to be (higher)/lower than expected. We also make certain assumptions when forecasting the amount of expense we expect related to our share based payments, which includes the expected volatility of our share price, the expected life of share options granted and the expected rate of share option forfeitures. These assumptions are partly based on historical results. If actual results differ from our estimates, our net income in a given quarter may be lower than expected.

We depend on highly skilled personnel, including senior management and our technology professionals, and if we are unable to retain or motivate key personnel or hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business could be harmed.

We believe our success has depended, and our future success depends, on the efforts and talents of our senior management, particularly José Neves, our founder and chief executive officer, and our highly skilled team members, including our software engineers, data scientists and technology professionals. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. In particular, our software engineers and technology professionals are key to designing, maintaining and improving code and algorithms necessary to our business.

Competition for well-qualified employees in all aspects of our business, including software engineers and other technology professionals, is intense globally. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate existing employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or retaining and motivating existing employees and key senior management, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to manage our growth effectively, and such rapid growth may adversely affect our corporate culture.

We have rapidly and significantly expanded our operations and anticipate expanding further as we pursue our growth strategies. Such expansion increases the complexity of our business and places a significant strain on our management, operations, technical systems, financial resources and internal control over financial reporting functions. Our current and planned personnel, systems, procedures and controls may not be adequate to support and effectively manage our future operations, especially as we employ personnel in several geographic locations. We are currently in the process of transitioning certain of our business and financial systems to systems on a scale reflecting the increased size, scope and complexity of our operations, and the process of migrating our legacy systems could disrupt our ability to timely and accurately process information, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cause harm to our reputation. As a result, we may not be able to manage our expansion effectively.

Our entrepreneurial and collaborative culture is important to us, and we believe it has been a major contributor to our success. We may have difficulties maintaining our culture or adapting it sufficiently to meet the needs of our future and evolving operations as we continue to grow, in particular as we grow internationally. In addition, our ability to maintain our culture as a public company, with the attendant changes in policies, practices, corporate governance and management requirements may be challenging. Failure to maintain our culture could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

 

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General economic factors, natural disasters or other unexpected events may adversely affect our business, financial performance and results of operations.

Our business, financial performance and results of operations depend significantly on worldwide macroeconomic economic conditions and their impact on consumer spending. Luxury products are discretionary purchases for consumers. Recessionary economic cycles, higher interest rates, volatile fuel and energy costs, inflation, levels of unemployment, conditions in the residential real estate and mortgage markets, access to credit, consumer debt levels, unsettled financial markets and other economic factors that may affect consumer spending or buying habits could materially and adversely affect demand for our products. In addition, volatility in the financial markets has had and may continue to have a negative impact on consumer spending patterns. A reduction in consumer spending or disposable income may affect us more significantly than companies in other industries and companies with a more diversified product offering. In addition, negative national or global economic conditions may materially and adversely affect our suppliers’ financial performance, liquidity and access to capital. This may affect their ability to maintain their inventories, production levels and/or product quality and could cause them to raise prices, lower production levels or cease their operations.

Economic factors such as increased commodity prices, shipping costs, inflation, higher costs of labor, insurance and healthcare, and changes in or interpretations of other laws, regulations and taxes may also increase our cost of sales and our selling, general and administrative expenses, and otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Any significant increases in costs may affect our business disproportionately than our competitors. Changes in trade policies or increases in tariffs, including those recently enacted by the United States and proposed by China, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets and may reduce international trade.

Natural disasters and other adverse weather and climate conditions, public health crises, political crises, such as terrorist attacks, war and other political instability or other unexpected events, could disrupt our operations, internet or mobile networks or the operations of one or more of our third-party service providers. For example, the vast majority of our production processes take place at our facility in Guimarães, Portugal. If any such disaster were to impact this facility, our operations would be disrupted. Such events may also impact consumer discretionary spending. If any of these events occurs, our business could be adversely affected.

We have acquired, and may continue to acquire, other companies or technologies, which could divert management’s attention and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results. We may fail to acquire companies whose market power or technology could be important to the future success of our business.

We have acquired and may in the future seek to acquire or invest in other companies or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our brand and products, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. Pursuit of future potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated. In addition, we may be unsuccessful in integrating our acquired businesses or any additional business we may acquire in the future, and we may fail to acquire companies whose market power or technology could be important to the future success of our business. For example, in 2015, we acquired Browns and in 2017, we acquired Fashion Concierge and Style.com.

 

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We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from any acquired business due to a number of factors, including:

 

   

unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquisition, including costs or liabilities arising from the acquired companies’ failure to comply with intellectual property laws and licensing obligations to which they are subject;

 

   

incurrence of acquisition-related costs;

 

   

diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

 

   

regulatory uncertainties;

 

   

harm to our existing business relationships with retailers and boutiques as a result of the acquisition;

 

   

harm to our brand and reputation;

 

   

the potential loss of key employees;

 

   

use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business; and

 

   

use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the acquisition.

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process. Acquisitions also could result in dilutive issuances of equity securities or the incurrence of debt, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if an acquired business fails to meet our expectations, this may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We are involved in and may pursue strategic relationships. We may have limited control over such relationships, and these relationships may not provide the anticipated benefits.

We are involved in various strategic relationships, including with JD.com and the Chalhoub Group, which we expect will benefit our business and help us to achieve growth in China and the Middle East, respectively. We also may pursue and enter into strategic relationships in the future. Such relationships involve risks, including but not limited to: maintaining good working relationships with the other party; any economic or business interests of the other party that are inconsistent with ours; the other party’s failure to fund its share of capital for operations or to fulfill its other commitments, including providing accurate and timely accounting and financial information us, which could negatively impact our operating results; loss of key personnel; actions taken by our strategic partners that may not be compliant with applicable rules, regulations and laws; reputational concerns that may be imputed to us; bankruptcy, requiring us to assume all risks and capital requirements related to the relationship, and the related bankruptcy proceedings could have an adverse impact on the relationship; and any actions arising out of the relationship that may result in reputational harm or legal exposure to us. Further, these relationships may not deliver the benefits that were originally anticipated. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

A failure to comply with current laws, rules and regulations or changes to such laws, rules and regulations and other legal uncertainties may adversely affect our business, financial performance, results of operations or business growth.

Our business and financial performance could be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in or interpretations of existing laws, rules and regulations or the promulgation of new laws, rules and

 

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regulations applicable to us and our businesses, including those relating to the internet and ecommerce, including geo-blocking and other geographically based restrictions, internet advertising and price display, consumer protection, anti-corruption, antitrust and competition, economic and trade sanctions, tax, banking, data security, network and information systems security, data protection and privacy. As a result, regulatory authorities could prevent or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us if our practices were found not to comply with applicable regulatory or licensing requirements or any binding interpretation of such requirements. Unfavorable changes or interpretations could decrease demand for our services, limit marketing methods and capabilities, affect our margins, increase costs or subject us to additional liabilities.

For example, there are, and will likely continue to be, an increasing number of laws and regulations pertaining to the internet and ecommerce that may relate to liability for information retrieved from or transmitted over the internet, display of certain taxes and fees, online editorial and consumer-generated content, user privacy, data security, network and information systems security, behavioral targeting and online advertising, taxation, liability for third-party activities and the quality of services. Furthermore, the growth and development of ecommerce may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws and more aggressive enforcement efforts, which may impose additional burdens on online businesses generally.

Likewise, the SEC, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls (“OFAC”), the U.S. Department of State, as well as other foreign regulatory authorities continue to enforce economic and trade regulations and anti-corruption laws, across industries. U.S. trade sanctions relate to transactions with designated foreign countries and territories, including Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria and the Crimea region of Ukraine (“Crimea”) as well as specifically targeted individuals and entities that are identified on U.S. and other blacklists, and those owned by them or those acting on their behalf. Anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) and the U.K. Bribery Act (the “Bribery Act”), generally prohibit direct or indirect corrupt payments to government officials and, under certain laws, private persons to obtain or retain business or an improper business advantage. Some of our international operations are conducted in parts of the world where it is common to engage in business practices that are prohibited by these laws.

Although we have policies and procedures in place designed to promote compliance with laws and regulations, which we review and update as we expand our operations in existing and new jurisdictions in order to proportionately address risks of non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations, our employees, partners, or agents could take actions in contravention of our policies and procedures, or violate applicable laws or regulations. As regulations continue to develop and regulatory oversight continues to focus on these areas, we cannot guarantee that our policies and procedures will ensure compliance at all times with all applicable laws or regulations. In the event our controls should fail or we are found to be not in compliance for other reasons, we could be subject to monetary damages, civil and criminal monetary penalties, withdrawal of business licenses or permits, litigation and damage to our reputation and the value of our brand.

As we expand our operations in existing and new jurisdictions internationally, we will need to increase the scope of our compliance programs to address the risks relating to the potential for violations of the FCPA and the Bribery Act and other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws. Further, the promulgation of new laws, rules and regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws, rules and regulations, in each case that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or manner in which we or our retailers and brands conduct business could require us to change certain aspects of our business, operations and commercial relationships to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for services, reduce revenue, increase costs or subject us to additional liabilities.

 

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We are subject to trade and economic sanctions and export laws that may govern or restrict our business, and we may be subject to fines or other penalties for non-compliance with those laws.

We are subject to U.S. laws and regulations that may govern or restrict our business and activities in certain countries and with certain persons, including trade and economic sanctions regulations administered by OFAC and the Export Administration Regulations administered by the U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”). In March 2018, we determined that certain products purchased on our Marketplace were shipped from retailers or brands in the United States to addresses associated with Crimea. In December 2014, the United States announced a near complete embargo on exports of items from the United States to Crimea. Based on our review to date, we have determined that on up to 20 occasions since December 2014, products purchased on our Marketplace from retailers or brands in the United States were shipped to parties whose addresses are associated with Crimea. On one occasion identified to date since December 2014, a retailer on our Marketplace outside the United States shipped what appears to be a U.S.-origin product to an address associated with Crimea. We have since put in place measures designed to prevent the fulfilment of orders associated with addresses in Crimea. On April 27, 2018, we submitted an initial voluntary self-disclosure regarding these matters to OFAC and BIS. We expect that we will complete our internal review and submit a final disclosure report to OFAC and BIS within 180 days from the date of the initial voluntary self-disclosure. Once we submit the final disclosure report, we cannot predict how long it will take OFAC and the U.S. Commerce Department to complete their review and reach of determination on these shipments to Crimea. If we are found to be in violation of U.S. sanctions or export control laws, it could result in fines and penalties for us, which could be substantial. Moreover, notwithstanding the safeguards we have put in place to ensure compliance with U.S. sanctions or export control laws, we cannot be certain that these safeguards will be effective in all cases. In addition, in the future, compliance with U.S. trade and economic sanctions regulations could result in restrictions in our ability to generate revenue in other countries, such as Russia, due to geopolitics or otherwise, which could adversely affect our business.

We are subject to customs and international trade laws that could require us to modify our current business practices and incur increased costs or could result in a delay in getting products through customs and port operations, which may limit our growth and cause us to suffer reputational damage.

Our business is conducted worldwide, with goods imported from and exported to a substantial number of countries. The vast majority of products sold on our Marketplace are shipped internationally. We are subject to numerous regulations, including customs and international trade laws, that govern the importation and sale of luxury goods. Our consumers in certain countries, such as China and Russia, are also subject to limitations and regulations governing the import of luxury goods. In addition, we face risks associated with trade protection laws, policies and measures and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment, including loss or modification of exemptions for taxes and tariffs, imposition of new tariffs and duties and import and export licensing requirements in the countries in which we operate, in particular, in China, where trade relations between the United States and China are uncertain. Our failure to comply with import or export rules and restrictions or to properly classify items under tariff regulations and pay the appropriate duties could expose us to fines and penalties. If these laws or regulations were to change or were violated by our management, employees, retailers or brands, we could experience delays in shipments of our goods, be subject to fines or penalties, or suffer reputational harm, which could reduce demand for our services and negatively impact our results of operations.

Legal requirements are frequently changed and subject to interpretation, and we are unable to predict the ultimate cost of compliance with these requirements or their effects on our operations. We may be required to make significant expenditures or modify our business practices to comply with

 

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existing or future laws and regulations, which may increase our costs and materially limit our ability to operate our business.

Our business depends on our ability to source and distribute products in a timely manner. As a result, we rely on the free flow of goods through open and operational ports worldwide. Labor disputes or other disruptions at ports create significant risks for our business, particularly if work slowdowns, lockouts, strikes or other disruptions occur. Any of these factors could result in reduced sales or canceled orders, which may limit our growth and damage our reputation and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our cash balances effectively and affect our ability to pay dividends in the future.

We are subject to governmental regulation of currency conversion and transfers, which may particularly affect our subsidiaries in certain jurisdictions. For example, the Chinese government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi (“RMB”) into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. Our revenue is partially derived from sales to consumers in China and earnings from our Chinese operations, and substantially all of our revenue from such sales is denominated in RMB. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our Chinese operations to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, or otherwise to satisfy their foreign currency-denominated obligations. Under existing Chinese foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, for any Chinese company, dividends can be declared and paid only out of the retained earnings of that company under Chinese law. Under Chinese laws, rules and regulations, each of our subsidiaries incorporated in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its net income each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not distributable as cash dividends. As a result of these laws, rules and regulations, our subsidiaries incorporated in China are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to their shareholders as dividends, loans or advances.

Furthermore, approval from SAFE or its local branch is required where RMB are to be converted into foreign currencies and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses, such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. Without a prior approval from SAFE, cash generated from our operations in China may not be used to pay off debt in a currency other than the RMB owed by entities within China to entities outside China, or make other capital expenditures outside China in a currency other than the RMB.

The Chinese government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. In response to the persistent capital outflow in China and RMB’s depreciation against U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) and SAFE have implemented a series of capital control measures over recent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. For instance, on January 26, 2017, SAFE issued the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Review of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control (“SAFE Circular 3”), which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (1) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (2) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’

 

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losses before remitting the profits. The People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and more restrictions and substantial vetting process may be put in place by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in currencies other than RMB to our shareholders or service and repay our indebtedness when due.

For us to receive dividends from our operations in China, repatriation of funds from China to the United Kingdom will be required under our current structure. Insofar as such repatriation requires the prior approval of SAFE or is deemed to not be in compliance with the authenticity and compliance requirements, we could be delayed, restricted or limited in receiving dividends from our Chinese subsidiaries, which may limit our ability to pay dividends to holders of the Class A ordinary shares or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the rules and regulations pursuant to which SAFE grants or denies such approval will not change in a way that adversely affects our ability to receive dividends from our Chinese operations, which, in turn, would restrict our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Application of existing tax laws, rules or regulations are subject to interpretation by taxing authorities.

The application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions to our international business activities is subject to interpretation. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for valuing developed technology or intercompany arrangements, including our transfer pricing, or determine that the manner in which we operate our business does not achieve the intended tax consequences, which could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

Significant judgment and estimation is required in determining our worldwide tax liabilities. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations, including intercompany transactions and cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing, for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain or otherwise subject to interpretation. Tax authorities in any of the countries in which we operate may disagree with our intercompany charges, including the amount of, or basis for, such charges, cross-jurisdictional transfer pricing or other matters such as the allocation of certain interest expenses and other tax items, and assess additional taxes.

As we operate in numerous taxing jurisdictions, the application of tax laws can be subject to diverging and sometimes conflicting interpretations by tax authorities of these jurisdictions. It is not uncommon for taxing authorities in different countries to have conflicting views, for instance, with respect to, among other things, whether a permanent establishment exists in a particular jurisdiction, the manner in which the arm’s length standard is applied for transfer pricing purposes, or with respect to the valuation of intellectual property. For example, if the taxing authority in one country where we operate were to reallocate income from another country where we operate, and the taxing authority in the second country did not agree with the reallocation asserted by the first country, we could become subject to tax on the same income in both countries, resulting in double taxation. If taxing authorities were to allocate income to a higher tax jurisdiction, subject our income to double taxation or assess interest and penalties, it could increase our tax liability, which could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

Although we believe our tax estimates and methodologies are reasonable, a taxing authority’s final determination in the event of a tax audit could materially differ from our historical corporate income tax provisions and accruals, in which case we may be subject to additional tax liabilities, possibly including interest and penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, results

 

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of operations, financial condition and prospects. Furthermore, taxing authorities have become more aggressive in their interpretation and enforcement of such laws, rules and regulations over time, as governments are increasingly focused on ways to increase revenues. This has contributed to an increase in audit activity and harsher stances by tax authorities. As such, additional taxes or other assessments may be in excess of our current tax reserves or may require us to modify our business practices to reduce our exposure to additional taxes going forward, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Amendments to existing tax laws, rules or regulations or enactment of new unfavorable tax laws, rules or regulations could have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance.

Many of the underlying laws, rules or regulations imposing taxes and other obligations were established before the growth of the internet and ecommerce. Tax authorities in non-U.S. jurisdictions and at the U.S. federal, state and local levels are currently reviewing the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in internet commerce and considering changes to existing tax or other laws that could regulate our transmissions and/or levy sales, income, consumption, use or other taxes relating to our activities, and/or impose obligations on us to collect such taxes. For example, in March 2018 the European Commission proposed new rules for taxing digital business activities in the EU. We cannot predict the effect of current attempts to impose taxes on commerce over the internet. If such tax or other laws, rules or regulations were amended, or if new unfavorable laws, rules or regulations were enacted, the results could increase our tax payments or other obligations, prospectively or retrospectively, subject us to interest and penalties, decrease the demand for our services if we pass on such costs to the consumer, result in increased costs to update or expand our technical or administrative infrastructure or effectively limit the scope of our business activities if we decided not to conduct business in particular jurisdictions. As a result, these changes may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, various governments and intergovernmental organizations could introduce proposals for tax legislation, or adopt tax laws, that may have a significant adverse effect on our worldwide effective tax rate, or increase our tax liabilities, the carrying value of deferred tax assets, or our deferred tax liabilities. For example, in October 2015, the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (“OECD”) released a final package of recommended tax measures for member nations to implement in an effort to limit “base erosion and profit shifting” (“BEPS”) by multinational companies. Since then, the OECD has continued to monitor key areas of action and issue additional reports and guidance on implementation of the BEPS recommendations. Multiple jurisdictions, including some of the countries in which we operate, have begun implementing recommended changes aimed at addressing perceived issues within their respective tax systems that may lead to reduced tax liabilities among multinational companies. It is possible that other jurisdictions in which we operate or do business could react to the BEPS initiative or their own concerns by enacting tax legislation that could adversely affect us through increasing our tax liabilities.

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives passed H.R. 1, “An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018” (informally titled the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act”). Among a number of significant changes to the current U.S. federal income tax rules, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act reduced the marginal U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, limited the deduction for net business interest expense, shifted the United States toward a more territorial tax system, imposed a one-time tax on accumulated offshore earnings held in cash and illiquid assets, and imposed new taxes to combat erosion of the U.S. federal income tax base. The Treasury Department and the IRS have signaled their intent to issue guidance on a number of open questions relating to the implementation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Acts. The impact that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will have on our business is uncertain at this time.

 

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The application of indirect taxes and the impact of managing our business model transition to a commissionaire structure could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The application of indirect taxes, such as sales and use tax, value-added tax, provincial taxes, goods and services tax, business tax and gross receipt tax, to our business and to our retailers and brands is a complex and evolving issue. Significant judgment is required to evaluate applicable tax obligations. As a result amounts recorded may be subject to adjustments by the relevant tax authorities. In many cases, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain because it is not clear how new and existing statutes might apply to our business or to the businesses of our retailers and brands. One or more states, the federal government or other countries may seek to impose additional reporting, record-keeping or indirect tax collection obligations on businesses like ours that facilitate ecommerce. For example, state and local taxing authorities in the United States and taxing authorities in other countries have identified ecommerce platforms as a means to calculate, collect and remit indirect taxes for transactions taking place over the internet. Multiple U.S. states have enacted related legislation and other states are now considering such legislation. Furthermore, the U.S. Supreme Court recently has held in South Dakota v. Wayfair that a U.S. state may require an online retailer to collect sales taxes imposed by that state, even if the retailer has no physical presence in that state, thus permitting a wider enforcement of such sales tax collection requirements. Such legislation could require us or our retailers and brands to incur substantial costs in order to comply, including costs associated with legal advice, tax calculation, collection, remittance and audit requirements, which could make selling in such markets less attractive and could adversely affect our business.

We have historically operated under a “de-coupling structure,” meaning that our business model currently involves a supply, which is the sale of goods to end consumers, by our retailers and brands, and then a separate supply by us comprising the shipping of those goods to the end consumers. However, the European Commission and courts in the United Kingdom are currently considering the effectiveness of such a structure from an indirect tax viewpoint. If this leads to a change in legislation or a change in interpretation of current legislation, we could be assessed to additional amounts of value added tax. To provide more certainty, we are transitioning our business model to one in which we will act as an “undisclosed agent” or “commissionaire” of our retailers and brands. For the purposes of calculating VAT, our end consumers will contract with and be invoiced by us and there will be a supply by us to the end consumer of goods and other related services, although the legal sale of goods will continue to be between our retailers and brands and the end consumer. Such a transition is intended to provide greater certainty to our value added tax accounting position without materially increasing our overall value added tax liabilities.

Our ability to achieve our business and financial objectives is subject to risks and uncertainties. Implementing the new business model requires a considerable investment of technical, financial and legal resources. If we are unable to successfully establish our new business model, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be negatively impacted.

We may be subject to claims that items listed on our website, or their descriptions, are counterfeit, infringing or illegal.

We occasionally receive communications alleging that items listed on our Marketplace infringe third-party copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights. We have intellectual property complaint and take-down procedures in place to address these communications. We follow these procedures to review complaints and relevant facts to determine the appropriate action, which may include removal of the item from our website and, in certain cases, discontinuing our relationship with a retailer or brand who repeatedly violates our policies. However, our procedures may not effectively reduce or eliminate our liability. In particular, we may be subject to civil or criminal liability for activities carried out, including products listed, by retailers or brands on our platform.

 

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Regardless of the validity of any claims made against us, we may incur significant costs and efforts to defend against or settle them and such claims could lead to negative publicity and damage to our reputation. If a governmental authority determines that we have aided and abetted the infringement or sale of counterfeit goods, we could face regulatory, civil or criminal penalties. Successful claims by third-party rights owners could require us to pay substantial damages or refrain from permitting any further listing of the relevant items. These types of claims could force us to modify our business practices, which could lower our revenue, increase our costs or make our Marketplace less user friendly. Moreover, public perception that counterfeit or other unauthorized items are common on our Marketplace, even if factually incorrect, could result in negative publicity and damage to our reputation.

If our retailers and brands experience any recalls, product liability claims, or government, customer or consumer concerns about product safety with respect to products sold on our Marketplace, our reputation and sales could be harmed.

Our retailers and brands are subject to regulation by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and similar state and international regulatory authorities, and their products sold on our platform could be subject to involuntary recalls and other actions by these authorities. Concerns about product safety including concerns about the safety of products manufactured in developing countries, could lead our retailers and brands to recall selected products sold on our Marketplace. Recalls and government, customer or consumer concerns about product safety could harm our reputation and reduce sales, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our global operations involve additional risks, and our exposure to these risks will increase as our business continues to expand.

We operate in a number of jurisdictions and intend to continue to expand our global presence, including in emerging markets. We face complex, dynamic and varied risk landscapes in the markets in which we operate. As we enter countries and markets that are new to us, we must tailor our services and business model to the unique circumstances of such countries and markets, which can be complex, difficult, costly and divert management and personnel resources. In addition, we may face competition in other countries from companies that may have more experience with operations in such countries or with global operations in general. Laws and business practices that favor local competitors or prohibit or limit foreign ownership of certain businesses or our failure to adapt our practices, systems, processes and business models effectively to the consumer and supplier preferences of each country into which we expand, could slow our growth. Certain markets in which we operate have, or certain new markets in which we may operate in the future may have, lower margins than our more mature markets, which could have a negative impact on our overall margins as our revenue from these markets grow over time.

In addition to the risks outlined elsewhere in this section, our global operations are subject to a number of other risks, including:

 

   

currency exchange restrictions or costs and exchange rate fluctuations;

 

   

exposure to local economic or political instability, threatened or actual acts of terrorism and security concerns in general;

 

   

compliance with various laws and regulatory requirements relating to anti-corruption, antitrust or competition, economic sanctions, data content, data protection and privacy, consumer protection, employment and labor laws, health and safety, and advertising and promotions;

 

   

differences, inconsistent interpretations and changes in various laws and regulations, including international, national, state and provincial and local tax laws;

 

   

weaker or uncertain enforcement of our contractual and intellectual property rights;

 

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preferences by local populations for local providers;

 

   

slower adoption of the internet and mobile devices as advertising, broadcast and commerce mediums and the lack of appropriate infrastructure to support widespread internet and mobile device usage in those markets;

 

   

our ability to support new technologies, including mobile devices, that may be more prevalent in certain global markets;

 

   

difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified employees in certain international markets, as well as managing staffing and operations due to increased complexity, distance, time zones, language and cultural differences; and

 

   

uncertainty regarding liability for services and content, including uncertainty as a result of local laws and lack of precedent.

The results of the United Kingdom’s referendum on withdrawal from the European Union may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business.

We are a multinational company with worldwide operations, including significant business operations in Europe. In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom in a national referendum elected to withdraw from the European Union, and on March 29, 2017, the government of the United Kingdom formally initiated the withdrawal process. The terms of the withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years from the withdrawal notification date. The referendum withdrawal process has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, and political movements in other member states in favor of withdrawing from the European Union have thus far failed to win decision polls or take power.

These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and could significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets. Asset valuations, currency exchange rates and credit ratings may be especially subject to increased market volatility. Lack of clarity about future U.K. laws and regulations, including financial laws and regulations, tax and free trade agreements, immigration laws and employment laws, could increase costs, depress economic activity, impair our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. There is significant uncertainty about our future ability to employ E.U. nationals. If the United Kingdom and the European Union are unable to negotiate acceptable withdrawal terms or if other European Union member states pursue withdrawal, barrier-free access between the United Kingdom and other European Union member states or among the European Economic Area overall could be diminished or eliminated. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may be subject to general litigation, regulatory disputes and government inquiries.

As a growing company with expanding operations, we have in the past and may in the future increasingly face the risk of claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings involving competition and antitrust, intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, accessibility claims, securities, tax, labor and employment, commercial disputes, services and other matters. The number and significance of these disputes and inquiries have increased as the political and regulatory landscape changes, and as we have grown larger and expanded in scope and geographic reach, and our services have increased in complexity.

We cannot predict the outcome of such disputes and inquiries with certainty. Regardless of the outcome, these can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management

 

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resources, and other factors. Determining reserves for any litigation is a complex, fact-intensive process that is subject to judgment calls. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could require us to make substantial payments to satisfy judgments, fines or penalties or to settle claims or proceedings, any of which could harm our business. These proceedings could also result in reputational harm, criminal sanctions, consent decrees or orders preventing us from offering certain products, or services, or requiring a change in our business practices in costly ways or requiring development of non-infringing or otherwise altered products or technologies. Litigation and other claims and regulatory proceedings against us could result in unexpected expenses and liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We are subject to regulatory activity and antitrust litigation under competition laws.

We are subject to scrutiny by various government agencies, including competition authorities. Some jurisdictions also provide private rights of action for competitors or consumers to assert claims of anti-competitive conduct. Other companies or government agencies have in the past and may in the future allege that our actions violate the antitrust or competition laws of the European Commission or other countries or otherwise constitute unfair competition. An increasing number of governments are regulating competition law activities, including increased scrutiny in large markets such as China. Our business partnerships or agreements or arrangements with customers or other companies could give rise to regulatory action or antitrust litigation. In July 2017, Carré Couture, a small European competitor, which was declared bankrupt in May 2018, filed a complaint with the European Commission claiming that our retailer partnership agreements restrict competition because we ask retailers to commit to the relationship and list their inventory with us and not on competing platforms. We have responded to the allegations, and the complaint is pending. Complaints often remain open for a considerable period of time for procedural reasons. The European Commission is under a legal obligation to assess complaints, and unless a complaint is withdrawn, it must reject it by a formal decision where it takes the view that there are no grounds for action. Due to this process, complaints often remain open for several years. Some regulators may perceive our business to be used so broadly that otherwise uncontroversial business practices could be deemed anticompetitive. Certain competition authorities have conducted market studies of our industries. Such claims and investigations, even if without foundation, may be very expensive to defend, involve negative publicity and substantial diversion of management time and effort and could result in significant judgments against us or require us to change our business practices.

Risks Relating to our Intellectual Property

Failure to adequately protect, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights could substantially harm our business and results of operations.

We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, confidential information, trade secrets and patent law, and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. The protection offered by these has its limitations. Despite our efforts to protect and enforce our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties have, and may in the future, use our trademarks or similar trademarks, copy aspects of our website images, features, compilation and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider as proprietary, such as the technology used to operate our website or our content.

We do not have comprehensive registered protection for all of our brands in all jurisdictions around the world. There is no guarantee that our pending trademark applications for any brand will proceed to registration, and even those trademarks that are registered could be challenged by a third party including by way of revocation or invalidity actions. Our competitors have adopted, and other competitors may adopt, service names similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly diluting our brand and leading to brand dilution or consumer confusion. In

 

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addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark ownership or infringement claims brought by owners of other rights, including registered trademarks, in our marks or marks similar to ours, including FARFETCH and BROWNS. Any such claims, brand dilution or consumer confusion related to our brands (including our trademarks) could damage our reputation and brand identity and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

In addition to our registered trademark protection, we have four unpublished patent applications in the United Kingdom, Europe and internationally, for aspects of our proprietary technology and we may file further patent applications in the future. There is no guarantee that these will result in issued patents, and even if these proceed to grant, they could be vulnerable to challenge by third parties, or their claims could be narrowed in scope by the issuing patent office such that they no longer adequately protect our proprietary technology. Further, we may decide not to pursue a patent application for an innovation due to the high costs, diversion of management time, and publication of the underlying innovation that arises from an application. The loss of our material intellectual property as a result of any claims or challenges, or the natural expiry of our intellectual property registrations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Domain names generally are regulated by internet regulatory bodies, and the regulation of domain names is subject to change. Regulatory bodies have and may continue to establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. We may not be able to, or it may not be cost effective to, acquire or maintain all domain names that utilize the name “Farfetch” or other business brands in all of the countries in which we currently conduct or intend to conduct business. If we lose the ability to use a domain name, we could incur significant additional expenses to market our products within that country, including the development of new branding. This could substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We rely on multiple software programmers (as employees or independent consultants) to design our proprietary technologies and photographers (as employees or independent consultants) to capture the products sold on our platform. Although we make every effort to ensure appropriate and comprehensive assignment or license terms are included in the contracts with such third parties, we cannot guarantee that we own or are properly licensed to use all of the intellectual property in such software or images. If we do not have, or lose our ability to use, such software or images, we could incur significant additional expense to remove such assets from our platform or re-engineer a portion of our technologies.

Litigation or similar proceedings have been necessary in the past and may be necessary in the future to protect, register and enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets and domain names and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Further, any changes in law or interpretation of any such laws, particularly intellectual property laws, may impact our ability to protect, register or enforce our intellectual property rights. Any litigation or adverse priority proceeding could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Assertions by third parties of infringement or misappropriation by us of their intellectual property rights or confidential know how could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

Third parties have, and may in the future, assert that we have infringed or misappropriated their trademarks, copyrights, confidential know how, trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights. We cannot predict whether any such assertions or claims arising from such assertions will substantially harm our business and results of operations, whether or not they are successful. If we are

 

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forced to defend against any infringement or other claims relating to the trademarks, copyright, confidential know how, trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties, whether they are with or without merit or are determined in our favor, we may face costly litigation or diversion of technical and management personnel. Furthermore, the outcome of a dispute may be that we would need to cease use of some portion of our technology, develop non-infringing technology, pay damages, costs or monetary settlements or enter into royalty or licensing agreements. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Any such assertions or litigation could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In 2008 and 2009, a party related to Farfetch founder José Neves (the “Related Party”) executed two agreements (the “KH Licenses”) purporting to license certain know how (the “Know How”) from the Related Party to two third-party LLPs (the “LLPs”). The Know How was a high level explanation of the Farfetch platform and business model. The 2008 KH License expired in April 2018, and the 2009 KH License expires in April 2019. The KH Licenses did not include a license of any software code. The LLPs granted intra-group sub-licenses of the collective Know How under the KH Licenses, which was then further sub-licensed under two direct “Product and Development and Marketing Support Agreements” with Farfetch in 2008 and 2009, respectively (the “Direct Agreements”), in order for Farfetch to, among other services, develop the code, website architecture and brand that comprised the original Farfetch offering (the “Developed IP”). Under the terms of the Direct Agreements, the third party, rather than Farfetch, owned the Developed IP. In 2011, the licensing structure was amended and the intra-group sub-licenses from the LLPs were superseded by licenses of the Know How granted by each of the LLPs to Mr. Neves, who licensed such Know How (by way of a sub-sub-license) to Farfetch. Finally in 2011, the Direct Agreements were terminated, and the Developed IP was assigned from the third-party group to Farfetch.

In 2013, the Related Party executed a “Declaration regarding copyrights and intellectual property rights” (the “Declaration”), which declared that, among other things, between the period November 16, 1996 to February 27, 2010, the Related Party has not created any works or done anything which could originate intellectual property rights (defined to include know how) in connection with any of the entities in the original license chain (including Farfetch); any unknown intellectual property generated by the Related Party and used, licensed or in any other way exploited by those entities (including Farfetch) is transferred in full to Mr. Neves; and the Related Party agrees that any intellectual property in use by the above entities that were to become recognized by a court as belonging to the Related Party shall be transferred to Mr. Neves for 500. On April 29, 2014, Mr. Neves assigned all of his intellectual property rights and know how (including that obtained under the Declaration) to Farfetch.com. While seemingly conclusive, it is possible that the Declaration could be challenged. Although we do not expect our right to use the Know How to be successfully challenged, any such challenge could give rise to: (1) temporary injunctive relief which could restrict the use of such Know How by Farfetch and therefore operations of our business; (2) reputational damage; and/or (3) damages payable by Farfetch to the Related Party for any period of unauthorized use of the Know How following expiry of the KH License(s), any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Our use of open source software may pose particular risks to our proprietary software and systems.

We use open source software in our proprietary software and systems and will use open source software in the future. The licenses applicable to our use of open source software may require that source code that is developed using open source software be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to certain open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. From time to time, we may face claims from third parties claiming infringement

 

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of their intellectual property rights, or demanding the release or license of the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software (which could include our proprietary source code) or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to purchase a costly license, publicly release the affected portions of our source code, be limited in or cease using the implicated software unless and until we can re-engineer such software to avoid infringement or change the use of, or remove, the implicated open source software. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties, indemnities or other contractual protections with respect to the software (for example, non-infringement or functionality). Our use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the source code for open source software is publicly available, which may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to breach our website and systems that rely on open source software. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Risks Relating to our Initial Public Offering and Ownership of our Class A Ordinary Shares

Our operating results and Class A ordinary share price may be volatile, and the market price of our Class A ordinary shares after this offering may drop below the price you pay.

Our quarterly operating results are likely to fluctuate in the future in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including each of the factors set forth above.

In addition, securities markets worldwide have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could subject the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to wide price fluctuations regardless of our operating performance. Our operating results and the trading price of our Class A ordinary shares may fluctuate in response to various factors, including the risks described above.

These and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, may cause our operating results and the market price and demand for our Class A ordinary shares to fluctuate substantially. Fluctuations in our quarterly operating results could limit or prevent investors from readily selling their Class A ordinary shares and may otherwise negatively affect the market price and liquidity of Class A ordinary shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the shares. If any of our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

We cannot assure you that a market will develop for our Class A ordinary shares or what the price of our Class A ordinary shares will be, and public trading markets may experience volatility. Investors may not be able to resell their Class A ordinary shares at or above the initial public offering price.

Before this offering, there was no public trading market for our Class A ordinary shares, and we cannot assure you that one will develop or be sustained after this offering. If a market does not develop or is not sustained, it may be difficult for you to sell your Class A ordinary shares. Public trading markets may also experience volatility and disruption. This may affect the pricing of the Class A ordinary shares in the secondary market, the transparency and availability of trading prices, the liquidity of the Class A ordinary shares and the extent of regulation applicable to us. We cannot predict the prices at which our Class A ordinary shares will trade. The initial public offering price for our

 

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Class A ordinary shares will be determined through our negotiations with the underwriters and may not bear any relationship to the market price at which our Class A ordinary shares will trade after this offering or to any other established criteria of the value of our business. It is possible that, in future quarters, our operating results may be below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. As a result of these and other factors, the price of our Class A ordinary shares may decline.

Our chief executive officer, José Neves, has considerable influence over important corporate matters due to his ownership of us. Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

Our chief executive officer, Mr. Neves, has considerable influence over important corporate matters due to his ownership of us. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share in respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 20 votes per share, subject to certain exceptions. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any transfer of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person or other entity, other than an affiliate of Mr. Neves, such Class B ordinary shares will be automatically and immediately converted into the equal number of Class A ordinary shares. Due to the disparate voting powers associated with our two classes of ordinary shares, as of                     , 2018, Mr. Neves beneficially owned              % of the aggregate voting power of our company (or         % if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares from us in full). As a result, Mr. Neves has considerable influence over matters such as electing or removing directors, approving any amendments to our Articles and approving material mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions. In addition, under our Articles, our Board will not be able to form a quorum without Mr. Neves for so long as Mr. Neves remains a director. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could also discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions, which could have the effect of depriving the holders of our Class A ordinary shares of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price.

We are eligible to be treated as an emerging growth company, as defined in the Securities Act, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Class A ordinary shares less attractive to investors because we may rely on these exemptions.

We are eligible to be treated as an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including presenting only limited selected financial data in the registration statement on Form F-1 of which this prospectus is a part and not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information that they may deem important. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if our total annual gross revenue exceeds $1.07 billion, if we issue more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period, or if we are a large accelerated filer and the market value of our Class A ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of any second quarter before that time. We cannot predict if investors will find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Class A ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.

 

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We will be a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. domestic public company.

Upon consummation of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act and although we are subject to Cayman laws and regulations with regard to such matters and intend to furnish quarterly financial information to the SEC, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, although we intend to provide comparable quarterly information on Form 6-K. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation FD, which is intended to prevent issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of all of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2019. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of the NYSE. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange. These expenses will relate to, among other things, the obligation to present our financial information in accordance with U.S. GAAP in the future.

As we are a “foreign private issuer” and intend to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all NYSE corporate governance requirements.

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are not following and describe the home country practices we are following. We intend to rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” with respect to the NYSE requirements to have the audit committee appoint our external auditors, the NYSE rules for shareholder meeting quorums and record dates and the NYSE rules requiring shareholders to approve equity compensation plans and material revisions thereto. We may in the future elect to follow home country practices with regard to other matters. As a result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all NYSE corporate governance requirements.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placement and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our Class A ordinary shares. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placement for general corporate purposes. However, our use of these proceeds may differ substantially from our current plans. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could adversely affect our business and cause the price of our Class A ordinary shares to decline. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placement in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

If you purchase Class A ordinary shares in this offering, you will suffer immediate and substantial dilution of your investment.

The initial public offering price of our Class A ordinary shares is substantially higher than the net tangible book deficit per share. Therefore, if you purchase our Class A ordinary shares in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our pro forma net tangible book deficit per share after this offering. Based on the initial public offering price of $                per Class A ordinary share, you will experience immediate dilution of $                per share, representing the difference between our pro forma net tangible book deficit per Class A ordinary share after giving effect to this offering and the initial public offering price. We also have a number of outstanding options to purchase Class A ordinary shares with exercise prices that are below the initial public offering price of our Class A ordinary shares. To the extent that these options are exercised, you will experience further dilution. See “Dilution” for more detail.

As a public reporting company, we will be subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC regarding our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to put in place appropriate and effective internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, or report them in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our Class A ordinary shares.

As a public company, we will be required to report, among other things, control deficiencies that constitute a “material weakness” or changes in internal controls that, or that are reasonably likely to, materially affect internal controls over financial reporting. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In connection with the audit of the financial year ended December 31, 2017, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and operation of our internal controls over our financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses. The control deficiencies resulted from (1) our technology access and change control environment not supporting an efficient or effective internal control framework and (2) reliance on manual processes.

 

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Following the identification of these material weaknesses, we have taken steps to address these control deficiencies and continue to implement our remediation plan, which we believe will address their underlying causes. We are executing on our remediation plan for these material weaknesses by establishing more robust processes supporting internal control over financial reporting, implementing formal access and change controls to our systems, automation of a number of system interfaces to improve our information technology systems. In addition, we have hired and will continue to hire additional accounting, finance and technology personnel. However, these material weaknesses may not be fully remediated until we have operated our business with these controls in place for a sufficient period of time.

If we are unable to remediate our material weaknesses and implement and maintain effective internal control over information technology and financial reporting and effective disclosure controls and procedures, or if we fail to meet the other demands that will be placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results, or report them within the timeframes required by the SEC.

As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, management may determine to take additional measures, modify the remediation plan described above or identify additional control deficiencies or material weaknesses. We cannot assure you that our remediation plan will be sufficient to prevent future material weaknesses from occurring. There is no assurance that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future.

If our senior management is unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, or to certify the effectiveness of such controls, or if our independent registered public accounting firm cannot render an unqualified opinion on our internal control over financial reporting, when required, or if additional material weaknesses or deficiencies in our internal controls are identified, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, we may face restricted access to the capital markets and our share price may be adversely affected.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an emerging growth company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the NYSE and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our Board.

We are evaluating these rules and regulations, and cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. These rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

 

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We are not currently required to comply with the rules of the SEC implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, and therefore are not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. Upon becoming a publicly traded company, we will be required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of control over financial reporting. Though we will be required to disclose material changes in internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis, we will not be required to make our first annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC. Additionally, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. We currently have limited accounting personnel and we have begun the process of evaluating the adequacy of our accounting personnel staffing level and other matters related to our internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404. If we identify one or more material weaknesses once we are a public company, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. As a result, the market price of our Class A ordinary shares could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

A significant portion of our total issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares are eligible to be sold into the market in the near future, which could cause the market price of our Class A ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our Class A ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of Class A ordinary shares intend to sell, could reduce the market price of our Class A ordinary shares. After giving effect to the Reorganization Transactions, the sale of Class A ordinary shares in this offering and the concurrent private placement, we will have            Class A ordinary shares outstanding (or            if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares in full). The Class A ordinary shares sold in this offering and the concurrent private placement or issuable pursuant to the equity awards we grant will be freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except as described in the next paragraph with respect to the lock-up arrangements and for any of our Class A ordinary shares that may be held or acquired by our directors, executive officers and other affiliates, as that term is defined in the Securities Act, which will be restricted securities under the Securities Act. Restricted securities may not be sold in the public market unless the sale is registered under the Securities Act or an exemption from registration is available.

We, our executive officers, directors and existing holders of substantially all of our existing Class A ordinary shares, including the selling shareholders, have agreed with the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions, not to dispose of or hedge any of our Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A ordinary shares during the period from the date of this prospectus continuing through the date 180 days after the date of this prospectus, except with the prior written consent of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC. Kadi Group

 

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has agreed not to sell or transfer any of our Class A ordinary shares it held immediately prior to this offering during the two-year period commencing from consummation of this offering, subject to limited exceptions. In addition, the Kadi Group has agreed to a 180-day lock-up agreement with the underwriters pursuant to which both of its pre-offering Class A ordinary shares and Class A ordinary shares purchased in the concurrent private placement will be locked up for a period of 180 days, subject to certain exceptions. See “Prospectus Summary—Concurrent Private Placement” for additional information. Such Class A ordinary shares will, however, be able to be resold after the expiration of the lock-up periods, as well as pursuant to customary exceptions thereto or upon the waiver of the lock-up arrangements. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for a more detailed description of the restrictions on selling our Class A ordinary shares after this offering.

In the future, we may also issue additional securities if we need to raise capital or make acquisitions, which could constitute a material portion of our then-issued and outstanding Class A ordinary shares.

We may not pay dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the future and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on the appreciation in the price of our Class A ordinary shares.

We may not pay any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is, and may be, limited by covenants of existing and any future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. Therefore, any return on investment in our Class A ordinary shares is solely dependent upon the appreciation of the price of our Class A ordinary shares on the open market, which may not occur. See “Dividend Policy.”

Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are a Cayman Islands exempted company.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles, the Companies Law and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under the laws of the Cayman Islands are not as clearly defined as under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in jurisdictions in the United States. Therefore, you may have more difficulty protecting your interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, due to the comparatively less well-developed Cayman Islands law in this area.

A merger or consolidation may proceed under Cayman Islands law in one of two ways: by a court-sanctioned scheme of arrangement or by a statutory merger, see “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association.” While Cayman Islands law allows a shareholder objecting to a court-sanctioned scheme of arrangement to express a view that such scheme of arrangement would not provide fair value for the shareholder’s shares, Cayman Islands statutory and common law in respect of schemes of arrangement does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights in connection with a merger or consolidation effected by a scheme of arrangement of a company that has otherwise received the prescribed shareholder approval. This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation effected by a scheme of arrangement or to require that the acquirer gives you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. However, in the event of a merger or consolidation consummated

 

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under the statutory merger regime, Cayman Islands law does provide a mechanism for a dissenting shareholder to require us to apply to the Grand Court for a determination of the fair value of the dissenter’s shares if it is not possible for the company and the dissenter to agree on a fair price within the time limits prescribed.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies, such as ours, have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Our directors have discretion under our Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

It should be noted that the Cayman Islands law has no legislation specifically dedicated to the rights of investors in securities, and thus no statutorily defined private causes of action to investors in securities such as those found under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act in the United States. Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors. Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management or members of our Board than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the State of Delaware and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association.”

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents may discourage or prevent a change of control, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders, which could depress the price of our Class A ordinary shares and prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our Articles contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that shareholders may consider to be in their best interests. Our Board may be removed by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. In addition, Board vacancies may be filled by an affirmative vote of the remaining Board members. Following the conversion of the Class B ordinary shares the directors shall be divided into three classes designated as Class I, Class II and Class III, respectively as determined by the chairman of our Board at the relevant time, and directors will generally be elected to serve staggered three year terms. These provisions may make it more difficult to remove management.

Our Board has the ability to designate the terms of and issue preferred shares without shareholder approval.

Our Articles contain a prohibition on business combinations with any “interested” shareholder for a period of three years after such person becomes an interested shareholder unless (1) there is advance approval of our Board, (2) the interested shareholder owns at least 85% of our voting shares at the time the business combination commences or (3) the combination is approved by shareholders holding at least two-thirds of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares that are not held by the interested shareholder.

Taken together, these provisions may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our Class A ordinary shares. See “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association.”

 

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There may be difficulties in enforcing foreign judgments against us, our directors or our management, as well as against the selling shareholders.

Certain of our directors and management and certain of the other parties named in this prospectus reside outside the United States. Most of our assets and such persons’ assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for investors to effect service of process upon us within the United States or other jurisdictions, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. See “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.”

In particular, investors should be aware that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or any other applicable jurisdictions would recognize and enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or our management as well as against the selling shareholders predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States, or any state in the United States or entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or any other applicable jurisdictions courts against us, our directors or our management, as well as against the selling shareholders predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Farfetch Limited is a holding company with no operations of its own and, as such, it depends on its subsidiaries for cash to fund its operations and expenses, including future dividend payments, if any.

As a holding company, our principal source of cash flow will be distributions or payments from our operating subsidiaries. Therefore, our ability to fund and conduct our business, service our debt and pay dividends, if any, in the future will depend on the ability of our subsidiaries and intermediate holding companies to make upstream cash distributions or payments to us, which may be impacted, for example, by their ability to generate sufficient cash flow or limitations on the ability to repatriate funds whether as a result of currency liquidity restrictions, monetary or exchange controls or otherwise. Our operating subsidiaries and intermediate holding companies are separate legal entities, and although they are directly or indirectly wholly owned and controlled by us, they have no obligation to make any funds available to us, whether in the form of loans, dividends or otherwise. To the extent the ability of any of our subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to us is limited in any way, our ability to fund and conduct our business, service our debt and pay dividends, if any, could be harmed.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our Class A ordinary shares adversely, our share price and trading volume of our Class A ordinary shares could decline.

The trading market for our Class A ordinary shares is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the securities or industry analysts who cover us or may cover us in the future change their recommendation regarding our Class A ordinary shares adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our Class A ordinary shares would likely decline. If any securities or industry analyst who covers us or may cover us in the future were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume of our Class A ordinary shares to decline.

We may be treated as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in material adverse tax consequences for investors in the Class A ordinary shares subject to U.S. federal income tax.

We would be classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules, either: (1) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as

 

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amended (the “Code”), or (2) 50% or more of the value of our assets, determined on the basis of a quarterly average, during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on the currently anticipated market capitalization, which will fluctuate over time, and the current and anticipated composition of our income, assets and operations, we do not expect to be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, our status as a PFIC in any taxable year requires a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of our income, assets, and activities in each year, and can only be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC for the current taxable year or for any future taxable year. If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”) holds the Class A ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder may be subject to material adverse tax consequences upon a sale, exchange, or other disposition of the Class A ordinary shares, or upon the receipt of distributions in respect of the Class A ordinary shares. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are a PFIC for any taxable year. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors about the potential application of the PFIC rules to their investment in the Class A ordinary shares. For further discussion, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders.”

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

Depending upon the aggregate value and voting power of our shares that U.S. persons are treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively), we could be treated as a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”). Additionally, because our group consists of one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as CFCs, regardless of whether or not we are treated as a CFC. If a U.S. person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our shares, such person may be treated as a “U.S. shareholder” with respect to each CFC in our group (if any), which may subject such person to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. Specifically, a U.S. shareholder of a CFC may be required to annually report and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of each CFC’s “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property, whether or not we make any distributions of profits or income of a CFC to such U.S. shareholder. If you are treated as a U.S. shareholder of a CFC, failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject you to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to your U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. Additionally, a U.S. shareholder that is an individual would generally be denied certain tax deductions or indirect foreign tax credits in respect of its income mandatory income inclusion that may otherwise be allowable to a U.S. shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are treated as CFCs or whether any investor is treated as a U.S. shareholder with respect to any of such CFC, nor do we expect to furnish to any U.S. shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. U.S. investors should consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to their investment in the Class A ordinary shares.

 

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that relate to our current expectations and views of future events. These statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “expect,” “estimate,” “could,” “should,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “continue,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:

 

   

our future financial performance, including our revenue, operating expenses and our ability to maintain profitability and our future business and operating results;

 

   

our strategies, plans, objectives and goals;

 

   

our use of the net proceeds from the sale of Class A ordinary shares by us in this offering and the concurrent private placement; and

 

   

our expectations regarding the development of our industry, market size and the competitive environment in which we operate.

These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, some of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are not a guarantee of future performance. Actual outcomes may differ materially from the information contained in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including, without limitation, the risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors,” including the following:

 

   

purchasers of luxury products may not choose to shop online in sufficient numbers;

 

   

our ability to generate sufficient revenue to be profitable or to generate positive cash flow on a sustained basis;

 

   

the volatility and difficulty in predicting the luxury fashion industry;

 

   

our reliance on a limited number of retailers and brands for the supply of products on our Marketplace;

 

   

our reliance on retailers and brands to anticipate, identify and respond quickly to new and changing fashion trends, consumer preferences and other factors;

 

   

our reliance on retailers and brands to make products available to our consumers on our Marketplace and to set their own prices for such products;

 

   

our reliance on information technologies and our ability to adapt to technological developments;

 

   

our ability to acquire or retain consumers and to promote and sustain the Farfetch brand;

 

   

our ability or the ability of third parties to protect our sites, networks and systems against security breaches, or otherwise to protect our confidential information;

 

   

our ability to successfully launch and monetize new and innovative technology;

 

   

our dependence on highly skilled personnel, including our senior management, data scientists and technology professionals, and our ability to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel; and

 

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Mr. Neves has considerable influence over important corporate matters due to his ownership of us, and our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including a change of control.

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results or performance may be materially different from what we expect.

 

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $            million, assuming an initial public offering price per share of $            , which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses of the offering that are payable by us, and approximately $            million from the concurrent private placement, assuming an initial public offering price per share of $            , which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, these numbers would increase to $            million and $            million, respectively.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price per share would increase (decrease) our net proceeds, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and estimated commissions and expenses, by $            , assuming that the number of Class A ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover of this prospectus, remains the same. Each increase (decrease) of 1,000,000 Class A ordinary shares in the number of Class A ordinary shares offered by us would increase (decrease) our net proceeds, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated expenses, by approximately $            million, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price per share. Expenses of this offering will be paid by us.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Class A ordinary shares by the selling shareholders.

The principal purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our Class A ordinary shares, facilitate access to the public equity markets, increase our visibility in the marketplace, as well as to obtain additional capital. We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering and the concurrent private placement for working capital, to fund incremental growth and other general corporate purposes, including possible acquisitions. However, we do not currently have any definitive or preliminary plans with respect to the use of proceeds for such purposes.

The amount of what, and timing of when, we actually spend for these purposes may vary significantly and will depend on a number of factors, including our future revenue and cash generated by operations and the other factors described in “Risk Factors.” Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in deploying the net proceeds of this offering and the concurrent private placement.

 

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. However, if we do pay a cash dividend on our ordinary shares in the future, we will pay such dividend out of our profits or share premium (subject to solvency requirements) as permitted under Cayman Islands law.

The amount of any future dividend payments we may make will depend on, among other factors, our strategy, future earnings, financial condition, cash flow, working capital requirements, capital expenditures and applicable provisions of our Articles. Any profits or share premium we declare as dividends will not be available to be reinvested in our operations.

Moreover, we are a holding company that does not conduct any business operations of our own. As a result, we are dependent upon cash dividends, distributions and other transfers from our subsidiaries to make dividend payments.

Any dividends we declare on our shares will be in respect of both our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares and will be distributed such that a holder of one of our Class B ordinary shares will receive the same amount of the dividends that are received by a holder of one of our Class A ordinary shares. We will not declare any dividend with respect to the Class A ordinary shares without declaring a dividend on the Class B ordinary shares, and vice versa.

We have not paid dividends in the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018 and the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017.

 

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CAPITALIZATION

The table below sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of June 30, 2018:

 

   

on an actual basis;

 

   

on a pro forma basis to reflect the Reorganization Transactions; and

 

   

on a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to: (1) the Reorganization Transactions, (2) the issuance and sale of             Class A ordinary shares in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $        per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and (3) the issuance and sale of         Class A ordinary shares in the concurrent private placement at the assumed initial public offering price of $         per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

Investors should read this table in conjunction with our audited financial statements and notes thereto included in this prospectus as well as “Use of Proceeds” “Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

 

     As of June 30, 2018  
     Actual     Pro Forma      Pro Forma
As Adjusted(1)
 
     (in thousands, except share and per share data)  

Cash and cash equivalents

     $336,982     $                            $                        
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total debt, including current portion

   $       

Shareholders’ equity:

       

Share capital

     7,374       

Issued capital:

       

Class A ordinary shares

           

Class B ordinary shares

           

Share premium

     782,177       

Foreign exchange and other reserves

     40,572       

Accumulated losses

     (397,585     
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total shareholders’ equity

     432,538       
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total capitalization

     $432,538     $        $    
  

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

(1)

A $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $        per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, share premium, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately $        million, assuming the number of Class A ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions. An increase or decrease of 1,000,000 shares in the number of Class A ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, share premium, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization by approximately $        million, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price of $        per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions.

The number of our shares shown as outstanding in the table above excludes:

 

   

             Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options outstanding as of June 30, 2018 at a weighted average exercise price of $            per share;

 

   

             Class A ordinary shares reserved for future issuance under our employee share option programs as described in “Management—Long-Term Incentive Plans;” and

 

   

             Class A ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of              warrants outstanding at a weighted exercise price of             , which will remain outstanding following the consummation of this offering.

 

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DILUTION

If you invest in our Class A ordinary shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share immediately following the consummation of this offering and the concurrent private placement.

At June 30, 2018, we had a historical net tangible book value of $            million, corresponding to a net tangible book value of $ per share. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total assets less our total liabilities, excluding goodwill and other intangible assets, divided by the total number of our ordinary shares outstanding, after giving effect to the Reorganization Transactions.

After giving effect to the sale by us of            Class A ordinary shares in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and of              Class A ordinary shares in the concurrent private placement at the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at June 30, 2018 would have been approximately $            million, representing $            per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $            per share to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $            per share to new investors purchasing Class A ordinary shares in this offering at the assumed initial public offering. Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the assumed initial public offering price per share paid by new investors.

The following table illustrates this dilution to new investors purchasing Class A ordinary shares in the offering.

 

     

Assumed initial public offering price

      $                

Pro forma net tangible book value per share

   $                   

Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering and the concurrent private placement

     
  

 

 

    

Pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share

     
     

 

 

 

Dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors

      $                
     

 

 

 

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional Class A ordinary shares from us in full and the corresponding increase of shares offered in the concurrent private placement, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering would be $            per share, representing an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of $            per share to existing shareholders and immediate dilution of $            per share in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors purchasing Class A ordinary shares in this offering, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, respectively, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after this offering by $            per share and the dilution per share to new investors in the offering by $            per share, assuming that the number of Class A ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same.

 

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The following table summarizes, as of June 30, 2018, the total number of Class A ordinary shares purchased from us and the concurrent private placement, the total consideration paid to us and the average price per share paid by the existing shareholders and by new investors purchasing Class A ordinary shares in this offering

 

     Shares Purchased     Total Consideration     Average Price
Per Share
 
     Number      Percent     Number      Percent  

Existing shareholders

                   $                                 $                

Concurrent private placement

            

New investors

            
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

Total

        100   $                      100   $                
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

    

 

 

   

The total number of shares reflected in the discussion and tables above is based on            Class A ordinary shares outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and does not reflect the shares purchased by new investors from the selling shareholders.

Sales by the selling shareholders in this offering will reduce the number of ordinary shares held by existing shareholders to            , or approximately         % of the total number of ordinary shares outstanding after the offering.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ordinary shares in full and the corresponding increase of shares offered in the concurrent private placement, the following will occur:

 

   

the percentage of our ordinary shares held by existing shareholders will decrease to approximately        % of the total number of our ordinary shares outstanding after this offering and the concurrent private placement; and

 

   

the percentage of our ordinary shares held by new investors will increase to approximately        % of the total number of our ordinary shares outstanding after this offering and the concurrent private placement.

 

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL AND OPERATING DATA

We have historically conducted our business through Farfetch.com and its subsidiaries, and therefore our historical consolidated financial statements present the results of operations of Farfetch.com. Prior to the consummation of this offering, we will engage in the Reorganization Transactions. Following these Reorganization Transactions and this offering, our financial statements will present the results of operations of Farfetch Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries. Farfetch Limited’s financial statements will be the same as Farfetch.com’s financial statements prior to this offering, as adjusted for the Reorganization Transactions. Upon consummation, the Reorganization Transactions will be reflected retroactively in Farfetch Limited’s financial statements. See “Prospectus Summary—The Reorganization Transactions.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by IASB. The following selected historical consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary historical consolidated financial data as of June 30, 2018 and for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018 has been derived from our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this prospectus. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal, recurring nature that are necessary for a fair statement of the results for the unaudited interim periods. Our historical results for any prior period are not necessarily indicative of results expected in any future period.

 

 

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The financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and are qualified by reference to, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

    Six months ended June 30,     Year ended December 31,  
    2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
    (in thousands except share and per share data)  

Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:

         

Revenue

    $172,571       $267,508       $142,305       $242,116       $385,966  

Cost of revenue

    (78,223)       (130,643     (69,702     (125,238     (181,200
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross profit

    94,348       136,865       72,603       116,878       204,766  

Selling, general and administrative expenses

    (125,762     (208,801     (130,073     (205,558     (299,260

Share of profits of associates

    15       24             18       31  
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating loss

    (31,399     (71,912     (57,470     (88,662     (94,463

Net finance income/(costs)

    1,690       4,218       (4,265     7,402       (17,642
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss before tax

    (29,709     (67,694     (61,735     (81,260     (112,105

Income tax credit/(expense)

    429       (714     628       (199     (170
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss after tax

    $(29,280     $(68,408     $(61,107     $(81,459     $(112,275
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss per share attributable to owners of the parent:

         

Basic and diluted

    $(0.75     $(1.42     $(1.80     $(2.21     $(2.62

Weighted average shares outstanding:

         

Basic and diluted

    39,254,535       48,316,103       33,610,279       36,864,992       42,867,409  

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow Data:

         

Net cash outflow from operating activities

    $(25,967     $(105,962     $(37,258     $(47,079     $(59,320

Net cash outflow from investing activities

    (12,840     (27,393     (27,571     (16,961     (28,863

Net cash inflow from financing activities

    $299,639       $82,269       $77,414       $161,173       $300,142  

 

     As of June 30,      As of December 31,  
     2018      2016      2017  
     (in thousands)  

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data:

        

Non-current assets

     $127,958        $64,128      $ 110,266  

Current assets

     472,547        180,904        452,792  

Total assets

     600,505        245,032        563,058  

Current liabilities

     155,999        89,425        155,890  

Non-current liabilities

     11,968        36,691        10,265  

Total liabilities

     167,967        126,116        166,155  

Share capital and premium

     789,551        348,832        686,972  

Total equity

     $432,538      $ 118,916      $ 396,903  

 

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the section entitled “Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data,” our historical consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus. Actual results could differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

On May 15, 2018, Farfetch Limited was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands to become the holding company of Farfetch.com Limited and its subsidiaries pursuant to the Reorganization Transactions. See “Prospectus Summary—The Reorganization Transactions” for a complete description of the Reorganization Transactions. Farfetch Limited has engaged solely in operations and activities incidental to its formation, the Reorganization Transactions and the initial public offering of our Class A shares. Accordingly, financial information for Farfetch Limited and a discussion and analysis of its results of operations and financial condition for the period of its operations prior to the Reorganization Transactions would not be meaningful and are not presented. Following the Reorganization Transactions, the historical consolidated financial statements of Farfetch Limited will include the historical consolidated financial results of Farfetch Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries for all periods presented. When we refer to the Consolidated Group or Group, we are referring to Farfetch Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

Farfetch is the leading technology platform for the global luxury fashion industry. We operate the only truly global luxury digital marketplace at scale, seamlessly connecting brands, retailers and consumers. We are redefining how fashion is bought and sold through technology, data and innovation. We were founded ten years ago, and through significant investments in technology, infrastructure, people and relationships, we have become a trusted partner to luxury brands and retailers alike.

The global market for personal luxury goods was estimated to be worth $307 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach $446 billion by 2025, according to Bain, and is largely characterized by family-controlled companies, brand integrity, longstanding relationships and fragmented supply. As a result, these sellers have been cautious in their adoption of emerging commerce technologies.

We are a technology company at our core and have created a purpose-built platform for the luxury fashion industry. Our platform consists of three main components:

 

   

Applications. The Farfetch Marketplace is the primary application on our platform. In addition, we continue to build other offerings including Farfetch Black & White and Farfetch Store of the Future.

 

   

Services. We have invested in and developed an integrated service offering, including content creation and end-to-end logistics. This enables us to offer the high-quality environment required by the luxury ecosystem.

 

   

Data. We use our rich data sets and proprietary algorithms to deliver an enhanced consumer experience and create better businesses for retailers and brands. Our data insights drive operational efficiencies that create value for all partners on our platform.

The Farfetch Marketplace is the first and largest application built on our platform and is currently the source of over 90% of our revenue. As of June 30, 2018, the Farfetch Marketplace connected

 

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over 2.3 million Marketplace consumers in 190 countries to over 980 luxury sellers. For consumers, we provide curated access to the highly fragmented supply of luxury merchandise. For luxury sellers, we facilitate connection to the deepest pool of luxury consumers across the world. Aggregating a large number of luxury sellers requires long and careful relationship building and acts as a significant barrier to entry. We have carefully nurtured these relationships for a decade. Our Marketplace model allows us to offer the broadest and deepest selection of luxury fashion available online globally, while incurring minimal inventory risk and without capital-intensive retail operations.

We are redefining commerce for luxury sellers. With access to a global consumer base, combined with an integrated marketing approach, we drive demand for our luxury sellers. Luxury sellers gain deep data insights and real-time feedback that are valuable in their decision making. They choose our platform because we help them grow their businesses with an enhanced online presence, powerful data tools and superior economics, all while retaining control, which is critical to them. By providing a digital storefront, inventory management, a global logistics solution and other tools to help manage their businesses, we are embedding ourselves as both a commerce enabler and an innovation partner.

Our business has grown significantly, as evidenced by the following:

 

   

As of December 31, 2017, we had 935,772 Active Consumers, up 43.6% since December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, we had 651,674 Active Consumers, up 56.8% since December 31, 2015.

 

   

Our GMV was $909.8 million in 2017, up 55.3% over 2016, and was $585.8 million in 2016, up 53.4% from 2015.

 

   

Our revenue was $386.0 million in 2017, up 59.4% over 2016, and was $242.1 million in 2016, up 70.1% from 2015.

 

   

Our Adjusted Platform Revenue was $296.4 million in 2017, up 63.8% over 2016, and was $180.9 million in 2016, up 69.4% from 2015.

Our History

LOGO

 

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Our Business Model

We generate income from transactions between sellers and consumers conducted on our platform. Transactions generate GMV, which we collect and remit to sellers after deducting our income, which is based on a revenue-share model. This represents the majority of our income.

Our revenue is the combination of three streams:

 

   

Adjusted Platform Revenue, which primarily includes commissions based on Third-Party Take Rate. To a lesser extent, we generate revenue from the sale of inventory on the platform that is directly purchased by our Browns boutiques and sold online where revenue is equal to the GMV of such sales.

 

   

Platform Fulfilment Revenue, which comes from shipping and customs clearing services that we provide to our consumers in relation to fulfilling transactions on our platform, net of consumer promotional incentives, such as free shipping and promotional codes, against this revenue.

 

   

Browns In-Store Revenue, which is the revenue generated in Browns retail stores.

We focus on Adjusted Platform Revenue, as we think this best represents the economic value being generated by the platform.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, our revenue was $386.0 million, being:

• $296.4 million of Adjusted Platform Revenue, which includes $256.8 million of commission from third-party sellers and other platform income and $39.6 million of first-party revenue;

• $74.2 million of Platform Fulfilment Revenue; and

• $15.4 million of Browns In-Store Revenue.

Platform Gross Profit represents Adjusted Platform Revenue and Platform Fulfilment Revenue less our cost of revenue, which is transaction processing fees, customs duties, shipping costs, packaging and other direct order related costs. Platform Gross Profit as a percentage of Adjusted Platform Revenue reflects the value of platform transactions before demand generation expense.

See below for a graphical description of our consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 as an illustration.

Visual Representation of GMV, Revenue and Gross Profit

For the year ended December 31, 2017

 

 

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For the year ended December 31, 2017, Platform GMV was $894.4 million, including $74.2 million of Platform Fulfilment Revenue.

Platform GMV is generated by the Farfetch Marketplace, which contributed over 95% of Platform GMV for the year ended December 31, 2017. Platform GMV is also generated by Farfetch Black & White, our modular white-label ecommerce solution that provides brands and retailers with services ranging from a full-service branded ecommerce solution to individual off-the-shelf components.

Browns is an iconic British fashion and luxury goods boutique. Browns operates two retail stores in London and also leverages applications on our platform. Ownership of Browns enables us to understand the fashion ecosystem through the lens of a boutique. In addition to enhancing our credibility in fashion, Browns also serves the critical mission of pioneering innovations developed under our Augmented Retail strategy, including providing a luxury fashion boutique environment to test our Farfetch Store of the Future technology. For the year ended December 31, 2017, Browns generated $15.4 million of Browns In-Store Revenue.

Over time, we plan to monetize other aspects of our platform. The first example of our Augmented Retail strategy is Farfetch Store of the Future, a suite of technologies that aims to improve retail productivity by capturing consumer data and enhancing interactions between consumers and sales associates, both in store and when the consumer interacts with the retailer or brand offline. We believe the future of luxury fashion retail will be defined by the reinvention of the consumer experience through online and offline integrations, and we are investing in innovation to achieve this vision.

Factors Affecting our Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our financial condition and results of operations have been, and will continue to be, affected by a number of important factors, including the following:

Growth and Quality of our Luxury Supply

Our business model allows us to offer consumers the broadest and deepest selection of luxury, with a high stock value while incurring minimal inventory risk, by combining supply from a large number of globally distributed luxury sellers. Our success depends on the participation of these luxury sellers on the Farfetch Marketplace, their highly curated range of products and our ability to effectively sell these goods.

We have a rigorous framework to assess retailers and brands. Boutique selection is based on their brand assortment, category focus, market reputation and strength of buying. Brand selection is based on demand and trends, so that we offer our consumers access to the best, most current and most desirable products.

As of June 30, 2018, we had 989 luxury sellers on the Farfetch Marketplace, of which 614 were retailers and 375 were brands who sell directly on our Marketplace. A key driver of our SKU and stock value growth has been the inclusion of brands selling directly on our platform, growing from 49 brands as of December 31, 2015 to 300 as of December 31, 2017. The combined power of our retailers and brands means, as of the same date, we had over 3,200 different brands available on the Farfetch Marketplace, ranging from heritage brands to emerging designers.

We have strong relationships with our luxury sellers. Of our 614 retailers, 98% have entered into an exclusive relationship with us. In the last three years, we have retained all of our top 100 retailers, and all but one of our top 100 brands, excluding those we terminated for poor performance.

 

 

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The selection of merchandise for sale on the Farfetch Marketplace must meet the needs of constantly evolving consumer tastes and adapt to rapidly changing fashion trends. Therefore, our success is also dependent on the ability of our luxury sellers to anticipate, identify and translate changing fashion trends and consumer demands into timely and appropriately curated product offerings. We constantly provide our partners with fashion insight that comes from our analysis of browsing, sales and returns data trends across the Farfetch Marketplace, as well as the offline sales data points that come from our real-time integrations with our luxury sellers.

The breadth and depth of inventory available through the Farfetch Marketplace is reflected in our stock value. Brands and designers typically have two primary seasonal collections per year, spring/summer and fall/winter. For the 2018 spring/summer season, we had 5.7 million stock units available on our Marketplace, with an aggregate stock value of $2.4 billion, up from 3.9 million stock units available with an aggregate stock value of $1.8 billion for the 2017 fall/winter season. The figures below represent the cumulative stock value uploaded and stock units available on our Marketplace in each key selling season of the fashion year.

 

Stock Value(1) ($ billions)    Stock Units (millions)

 

 

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(1) Stock Value means the combined amount of all stock units available on our Marketplace multiplied by each item’s retail unit price.

We expect to continue to grow the stock value and stock units on our Marketplace from existing luxury sellers, adding luxury sellers from new geographies, large multi-brand retailers and new brands.

Growth, Engagement and Retention of Our Active Consumers

Platform GMV and revenue grow as a result of acquiring and retaining Active Consumers, increasing the Number of Orders and driving an increase in our AOV.

As of June 30, 2018, we had 1,118,047 Active Consumers, up from 796,297 as of June 30, 2017. As of December 31, 2017, we had 935,772 Active Consumers, up from 651,674 as of December 31, 2016. The Number of Orders for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was 1,305,297, up from 853,195 for six months ended June 30, 2017. The Number of Orders for the year ended December 31, 2017 was 1.9 million, up from 1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The figures below represent the growth of Active Consumers and Number of Orders for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017.

 

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Note: Number of orders net of cancellations.

We have been able to grow Platform GMV from both new and existing consumers since launching the Farfetch Marketplace in 2008. While we continue to acquire new consumers, the share of Platform GMV from existing consumers has also increased over time, indicating our ability to retain existing consumers. Existing consumers generated 55.6% of GMV from our Marketplace in the year ended December 31, 2017, up from 49.1% in the year ended December 31, 2016 and 46.8% in the year ended December 31, 2015.

We define new consumers as those who placed their first order on our Marketplace. The figures below represent our GMV from our Marketplace by consumer cohort for the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

 

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We expect growth in new consumers to be driven by further penetration of the luxury consumer market, including growing our business in emerging markets, such as China, the Middle East, Latin America and Eastern Europe.

Cost of Consumer Acquisition and Engagement

Our financial performance also depends on the expenses we incur to attract and retain consumers.

 

 

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Demand generation expense consists primarily of fees that we pay our various media and affiliate partners. We will continue to invest in consumer acquisition and retention while the underlying consumer unit economics indicate the return on investment is strong. While we expect these expenses to increase as we continue to grow, we expect such expenses to decrease as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue over time as we continue to improve the efficiency of our demand generation activities and the percentage of our business related to existing consumers increases. In particular, we have recently gained efficiencies in our performance marketing spend by leveraging the large volume of product performance data that we have available to enhance our media bidding decisions across paid search, meta-search and online display. We also expanded our network of active media partners, which extended our audience reach and further diversified its overall media mix. The cost of marketing to our existing consumers has also improved as adoption of our iOS and Android apps has increased, allowing for use of low or no cost in-app notifications to app users and by running highly personalized activation campaigns across social and online display channels.

In determining how successful our consumer acquisition and retention strategy is, we closely monitor the initial Consumer Acquisition Cost (“CAC”), the Lifetime Value of a Consumer (“LTV”) and Platform Order Contribution Margin. These performance indicators enable us to assess the strength of the short-term and long-term consumer unit economics.

 

   

CAC means demand generation expense attributable only to new consumer acquisition during a specific time period divided by the number of new consumers acquired during the same period.

 

   

LTV means cumulative Platform Order Contribution, calculated as gross profit less demand generation expense, excluding demand generation expense attributable to any new consumer acquisition, over a period of time attributable to a particular consumer cohort since the acquisition of those consumers divided by the number of consumers acquired during the cohort period. Each consumer cohort is defined as consumers who have been acquired during a specific period.

 

   

Platform Order Contribution Margin means Platform Order Contribution as a percentage of Adjusted Platform Revenue during a particular financial period.

We deploy our demand generation expense across a variety of channels, such as search engine marketing, search engine optimization, display advertising and affiliate marketing, and we monitor on a real-time basis the aggregate LTV of each cohort and the return on CAC across each channel. We adjust and re-allocate our demand generation expense across channels, customer segments and geographical markets to optimize for efficiencies based on real-time changes in the advertising marketplace. We also consider the efficiency of allocating demand generation expense between acquiring new consumers or targeting existing consumers. We manage our demand generation expense to a daily Platform Order Contribution target.

The LTV/CAC ratio illustrates the LTV on average each consumer generates as a multiple of CAC. Our increased LTV/CAC ratio demonstrates that each cohort is becoming more valuable. We believe we can generate a higher LTV over time or can spend less on demand generation to achieve a comparable return. The following indicators illustrate the efficiency of our consumer acquisition economics to date:

 

   

Six month LTV/CAC ratio for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 cohorts was 1.42, 1.53 and 1.72, respectively; and

 

   

Platform Order Contribution Margin for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 was 33.0%, 35.0% and 43.0%, respectively.

 

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Lifetime Value of a Consumer to Consumer Acquisition Cost Ratios

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Across each of these cohorts, the payback period on CAC has been consistently less than six months. Our LTV/CAC ratios for more recently acquired cohorts have been stronger than earlier cohorts, as we have managed to lower our CAC and increase our LTV of acquired consumers over time. This has allowed us to increase total consumer acquisition spend, and as a result, increase our number of new Marketplace consumers.

We also generate highly attractive consumer economics. While we are continuously focused on adding new Active Consumers to the Farfetch Marketplace, we are also focused on increasing their purchase frequency and Average Order Value after their initial purchase, while lowering retention expenditure. As a result, our existing consumers have typically generated a higher Platform Order Contribution Margin over time.

The chart below illustrates the Order Contribution Margin attributable to our new and existing consumers along with their overall Order Contribution Margin on the Farfetch Marketplace in each of the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017. As we have increased the proportion of our business derived from existing consumers, driven by higher retention rates and order frequency, we have also seen a corresponding increase in our blended Order Contribution Margin attributable to our Marketplace over time, driving the overall Platform Order Contribution Margin.

 

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Marketplace Order Contribution Margin (% Adjusted Marketplace Revenue)

 

 

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Fulfilment

To facilitate and grow our platform, we provide fulfilment services to Marketplace consumers and receive revenue from the provision of these services, which is by and large a pass-through cost with no economic benefit to us, and therefore we calculate our Adjusted Revenue excluding Platform Fulfilment Revenue. We offer our platform partners access to a fully integrated logistics network, which enables them to ship to consumers in 190 countries. This is an essential part of the consumer proposition and provides an unparalleled luxury experience. We have developed a comprehensive cross-border network for delivery, provided by leading third-party partners globally, which also provides Marketplace consumers with a free, simple and efficient returns process. In 2017, 91% of our orders were cross border. We have invested significant resources into developing this network, and this has created a significant competitive advantage and economies of scale.

Scaling our Global Platform

We will continue to invest in our smart supply chain management and luxury customer care to provide our consumers with a differentiated global product offering but localized consumer experience. Our end-to-end operations include in-house content creation to achieve a luxury product presentation, localized interfaces, multilingual customer service, secure payment methods and seamless customs clearance and tariffs navigation. While we expect our operational expenses to increase as we continue to grow, we expect such expenses to decrease as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue over time as we continue to achieve economies of scale and deliver operating leverage.

Investments in Technology and Innovation

We will continue to invest in people, product and infrastructure to maintain and grow our platform and to drive technological innovation in the luxury industry. Our technology expense in the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $31.0 million, up 178.9% from $11.1 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our technology expense has increased as we continue to recruit additional personnel and to develop our technology expertise across the full spectrum of engineering, architecture, infrastructure, data engineering, integrations, security, agile and project management, and information systems and planning. As of December, 31, 2017, we had 802 full-time data scientists, engineers and product employees, representing 35.0% of our total headcount. We plan to increase our technology headcount, including additional data scientists and engineers, to approximately 1,500 people by the end of 2018.

 

 

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We are also executing on our vision for Augmented Retail, including Farfetch Store of the Future. Our Augmented Retail vision reflects the retail experience of the future by giving retailers visibility of their consumers’ preferences, both in store and online, enabling them to enhance the services they can offer. With this in mind, we have developed a range of services and technologies to progress innovation in the luxury industry. As part of the investment into this area, in February 2018, we announced a multi-year global innovation partnership with CHANEL, through which we will work together to develop a range of digital initiatives to deliver a superior consumer experience both offline and online. The partnership is the first of its kind in the luxury retail industry. Through these investments in technology and innovation, we hope to continue to execute on our vision of becoming the technology partner of choice for the luxury industry.

These investments will generate losses in the near term and could therefore delay our ability to achieve overall profitability or reduce our profitability in the near term.

Other Factors Affecting Our Performance

Results of our operations are impacted by a number of other factors, including seasonality and foreign exchange fluctuations:

Seasonality.     Our business is seasonal in nature, broadly reflecting traditional retail seasonality patterns through the calendar year. As such, GMV and revenue have been historically higher in the fourth calendar quarter of each year than in other quarters. We believe seasonality may continue to impact our quarterly results.

Foreign currency fluctuations.     The global nature of our platform business means that we earn revenue and incur expenses in a number of different currencies. Movements in exchange rates therefore impact our results and cash flows. Foreign exchange exposure is created by the currency received, determined by the consumer’s location, and the currency we pay to the retailer and brand is determined by their location. This results in transactional foreign currency exposure. Our general policy is to hedge this transactional exposure using forward foreign exchange contracts. We do not hedge translation risk.

Key Operating and Financial Metrics

The key operating and financial metrics we use are set forth below. The following table sets forth our key performance indicators for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018 and the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017.

 

     Six months ended
June 30,
    Year ended December 31,  
     2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands, unless stated otherwise)  

Consolidated Group:

          

GMV

   $ 394,506     $ 631,235     $ 381,809     $ 585,842     $ 909,826  

Revenue

     172,571       267,508       142,305       242,116       385,966  

Adjusted Revenue(1)

     138,811       216,957       113,688       193,605       311,784  

Technology Expense

     11,128       31,031       6,741       12,269       31,611  

Adjusted EBITDA(1)

     (13,972     (49,075     (47,375     (53,380     (58,079

Adjusted EBITDA Margin(1)

     (10.1 %)      (22.6 %)      (41.7 %)      (27.6 %)      (18.6 %) 

 

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     Six months ended
June 30,
    Year ended December 31,  
     2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands, unless stated otherwise)  

Platform:

          

Platform GMV

   $ 387,175     $ 624,044     $ 374,915     $ 573,174     $ 894,392  

Platform Revenue

          

Adjusted Platform Revenue(1)

     131,480       209,766       106,794       180,937       296,350  

Platform Fulfilment Revenue

     33,760       50,551       28,617       48,511       74,182  

Platform Gross Profit(2)

     90,494       133,587       69,355       111,762       196,581  

Platform Order Contribution Margin(2)

     46.7     44.0     33.0     35.0     43.0

Third-Party Take Rate

     33.7     31.7     30.0     31.3     32.9

Farfetch Marketplace:

          

Active Consumers

     796.3       1,118.0       415.7       651.7       935.8  

Number of Orders

     853.2       1,305.3       800.5       1,259.7       1,881.0  

Average Order Value (actual)

     $591.7       $622.1       $586.8       $583.6       $620.0  

 

(1)

Please see footnote 2 to “Prospectus Summary—Summary Consolidated Financial and Operating Data” for a reconciliation of non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly comparable IFRS financial performance measure and why we consider it useful.

(2)

Please see footnote 3 to “Prospectus Summary—Summary Consolidated Financial and Operating Data” for a reconciliation of non-IFRS financial measures to the most directly comparable IFRS financial performance measure and why we consider it useful.

Gross Merchandise Value (“GMV”) means the total dollar value of orders processed. GMV is inclusive of product value, shipping and duty. It is net of returns, value added taxes and cancellations. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us, although GMV and revenue are correlated.

Adjusted Revenue means revenue less Platform Fulfilment Revenue.

Technology Expense consists of technology research and development, staffing costs and other IT costs, including software licensing. We have a policy of capitalizing development staffing costs when intangible asset recognition criteria are met, and therefore, these capitalized costs are not included in technology expense. These are subsequently amortized and included as depreciation and amortization. Other technology related costs are expensed as incurred.

Adjusted EBITDA means loss after taxes before net finance costs/(income), income tax (credit)/expense and depreciation and amortization, further adjusted for share based compensation expense, other items and share of results of associates. Adjusted EBITDA provides a basis for comparison of our business operations between current, past and future periods by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled metrics of others.

Adjusted EBITDA Margin means Adjusted EBITDA calculated as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue.

Platform GMV is consistent with the definition for GMV given above but excludes Browns In-Store Revenue.

Adjusted Platform Revenue means Adjusted Revenue less Browns In-Store Revenue. Adjusted Platform Revenue is driven by our Platform GMV, including revenue from first-party sales, and Third-Party Take Rate. The revenue realized from first-party sales is equal to the GMV of such sales because we act as principal in these transactions, and thus related sales are not commission based.

 

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Adjusted Marketplace Revenue means Adjusted Platform Revenue after deducting platform revenue not derived from the Farfetch Marketplace.

Platform Fulfilment Revenue means revenue from shipping and customs clearing services that we provide to our consumers, net of consumer promotional incentives, such as free shipping and promotional codes.

Platform Gross Profit means gross profit excluding Browns In-Store Gross Profit.

Platform Order Contribution means gross profit after deducting demand generation expense, which includes fees that we pay for our various marketing channels. Platform Order Contribution provides an indicator of our ability to extract consumer value from our demand generation expense, including the costs of retaining existing consumers and our ability to acquire new consumers.

Marketplace Order Contribution means Platform Order Contribution after deducting Platform Order Contribution not derived from the Fartech Marketplace.

Platform Order Contribution Margin means Platform Order Contribution calculated as a percentage of Adjusted Platform Revenue.

Third-Party Take Rate means Adjusted Platform Revenue excluding revenue from first-party sales, as a percentage of GMV excluding GMV from first-party sales and Platform Fulfilment Revenue. Revenue from first-party sales, which is equal to GMV from first-party sales, means revenue derived from sales on our platform of inventory purchased by us.

Active Consumers means active consumers on the Farfetch Marketplace. A consumer is deemed to be active if they made a purchase on the Farfetch Marketplace within the last 12-month period, irrespective of cancelations or returns. The number of Active Consumers is an indicator of our ability to attract and retain an increasingly large consumer base to our platform and of our ability to convert platform visits into sale orders.

Number of Orders means the total number of consumer orders placed on the Farfetch Marketplace, gross of returns and net of cancellations, in a particular period. An order is counted on the day the consumer places the order. The Number of Orders represents an indicator of our ability to generate sales opportunities for luxury sellers through our Marketplace. Analyzed in the context of Active Consumers, the Number of Orders provides an indicator of our ability to attract recurring purchases on our platform and also, the effectiveness of our targeted advertising.

Average Order Value (“AOV”) means the average value of all orders placed on the Farfetch Marketplace excluding value added taxes.

Browns In-Store Revenue means revenue generated in our Browns retail stores.

Components of our Results of Operations

Revenue.     We generate revenue through commissions on sales through the Farfetch Marketplace and on services rendered to our consumers and sellers, including those offered via our Marketplace and Farfetch Black & White. We also generate revenue through the sale of goods via Browns retail stores.

 

 

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Our primary source of service revenue is from the provision of platform services. We act as an arranger through connecting sellers to consumers. We are also responsible for providing fulfilment services, which includes the provision of shipping services to the consumers and packaging materials and credit card processing to sellers. When we act as a commercial intermediary between sellers and final consumers, revenue recognized represents commission earned for operation of the Farfetch Marketplace, including fulfilment services. The services rendered also include payment and other related services provided by us. Our commission generated on sales is based on the contractual agreement we have with each seller, where we earn a percentage based on the value of sales conducted through the Farfetch Marketplace. Our commission is a blended commission because it is attributable to a mix of the different types of services that we provide. We recognize commissions and non-shipping service revenue when the goods are dispatched to the consumer by the sellers. A provision for expected returns is made against this. As we provide shipping services to the consumer, shipping revenue is recognized on delivery to the consumer. Promotional incentives may be periodically offered to consumers. When we bear the costs of promotional incentives, these costs are recognized as deductions to revenue.

Revenue from the sale of goods is net of returns and allowances, trade discounts and volume rebates. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is satisfied, which is when the goods are received by the consumer. Included within sales of goods is a provision for expected returns, discounts and rebates.

Cost of Revenue.     Cost of revenue includes shipping costs, duties, credit card fees and packaging. The components of cost of revenue are variable in nature and fluctuate with changes in revenue.

Selling, General and Administrative.     Our selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of demand generation, technology expense, salaries, bonuses, benefits and share based compensation for our employees, and outside consulting, legal and accounting services, as well as facilities and other overhead costs. Our demand generation expense consists primarily of fees that we pay for our various marketing channels such as search engine marketing, search engine optimization, display, digital advertising and affiliate marketing to drive consumer acquisition and retention. We expect that our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase for the foreseeable future as we grow our business, as well as to cover the additional cost and expenses associated with becoming a publicly listed company. When we have an obligation in certain jurisdictions to settle employment related taxes on share based payments received by employees, these are provided for based on the intrinsic value of the vested share options. The Board may, from time to time, elect to settle employment related taxes on share based payments, which could result in an increase in our share based payments payment expense. In the third quarter of 2018, the Board has elected to settle employment related taxes on share payments for employees in the United Kingdom. It is estimated that a share based payment expense of approximately $10.8 million will be recognized in our third quarter results because of this decision being taken.

Depreciation and Amortization.     Depreciation and amortization includes the depreciation of property, plant and equipment, capitalized leasehold improvements and amortization of technology and other intangible assets, alongside any loss on the disposal of property, plant and equipment and any asset impairments.

Segment Reporting

We have determined our operating segments on the same basis that we use to evaluate performance internally. Our operating segments are: (1) Farfetch Marketplace, (2) Farfetch Black and White, (3) Farfetch Store of the Future and (4) Browns Stores. Farfetch Marketplace represents over 90% of revenue; therefore, we are presenting only one reportable operating segment being the consolidated view of all operating segments noted above.

 

 

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Results of Operations

The following table shows our consolidated results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018 and the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 and as a percentage of revenue.

 

     Six months ended June 30,     Year ended December 31,  
   2017      2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands)  

Revenue

     $172,571        $267,508       $142,305       $242,116       $385,966  

Cost of revenue

     (78,223      (130,643     (69,702     (125,238     (181,200
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Gross profit

     94,348        136,865       72,603       116,878       204,766  

Selling, general and administrative

     (125,762      (208,801     (130,073     (205,558     (299,260

Share of profits of associates

     15        24       -       18       31  
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating loss

     (31,399      (71,912     (57,470     (88,662     (94,463

Net finance income/(costs)

     1,690        4,218       (4,265     7,402       (17,642
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss before tax

     (29,709      (67,694     (61,735     (81,260     (112,105

Income tax credit/(expense)

     429        (714     628       (199     (170
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss after tax

     $(29,280      $(68,408     $(61,107     $(81,459     $(112,275
  

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

     Six months ended June 30,     Year ended December 31,  
       2017             2018             2015             2016             2017      

Revenue

     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0     100.0

Cost of revenue

     (45.3     (48.8     (49.0     (51.7     (46.9

Gross profit

     54.7       51.2       51.0       48.3       53.1  

Selling, general and administrative

     (72.9     (78.1     (91.3     (84.9     (77.4

Share of profits of associates

     0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0       0.0  

Operating loss

     (18.2     (26.9    
    (40.3

        (36.6         (24.3

Net finance income/(costs)

     1.0       1.6       (3.0     3.1       (4.6

Loss before tax

     (17.2     (25.3     (43.3     (33.5     (28.9

Income tax credit/(expense)

     0.2       (0.3     0.4       (0.1     (0.1
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss after tax

     (17.0 %)      (25.6 %)      (42.9 %)      (33.6 %)      (29.0 %) 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Comparison of six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2018

Revenue

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Revenue

   $ 172,571     $ 267,508       $94,937       55.0

Less: Platform Fulfilment Revenue

     (33,760     (50,551     (16,791     (49.7
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted Revenue

   $ 138,811     $ 216,957       $78,146       56.3
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

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Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $94.9 million, or 55.0%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. Adjusted Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $78.1 million, or 56.3%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. This was a function of growth in GMV of 60.0%, partially offset by a decrease in Third-Party Take Rate from 33.7% to 31.7%.

Growth in GMV was primarily driven by the Number of Orders increasing by 53.0% to approximately 1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. This was driven by growth in Active Consumers by 40.4% over the same period, from 796,297 to 1,118,047, growth in frequency of orders from Active Consumers and growth in AOV by 5.1% to $622.1 per order made, reflecting our continued ability to retain and engage high quality consumers on the Farfetch Marketplace. In particular, we have continued to see growth in demand from consumers across international markets, specifically Latin America, the Middle East and China. We also had an increase in supply to meet this demand, with both breadth and depth of our range growing from existing suppliers as well as an increase in the number of luxury sellers during the six months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease in Third-Party Take Rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017 was a result of changes in our mix of supply between retailers and brands. Browns In-Store Revenue experienced a modest decrease of 1.9%, from $7.3 million to $7.2 million, reflecting the closure of one store in West London.

Platform Fulfilment Revenue accounted for 18.9% of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 19.6% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Cost of revenue, gross profit and gross profit margin

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Cost of revenue

     $(78,223     $(130,643     $(52,420     (67.0 %) 

Gross profit

     94,348       136,865       42,517       45.1  

Gross profit margin

     54.7     51.2    

Cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $52.4 million, or (67.0%), compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was primarily driven by the increase in cost of goods associated with first-party sales, as well as the delivery, packaging and transaction processing expenditures incurred as a result of the increased Number of Orders.

Our gross profit margin decreased from 54.7% to 51.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was primarily driven by a decrease in blended commissions on sales generated through our Marketplace and changes in our third and first party sales mix which attract different margins.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consisted of the following components:

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Demand generation expense

     $(29,123     $(41,258     $(12,135     (41.7 %) 

Technology expense

     (11,128     (31,031     (19,903     (178.9

Depreciation and amortization

     (5,019     (10,338     (5,319     (106.0

Share based payments

     (8,600     (12,523     (3,923     (45.6

General and administrative

     (71,892     (113,651     (41,759     (58.1
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total

     $(125,762     $(208,801     $(83,039     (66.0 %) 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

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Demand generation expense

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Demand generation expense

     $(29,123     $(41,258     $(12,135     (41.7 %) 

Demand generation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $12.1 million, or (41.7%), compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017 reflecting an increase in orders and GMV generated, partially offset by efficiencies gained in our demand generation spend through increased sophistication in consumer segmentation and more focus on costs at a channel-by-channel level. As a result, demand generation expense declined as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue, from (21.0%) in the six month period ended June 30, 2017 to (19.0%) in the six month period ended June 30, 2018.

Technology expense

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Technology expense

     $(11,128     $(31,031     $(19,903     (178.9 %) 

Capitalized development costs

     (8,226     (19,311     (11,085     (134.8
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total cash investment in technology

     $(19,354     $(50,342     $(30,988     (160.1 %) 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total cash investment in technology for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $31.0 million, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was primarily driven by an increase in technology staff headcount from 628 to 1,056 during the six months ended June 30, 2018, as we continued to develop new technologies to enhance our platform. Total cash spend amounted to $50.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018, $19.3 million of which was capitalized, as compared to total of $19.4 million during six months ended June 30, 2017, $8.2 million of which was capitalized resulting in a technology expense of $31.0 million for the six month period ended June 30, 2018.

Depreciation and amortization

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Depreciation and amortization

     $(5,019     $(10,338     $(5,319     (106.0 %) 

Depreciation and amortization expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $5.3 million, or (106.0%), compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was primarily driven by an increase in our amortization expense. Amortization increased because of our continued technology investment, in which we capitalize qualifying technology development costs and amortize them over a three-year period. The increase in depreciation primarily related to the depreciation of leasehold improvements to our offices.

Share based payments

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Share based payments

     $(8,600     $(12,523     $(3,923     (45.6 %) 

 

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Share based payments for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $3.9 million, or (45.6%), compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was primarily driven by an increase in the number of options granted because of an increased headcount.

General and administrative expense

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

General and administrative expense

   $ (71,892   $ (113,651   $ (41,759     (58.1 %) 

General and administrative expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $41.8 million, or (58.1%), compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017, which was primarily driven by an increase in headcount, excluding technology staff which are included in the technology expense above, from 1,146 to 2,077 an increase of 81.2%. We increased non-technology headcount across a number of areas to support the growth of the business. In addition, we continued to expand geographically, increasing our global workforce across 13 office locations during the six months ended June 30, 2018. We have also continued to invest in our relationships with luxury sellers, including the annual Boutique gathering held in May 2018, compared to September 2017 impacting the phasing of our costs. General and administrative costs as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue increased from (51.8%) to (52.4%) as we continue to invest to support future growth.

Adjusted EBITDA

 

     Six months ended June 30,              
           2017                     2018             $ Change     % Change  

Adjusted EBITDA

   $ (13,972   $ (49,075   $ (35,103     (251.2 %) 

% of Adjusted Revenue

     (10.1 %)      (22.6 %)     

Adjusted EBITDA loss for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased by $35.1 million, or (251.2%), compared to the six months ended June 30, 2017. This was primarily driven by increased investment across the second half of 2017 within customer acquisition, infrastructure and technology expenses to support continued growth in GMV and Adjusted Revenue.

Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2016 and 2017

Revenue

 

     Year ended December 31,              
           2016                     2017             $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Revenue

   $ 242,116     $ 385,966     $ 143,850       59.4

Less: Platform Fulfilment Revenue

     (48,511     (74,182     (25,671     (52.9
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Adjusted Revenue

   $ 193,605     $ 311,784     $ 118,179       61.0
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $143.9 million, or 59.4%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. Adjusted Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $118.2 million, or 61.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. This

 

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was a function of growth in GMV of 55.3% and increased Third-Party Take Rate from 31.3% to 32.9%. Growth in GMV was primarily driven by the Number of Orders increasing by 49.3% to approximately 1.9 million. This was driven by growth in Active Consumers from 651,674 to 935,772 (an increase of 43.6%) over the same period, which was due to continued growth in demand from existing consumers across international markets together with an increase in new consumer orders. We also had an increase in supply as the number of luxury sellers grew significantly during 2017. Growth in Third-Party Take Rate was a result of improved commercial terms with our platform partners. In addition to the growth in the number of consumers, AOV grew by 6.2% to $620.0. Browns In-Store Revenue also increased from $12.7 million to $15.4 million, an increase of 21.3%, due to strong consumer engagement and new incentives for sales associates. Platform Fulfilment Revenue accounted for 19.2% of revenue in 2017, down from 20.0% in 2016.

Cost of revenue, gross profit and gross profit margin

 

     Year ended
December 31,
             
           2016                     2017             $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Cost of revenue

   $ (125,238   $ (181,200   $ (55,962     (44.7 %) 

Gross profit

     116,878       204,766       87,888       75.2  

Gross profit margin

     48.3%       53.1%      

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $56.0 million, or (44.7%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily driven by the increase in delivery, packaging and transaction processing expenditures as a result of the increased Number of Orders.

Our gross profit margin improved from 48.3% to 53.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016 to the year ended December 31, 2017, which was primarily driven by an increase in blended commissions on sales generated through our Marketplace and scale efficiencies of fulfilment expenditures.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consisted of the following components:

 

     Year ended
December 31,
           % of Adjusted
Revenue
 
   2016      2017      % Change     2016     2017  
     (in thousands)                     

Demand generation expense

     $(48,381)        $(69,202)        (43.0 %)      (25.0 %)      (22.2 %) 

Technology expense

     (12,269)        (31,611)        (157.6     (6.3     (10.1

Depreciation and amortization

     (6,897)        (10,980)        (59.2     (3.6     (3.5

Share based payments

     (19,848)        (21,486)        (8.3     (10.3     (6.9

General and administrative

     (118,163)        (165,981)        (40.5     (61.0     (53.2
  

 

 

    

 

 

        

Total

     $(205,558)        $(299,260)        (45.6 %)      (106.2 %)      (96.0 %) 
  

 

 

    

 

 

        

Demand generation expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2016     2017     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Demand generation expense

   $ (48,381   $ (69,202   $ (20,821     (43.0 %) 

 

 

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Demand generation expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $20.8 million, or (43.0%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. The expenditures related to existing markets and our continued international expansion into emerging markets across all channels. We gained efficiencies in our demand generation spend through increased sophistication in consumer segmentation and more focus on costs at a channel-by-channel level. Demand generation expense declined as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue, from (25.0%) in 2016 to (22.2%) in 2017, resulting in an increase in Platform Order Contribution Margin over the same period, from 35.0% in 2016 to 43.0% in 2017.

Technology expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2016     2017     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Technology expense

   $ (12,269   $ (31,611   $ (19,342     (157.6 %) 

Capitalized development costs

     (12,586     (18,997     (6,411     (50.9
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total cash investment in technology

   $ (24,855   $ (50,608   $ (25,753     (103.6 %) 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Technology expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $19.3 million, compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily driven by an increase in technology staff headcount from 432 to 802 during 2017, as we continued to develop new technologies and maintain and improve our platform. Total cash spend amounted to $50.6 million during 2017, $19.0 million of which was capitalized, as compared to total of $24.9 million during 2016, $12.6 million of which was capitalized.

Depreciation and amortization

 

     Year ended
December 31,
             
   2016     2017     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Depreciation and amortization

   $ (6,897   $ (10,980   $ (4,083     (59.2 %) 

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $4.1 million, or (59.2%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily driven by an increase in our amortization expenses. Amortization increased because of our continued technology investment, in which we capitalize qualifying technology development costs and amortize them over a three-year period. The increase in depreciation primarily related to the depreciation of leasehold improvements to our offices.

Share based payments

 

     Year ended
December 31,
             
   2016     2017     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Share based payments

   $ (19,848   $ (21,486   $ (1,638     (8.3 %) 

Share based payments for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $1.6 million, or (8.3%), compared to December 31, 2016, which was primarily driven by an increase in the number of options granted because of an increased headcount.

General and administrative expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
             
   2016     2017     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

General and administrative

   $ (118,163   $ (165,981   $ (47,818     (40.5 %) 

 

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General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $47.8 million, or (40.5%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, which was primarily driven by an increase in headcount, excluding technology staff which are included in the technology expense above, from 906 to 1,367, an increase of 50.9%. We increased non-technology headcount across a number of areas to support the growth of the business. In addition, we continued to expand geographically, increasing our global workforce across 12 office locations during 2017. Other increases were due to facilities and office costs and other fixed overhead costs. During 2017, we also invested more in Farfetch brand building activities. General and administrative costs as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue decreased from (61.0%) to (53.2%) as we leveraged the benefits from prior year investment to support our growth.

Adjusted EBITDA

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2016     2017     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Adjusted EBITDA

   $ (53,380   $ (58,079   $ (4,699     (8.8 %) 

% of Adjusted Revenue

     (27.6 %)      (18.6 %)     

Adjusted EBITDA loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased by $4.7 million, or (8.8%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2016. This was primarily driven by increased investment in demand generation and technology expenses to support continued growth in GMV and Adjusted Revenue. There was also an increase in general and administrative expenses as we continued to scale our business. Although there was an increased Adjusted EBITDA loss compared to the year ended December 31,2016, we have leveraged operational synergies where our selling, general and administrative expenses have grown at a slower rate than Adjusted Revenue. This is demonstrated by the reduction in Adjusted EBITDA loss as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue from (27.6%) for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to (18.6%) to for year ended December 31, 2017.

Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

Revenue

 

     Year ended
December 31,
             
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Revenue

   $ 142,305     $ 242,116       $99,811       70.1

Less: Platform Fulfilment Revenue

     (28,617     (48,511     (19,894     (69.5
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Adjusted Revenue

   $ 113,688     $ 193,605       $79,917       70.3
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $99.8 million, or 70.1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Adjusted Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $79.9 million, or 70.3%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. This was a function of growth in GMV and increased Third-Party Take Rate from 30.0% to 31.3%. Growth in GMV was primarily driven by Number of Orders increasing from approximately 800,500 to 1.3 million (an increase of 57.4%) over the same period. This was driven by an increase in Active Consumers from approximately 415,730 to 651,674 (an increase of 56.8%) over the same period. This was a result of growth in demand internationally and as a result of improved demand generation initiatives driving an increase in the acquisition of new consumers and retention of existing consumers and therefore an increase in Active Consumers overall. Growth in Browns In-Store Revenue also contributed to the

 

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increase in Revenue. We acquired Browns on May 1, 2015 and consolidated its results beginning on this date, as compared to Browns In-Store Revenue for a full year in 2016.

Cost of revenue, gross profit and gross profit margin

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Cost of revenue

   $ (69,702   $ (125,238   $ (55,536     (79.7 %) 

Gross profit

     72,603       116,878       44,275       61.0  

Gross profit margin

     51.0     48.3    

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $55.5 million, or (79.7%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, which was primarily attributable to the increase in Number of Orders. A more competitive shipping model was introduced to enhance consumer experience and align to market standards, including one shipping charge per order. A further factor driving the increase in cost of revenue was the increase in Browns In-Store Revenue and the related costs of goods sold.

Our gross profit margin decreased from 51.0% to 48.3% from the year ended December 31, 2015 to the year ended December 31, 2016, which was principally driven by increase in cost of fulfilment, partially offset by an increased Third-Party Take Rate.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses can be broken down into the following components:

 

     Year ended
December 31,
     % Change     % of Adjusted
Revenue
 
   2015      2016     2015     2016  
     (in thousands)                     

Demand generation expense

     $(34,158)        $(48,381)        (41.6 %)      (30.0 %)      (25.0 %) 

Technology expense

     (6,741)        (12,269)        (82.0     (5.9     (6.3

Depreciation and amortization

     (3,104)        (6,897)        (122.2     (2.7     (3.6

Share based payments

     (6,505)        (19,848)        (205.1     (5.7     (10.3

General and administrative

     (79,565)        (118,163)        (48.5     (70.0     (61.0
  

 

 

    

 

 

        

Total

     $(130,073)        $(205,558)        (58.0 %)      (114.4 %)      (106.2 %) 
  

 

 

    

 

 

        

Demand generation expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Demand generation expense

   $ (34,158   $ (48,381   $ (14,223     (41.6 %) 

Demand generation expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $14.2 million, or (41.6%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2015. Demand generation expense became more efficient as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue, decreasing from (30.0%) in 2015 to (25.0%) in 2016.

 

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Technology expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Technology expense

     $(6,741   $ (12,269     $(5,528     (82.0 %) 

Capitalized development costs

     (6,583     (12,586     (6,003     (91.2
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Total cash investment in technology

   $ (13,324   $ (24,855   $ (11,531     (86.5 %) 
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

Technology expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $5.5 million compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, which was primarily driven by an increase in technology staff headcount to 432 as of December 31, 2016, as we continued to develop new technologies and maintain and improve our platform. Total cash spend amounted to $24.9 million during 2016, $12.6 million of which was capitalized, as compared to total of $13.3 million spend during 2015, of which $6.6 million was capitalized.

Depreciation and amortization expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Depreciation and amortization

   $ (3,104   $ (6,897   $ (3,793     (122.2 %) 

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $3.8 million, or (122.2%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, which was primarily driven by an increase in our amortization charge. Amortization increased at a faster rate than our depreciation charge because of our continued technology investment.

Share based payments

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Share based payments

   $ (6,505   $ (19,848   $ (13,343     (205.1 %) 

Share based payments for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $13.3 million compared to December 31, 2015 which was primarily driven by an increase in the number of options granted because of the hiring of new senior positions as we grew.

General and administrative expense

 

     Year ended
December 31,
   

 

 
   2015     2016     $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

General and administrative

   $ (79,565   $ (118,163   $ (38,598     (48.5 %) 

General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $38.6 million, or (48.5%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, which was primarily driven

 

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by an increase in headcount, excluding technology staff which are included in the technology expense above, from 696 to 906, an increase of 30.2%. We increased non-technology headcount across a number of areas to support the growth of our business, including operations, marketing and key support functions. Headcount also increased due to geographical expansion and new business initiatives. Other increases are due to the annualization of office costs and other fixed overhead costs. General and administrative expense as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue decreased from (70.0%) to (61.0%) as we leveraged synergies from our investments to support our growth.

Adjusted EBITDA

 

     Year ended
December 31,
       
       2015             2016         $ Change     % Change  
     (in thousands)              

Adjusted EBITDA

   $ (47,375   $ (53,380   $ (6,005     (12.7 %) 

% of Adjusted Revenue

     (41.7 %)      (27.6 %)     

Adjusted EBITDA loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 increased by $6.0 million or (12.7%), compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, which was primarily driven by the investment supporting growth in both GMV and Adjusted Revenue. We have been able to leverage operational synergies as demonstrated by the reduction in Adjusted EBITDA loss as a percentage of Adjusted Revenue, falling from (41.7%) in 2015 to (27.6%) in 2016.

Quarterly Data

The following table sets forth certain unaudited financial data for each fiscal quarter for the periods indicated in dollars and as a percentage of revenue. The unaudited quarterly information includes all normal recurring adjustments that we consider necessary for a fair statement of the information shown. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Our quarterly results are not necessarily indicative of future operating results.

 

    2016     2017     2018  
  First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
    Third
Quarter
    Fourth
Quarter
    First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
    Third
Quarter
    Fourth
Quarter
    First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
 
    (in thousands)  

Revenue

    $43,781       $61,394       $54,511       $82,430       $79,425       $93,146       $86,913       $126,482       $122,707       $144,801  

Cost of revenue

    (20,629     (34,887     (27,533     (42,189     (36,571     (41,652     (41,224     (61,753     (61,534     (69,109

Gross Profit

    23,152       26,507       26,978       40,241       42,854       51,494       45,689       64,729       61,173       75,692  

Selling, general and administrative

    (40,411     (57,491     (51,742     (55,914     (53,127     (72,635     (74,490     (99,008     (96,271     (112,530

Share of results of associates

    5       5       4       4       7       8       8       8             24  

Loss from operations

    (17,254     (30,979     (24,760     (15,669     (10,266     (21,133     (28,793     (34,271     (35,098     (36,814

Net finance (costs)/income

    (277     (1,667     7,405       1,941       1,085       605       839       (20,171  

 

(15,101

    19,319  

Loss before tax

    (17,531     (32,646     (17,355     (13,728     (9,181     (20,528     (27,954     (54,442     (50,199     (17,495

Income tax (expense)/credit

    (43     (49     (50     (57     (152     581       (225     (374     (527     (187
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss after tax

    $(17,574     $(32,695     $(17,405     $(13,785     $(9,333   $ (19,947     $(28,179     $(54,816     $(50,726     $(17,682
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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    2016     2017     2018  
  First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
    Third
Quarter
    Fourth
Quarter
    First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
    Third
Quarter
    Fourth
Quarter
    First
Quarter
    Second
Quarter
 

Revenue

    100     100     100     100     100     100     100     100     100     100

Cost of revenue

    (47.1     (56.8     (50.5     (51.2     (46.0     (44.6     (47.4     (48.8     (50.1     (47.7

Gross Profit

    52.9       43.2       49.5       48.8       54.0       55.4       52.6       51.2       49.9       52.3  

Selling, general and administrative

    (92.3     (93.7     (94.9     (67.8     (66.9     (78.0     (85.7     (78.3     (78.5     (77.7

Loss from operations

    (39.4     (50.5     (45.4     (19.0     (12.9     (22.6     (33.1     (27.1     (28.6     (25.4

Net finance (costs)/income

    (0.6     (2.7     13.6       2.4       1.3       0.6       1.0       (15.9     (12.3     13.3  

Loss before tax

    (40.0     (53.2     (31.8     (16.6     (11.6     (22.0     (32.1     (43.0     (40.9     (12.1

Income tax (expense)/credit

    (0.1     (0.1     (0.1     (0.1     (0.2     0.6       (0.3     (0.3     (0.4     (0.1
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss after tax

    (40.1 %)      (53.3 %)      (31.9 %)      (16.7 %)      (11.8 %)      (21.4 %)      (32.4 %)      (43.3 %)      (41.3 %)      (12.2 %) 
 

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Quarterly revenue trends

Our business is seasonal in nature, broadly reflecting traditional retail seasonality patterns throughout the year. We normally experience the highest GMV and revenue during the fourth quarter, followed by decreased activity in the first quarter of the following year. GMV in the second quarter generally tends to be higher than the third, due to increased propensity to shop as a result of mid-year sales and discounts.

Quarterly selling, general and administrative trends

Quarterly selling, general and administrative trends are mainly impacted by demand generation expense, which is driven by the timing of brand advertising and consumer acquisition campaigns and the cost of operational production and customer services in line with the seasonal trends of the business.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

As of December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $384.0 million. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of cash in bank accounts and deposits in money market funds.

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through equity issuances and cash generated from our operating activities. Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital are to finance working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. We believe that our sources of liquidity and capital will be sufficient to meet our business needs in the next 12 months. Our capital expenditure consists primarily of technology development costs, computer equipment and the fit out and improvements our offices.

The following table shows summary consolidated cash flow information for the periods presented.

 

     Six months ended June
30,
    Year ended December 31,  
   2017     2018     2015     2016     2017  
     (in thousands)  

Net cash outflow from operating activities

     $(25,967   $ (105,962     $(37,258     $(47,079     $(59,320

Net cash outflow from investing activities

     (12,840     (27,393     (27,571     (16,961     (28,863

Net cash inflow from financing activities

     299,639       82,269       77,414       161,173       300,142  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

     $260,832       $(51,086     $12,585       $97,133       $211,959  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

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Net Cash Outflow From Operating Activities

Net cash outflow from operating activities increased to $106.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2018 from $26.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $80.0 million, driven by an increase in the loss after tax from $29.3 million to $68.4 million and an increase in net working capital due to an increase in first-party inventory prepayments or deposits ahead of the autumn/winter season.

Net cash outflow from operating activities increased to $59.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 from $47.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $12.2 million, or 26.0%, primarily due to an increase in the loss after tax from $81.5 million to $112.3 million, which was partially offset by favorable net working capital and foreign exchange movements. Favorable working capital movements are a function of our business model, in which we collect cash from consumers on average 45 days before we remit to the sellers.

Net cash outflow from operating activities increased to $47.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 from $37.3 million net cash used in the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $9.8 million, or 26.4%, primarily due to an increase in the loss after tax from $61.8 million to $81.5 million, which was partially offset by favorable net working capital and foreign exchange movements.

Net Cash Outflow From Investing Activities

Net cash outflow from investing activities increased to $27.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2018, from $12.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $14.6 million, or 113.3%, primarily due to our continued investment in technology development (increasing from $8.2 million to $19.3 million over the period) as discussed above. In line with headcount growth, we had increased investments in office facilities and computer equipment, increasing from $5.3 million to $11.3 million over the period.

Net cash outflow from investing activities increased to $28.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, from $17.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $11.9 million, or 70.2%, primarily due to our continued investment in technology development (increasing from $12.6 million to $19.0 million over the period) as discussed above. In line with headcount growth, we have increased investments in office facilities and computer equipment spend, increasing from $6.0 million to $12.6 million over the period.

Net cash outflow from investing activities decreased to $17.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2016, from $27.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $10.6 million, or 38.4%, primarily due to the net cash outflow of $12.0 million relating to the 2015 acquisitions of Browns, iMall and LASO where cash was a significant component of the consideration transferred as part of the transactions. There were no acquisitions in 2016. The impact of the reduction in acquisitions was partially offset by increases in technology capital expenditure between 2015 and 2016. Cash outflows in 2015 relating to property, plant and equipment were also higher compared to 2016, due to the opening of our London headquarters in 2015.

Net Cash Inflow From Financing Activities

In 2015, we completed our Series E funding round and raised $77.7 million, net of costs, whereas in 2016, we completed our Series F funding round and raised $146.9 million, net of costs. During 2016, we also issued $19.4 million principal amount of notes, net of costs. In 2017, we raised $322.1 million, net of costs, from our Series G funding round, which was partially offset by the repayment of the loan

 

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notes for $22.0 million. In January 2018, we sold additional Series G preferred shares and raised $82.3 million, net of costs.

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017:

 

Obligation

   Less than
1 year
     1-3 years      3-5 years      More than
5 years
     Total  

Operating lease obligations

   $ 11,929      $ 20,297      $ 11,251      $ 22,656      $ 66,133  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 11,929      $ 20,297      $ 11,251      $ 22,656      $ 66,133  
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Share Based Payments

Employees receive remuneration in the form of share based payments. The consideration is either equity or cash settled depending on the scheme. For further details See Note 2.4 (e), “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for further detail.

Changes in Accounting Policies and Disclosures

Amendments to Standards That Are Mandatorily Effective for the Current Year

In the current period ended June 30, 2018, we have applied the below amendments to standards issued by the IASB that are mandatorily effective for an accounting period that begins on or after January 1, 2017. Their adoption has not had any material impact on the disclosures or on the amounts reported in our financial statements.

 

   

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (effective January 1, 2018)

 

   

IFRS 2 (amendments) Classification and Measurement of Share based Payment Transactions (effective January 1, 2018)

The adoption of IFRS 9 and IFRS 2 (amendments) did not have a material impact on our reported assets and liabilities and profit or loss.

New and Revised Standards in Issue But Not Yet Effective

At the date of authorization of the financial statements, we have not applied the following new and revised standards that have been issued but are not yet effective:

 

   

IFRS 16 Leases (effective January 1, 2019)

IFRS 16 will require lease liabilities and the right of use assets for leases to be recognized on the Statement of Financial Position. We have completed an impact assessment. This assessment indicates that there will be a significant impact on the value of non-current assets and lease liabilities as the leases for office, production and retail space are currently accounted for as operating leases. For the current level of operating lease commitments refer to the contractual obligations table above. There will be an immaterial impact on the reported results for the year.

 

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Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with IFRS. In preparing our audited consolidated financial statements, we make assumptions, judgments and estimates that can have a significant impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. We base our assumptions, judgments and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly reevaluate our assumptions, judgments and estimates. Our critical accounting estimates and judgments are described in Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to a variety of risks in the ordinary course of our business, including, but not limited to, foreign currency risk and interest rate risk. We regularly assess each of these risks to minimize any adverse effects on our business as a result of those factors. For discussion and sensitivity analyses of our exposure to these risks, see Note 28 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In connection with the audit of the financial year ended December 31, 2017, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and operation of our internal controls over our financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses. The control deficiencies resulted from (1) our technology access and change control environment not supporting an efficient or effective internal control framework and (2) reliance on manual processes.

Following the identification of these material weaknesses, we have taken steps to address these control deficiencies and continue to implement our remediation plan, which we believe will address their underlying causes. We are executing on our remediation plan for these material weaknesses by establishing more robust processes supporting internal control over financial reporting, implementing formal access and change controls to our systems, automation of a number of system interfaces driving improvements to our information technology systems. In addition, we have hired and will continue to hire additional accounting, finance and technology experts.

JOBS Act

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the provisions of the JOBS Act. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. However, we are choosing to “opt out” of such extended transition period, and as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Our decision to opt out of the extended transition period is irrevocable.

 

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LETTER FROM JOSÉ NEVES

I dreamt of Farfetch for the love of fashion.

When I was eight, I was given a computer for Christmas. It came with no video games, just a programming manual. I started coding and found my first passion: creating software.

In 1993, when I was 19, I started my first business. It was a “software house,” creating software for businesses and, being from the North of Portugal and a family with a history of shoemaking, fashion companies eventually became my clients. That’s when I found my second passion: fashion.

Eventually, I became a shoe designer, a boutique owner, a tradeshow organiser, a bit of everything in fashion. I fell in love with the industry – I was swept away by its people, places, chaotic creativity. Fashion is all about craftsmanship, creativity and great design. It celebrates beauty in every form. But it’s not art. It’s supposed to be worn, but more than that, as you wear it, it changes the way you feel that day and helps you to project how you want the world to see you.

Fashion – especially for the Millennial generation – empowers people and is one of the most important ways to manifest one’s individuality. People want to feel unique and that means finding that product that maybe only exists in very limited quantities on the other side of the world. This is why I believe Farfetch empowers individuality.

A ten year journey to build the platform for luxury fashion

By 2007, the internet was booming and gaining a foothold in every part of our cultural, creative and commercial lives. The clash between fashion, driven by creativity and emotion, and the internet, driven by speed and data, set the stage for a revolution in this industry.

As both a designer and technologist back in 2007, three things were clear:

 

   

First, the internet was going to dominate fashion, too. It was inevitable.

 

   

Second, the luxury fashion industry needed a platform. This is a key tenet of the internet. People need a destination that curates, aggregates and provides seamless service, connecting them to the thousands of independent creators and curators of fashion around the world.

 

   

Third, the established ecommerce marketplaces and platforms are consumer-centric but in a price-driven way. This is the antithesis of luxury fashion, which is driven by emotion, individuality, uniqueness, personality – not just convenience. Curation, not user generated reviews. Creativity, not price.

This was my rational side speaking, but my heart also spoke. My love for the designers, the boutiques, the people who love fashion all around the world was, and is, extremely strong. The idea of an unrivalled, inclusive, inspiring destination where the whole world of fashion would meet – creators, curators and consumers, all united for the love of fashion – was the vision that is at the heart of Farfetch today.

This ten year journey, which started in the middle of a global financial crisis, was far from easy!

The luxury industry has many peculiarities. It is mostly comprised of family-owned businesses. Even the largest conglomerates, with few exceptions, are controlled by families, and the vast majority of brands and retailers are family run. Relationships are paramount, and relationships take time to build.

 

 

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Most of the major decisions that determine the ebbs and flows of the industry are made in Europe, where a large number of the largest luxury brands are based. This meant that most of my early conversations were in Italian and French, frequently involving the grandparents, parents, sons and daughters in the same room and often turning into family quarrels! Decisions are not just about business and are never short term. The reputation of the brand, the retailer and the family business are at stake. You need to build deep relationships that are based on a feeling of trust from all of the family.

I vividly remember those first meetings with retailers and brands back in 2008, the year we launched Farfetch to consumers. The idea of a platform connecting inventory sitting in disparate physical stores to one single, global ecommerce website, in real-time, was completely new and, for an industry that saw the internet as a threat or some sort of “heresy,” the Farfetch concept was mind boggling.

Slowly, over the course of a decade, we built relationships by proving we weren’t there to destroy luxury’s heritage and its “unspoken codes of conduct,” but actually to protect them and enable this industry to thrive. We were fashion insiders, and we just happened to be coders too! For us it is not a zero-sum game; it always has to be a win-win, where we protect what is sacrosanct in our beautiful industry and use technology to enhance the experience.

Farfetch had to be built as a platform, curating and controlling every single step of the seller and consumer experience with a deep sense of love for fashion. Every single aspect of our platform was built from day one for the love of fashion and deep knowledge of technology. That’s, in short, our “secret sauce.”

Today, Farfetch is the only at-scale, global technology platform for luxury.

For brands and boutiques, we are an innovation partner, as well as a plug-and-play global amplifier, making them available to over two million customers all around the globe, in a direct-to-consumer business model. For our consumers, we allow them to find the specific item they love from anywhere in the world, that they couldn’t find in their own city or anywhere else online.

Building a platform is hard. Building a platform for the luxury fashion industry was almost impossible. But, I knew that only by taking the more difficult path would we be able to seize upon a world of opportunities and many years of continued growth and innovation.

Despite all this growth, this industry is still in its infancy. Only 9% of luxury sales happen online, and the 91% that happen offline are still conducted as if we were in the 1990s! Physical retail, not just online, will need to reinvent itself, and we want to be the champions of that revolution too.

The future

Whether future consumer channels will be dominated by voice-enabled interfaces, AR/VR, or the Internet of Things, our API can seamlessly plug into any of these technologies, the same way we have already integrated with conversational ecommerce apps and launched a full-catalogue WeChat store in China. We believe our API-enabled platform makes our marketplace core business truly future-proof.

We ask ourselves: “How will the world shop for fashion in 5, 10, 20 years?”

We believe the world will continue using physical retail stores. Fashion cannot be fully digitised, unlike music or video. There is something magical about the physical retail experience. As a boutique owner 20 years ago, I discovered the interior design, the scents, the ability to touch the fabric and try on the clothes and, most importantly, the human touch and storytelling that digital will never completely replace.

 

 

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Today’s digital-first customers have, however, been exposed to ultra-personalised experiences. Our favourite apps and internet companies know us, our preferences and give us an experience that is truly personalised. It is what consumers expect and demand. Offline retailers know nothing about us and learn nothing about us when we come in and after we leave. This will not last long, and we foresee a revolution in retail, powered by ultra-personalisation via digital technologies.

This is what our Augmented Retail vision, our Store of the Future, is all about: a seamless convergence of mono-brand, multi-brand, online and offline, delivering amazing user experiences in all touchpoints with the consumer.

We plan to continue investing aggressively in R&D. That, and growing our brand across geographies and categories, will be the focus of our investments in 2019 and beyond.

The opportunity & promise

It is my belief that we have only just started.

Even when we look back at the ten years since we launched and see so many incredible achievements, we know this is just day one and the very beginning of a thrilling journey.

The size of the opportunity is far larger than what Farfetch is today. The luxury industry has been consistently growing at a 6% compound rate for the past 20 years, which means – if we assume the same pace of growth – in the next ten years, it could reach well over $450 billion. By then, 25% of sales are expected to happen online. We believe the 75% of sales still happening in physical retail in ten years will be revolutionised by digital technologies. In fact, the distinction between offline and online retail will vanish, as consumers will not be able to tell where one started and the other finished. This is what we call at Farfetch “Augmented Retail.”

If one believes in the same pattern of disruption happening in music, travel, transportation and more, then the leading player will be a platform, not a retailer, brand or conglomerate. This leading player will have a significant market share, since we believe category leaders in other digital industries typically command over 60% market share and will bring players together in one place: curators, creators and customers.

I believe a single company will orchestrate this revolution in the conversion of offline and online luxury retail because, even if multiple retail-tech vendors emerge, the new technology will have to be adopted both by retailers and consumers. We believe consumers will always gravitate to one single app, forcing vendors to gravitate to one single platform, most likely a platform that has already built consumer-side critical mass and benefits the entire ecosystem. This all translates into a potential $450 billion addressable market for Farfetch, which, as the operating system for luxury, we want to transform, empowering individuality for consumers, curators and creators of fashion.

Our promise to our investors is a boundless dedication to our consumers, restless innovation and to focus on achieving sustainable, continued growth.

Our promise to our Farfetchers is to continue to be a mission – and values-driven business and a great employer that fosters happiness at work.

Our promise to our consumers, retailers and brands is to keep amazing them, every single day, to the best of our human ability.

For the Love of Fashion.

José Neves

Founder and CEO

 

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BUSINESS

Our Mission

Farfetch exists for the love of fashion. We believe in empowering individuality. Our mission is to be the global technology platform for luxury fashion, connecting creators, curators and consumers.

Overview

Farfetch is the leading technology platform for the global luxury fashion industry. We operate the only truly global luxury digital marketplace at scale, seamlessly connecting brands, retailers and consumers. We are redefining how fashion is bought and sold through technology, data and innovation. We were founded ten years ago, and through significant investments in technology, infrastructure, people and relationships, we have become a trusted partner to luxury brands and retailers alike.

The global market for personal luxury goods was estimated to be worth $307 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach $446 billion by 2025, according to Bain, and is largely characterized by family-controlled companies, brand integrity, longstanding relationships and fragmented supply. In addition, luxury sellers require a high-quality environment in which to sell their merchandise. As a result, these sellers have been cautious in their adoption of emerging commerce technologies.

The global luxury market is evolving, driven by an accelerating shift of consumers to online discovery and purchase, the increasing importance of Millennials and the growth of luxury consumption in China and other emerging markets. We connect a global consumer base to the highly fragmented global supply of luxury fashion, and we have established ourselves as the innovation partner to the luxury industry.

We are a technology company at our core and have created a purpose-built platform for the luxury fashion industry. Our platform consists of three main components:

 

   

Applications.    The Farfetch Marketplace is the primary application on our platform. In addition, we continue to build other offerings including Farfetch Black & White and Farfetch Store of the Future.

 

   

Services.    We have invested in and developed an integrated service offering, including content creation and end-to-end logistics. This enables us to offer the high-quality environment required by the luxury ecosystem.

 

   

Data.    We use our rich data sets and proprietary algorithms to deliver an enhanced consumer experience and create better businesses for retailers and brands. Our data insights drive operational efficiencies that create value for all partners on our platform.

The Farfetch Marketplace is the first and largest application built on our platform and is currently the source of over 90% of our revenue. We operate the largest digital luxury marketplace in the world. As of June 30, 2018, the Farfetch Marketplace connected over 2.3 million Marketplace consumers in 190 countries to over 980 luxury sellers. For consumers, we provide curated access to the highly fragmented supply of luxury merchandise. For luxury sellers, which includes 614 retailers and 375 brands who sell directly on the Farfetch Marketplace, we facilitate connection to the deepest pool of luxury consumers across the world. Aggregating a large number of luxury sellers requires long and careful relationship building and acts as a significant barrier to entry. We have carefully nurtured these relationships for a decade. Our Marketplace model allows us to offer the broadest and deepest selection of luxury fashion available online globally, while incurring minimal inventory risk and without capital-intensive retail operations.

 

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We are reinventing how consumers discover and engage with luxury fashion. We facilitate the discovery of new brands, provide tools to allow consumers to find the items they are looking for and inspire lovers of fashion around the world. We provide a unique, personalized experience based on our deep understanding of our consumers. Consumers choose our Marketplace because they trust we will deliver a consistent, high-quality experience from start to finish, while being able to access over 3,200 different brands as of June 30, 2018. The luxury merchandise on our Marketplace is curated in three phases: (1) our rigorous selection of luxury sellers; (2) the expert buying decisions of our retailers, including the individual perspective and combined buying expertise of over 610 boutiques and (3) our optimization of our product mix using data insights and knowledge of the luxury market. We believe that people who love fashion, love Farfetch.

We are redefining commerce for luxury sellers. With access to a global consumer base, combined with an integrated marketing approach, we drive demand for our luxury sellers. Luxury sellers gain deep data insights and real-time feedback that are valuable in their decision making. They choose our platform because we help them grow their businesses with an enhanced online presence, powerful tools and superior economics, all while retaining control, which is critical to them. By providing a digital storefront, inventory management, a global logistics solution and other tools to help manage their businesses, we are embedding ourselves as both a commerce enabler and an innovation partner. Access to over 2.3 million Marketplace consumers, of which over 1.1 million were Active Consumers as of June 30, 2018, through the Farfetch Marketplace allows luxury sellers to instantly significantly increase their consumer reach, and our platform allows us to be their trusted innovation partner for the future.

We generate income from transactions conducted on our platform, which, together with Browns In-Store Revenue, represents our GMV. We primarily operate a revenue-share