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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include the results of operations of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Certain other prior year balances have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications did not affect total revenues, operating income or net income.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) as discussed in Note 2 below in “Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted.” ASC 606 establishes a principle for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Collectively, references to ASC 606 used herein refer to both ASC 606 and Subtopic 340-40. The Company adopted ASC 606 with retrospective application to the beginning of the earliest period presented.

Initial Public Offering and Concurrent Private Placement

Initial public offering and concurrent private placement

On September 28, 2018, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”), in which the Company issued and sold 17,250,000 shares of common stock (including the additional 2,250,000 shares that were sold pursuant to the Underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at $12.00 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of $192.5 million, net of underwriters' discounts and commissions of $14.5 million. Immediately subsequent to the closing of the Company’s IPO, Salesforce Ventures LLC purchased 3,333,333 shares of common stock from the Company at the IPO price of $12.00 per share, and the Company received aggregate proceeds of $40.0 million. The Company’s net proceeds from the IPO and the concurrent private placement totaled $225.3 million after deducting offering costs of $7.2 million.

Additionally, upon effectiveness of the registration statement for the Company's IPO, 2,574,499 net shares of Performance RSUs (as defined below) were released for awards where both a service condition and Performance Vesting Condition (as defined below) were met, and the Company recognized $89.9 million of stock-based compensation expense on an accelerated amortization method (see Notes 2 and 7 below for further discussion) and $21.4 million in payroll tax withholding obligations. The Company utilized a portion of its IPO proceeds to satisfy the payroll tax withholding obligations in the third quarter of 2018.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods covered by the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable. The Company’s most significant estimates and judgments involve valuation of the Company’s stock-based awards, including the determination of fair value of common stock prior to the completion of its IPO, valuation of deferred income tax assets, estimating the period of benefit for deferred commissions, valuation of acquired goodwill and intangibles from acquisitions, tax contingencies and legal contingencies.

Segment Information

The Company operates as a single operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Chief Executive Officer, who reviews the Company’s operating results on a consolidated basis in order to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire company. The CODM uses one measure of profitability and does not segment the Company’s business for internal reporting. See Note 11 for additional information regarding the Company’s revenue and long-lived assets by geographic area.

Related Party Transactions

Certain members of the Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”) serve as board members, are executive officers of and/or (in some cases) are investors in companies that are customers and/or vendors of the Company. The Company recognized revenue from sales of its products to a substantial stockholder of $1.7 million, $2.1 million and $1.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Sales to a substantial stockholder represented less than 1.0% of the Company’s total revenue in each of the periods presented. The Company incurred related party expenses of $1.5 million, $0.8 million and $1.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue

The Company generates substantially all of its revenue from the sale of subscriptions to its survey software products including subscriptions to its purpose-built solutions. The revenue the Company generates from one purpose-built solution that is delivered and recognized at a point in time is not significant. The Company normally sells each of these products in separate contracts to its customers and each product, including purpose-built solutions, is distinct. The Company’s policy is to exclude sales and other indirect taxes when measuring the transaction price of its subscription agreements. The Company accounts for revenue contracts with customers through the following steps:

•	Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer;

•	Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•	Determination of the transaction price;

•	Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•	Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

For subscription products, the Company provides customers the option of monthly, annual or multi-year contractual terms. In general, the Company’s customers elect contractual terms of one year or less. Subscription revenue is recognized on a daily basis ratably over the related subscription term beginning on the date the Company provides access to its survey product. Access to the Company’s subscription product is an obligation representing a series of distinct services (and which comprise a single performance obligation) that the Company provides to its end customer over the subscription term. The Company recognizes the majority of its revenue ratably because the customer benefits from access to the Company’s subscription products throughout the subscription term.

The Company generally invoices its customers at the beginning of the term on a monthly or annual basis. The Company's contracts are generally non-cancellable and do not contain refund-type provisions. The Company’s contracts do not contain a significant amount of variable consideration as the price of its subscription offerings are generally fixed at contract inception. Based on the invoicing structure and related subscription term, the Company determined its contracts do not contain a financing component. The Company applied the practical expedient provided by ASC 606 and did not evaluate contracts of one year or less for the existence of a significant financing component. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in accounts receivable and in deferred revenue or revenue, depending on whether transfer of control to customers has occurred.

The Company records contract liabilities to deferred revenue when cash payments are received or due. Deferred revenue consists of the unearned portion of customer billings.

The Company recognized into revenue $83.3 million, $76.4 million and $72.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances at the beginning of each respective period.

As of December 31, 2018, future estimated revenue related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end the reporting period was $111.0 million. The substantial majority of the unsatisfied performance obligations will be satisfied over the next twelve months.

Deferred Commissions

Certain commissions earned by the Company’s salesforce are considered to be incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Such costs are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated period of benefit which is generally estimated as four years. The period of benefit was estimated by considering factors such as historical customer attrition rates, the useful life of the Company’s technology, and the impact of competition in its industry. Amortization of deferred commissions, included in sales and marketing expense line within the statements of operations was $1.6 million, $1.0 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 respectively. There was no impairment loss in relation to the deferred commissions for any period presented.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payments to employees based on the grant-date fair value of the Company’s common stock estimated in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Compensation‑Stock Compensation. For time-based equity awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the award’s requisite service period, which is generally four years for new hires and generally three years for subsequent grants to existing employees. For shares issuable under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”), stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the award’s requisite service period, which is an offering period. The Company recognizes excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation expense in earnings, which are substantially offset by a valuation allowance. The Company made a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. The Company determines the fair value of equity awards as follows:

Stock Options and ESPP: The Company estimates the fair values of its stock options and shares issuable under the ESPP using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model for stock options granted at-the-money and ESPP shares issuable and Lattice-Binomial option valuation model for out-of-the-money stock option grants. The aforementioned valuation models require the input of key assumptions which are as follows:

•

Expected Term: As the Company does not have sufficient historical information to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior, the Company determines the expected term based on the average period the stock options or ESPP are expected to remain outstanding. For awards granted at-the-money, the expected term is generally calculated as the midpoint of the stock options vesting term and contractual expiration. For awards granted out-of-the-money, the expected term was the midpoint of the stock options vesting term and contractual expiration adjusted to also consider the estimated period for those options to become in-the-money. For ESPP, the expected term is the applicable purchase periods within an offering period.

•

Expected Volatility: As the Company does not have sufficient trading history of its common stock, stock price volatility is estimated at the applicable grant date by taking the weighted-average historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly-traded companies over a period equal to the expected life of the options.

•	Expected Dividend Rate: The Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying cash dividends on its shares of common stock in the foreseeable future; therefore, the expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero.

•	Risk-Free Interest Rate: The Company determined the risk-free interest rate by using a weighted average assumption equivalent to the expected term based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity rate as of the date of grant.

Additionally, due to the absence of an active market for the Company’s common stock prior to its IPO, the Company obtained third-party valuations (prepared contemporaneously in connection with grants of share-based payments made prior to the Company’s IPO) to estimate the fair value of its common stock for purposes of measuring stock-based compensation expense to be recognized. The third-party valuations were prepared using methodologies, approaches, and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (“AICPA”) Accounting & Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Additional factors considered in preparing the third-party valuations were as follows:

•

Market multiples of comparable public companies in the Company’s industry as indicated by their market capitalization and guideline merger and acquisition transactions;

•

The Company’s performance and market position relative to its competitors, who may change from time to time;

•

The Company’s historical financial results and estimated trends and prospects for its future performance;

•

The economic and competitive environment;

•

The likelihood and timeline of achieving a liquidity event, such as an IPO or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions;

•

Any adjustments necessary to recognize a lack of marketability for its common stock; and

•

Precedent sales of or offers to purchase its capital stock.

For valuations subsequent to the Company’s IPO, its board of directors will determine the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the date of the grant.

Restricted Stock Units and Restricted Stock Awards: The fair value of the restricted stock units (including those that are performance-based) and restricted stock awards was determined based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2015, the Company granted performance-based restricted stock units (“Performance RSUs”) that vest upon the satisfaction of both a service condition and a Performance Vesting Condition. The Performance Vesting Condition occurred upon the effectiveness of the registration statement for the Company's IPO, which was September 25, 2018. As a result, the Company recognized the cumulative amount of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $89.9 million for services already rendered using the accelerated attribution method. As of December 31, 2018, the remaining unamortized stock-based compensation related to these awards was $27.6 million, which the Company expects to recognize on an accelerated basis over the remaining weighted-average requisite service periods of 1.5 years (see Note 7 for additional discussion).

Business Combinations

When the Company acquires a business, the purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated respective fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant estimates in valuing certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows from acquired users, acquired technology, and trade names from a market participant perspective, useful lives and discount rates. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, which is one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to non-operating income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets with finite lives include property and equipment, capitalized internal-use software and acquisition intangible assets. Long-lived assets are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful lives which are as follows:

Building		40 years
Computer equipment		2 to 5 years
Furniture, fixtures, and other assets		5 years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of remaining lease term or 5 years
Purchased software		3 years
Capitalized internal-use software		3 years
Acquisition intangible assets: customer relationships		5 to 7 years
Acquisition intangible assets: trade name		2 to 10 years
Acquisition intangible assets: technology		3 to 8 years

The Company continually evaluates whether events and circumstances have occurred that indicate the remaining estimated useful life of depreciable or amortizable long-lived assets may warrant revision or that the remaining balance may not be recoverable. When factors indicate that long-lived assets should be evaluated for possible impairment, the Company uses an estimate of the related undiscounted future cash flows over the remaining life of the long-lived assets in measuring whether they are recoverable. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flows do not exceed the carrying value of the asset, a loss is recorded as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. The Company did not recognize any impairment of long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2017. As further discussed in Note 13 below, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company impaired $2.8 million of leasehold improvements. As further discussed in Notes 6 and 13 below, during the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company derecognized $3.7 million of intangible assets. The Company believes that the carrying values of long-lived assets as of December 31, 2018 are recoverable.

Goodwill is not amortized but rather tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. Goodwill impairment is recognized when the carrying value of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of the Company. The Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill during each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. As further discussed in Notes 6 and 13 below, during the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company derecognized $12.2 million of goodwill.

Foreign Currencies

The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is generally the U.S. Dollar. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using foreign currency exchange rates at the end of the period, and non-monetary assets are remeasured based on historical exchange rates. Gains and losses due to foreign currency are the result of either the remeasurement of subsidiary balances or transactions denominated in currencies other than the foreign subsidiaries’ functional currency and are included in other non-operating income (expense), net in the statement of operations.

For subsidiaries where the functional currency is the local currency, the assets and liabilities of those foreign subsidiaries are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. Dollars at the rates in effect at the balance sheet date and revenue and expense amounts are translated at a rate approximating the average exchange rate for the period. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company substantially liquidated certain foreign subsidiaries and, in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters, derecognized the cumulative translation adjustment of $1.4 million in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). As a result, the Company recognized a realized loss of $1.4 million within other non-operating income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents in banks, primarily in checking accounts and such amounts may at times exceed the federally insured limits. Cash equivalents consist of short-term money market funds (for which the Company had none in any of the periods presented), which are managed by reputable financial institutions. For purposes of its customer concentration disclosure, the Company defines a customer as an organization. An organization may consist of an individual paying user, multiple paying users within an organization or the organization itself. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of revenue during each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. No customers accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable, net as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, to assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value, which include investments in marketable debt and equity securities and derivative financial instruments.

Securities are classified as available for sale and are carried at fair value, with the change in unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as a separate component on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income until realized.

See Note 4 for additional disclosures regarding fair value measurements.

Private Company Investments

As noted below under “Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted”, on January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018 and accounts for private company investments, without readily determinable fair values, either under the equity or cost method. Investments through which the Company exercises significant influence but does not have control over the investee are accounted for under the equity method. Investments through which the Company is not able to exercise significant influence over the investee are measured and accounted for using an alternative measurement basis of a) the carrying value of a security at cost, b) less any impairment and c) plus or minus any qualifying observable price changes (with a same or similar security from the same issuer). These securities were previously accounted for using the cost method of accounting, measured at cost less other-than-temporary impairment. If an observable price change or impairment is recognized on the Company’s private company investments, such investments would then be classified as a Level 3 financial instrument within the fair value hierarchy based on the nature of the fair value inputs. The Company classifies private company investments as other assets on the consolidated balance sheets as those investments do not have stated contractual maturity dates. Any adjustments to the carrying value are recognized in other non-operating income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the carrying value of the Company’s private company investment at cost was $3.6 million. There were no impairments or observable price changes for the Company’s private company investment during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Impairment of Investments

The Company periodically reviews its investments for impairment. If the Company concludes that any of these investments are impaired, the Company determines whether such impairment is other-than-temporary. Factors considered to make such determination include the duration and severity of the impairment, the reason for the decline in value and the potential recovery period and the Company’s intent to sell. For debt securities, the Company also considers whether (1) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, and (2) the amortized cost basis cannot be recovered as a result of credit losses. If the investment is considered to be other-than-temporarily impaired, the Company will record the investment at fair value by recognizing an impairment within other non-operating income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations and establishing a new carrying value for the investment.

Derivative Financial Instruments

From time to time, the Company may use derivative financial instruments consisting of interest rate swaps to manage cash flow exposure under its credit facilities and accounts for such derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC 815, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities. The Company recognizes its derivative financial instruments as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, if material. The Company did not have any material amount of derivative financial instruments during each of the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on deposit with banks and investments in money market funds (for which the Company had none in any of the periods presented) with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase. The Company also classifies amounts in transit from payment processors for customer credit card and debit card transactions as cash equivalents, because such amounts generally convert to cash within five days with little or no default risk.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are customer obligations that arise due to the time taken to settle transactions through direct customer payments. The Company bills in advance for monthly contracts and generally bills annually in advance for contracts with terms of one year or longer when it has an unconditional contractual right to consideration. The Company also recognizes an immaterial amount of contract assets, or unbilled receivables, primarily relating to rights to consideration for services completed but not billed at the reporting date. Unbilled receivables are classified as receivables when the Company has the right to invoice the customer.

The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon its assessment of various factors including the Company’s historical experience, the age of a customers’ accounts receivable balance, a customers’ credit quality, current economic conditions, historical bad debt expense trends and other factors that may affect a customers’ ability to pay to determine the level of allowance required. Amounts deemed uncollectible are recorded to the allowance for doubtful accounts with an offsetting charge in the statements of operations.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, excluding buildings capitalized under build-to-suit lease arrangements which are discussed below, are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Expenditures that improve an asset or extend its estimated useful life are capitalized. Costs of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized Internal-Use Software and Website Development Costs

The Company incurs development costs relating to its online survey platform as well as other software solely for internal-use. Costs relating to the planning and post‑implementation phases of development are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the development phase are capitalized and included in capitalized internal-use software, net and amortized over their estimated useful life, generally three years. Maintenance and training costs are expensed as incurred.

Lease Accounting

Except for the Company’s San Mateo building lease which is accounted for as a build-to-suit lease, the Company leases facilities, datacenters, and equipment which are accounted for as operating leases (as further described in Note 8). Rent escalations and concession provisions are considered in determining the total estimated rent expense to be incurred and which is recognized over the lease term on a straight-line basis. The Company records the difference between the rent paid and the straight-line rent as a deferred rent liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2018, the deferred rent balance was $7.5 million ($0.3 million included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $7.2 million in other non-current liabilities). As of December 31, 2017, the deferred rent balance was $4.8 million ($0.2 million included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and $4.6 million in other non-current liabilities).

For build-to-suit lease arrangements, the Company may be deemed to be the building owner during the construction period for accounting purposes. In that circumstance, the Company records an asset and liability for estimated construction costs incurred under a build-to-suit lease arrangement to the extent the Company is involved in the construction of structural improvements or takes construction risk prior to commencement of a lease.

The Company additionally has entered into subleases for unoccupied leased office space. To the extent there are losses associated with the sublease, they are recognized in the period the sublease is executed. Gains are recognized over the sublease life. Any sublease payments received in excess of the straight-line rent payments for the sublease are recorded in other non-operating income (expense).

Legal and Other Contingencies

The Company accrues a liability for either claims arising in the ordinary course of business, assessments resulting from non-income-based audits or litigation when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount is reasonably estimable, the determination of which requires significant judgment. See Note 8 for additional information pertaining to legal and other contingencies.

Liability for Sabbatical Leave

The Company provides a sabbatical leave program to its employees whereby the Company’s full-time employees are eligible for four weeks of paid time-off after four years of continuous service. The Company accounts for sabbatical leaves in accordance with ASC 710, Compensated Absences. As of December 31, 2018, the accrued balance was $4.4 million ($2.3 million included in accrued compensation and $2.1 million in other non-current liabilities). As of December 31, 2017, the accrued balance was $3.6 million ($1.7 million included in accrued compensation and $1.9 million in other non-current liabilities).

Advertising and Promotion Costs

Expenses related to advertising, marketing and promotion of the Company’s product offerings are expensed as incurred. These costs mainly consist of search engine marketing related costs. The Company incurred $24.0 million, $17.6 million and $13.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, which are included in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with the delivery and distribution of the Company’s platform for users of the Company’s online survey platform. Cost of revenue generally consist of infrastructure costs, personnel costs and other related costs. Infrastructure costs generally include expenses related to the operation of the Company’s data centers, such as data center equipment depreciation and facility costs (such as co-location rentals), website hosting costs, credit card processing fees, amortization of capitalized software, charity donations and external sample costs. Personnel costs include salaries and bonuses, stock-based compensation expense, other employee benefits and travel-related expenses for employees whose primary responsibilities relate to supporting the Company’s infrastructure and delivering user support. Other related costs include amortization of acquired developed technology intangible assets and allocated overhead.

Research and Development

Research and development costs primarily include personnel costs (including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense, other employee benefits and travel-related expenses), costs for third-party consultants, depreciation of equipment used in research and development activities and allocated overhead. Except for costs associated with the development of internal-use software, research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Sales and Marketing, General and Administrative

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses relate to both self-serve and outbound sales activities. Sales and marketing expenses generally are comprised of personnel costs (including salaries, sales commissions and amortization of deferred sales commissions, stock-based compensation expense, other employee benefits and travel-related expenses), costs related to brand campaign fees, lead generation fees, amortization of acquired trade name and customer relationship intangible assets and allocated overhead.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related costs (including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense, other employee benefits and travel-related expenses) for legal, finance, human resources, and other administrative functions, as well as certain executives. In addition, general and administrative expenses include outside legal, accounting and other professional fees, non-income-based taxes and allocated overhead.

Restructuring

From time to time, the Company may implement a management-approved restructuring plan to improve efficiencies across the organization, reduce its cost structure, and/or better align its resources with the Company’s product strategy. Restructuring charges can include severance costs to eliminate a specified number of employees, infrastructure charges to vacate facilities and consolidate operations, contract cancellation costs and other related costs.

In connection with such plans, the Company may incur restructuring costs comprised of employee severance and associated termination costs related to the reduction of its workforce, losses on its non-cancelable lease contracts, and other contract termination costs. Costs associated with a restructuring plan are recognized and measured at fair value in the consolidated statement of operations in the period in which the liability is incurred. These restructuring initiatives may require the Company to make estimates in several areas including: (i) expenses for employee severance and other separation costs; (ii) realizable values of assets made redundant, obsolete, or excessive; and (iii) the ability to generate sublease income and to terminate lease obligations at the estimated amounts.

Other Non-Operating Income (Expense)

Other non-operating income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income, net foreign currency exchange gains (losses), gain on sale of private company investments, net realized gains and losses related to investments, and other. The components of other non-operating income (expense) recognized in the consolidated financial statements is as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Interest Income	$	1,161		$	59		$	20
Foreign currency gains (losses), net		(1,460	)		85			(1,395	)
Currency translation adjustment upon subsidiary liquidation		—			—			(1,397	)
Gain on sale of a private company investment		999			6,750			—
Loss on debt modification / extinguishment		(941	)		(194	)		—
Other income (expense), net		(57	)		910			(1,478	)
Other non-operating income (expense), net	$	(298	)	$	7,610		$	(4,250	)

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had a private company investment of approximately $5.0 million accounted for using the cost method of accounting, which it sold in January 2017 for cash consideration of $11.7 million and recognized a gain of $6.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. Additionally, the Company is entitled to contingent consideration to be received over three years following the close of the transaction, subject to the private company meeting certain employee retention and financial targets. Subsequent earn-out amounts collected will be recorded as a gain when cash is received. In February 2018, the Company received its share of the first installment of the earn-out payment of $1.0 million, which was recognized as a gain during year ended December 31, 2018.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes, requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities based upon the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and using enacted rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.

Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken on a tax return and provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which: (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of technical merits of the position, and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the tax benefit as the largest amount that is cumulatively more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority.

From time to time, the Company engages in certain intercompany transactions and legal entity restructurings. The Company considers many factors when evaluating these transactions, including the alignment of their corporate structure with their organizational objectives and the operational and tax efficiency of their corporate structure, as well as the long-term cash flows and cash needs of its business. These transactions may impact the Company’s overall tax rate and/or result in additional cash tax payments. The impact in any period may be significant. These transactions may be complex and the impact of such transactions on future periods may be difficult to estimate.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and Not Yet Adopted

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606, as modified through other ASUs issued subsequent to ASU 2014-09, supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements and requires the recognition of revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers, which requires the deferral of incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. ASC 606 was effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of ASC 606 using the full retrospective transition method. The primary impact of adopting ASC 606 relates to the deferral of incremental sales commissions incurred to obtain subscription contracts. Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, such costs were expensed as incurred. The Company amortizes these costs on a straight-line basis over a period of benefit, estimated to be generally four years.

The impact of adopting ASC 606 is as follows:

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Consolidated statements of operations impact: A decrease in sales and marketing expense of $1.0 million and $0.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively; and

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Consolidated balance sheets impact: An increase in total assets of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

Financial Instruments: In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU 2016-01 amends certain aspects of the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The most significant impact of ASU 2016-01 was for the Company’s private company investments whereby such investments are recorded at cost and adjusted for impairments and observable price changes through the consolidated statements of operations. ASU 2016-01 is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018 with no impact upon adoption.

Stock Compensation: In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Scope of Modification Accounting, which amends and improves the current modification accounting guidance in ASC 718. As amended, the new accounting guidance would be applicable only when there is a change in value resulting from an equity award modification. ASU 2017-09 is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 as of January 1, 2018 with no impact upon adoption.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, to simplify and improve the accounting guidance applicable to equity transactions with nonemployees. The most significant impact of ASU 2018-07 is that, similar to equity awards issued to employees, equity awards issued to nonemployees are accounted for at their grant date fair values pursuant to ASC 718 (rather than at their expected settlement date fair value under legacy GAAP). ASU 2018-07 is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company early adopted ASU 2018-07 as of July 1, 2018 and recognized an adjustment of $43,000 to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018 for awards not settled as of the adoption date.

Income Taxes: In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers Other than Inventory (Topic 740), which requires entities to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016-16 is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and early adoption is permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2016-16 as of January 1, 2018 with no impact upon adoption.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Leases: In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02, as modified through other ASUs issued subsequent to ASU 2016-02, generally requires companies to recognize operating and financing lease liabilities and corresponding right-of-use assets on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-02 is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 on a modified retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. The Company plans to adopt the requirements of ASU 2016-02 as of January 1, 2019 including use of the transition method which allows for recognition of the cumulative-effect adjustments at the beginning of the adoption period. The Company currently expects that the lease for its San Mateo building (see Note 8 for additional information) will be classified as an operating lease upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, and, accordingly, the lease payments associated with the San Mateo building will be treated as operating expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-02, the lease payments were primarily included in interest expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Additionally, the Company currently expects that its operating leases will result in recognition of significant right-of-use assets and corresponding liabilities. The Company will continue to evaluate the effect of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures up through the date of adoption.

Internal-Use Software: In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract ("ASU 2018-15"). ASU 2018-15 amends current guidance to align the accounting for costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software. Capitalized implementation costs must be expensed over the term of the hosting arrangement and presented in the same line item in the statement of income as the fees associated with the hosting element (service) of the arrangement. ASU 2018-15 is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.