Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Note 10 – Fair Value Measurements

The Company carries certain financial instruments at fair value in the financial statements including fixed maturities, certain equity securities, short-term investments and derivatives. Other financial instruments are measured at fair value only under certain conditions, such as when impaired.

Fair value is defined as the price at which an asset could be exchanged in an orderly transaction between market participants at the balance sheet date. A liability’s fair value is defined as the amount that would be paid to transfer the liability to a market participant, not the amount that would be paid to settle the liability with the creditor.

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value have been classified based upon a hierarchy defined by GAAP. The hierarchy gives the highest ranking to fair values determined using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest ranking to fair values determined using methodologies and models with unobservable inputs (Level 3). An asset’s or a liability’s classification is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to its measurement. For example, a financial asset or liability carried at fair value would be classified in Level 3 if unobservable inputs were significant to the instrument’s fair value, even though the measurement may be derived using inputs that are both observable (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3).

The Company estimates fair values using prices from third parties or internal pricing methods. Fair value estimates received from third-party pricing services are based on reported trade activity and quoted market prices when available, and other market information that a market participant may use to estimate fair value. The internal pricing methods are performed by the Company’s investment professionals and generally involve using discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating current market inputs for similar financial instruments with comparable terms and credit quality, as well as other qualitative factors. In instances where there is little or no market activity for the same or similar instruments, fair value is estimated using methods, models and assumptions that the Company believes a hypothetical market participant would use to determine a current transaction price. These valuation techniques involve some level of estimation and judgment that becomes significant with increasingly complex instruments or pricing models.

The Company is responsible for determining fair value, as well as for assigning the appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy, based on the significance of unobservable inputs. The Company reviews methodologies, processes and controls of third-party pricing services and compares prices on a test basis to those obtained from other external pricing sources or internal estimates. The Company performs ongoing analyses of both prices received from third-party pricing services and those developed internally to determine that they represent appropriate estimates of fair value. The controls executed by the Company include evaluating changes in prices and monitoring for potentially stale valuations. The Company also performs sample testing of sales values to confirm the accuracy of prior fair value estimates. The minimal exceptions identified during these processes indicate that adjustments to prices are infrequent and do not significantly impact valuations. Annually, we conduct an on-site visit of the most significant pricing service to review their processes, methodologies and controls. This on-site review includes a walk-through of inputs for a sample of securities held across various asset types to validate the documented pricing process.

Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value. Separate account assets that are also recorded at fair value on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are reported separately in the Separate Accounts section as gains and losses related to these assets generally accrue directly to policyholders.

As of December 31,
(In millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets(Level 1)				Significant Other Observable Inputs(Level 2)				Significant Unobservable Inputs(Level 3)				Total
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Financial assets at fair value
Fixed maturities
Federal government and agency	$	209	$	253	$	501	$	526	$	-	$	-	$	710	$	779
State and local government		-		-		985		1,287		-		-		985		1,287
Foreign government		-		-		2,356		2,442		6		45		2,362		2,487
Corporate		-		-		18,127		17,658		234		430		18,361		18,088
Mortgage and other asset-backed		-		-		372		343		138		154		510		497
Total fixed maturities		209		253		22,341		22,256		378		629		22,928		23,138
Equity securities⁽¹⁾		384		412		43		73		32		103		459		588
Short-term investments		-		-		316		199		-		-		316		199
Derivative assets		-		-		53		2		-		-		53		2
Real estate funds priced at NAV as a practical expedient⁽²⁾														239		N/A
Financial liabilities at fair value
Derivative liabilities	$	-	$	-	$	10	$	25	$	-	$	-	$	10	$	25
(1) Certain private equity securities are no longer carried at fair value under the policy election of ASU 2016-01 (Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities) beginning in 2018. Such private equity securities of $70 million were included in the Level 3 amount as of December 31, 2017. See Note 9 for additional information on this accounting policy change.
(2) Certain real estate funds are carried at fair value (previously carried at cost) based on the Company's ownership share of the equity of the investee (Net Asset Value (“NAV“)) as a practical expedient including changes in the fair value of its underlying investments upon adopting ASU 2016-01 beginning in 2018. The funds have a quarterly redemption frequency, 45-90 day redemption notice period and $57 million in unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2018. See Note 9 for additional information on this accounting change. Prior years are designated as not applicable (“N/A“) in this table.

Level 1 Financial Assets

Inputs for instruments classified in Level 1 include unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets in active markets accessible at the measurement date. Active markets provide pricing data for trades occurring at least weekly and include exchanges and dealer markets.

Assets in Level 1 include actively-traded U.S. government bonds and exchange-listed equity securities. A relatively small portion of the Company’s investment assets are classified in this category given the narrow definition of Level 1 and the Company's investment asset strategy to maximize investment returns.

Level 2 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Inputs for instruments classified in Level 2 include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are market observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such other inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads and yield curves. An instrument is classified in Level 2 if the Company determines that unobservable inputs are insignificant.

Fixed maturities and equity securities. Approximately 96% of the Company’s investments in fixed maturities and equity securities are classified in Level 2 including most public and private corporate debt and hybrid equity securities, federal agency and municipal bonds, non-government mortgage-backed securities and preferred stocks. Third-party pricing services and internal methods often use recent trades of securities with similar features and characteristics because many fixed maturities do not trade daily. Pricing models are used to determine these prices when recent trades are not available. These models calculate fair values by discounting future cash flows at estimated market interest rates. Such market rates are derived by calculating the appropriate spreads over comparable U.S. Treasury securities, based on the credit quality, industry and structure of the asset. Typical inputs and assumptions to pricing models include, but are not limited to, a combination of benchmark yields, reported trades, issuer spreads, liquidity, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. For mortgage-backed securities, inputs and assumptions may also include characteristics of the issuer, collateral attributes, prepayment speeds and credit rating.

Nearly all of these instruments are valued using recent trades or pricing models. Less than 1% of the fair value of investments classified in Level 2 represents foreign bonds that are valued using a single unadjusted market-observable input derived by averaging multiple broker-dealer quotes, consistent with local market practice.

Short-term investments are carried at fair value which approximates cost. The Company compares market prices for these securities to recorded amounts on a regular basis to validate that current carrying amounts approximate exit prices. The short-term nature of the investments and corroboration of the reported amounts over the holding period support their classification in Level 2.

Derivative assets and liabilities classified in Level 2 represent over-the-counter instruments such as foreign currency forward and swap contracts. Fair values for these instruments are determined using market observable inputs including forward currency and interest rate curves and widely published market observable indices. Credit risk related to the counterparty and the Company is considered when estimating the fair values of these derivatives. However, the Company is largely protected by collateral arrangements with counterparties and determined that no adjustment for credit risk was required as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. The nature and use of these derivative financial instruments are described in Note 9.

Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Certain inputs for instruments classified in Level 3 are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to their resulting fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date.

The Company classifies certain newly issued, privately-placed, complex or illiquid securities in Level 3. Approximately 2% of fixed maturities and equity securities are priced using significant unobservable inputs and classified in this category.

Fair values of mortgage and other asset-backed securities as well as corporate and government fixed maturities are primarily determined using pricing models that incorporate the specific characteristics of each asset and related assumptions including the investment type and structure, credit quality, industry and maturity date in comparison to current market indices, spreads and liquidity of assets with similar characteristics. Inputs and assumptions for pricing may also include collateral attributes and prepayment speeds for mortgage and other asset-backed securities. Recent trades in the subject security or similar securities are assessed when available, and the Company may also review published research in its evaluation, as well as the issuer’s financial statements.

Quantitative Information about Unobservable Inputs

The following table summarizes the fair value and significant unobservable inputs used in pricing the following fixed maturities that were developed directly by the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The range and weighted average basis point amounts (“bps”) for liquidity and credit spreads (adjustment to discount rates) reflect the Company’s best estimates of the unobservable adjustments a market participant would make to calculate these fair values.

Mortgage and other asset-backed securities. The significant unobservable inputs used to value the following mortgage and other asset-backed securities are liquidity and weighting of credit spreads. An adjustment for liquidity is made as of the measurement date that considers current market conditions, issuer circumstances and complexity of the security structure when there is limited trading activity for the security. An adjustment to weight credit spreads is needed to value a more complex bond structure with multiple underlying collateral and no standard market valuation technique. The weighting of credit spreads is primarily based on the underlying collateral’s characteristics and their proportional cash flows supporting the bond obligations.

Corporate and government fixed maturities. The significant unobservable input used to value the following corporate and government fixed maturities is an adjustment for liquidity. An adjustment is needed to reflect current market conditions and issuer circumstances when there is limited trading activity for the security.

As of December 31,
	Fair Value				Unobservable Input	Unobservable Adjustment Range (Weighted Average)
(Fair value in millions )	2018		2017		Unobservable Input	2018	2017
Fixed maturities
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities	$	138	$	154	Liquidity	60- 340 (70) bps	60 - 370 (90) bps
					Weighting of credit spreads	190 - 340 (260) bps	180 - 290 (230) bps
Corporate and government fixed maturities		229		446	Liquidity	50 - 930 (230) bps	70 - 1,650 (300) bps
Securities not priced by the Company ⁽¹⁾		11		29
Total Level 3 fixed maturities	$	378	$	629

(1) The fair values for these securities use single, unadjusted non-binding broker quotes not developed directly by the Company.

Significant increases in liquidity or credit spreads would result in lower fair value measurements while decreases in these inputs would result in higher fair value measurements. The unobservable inputs are generally not interrelated and a change in the assumption used for one unobservable input is not accompanied by a change in the other unobservable input.

Changes in Level 3 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value

The following table summarizes the changes in financial assets and financial liabilities classified in Level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Gains and losses reported in this table may include net changes in fair value that are attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs.

(In millions)	Fixed Maturities & Equity Securities
	2018		2017
Balance at January 1,	$	732	$	776
Total gains (losses) included in shareholders‘ net income		(22)		25
Losses included in other comprehensive income		(8)		(11)
Gains (losses) required to adjust future policy benefits for settlement annuities⁽¹⁾		(8)		7
Purchases, sales, settlements
Purchases		22		133
Sales		(11)		(95)
Settlements		(70)		(74)
Total purchases, sales and settlements		(59)		(36)
Transfers into/(out of) Level 3
Transfers into Level 3		44		275
Transfers out of Level 3 ⁽²⁾		(269)		(304)
Total transfers into/(out of) Level 3		(225)		(29)
Balance at December 31,	$	410	$	732
Total gains (losses) included in shareholders' net income attributable to instruments held at the reporting date	$	(9)	$	(9)

(1) Amounts do not accrue to shareholders.
(2) Beginning in 2018, certain private equity securities are no longer carried at fair value under the policy election of ASU 2016-01 (Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities). Private equity securities of $70 million as of December 31, 2017 are included in the 2018 Transfers out of Level 3 amount.

Total gains and losses included in shareholders’ net income in the table above are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income as realized investment gains (losses) and net investment income.

Gains and losses included in other comprehensive income in the tables above are reflected in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on securities in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Transfers into or out of the Level 3 category occur when unobservable inputs, such as the Company’s best estimate of what a market participant would use to determine a current transaction price, become more or less significant to the fair value measurement. Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 during 2018 and 2017 primarily reflected changes in liquidity and credit risk estimates for certain private placement issuers across several sectors. As noted above, transfers out of Level 3 during 2018 also include $70 million of private equity securities that are no longer carried at fair value.

Separate Accounts

Accounting policy. Separate account assets and liabilities are contractholder funds maintained in accounts with specific investment objectives. The assets of these accounts are legally segregated and are not subject to claims that arise out of any of the Company’s other businesses. These separate account assets are carried at fair value with equal amounts recorded for related separate account liabilities. The investment income and fair value gains and losses of these accounts generally accrue directly to the contractholders and, together with their deposits and withdrawals, are excluded from the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income and Cash Flows. Fees and charges earned for mortality risks, asset management or administrative services are reported in either premiums or fees and other revenues. Investments that are measured using the practical expedient of NAV are excluded from the fair value hierarchy.

Fair values of separate account assets at December 31 were as follows:

(In millions)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets(Level 1)				Significant Other Observable Inputs(Level 2)				Significant Unobservable Inputs(Level 3)				Total
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Guaranteed separate accounts (See Note 19)	$	187	$	215	$	267	$	308	$	-	$	-	$	454	$	523
Non-guaranteed separate accounts ⁽¹⁾		1,204		1,536		5,216		5,298		233		292		6,653		7,126
Subtotal	$	1,391	$	1,751	$	5,483	$	5,606	$	233	$	292		7,107		7,649
Non-guaranteed separate accounts priced at NAV as a practical expedient⁽¹⁾														732		774
Total separate account assets													$	7,839	$	8,423

(1) Non-guaranteed separate accounts included $3.8 billion as of December 31, 2018 and $3.9 billion as of December 31, 2017 in assets supporting the Company‘s pension plans, including $0.2 billion classified in Level 3 as of December 31, 2018 and $0.3 billion classified in Level 3 as of December 31, 2017.

Separate account assets in Level 1 primarily include exchange-listed equity securities. Level 2 assets primarily include:

corporate and structured bonds valued using recent trades of similar securities or pricing models that discount future cash flows at estimated market interest rates as described above; and
actively-traded institutional and retail mutual fund investments.

Separate account assets classified in Level 3 primarily support Cigna’s pension plans, and include commercial mortgage loans as well as certain newly issued, privately-placed, complex, or illiquid securities that are priced using methods discussed above. Activity, including transfers into and out of Level 3, was not material for 2018 or 2017.

Separate account investments in securities partnerships, real estate, and hedge funds are generally valued based on the separate account’s ownership share of the equity of the investee (NAV as a practical expedient), including changes in the fair values of its underlying investments. Substantially all of these assets support the Cigna Pension Plans. The following table provides additional information on these investments.

						Unfunded
						Commitments	Redemption Frequency
	Fair Value as of					as of	(if currently	Redemption Notice
(In millions)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		December 31, 2018		eligible)	Period
Securities partnerships	$	477	$	458	$	308	Not applicable	Not applicable
Real estate funds		237		239		-	Quarterly	30-90 days
Hedge funds		18		77		-	Up to annually, varying by fund	30-90 days
Total	$	732	$	774	$	308

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value under Certain Conditions

Some financial assets and liabilities are not carried at fair value each reporting period, but may be measured using fair value only under certain conditions, such as investments when they become impaired including investment real estate and commercial mortgage loans, and certain equity securities with no readily determinable fair value. Recorded values for these asset types representing less than 1% of total investments, were written down to their fair values, resulting in immaterial realized investment losses in 2018 and 2017.

Fair Value Disclosures for Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

The following table includes the Company’s financial instruments not recorded at fair value that are subject to fair value disclosure requirements at December 31, 2018 and 2017. In addition to universal life products and capital leases, financial instruments that are carried in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements at amounts that approximate fair value are excluded from the following table.

(In millions)			December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Classification in Fair Value Hierarchy		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value
Commercial mortgage loans	Level 3	$	1,832	$	1,858	$	1,766	$	1,761
Long-term debt, including current maturities, excluding capital leases	Level 2	$	40,819	$	40,829	$	5,730	$	5,321

Fair values of off-balance sheet financial instruments were not material as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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