Note 14 - Income Taxe

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Notes to Financial Statements

Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]

14. Income Taxes

The Company had no income tax for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

‐The effective tax rate of our provision for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate for the periods presented as follows:

	December 31,
	2025					2024
Federal statutory rate	$	(13,963	)	21.0	%	$	(10,368	)	21.0	%
Adjustment resulting from the tax effect of:
State and local income tax, net of federal (national) income tax effect		(4,416	)	6.6	%		(3,454	)	7.0	%
Foreign Tax Effects		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%
Effect of changes in tax laws or rates enacted in the current period		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%
Effect of cross-border tax laws		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%
Tax Credits
Research and development tax credits		(2,045	)	3.1	%		(2,864	)	5.8	%
Changes in valuation allowance		19,744		-29.8	%		15,778		-32.0	%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items
Stock compensation & other nondeductible expenses		680		-0.9	%		532		-1.1	%
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits		-		0.0	%		-		0.0	%
Other		-		0.0	%		376		-0.7	%
Effective income tax rate	$	-		0.0	%	$	-		0.0	%

In 2025, state and local income taxes in Massachusetts comprise the state and local income taxes category. The company had no federal or state income tax payments or refunds for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, management reviews both positive and negative evidence, including current and historical results of operations, future income projections and the overall prospects of our business. Based upon management’s assessment of all available evidence, the Company believes that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be realizable, and therefore, a valuation allowance has been established. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was approximately $79.2 million and $59.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company has U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $200.4 million and $206.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has federal and state research and development credit carryforwards (“R&D credits”) of $9.3 million and $2.5 million, respectively. For income tax purposes, federal NOLs will not expire since they were generated after 2017 and federal R&D credits will begin expiring in 2039. For income tax purposes, state NOLs and state R&D credits will begin to expire in 2040 and 2031, respectively.

Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant shareholders over a three-year period in excess of 50% as defined under Sections 382 and 383 in the Internal Revenue Code, which could limit the amount of tax attributes that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation is determined based on the Company’s value immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”) amended IRC Section 174 to require capitalization of all research and developmental (R&D) costs incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2021. These costs are required to be amortized with a half-year convention over five years if the R&D activities are performed in the U.S., or over 15 years if the activities were performed outside the U.S. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) enacted in 2025 allows for current deductibility of domestic R&D costs and immediate deduction for previously capitalized costs for certain taxpayers retroactive to 2024. The Company elected to take the deduction in 2024.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no uncertain tax positions, and as such, no related interest or penalties have been recorded in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. All tax years of the Company from inception are open to examination by federal tax and state tax authorities. To the extent utilized in future years’ tax returns, net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2025 will remain subject to examination until the respective tax year is closed. The Company has not been informed by any tax authorities for any jurisdiction that any of its tax years is under examination as of December 31, 2025.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

	December 31,
	2025			2024
Deferred tax assets	(000's)
Federal net operating loss carryforwards	$	42,075		$	16,775
State net operating loss carryforwards		13,063			5,063
Research and development credits		11,297			9,252
Section 174 Capitalization		6,015			22,724
Share-based compensation		5,001			3,922
Lease liabilities		2,685			1,812
Capitalized licensing fees		1,266			1,375
Other		406			494
Subtotal		81,808			61,417
Less valuation allowance		(79,245	)		(59,521	)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance		2,563			1,896
Deferred tax liabilities
Right-of-use assets		(2,486	)		(1,839	)
Other		(77	)		(57	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	—		$	—