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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the registrant’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART I
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the sections entitled “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. We make such forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. All statements, other than statements of historical facts contained herein, regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans, objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. We may, in some cases, use words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “plan”, “predict”, “project”, “will”, “would”, and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:
| ● | The Company’s ability to stem operating losses and the Company’s ability to find further financing to fund operations. |
| ● | The revenues of BayMedica, LLC (“BayMedica”) and the commercial viability of the products in its portfolio; |
| ● | Our researching, developing, manufacturing and commercializing cannabinoid-based biopharmaceutical products will treat diseases with high unmet medical needs; |
| ● | The continued optimization of cannabinoid manufacturing approaches; |
| ● | Our success in initiating discussions with potential partners for licensing various aspects of our Product Candidates; |
| ● | Our ability to commercialize and, where required, register products in the pharmaceutical R&D programs (“Product Candidates”) and those targeted to the health and wellness sector (“Products”) in the United States and other jurisdictions; |
| ● | Our ability to successfully access existing manufacturing capacity via leases with third-parties or to transfer our manufacturing processes to contract manufacturing organizations; |
| ● | Our belief that our manufacturing approaches that we are developing are robust and effective and will result in high yields of cannabinoids and will be a significant improvement upon existing manufacturing platforms; |
| ● | The ability of the IntegraSyn approach to introduce a revenue stream to us before the expected commercial approval of our therapeutic programs; |
| ● | Our ability to successfully scale up our IntegraSyn or other cost-effective approaches so that it will be commercial-scale ready after Phase 2 clinical trials are completed, after which time we may no longer need to source active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”) from API manufacturers; |
| ● | The success of the key next steps in our manufacturing approaches, including continuing efforts to diversify the number of cannabinoids produced, scaling-up the processes to larger vessels and identifying external vendors to assist in the commercial scale-up of the process; |
| ● | Our ability to successfully make determinations as to which research and development programs to continue based on several strategic factors; |
| ● | Our ability to monetize our IntegraSyn manufacturing approach to the broader pharmaceutical industry; |
| ● | Our ability to continue to outsource the majority of our research and development activities through scientific collaboration agreements and arrangements with various scientific collaborators, academic institutions and their personnel; |
| ● | The success of work to be conducted under the research and development collaboration between us and various contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs”); |
| ● | Our ability to develop our therapies through early human testing; |
| ● | Our ability to evaluate the financial returns on various commercialization approaches for our Product Candidates, such as a ‘go-it-alone’ commercialization effort, out-licensing to third parties, or co-promotion agreements with strategic collaborators; |
| ● | Our ability to find a partnership early in the development process for our various programs; |
| ● | Our ability to explore our manufacturing technologies as processes which may confer certain benefits, either cost, yield, speed, or all of the above, when pursuing specific types of cannabinoids, and filing a provisional patent application for same; |
| ● | Plans regarding our next steps, options, and targeted benefits of our manufacturing technologies; |
| ● | Our IntegraSyn or BayMedica derived products being bio-identical to the naturally occurring cannabinoids, and offering superior ease, control and quality of manufacturing when compared to alternative methods; |
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| ● | Our ability to potentially earn revenue from our IntegraSyn approach by (i) becoming a supplier of APIs to the pharmaceutical industry and/or (ii) providing pharmaceutical-grade ingredients to the non-pharmaceutical market; |
| ● | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulatory acceptance of synthesizing rare cannabinoids for potential use in the pharmaceutical industry; |
| ● | Our ability to successfully prosecute patent applications; |
| ● | INM-088 being a once-a-day or twice-a-day eye drop medication that will compete with treatment modalities in the medicines category, and with the potential of INM-088 assisting in reducing the high rate of non-adherence with current glaucoma therapies; |
| ● | Our belief that with a novel delivery system, the reduction of interocular pressure (“IOP”) and/or providing neuroprotection in glaucoma patients by topical (eye drop) application of cannabinoids will hold significant promise as a new therapy; |
| ● | The potential for any of our patent applications to provide intellectual property protection for us; |
| ● | Our ability to secure insurance coverage for shipping and storage of Product Candidates, and clinical trial insurance; |
| ● | Our ability to expand our insurance coverage to include the commercial sale of Products and Product Candidates; |
| ● | Developing patentable New Chemical Entities (“NCE”) which, if issued, will confer market exclusivity to us for the potential development into pharmaceutical Product Candidates, license, partner or sell to interested external parties; |
| ● | Our ability to initiate discussions and conclude strategic partnerships to assist with development of certain programs; |
| ● | Our ability to position ourselves to achieve value-driving, near term milestones for our Product Candidates with limited investment; |
| ● | Our ability to execute our business strategy; |
| ● | Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting |
| ● | Critical accounting estimates; |
| ● | Management’s assessment of future plans and operations; |
| ● | The outlook of our business and the global economic and geopolitical conditions; and |
| ● | The competitive environment in which we and our business units operate. |
Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our management’s beliefs and views with respect to future events and are based on estimates and assumptions as of the date of this 10-K and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We discuss many of these risks in greater detail under “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we reference in this Form 10-K and have filed as exhibits, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K by these cautionary statements. Except as required by law, each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise indicates, references to “InMed,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or similar terms refer to InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc., and our wholly owned subsidiaries.
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Overview
We are a clinical stage pharmaceutical company developing a pipeline of prescription-based products, including rare cannabinoids and novel cannabinoid analogs, targeting the treatment of diseases with high unmet medical needs (“Product Candidates”). We are dedicated to delivering new therapeutic alternatives to patients and consumers who may benefit from cannabinoid-based products. Our approach leverages on the several thousand years’ history of health benefits attributed to the Cannabis plant and brings this anecdotal information into the 21st century by applying tried, tested and true scientific approaches to establish non-plant-derived (synthetically manufactured), individual cannabinoid compounds in important market segments. Such segments include clinically proven, FDA-approved pharmaceuticals, referred to herein as our “Product Candidates”, and “Products”, synthesized cannabinoids that are provided to wholesalers and end-product manufacturers in the health and wellness sector. Together with our subsidiary, BayMedica, we are developing multiple manufacturing approaches for synthesizing rare cannabinoids for potential use in pharmaceutical Product Candidates as well as leveraging this significant manufacturing know-how as a business to business (B2B) supplier to wholesalers and end-product manufacturers / marketers in the health and wellness sector. Our know-how includes traditional approaches such as chemical synthesis and biosynthesis, as well as a proprietary, integrated manufacturing approach called IntegraSyn. While our activities do not involve direct use of Cannabis nor extracts from the plant, we note that the US Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) has, to date, not approved any marketing application for Cannabis for the treatment of any disease or condition and has approved only one Cannabis-derived and three Cannabis-related drug products as prescription-based drugs. Our ingredients are synthetically made and, therefore, we have no interaction with the Cannabis plant. We do not grow nor utilize Cannabis nor its extracts in any of our Products or Product Candidates and we do not utilize tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) or cannabidiol (“CBD”), the most common cannabinoid compounds that are typically extracted from the Cannabis plant, in any of our Products or Product Candidates. The API under development for our initial two lead drug candidates, INM-755 for Epidermolysis bullosa (“EB”) and INM-088 for glaucoma, is cannabinol (“CBN”). Additional uses of both INM-755 and INM-088 are being explored, as well as the application of novel cannabinoid analogs in our ocular program and for our INM-900 series program to treat neurodegenerative diseases including but not limited to Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s.
We believe we are positioned to develop multiple pharmaceutical Product Candidates in diseases which may benefit from medicines based on rare cannabinoid compounds. Most currently approved cannabinoid therapies are based specifically on CBD and/or THC and are often delivered orally, which has limitations and drawbacks, such as side effects (including the intoxicating effects of THC). Currently, we intend to deliver our rare cannabinoid pharmaceutical drug candidates through various topical formulations (cream for dermatology, eye drops for ocular diseases) as a way of enabling treatment of the specific disease at the site of disease while seeking to minimize systemic exposure and any related unwanted systemic side effects, including any drug-drug interactions and any metabolism of the active pharmaceutical ingredient by the liver. The cannabinoids products sold through our B2B raw material supply business are integrated into various product formats by companies who then further commercializes such products. We access rare cannabinoids via all non-extraction approaches, including chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and our proprietary integrated IntegraSyn approach, thus negating any interaction with or exposure to the Cannabis plant.
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Corporate Information
We were originally incorporated in the Province of British Columbia, under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia) (the “BCBCA”), on May 19, 1981 and we have undergone a number of executive management, corporate name and business sector changes since this incorporation, ultimately changing our name to “InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.” on October 6, 2014 to signify our intent to specialize in cannabinoid pharmaceutical product development. Our principal executive offices are located at Suite 310 – 815 W. Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6C 1B4 and our telephone number is +1-604-669-7207. Our internet address is https://www.inmedpharma.com/.
Employees and Human Capital
Our management team is comprised of highly experienced pharmaceutical and biotechnology executives with successful track records in researching, developing, gaining approval for and commercializing novel medicines to treat serious diseases. Each member of our management team has over 20 to 30 years of industry experience, including our CEO, COO, General Manager, and (Sr.) Vice Presidents of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs, of Preclinical Research and Development, of Discovery Research, of Chemistry, of Synthetic Biology, of Sales & Marketing and of Commercial Operations. Together, this team has covered the spectrum of pharmaceutical drug discovery, preclinical research, formulation development, manufacturing, human clinical trials, regulatory submissions and approval, and global commercialization. Additionally, the team has significant experience in company formation, capital raises, mergers/acquisitions, business development, and sales and marketing in the pharmaceutical industry. Our Board is constituted by individuals with significant experience in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. As of September 20, 2023, including our management team, we had 13 full time employees and we also utilize the services of several consultants. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement, nor have we experienced any work stoppage. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.
We are committed to growing our business over the long-term. As a result of the competitive nature of the industry in which we operate, employees have significant career mobility and as a result, the competition for experienced employees is great. The existence of this competition, and the need for talented and experienced employees to realize our business objectives, underlies the design and implementation of our compensation programs. At the same time, we seek to keep our approach to compensation simple and streamlined to reflect the still relatively moderate size of our company. We have implemented compensation, leave and benefits programs necessary to attract and retain the talented and experienced employees necessary to develop our business including competitive salaries, stock options awards to permanent employees (both upon initial hiring and annually thereafter), and pay annual bonuses to permanent employees contingent on the achievement of corporate and/or personal objectives. We have developed an Employee Handbook that contains all corporate policies and guidelines for professional behavior. Our policies and practices apply to all employees, regardless of title. These guidelines include, among others, our Code of Business Conduct as well as our policies for corporate disclosure, insider trading and whistle blower, all of which are posted on our website.
Rationale for Use of CBN and Cannabinoid Analogs in Pharmaceutical Drug Development
CBN is one of several non-intoxicating rare cannabinoids naturally produced in the Cannabis plant, albeit at significantly lower levels relative to the more commonly known THC and CBD. Despite their common origin, different cannabinoids have been observed to have distinct physiological properties. We are specifically exploring these unique effects of CBN, as well as other rare cannabinoids, and their therapeutic potential to treat disease. Extensive preclinical testing undertaken by us has identified several unique properties of CBN that outperformed both THC and CBD in various disease-related assays and models. CBN can act with higher potency when interacting with some receptor systems in the body, while acting with lower potency for others.
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Rare vs. Major Cannabinoids: Types, Prevalence& Application
The CBN molecular formula is C21H26O2 and the molecular weight is 310.43 g/mol. CBN has no chiral centers. See Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Structural Formula of CBN
CBN occurs naturally as a trace component of Cannabis, or as a degradation product of THC. However, our Product Candidates utilizing CBN contain highly purified, chemically synthesized CBN, rather than a biological extract from the plant.
We believe that we offer a differentiated approach to selecting and delivering rare cannabinoids vis-à-vis other current competitors, many of whom are exclusively focused on THC and/or CBD as their therapeutic agents. We believe that rare cannabinoids in general, and CBN in particular, represent significant opportunities to treat a wide spectrum of diseases with high unmet medical need. In our preclinical testing, CBN has demonstrated therapeutic potential beyond CBD for several symptoms and disease-modifying effects for dermatological conditions and has demonstrated benefits beyond CBD and THC for ocular diseases. We believe that a topical application of CBN may maximize the clinical benefit at the disease site (skin, eye) while minimizing the systemic exposure and any corresponding adverse effects.
INM-755, our lead product candidate, is being developed as a topical skin cream formulation containing CBN for the treatment of symptoms related to EB, a rare genetic skin disease characterized by fragile skin that blisters easily from minimal friction that causes shearing of the skin layers. In this patient population, it is common for the blisters to become open wounds that do not heal well.
In addition to relief of symptoms such as itch, inflammation, pain, and others, we believe INM-755 may impact the underlying disease by enhancing skin integrity in a subset of EB patients. We have completed more than 30 preclinical pharmacology and toxicology studies to investigate the effects of CBN. Several of these non-clinical studies explored the effect on important symptoms such as pain and inflammation. In in vitro pharmacology studies, CBN demonstrated activity in reducing markers of prolonged inflammation. CBN upregulated expression of a type of keratin called keratin 15, or “K15”, which might lead to skin strengthening and reduced blister formation in EB simplex, or “EBS”, patients with mutations in another keratin called keratin 14, or “K14”. The anti-inflammatory activity of CBN may be beneficial in healing chronic wounds caused by prolonged inflammation.
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Following a review of our toxicology studies, a regulatory application to support our first Phase 1 clinical study in healthy volunteers with INM-755 (755-101-HV) was submitted November 4, 2019 and approved December 6, 2019 in the Netherlands. The initial Phase 1 clinical study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of INM-755 cream in healthy volunteers with normal, intact skin; the volunteers had cream applied once daily for a period of 14 days. All subjects in this first clinical trial completed treatment and evaluations by March 27, 2020. A regulatory application was approved April 17, 2020, for a second Phase 1 clinical study of healthy volunteers to test the local safety and tolerability of applying sterile INM-755 cream to small wounds once daily for 14 days. As with the initial Phase 1 trial, the second trial (755-102-HV) was conducted with two different drug concentrations and a vehicle control. Enrollment began in early July 2020 and the clinical trial completed treatment and evaluations at the end of September 2020. The safety of INM-755 will continue to be assessed throughout its clinical development. INM-755 cream was well tolerated in the two Phase 1 clinical studies in healthy volunteers and, based upon this outcome, we advanced the product candidate into a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with EB (Study 755-201-EB). Patient treatment in this study commenced in December 2021 and took place across 13 sites in seven countries including Austria, Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Israel and Spain. The Study completed enrollment in April 2023 and we released preliminary results in June 2023. INM-755 demonstrated sufficient anti-itch activity to warrant its further development as an anti-itch therapy in patients with EB or other diseases.
The purpose of the Phase 2 trial was to evaluate the safety of INM-755 CBN cream, which consists of the control cream plus the active pharmaceutical ingredient CBN, and obtain preliminary evidence of efficacy in treating symptoms and healing wounds over a 28-day period in patients with EB. All four subtypes of inherited EB, including EB Simplex, Dystrophic EB, Junctional EB, and Kindler Syndrome were accepted into the Phase 2 trial. The Phase 2 trial used a within-patient, double-blind design whereby matched index areas were randomized to INM-755 CBN cream or control cream.
Results from the Phase 2 clinical trial showed a positive indication of enhanced anti-itch activity for INM-755 cannabinol cream versus the control cream alone in an exploratory clinical evaluation. The results for non-wound itch were not statistically significant in this small trial due, in part, to the clinically important anti-itch effect of the underlying control cream. We are, nevertheless, encouraged by and satisfied with the INM-755 clinical data for non-wound itch treatment. That the majority of the assessed patients in the trial showed important improvement in non-wound itch from the application of INM-755, be it with similar outcomes to the control cream or better than the control cream, can be considered impressive. For a discussion of the results, please refer to Summary of Completed and Contemplated Clinical Development Plans. Full data from the study is expected to be published in the second quarter of fiscal year 2024.
CBN is also the active pharmaceutical ingredient in our second pharmaceutical drug candidate, INM-088, which is in preclinical studies as a potential treatment for glaucoma. Current treatments for glaucoma primarily focus on decreasing fluid build-up in the eye. We are conducting preclinical studies to test INM-088’s ability to provide both neuroprotection and reduce intraocular pressure in the eye. We compared several cannabinoids, including CBD and THC, to determine which cannabinoid was the best drug candidate for the treatment of glaucoma. Of all the cannabinoids examined in preclinical studies, CBN demonstrated the most optimal neuroprotective effect. Notably, exposure of retinal neurons, called retinal ganglion cells (“RGCs”) to increasing concentrations of several cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, resulted in dose dependent cytotoxicity, or cell death, over time. Importantly, CBN-exposed RGCs demonstrated the lowest level of toxicity among the cannabinoids used in these experiments. We also verified that CBN has an anti-apoptotic effect on differentiated RGCs when subjected to elevated hydrostatic pressure.
Furthermore, CBN also exhibited intraocular pressure reduction capability. We selected a final delivery technology (MiDROPS®, EyeCRO LLC) based on the extensive data collected from these assessments that included solubility, drug delivery localization and sustained effect.
The Company continues to advance discovery work for the potential use of a rare cannabinoid to improve neuronal function and provide neuroprotection for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. To date, screening for this indication has yielded some meaningful analog candidates and we will continue to proceed with our plan to find an appropriate compound for a pre-clinical development program.
For all current and future pharmaceutical Product Candidates we intend to submit new drug applications (“NDAs”) (or their international equivalents) in most major jurisdictions, including the U.S. either alone or with development/commercial partners.
We are actively establishing a broad patent portfolio to protect our commercial interests in utilizing CBN, other rare cannabinoid and cannabinoid analogs across these and other diseases. We have also filed multiple patent applications for our integrated, biosynthesis-based manufacturing approach. If granted, these patents may confer meaningful protection to the commercial potential for these technologies.
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Rare Cannabinoid Products in the Health and Wellness Sector
Our wholly-owned subsidiary, BayMedica, LLC, is a revenue-stage biotechnology company leveraging its significant expertise in synthetic biology and pharmaceutical chemistry to develop efficient, scalable, and proprietary manufacturing approaches to produce high quality, regulatory-compliant rare cannabinoids for consumer applications. BayMedica is currently commercializing rare cannabinoids as a B2B supplier to distributors and manufacturers/ marketers in the health and wellness sector, including nutraceuticals, cosmetics, functional foods and beverages, as well as animal health markets. BayMedica currently has a robust portfolio of four different non-psychoactive cannabinoids including: cannabichromene (“CBC”), cannabidivarin (“CBDV”) tetrahydrocannabivarin (“THCV”) and cannabicitran (“CBT”).
Following the acquisition of BayMedica in 2021, a key priority in 2022 was accelerating commercial activities and building out a robust product portfolio as a supplier of raw ingredients to the health and wellness sector. While there was slower than expected revenue growth in 2022, we have seen increased demand through the first half of calendar 2023 due to better research of rare cannabinoids, companies and brands looking for product innovation and effects-based outcomes, and the ability of companies like ours to be able to reliably supply high quality rare cannabinoids with low batch-to-batch variations. During the financial year ended June 30, 2023, BayMedica had sales of approximately $4.1 million.
Supply chain optimization has been prioritized over the last 12 months to ensure there is an adequate inventory to meet demand for our products. BayMedica continues to optimize its manufacturing processes and supply chain logistics to reduce the overall cost of goods, while also improving the already high quality and purity levels for all products in its portfolio. BayMedica has also been working hard to augment sources of raw materials and to add to its downstream purification partners.
Although there are no assurances this growth will continue in future quarters, this recent trend is encouraging. The increase in sales results from expanded marketing efforts and increased demand in certain cannabinoid Products. BayMedica will continue to evaluate opportunities for potential structured supply arrangements and collaborations for the commercial business. Sales and marketing efforts will remain focused on Products and Product Candidates that contribute highest margins, where BayMedica continues to hold a strong competitive position.
Our Business Strategy
Our goal is to develop a pipeline of cannabinoid and proprietary cannabinoid analog prescription-based Product Candidates targeting treatments for diseases with high unmet medical needs as well as to develop proprietary manufacturing technologies to produce rare cannabinoid Products as raw ingredients to end-product manufactures within the health and wellness sector.
| ● | Advance cannabinoid pharmaceutical drug Product Candidates through preclinical and clinical development, thereby establishing important human proof-of-concept in multiple therapeutic applications |
| ● | Develop and produce proprietary cannabinoid analogs for use in our drug development program |
These activities are well underway, at various stages, for INM-755 for diseases of the skin, INM-088 for diseases of the eye and the INM-900 series for neurodegenerative diseases. Building upon preclinical data sets, we have the internal capabilities to design and execute, together with multiple external vendors, the preclinical data sets and clinical studies required to advance pharmaceutical drug candidates towards commercialization.
| ● | Actively seek avenues to accelerate drug development via licensing, partnering or sale to external companies |
We do not currently have an internal organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. With respect to the commercialization of each Product Candidate, we may rely on either i) a “go-it-alone” commercialization effort; ii) out-licensing to third parties; or, iii) co-promotion agreements with strategic collaborators for our Product Candidates. Any decision on a “go-it-alone” commercialization effort versus out-licensing to third parties will depend on various factors including, but not limited to, the complexity, the expertise required and related cost of building any such infrastructure for our Product Candidates. For INM-755 in EB, we are actively seeking development and commercial partnerships. For INM-088 in glaucoma, because of the potentially large number of clinical trial participants and the extensive sales effort required to reach a large number of prescribing physicians, we may consider exploring partnership opportunities early in the development process. The commercial strategy for the INM-900 series of compounds will be evaluated in due course.
| ● | Expand portfolio and revenues of rare cannabinoids into existing distribution network and to end-product manufacturers of specialty health and wellness products |
| ● | Develop multiple cost-efficient manufacturing processes for high quality rare cannabinoids as APIs for our core internal drug candidate pipeline and for licensing opportunities of non-core drug candidates. |
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Leveraging off our extensive chemical synthesis and biosynthesis know-how, we are developing an integrative cannabinoid synthesis approach designed to produce bio-identical, economical, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoids in a cost-efficient manner, called IntegraSyn. IntegraSyn is designed to offer superior yield, control, consistency and quality of rare cannabinoids when compared to alternative methods.
At the core of our activities, we are a pharmaceutical drug development company and a developer and supplier of rare, naturally occurring cannabinoids and their analogs that is focused on commercializing important cannabinoid-based medicines to treat diseases with high unmet medical needs.
Our Strengths
We are the only clinical-stage company with multiple cannabinoid drug candidates, in multiple therapeutic categories, that is also currently supplying rare cannabinoids to manufacturers in the health and wellness sector and who has internal expertise in multiple manufacturing approaches including chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and a proprietary, integrated biosynthesis-based manufacturing approach, called IntegraSyn, to meet the needs of the rapidly evolving markets for rare cannabinoids. Key strengths include:
Experienced executive team and board of directors with proven track records.
One key critical success factor in the field of pharmaceutical drug development is the experience and skill set of the individuals leading the company. We have been successful in attracting and retaining executive and directors with extensive (20+ years) experience in all facets of the pharmaceutical industry, including fundamental research and development, multiple manufacturing techniques, drug formulation, clinical trial execution, regulatory approvals, pharmaceutical commercialization, company and capital formation, business development, legal, and corporate governance. Our leadership team is well-poised to lead us through all facets of drug development and product commercialization, either internally or externally via partnerships. It is this group of individuals that will help optimize our chances for success.
Multiple manufacturing approaches.
The combined manufacturing technologies from InMed and BayMedica provide us with a competitive advantage to utilize the most cost-efficient methodology (i.e. chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, IntegraSyn) for the development and commercialization of new Products and Product Candidates and provision of rare bio-identical cannabinoids or their analogs to a wide spectrum of market opportunities.
Early mover status as a B2B supplier of rare cannabinoids to the health and wellness sector.
As demonstrated by the launch of several rare cannabinoids into the health and wellness sector, the team at BayMedica has substantial expertise in the commercial manufacturing scale-up to produce rare cannabinoids at large scale as well as extensive cannabinoid sales and marketing expertise. This know-how is important to establishing an early-mover status and to maintain cost leadership with regards to specific rare cannabinoids.
Leading experts in the therapeutic potential of the rare cannabinoid CBN.
We have invested significant time and effort in understanding the characteristics and therapeutic potential of our first rare cannabinoid drug candidate, CBN. As such, we are positioning ourselves to be a world leader in the pharmaceutical development of this rare cannabinoid. We anticipate that CBN will be the first of several such drug candidates.
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Targeting medical applications of rare cannabinoids to treat diseases with high unmet medical needs.
Significant investment in understanding the therapeutic potential of CBN has provided us with important insight as to how best to develop this class of compounds for treating various diseases. We intend to apply this know-how across several diseases that may benefit from cannabinoid-based medicines.
Diverse portfolio of patent applications covering a spectrum of commercial opportunities.
Success in pharmaceutical markets often rests with the strength of intellectual property, including patents, to protect our commercialization interests. We have filed several patents on our novel findings and expect to continue to do so. The acquisition of BayMedica brought several additional new patent families to enrichen our manufacturing as well as drug development opportunities.
Cannabinoid Science Overview
Cannabinoids are a class of compounds that exist throughout nature and can be found in significant numbers and varying quantities in the Cannabis plant. The two predominant, or major, cannabinoids in the Cannabis plant are THC and CBD. These two exist in relatively large quantities in the plant and can be easily extracted, which has led to significant research into these two compounds over the previous several decades. Nevertheless, there are over 140 additional cannabinoid compounds found in the plant, referred to as minor or rare cannabinoids. Each cannabinoid has one or more specific chemical differences that may confer unique physiological properties in humans.
Cannabinoid receptors are found throughout the body and are involved in many different functions, such as pain perception, memory, immune function and sleep. Cannabinoids act as messengers that bind to cannabinoid receptors, as well as other receptors, signaling the endocannabinoid system into action. The relevance of the endocannabinoid system on many important physiological processes has made cannabinoids an important target to potentially treat a number of diseases and symptoms.
Two cannabinoid receptors in the human body are the endocannabinoid receptor 1 (“CB1”), which is more significant to the central nervous system, and endocannabinoid receptor 2 (“CB2”), which is more common with the immune system.
Significant investigation is currently underway to determine the role of cannabinoids in affecting other receptor systems in the human body.
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Our Products, Product Candidates and Technologies
Development of a Flexible Suite of Processes for the Manufacturing of Cannabinoids
Introduction
While there are over 140 different individual cannabinoids in the Cannabis plant, the two most well-known and studied compounds are also the two that occur in the largest quantities: THC and CBD. Due to their relative abundance in the Cannabis plant, it is also only THC and CBD that can currently be extracted economically; this also now includes genetically modified plants designed to significantly increase quantities of cannabigerol (“CBG”) in harvested crops. Among other challenges, the expense of extraction – or that of synthetic manufacturing – of the remaining minor or rare cannabinoids, may be orders of magnitude greater than that of THC, CBD and CBG.
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Nevertheless, like the major cannabinoids THC, CBD and CBG, these rare cannabinoids may hold very important physiological benefits in humans. The challenge, and opportunity, that we have identified, and seek to solve, is selecting and engineering the most appropriate manufacturing approach to making a specific rare cannabinoid, at the desired quantity and requisite quality, which is cost-efficient and consistently yields bio-identical cannabinoids as compared to the compounds found in nature, among several other benefits. We believe that providing this solution will be a critical success factor not only for our own drug development strategy, but also for other pharmaceutical and health and wellness companies.
Development of InMed’s biosynthesis and IntegraSyn technologies:
In 2015, we commenced the development of a biosynthesis process for the manufacturing of cannabinoids through a research collaboration with Dr. Vikramaditya Yadav from the Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering at the University of British Columbia. Utilizing the basis of a specific vector created for us, Dr. Yadav initiated a Research and Development Project titled “The Metabolic Engineering of yeast and bacteria for synthesis of cannabinoids and Cannabis-derived terpenoids” under a collaborative research agreement. Subsequently, we signed a Technology Assignment Agreement with the University of British Columbia whereby we retain sole worldwide rights to all patents emergent from the technology under development in exchange for a royalty of less than 1% on sales revenues from products utilizing cannabinoids manufactured using the technology and a single digit royalty on any sub-licensing revenues. Other than the 1% royalty, we do not have any ongoing financial commitments under these arrangements with the University of British Columbia.
Microorganisms do not naturally produce cannabinoids nor the enzymes required for their assembly. However, utilizing genome engineering to modify their metabolism, we have systematically introduced different aspects of the Cannabis plant’s metabolic pathways into a bacteria (E. coli), referred to as a host, and have reported what we believe to be the first-of-its-kind production of fully differentiated cannabinoids in this bacteria. This research served as the basis for the subsequent development of a new, integrated approach to cannabinoid manufacturing that we refer to as IntegraSyn. IntegraSyn is a flexible, integrative cannabinoid synthesis approach utilizing novel enzyme(s) to efficiently produce bio-identical, economical, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoids without the risk and high-resource requirements of an agriculture growing operation.
IntegraSyn integrates various pharmaceutical manufacturing processes to maximize yield and minimize the cost of cannabinoid synthesis, in particular for pharmaceutical-grade products. We utilize proprietary, high efficiency enzymes produced via the E. coli biofermentation portion of the IntegraSyn approach for the production of a cannabinoid. Our enzymes are used in combination with cost-effective yet sophisticated substrates (or, starting materials) to produce a cannabinoid in bulk via a biotransformation process, which is then further processed with downstream purification steps including separation, purification and drying. This cannabinoid can be inventoried in bulk and used either as a finished API cannabinoid product or as a starting material for other cannabinoids. This further differentiation can utilize any one of several well-established manufacturing approaches – including enzymatic biotransformation and traditional chemical synthesis – to optimize yield, time and cost.
IntegraSyn
BayMedica’s Chemical Synthesis and Biosynthesis Technologies for the Development and Production of Cannabinoids, Their Variants and Analogs
BayMedica continues to develop cannabinoid manufacturing techniques that are ‘method agnostic’, utilizing the most practicable, expeditious and cost-effective means to produce any particular cannabinoid or novel cannabinoid compound.
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Chemical Synthesis for the Development and Production of Cannabinoids
Chemical synthesis is a well-established, long-standing, robust and reliable method for the production of a myriad compounds for use in both consumer and pharmaceutical products, including such commonly used medications as vitamin-D and acetaminophen. The production of cannabinoids, in particular CBD and THC, by synthetic methods was first described in 1965 by Mechoulam, et. al. Although yields were typically less than 10% and the scales were small, this work paved the way for methods to synthesize these common cannabinoids as well as many rare and novel cannabinoid compounds. Today several companies such as Purisys, Biovectra, Kinetochem and Benuvia reliably manufacture a wide variety of common and rare cannabinoids to pharmaceutical API standards. However, because price points for these compounds have remained high, their utility in non-pharmaceutical applications has historically been limited.
Pharmaceutical chemistry methods have also been of paramount utility in the creation of combinatorial libraries of new chemical entities for drug discovery. We believe these pharmaceutical chemistry methods will also be of great value in the preparation of novel cannabinoid compounds with enhanced pharmacological activities and have leveraged our expertise to this end. Using combinations of pharmaceutical chemistry and biosynthesis, the BayMedica team has generated a wide variety of these compounds with the primary focus being on modifying the pentyl side chain found on many naturally occurring cannabinoids. We believe that unlike a traditional drug discovery approach using combinatorial libraries, our approach, because it does not change the core structure of each cannabinoid type, will result in a larger proportion of novel cannabinoids showing pharmacological activity, thus increasing the probability of a successful drug candidate. Prior to the acquisition by InMed, BayMedica delivered multiple novel cannabinoid analogs to InMed for evaluation. Since that time, we have developed additional New Chemical Entities (“NCEs”) with the ability to expand through existing and novel methods currently under development.
Chemical Synthesis-Derived Cannabinoids Commercialized by BayMedica
Cannabichromene (CBC)
The historically high cost of goods for cannabinoids manufactured by chemical synthesis has largely precluded their widespread adoption for non-pharmaceutical applications. BayMedica has successfully manufactured and commercialized a rare cannabinoid, CBC, for sale to distributors into the health and wellness industry. The development of a scalable process for the manufacturing of CBC began in 2018 using well established chemical synthesis protocols.
In calendar 1Q2019, a Material Services Agreement was completed with a multinational contract research, development and manufacturing organization (“Chemistry CDMO”) to facilitate the optimization and scale-up of BayMedica’s proprietary CBC manufacturing process using commercially available starting materials sourced from various manufacturers. We scaled to a batch size of greater than 1kg by calendar 3Q2019 at which time we contracted a leading U.S. manufacturer to provide the final purification of CBC to greater than 95% purity. This manufacturer also operates a North American (NA) based toll-processing facility with the capability to process from 10kg to metric ton quantities of our crude CBC material under food-grade GMP conditions. By late 4Q2019 our Chemistry CDMO had scaled the process to greater than 10kg, and by year end 2019 to almost 30kg with final purification at the NA contractor. We commenced commercial sales of CBC in November 2019.
Large scale manufacturing of crude CBC began at our Chemistry CDMO in 1Q2020 at >40kg. The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted sales beginning in calendar 1H2020. Large scale production continued with current batch sizes exceeding 100kg.
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Cannabicitran (CBT)
We have developed a process for the efficient chemical synthesis of CBT through both in-house R&D efforts and via our CDMO. We began scaling this process and conducted downstream processing and purification trials in late calendar 2H2021. We received initial purchase orders and commenced commercial sales of CBT in calendar 1Q2022.
Cannabidivarin (CBDV)
Beginning in early 2021, BayMedica worked internally and with external parties to access and develop manufacturing technologies for the chemical synthesis of the rare, non-intoxicating “varin” cannabinoid, CBDV. In calendar 4Q2021, via a Chemistry CDMO, we successfully scaled CBDV synthesis to commercial quantities and initiated procurement of starting materials sufficient to meet expected customer demand. In April 2022, we commenced B2B sales of CBDV to the health and wellness sector. We have since developed a novel and efficient method allowing for the scalable preparation of CBDV at an improved costs of goods.
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)
As part of the R&D into manufacturing techniques to synthesize and produce CBDV, we also began researching and developing processes to convert CBDV to the non-intoxicating rare cannabinoid THCV. In conjunction with our Chemistry CDMO and our in-house team, we developed a robust pilot-scale process that produces THCV. We have now developed a purification process to produce the finished THCV material. We began scale-up of our novel process with this CDMO in calendar 1Q2022 and commenced sales in calendar 2Q2022. As new manufacturing approaches lead to reduced cost of goods for CBDV, these cost improvements benefit the THCV product as well.
Analogs of Cannabinoids / New Chemical Entities
In addition to the natural cannabinoids above, we have leveraged our expertise in pharmaceutical chemistry and biosynthesis to produce a number of novel cannabinoid analogs and variants of pharmaceutical interest.
In the field of pharmaceutical drug development, the term analog is used to describe structural and functional similarity between an original (or parent) molecule and one that has been somewhat modified. While any company researching a naturally occurring compound, like cannabinoids, cannot own a patent on the molecule itself for commercial exclusivity, a modified molecule, which has certain structural and pharmacological similarities with the original compound, can be patented. As well, modifications of the original molecule (ie, the analog) can be designed to confer certain improvement in activity of the parent, such as an elevation of the desired physiological effects, a decrease in unwanted side effects, improvement in aspects related to drug delivery to targeted tissues, etc., or a combination of these targeted outcomes. We have filed patents covering numerous structural additions and modification of the naturally occurring cannabinoids. Each individual modification to each individual cannabinoid represents a New Chemical Entity (“NCE”) which can be patented. If issued, this patent family will confer market exclusivity to us for the analogs that we intend to develop into pharmaceutical Product Candidates, license, partner or sell to interested external parties.
Competitive Conditions:
Other companies deploy a diversified number of cannabinoid synthesis manufacturing techniques, including:
| ● | Biosynthesis (generation of the final compound inside a single system) using yeast, non-E. coli bacteria, or other approaches (algae, etc.) as a host organism; |
| ● | Synthetic chemistry; and |
| ● | Combinations of these above-listed technologies |
Several companies (see chart below) are active in the cannabinoid manufacturing space including BioVectra, CB Therapeutics, Cellibre, Cronos, Ginko Bioworks, Hyasynth, Intrexon, KinetoChem, Librede, and Purisys, among several others.
Key Milestones:
On May 21, 2015, we commenced the development of our biosynthesis process for the manufacturing of cannabinoids through a research collaboration with Dr. Vikramaditya Yadav from the Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering at the University of British Columbia under a project titled “The Metabolic Engineering of yeast and bacteria for synthesis of cannabinoids and Cannabis derived terpenoids”. On May 31, 2017, we signed a Technology Assignment Agreement with the University of British Columbia whereby we retain sole worldwide rights to all patents emergent from the technology under development in exchange for a royalty of less than 1% on sales revenues from products utilizing cannabinoids manufactured using the technology and a single digit royalty on sub-licensing revenues. Royalties are payable, on a country-by-country basis, until such time as there is no longer a patent pending, unexpired patent or issued patent derived from the transfer technology, in any country. On May 15, 2018, we extended our Collaborative Research Agreement, which may be terminated by either party upon 30 calendar days written notice, with the University of British Columbia for an additional three years, which expired in 2021. Other than the 1% royalty, we do not have any ongoing financial commitments under these arrangements with the University of British Columbia.
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We, in conjunction with our collaboration partners at the University of British Columbia, continue to advance the production platform for the biofermentation of cannabinoids. Optimization of the vector continued in parallel with the identification of optimal fermentation conditions and down-stream purification processes with third party contract manufacturing organizations. Optimization of the fermentation conditions was a project conducted with the National Research Council Canada at their dedicated fermentation facility in Montreal, Quebec. While we do not anticipate any new intellectual property arising from this venture, under the terms of this research agreement, the National Research Council of Canada owns all new intellectual property (“IP”) and we have a sole, fully-paid-up license to all commercialization rights of such IP. This project was initiated in October 2018 and concluded in the second half of 2019.
In February 2019, we entered into a separate process development collaboration by way of a Master Service Agreement with the Almac Group (UK), or “Almac”, a seasoned GMP pharmaceutical CDMO. Almac was initially tasked to develop a down-stream purification process to support the fermentation optimization activities at the National Research Council of Canada. In addition, we also engaged Almac to assist in the development of an “alternative” manufacturing process for cannabinoids which integrates the best available technologies across the spectrum of pharmaceutical drug production. This process is now referred to as IntegraSyn. In May 2020, we announced our working relationship with Almac on an integrated approach to augment current biosynthesis-based methods for cannabinoid production. The companies have been engaged in developing a streamlined cannabinoid manufacturing process, specifically optimizing the upstream cannabinoid assembly processes as well as downstream purification processes, to achieve cost-efficient, GMP-grade active pharmaceutical ingredients for prescription-based cannabinoid medications. Almac is an international, privately-owned organization which has grown organically over the past five decades now employing over 5,600 highly skilled personnel across 18 facilities including Europe, the US and Asia. We retain all rights to this new process while Almac retains certain rights-of-first refusal on the production and supply of certain precursors, or starting materials, for this alternative process.
Other Milestones Include:
| ● | September 22, 2020 – We announced the filing of a PCT patent application as part of a growing portfolio of intellectual property related to the IntegraSyn manufacturing approach for producing low-cost, pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoids (refer to “Intellectual Property”, below). |
| ● | April 26, 2021 – We announced that the IntegraSyn cannabinoid manufacturing approach has achieved a level of 2g/L cannabinoid yield, a milestone that signals commercial viability and supports advancement to large-scale production in the coming months. Having achieved a 2g/L yield level, we will now focus on manufacturing scale-up to larger batch sizes while continuing process and enzyme optimization, targeting increased cannabinoid yield and further reducing the overall cost of goods. In parallel, we continue to prepare the manufacturing process to be Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”)-ready for pharmaceutical quality production. |
Research and Development Pipeline of Therapeutic Drug Candidates
INM-755 for the Treatment of Epidermolysis bullosa (“EB”)
Introduction
INM-755 (CBN) cream is being developed as a proprietary, topical, single-cannabinoid product candidate intended as a therapy in dermatological diseases. The first clinical indication under development is EB. EB is a collective name for a group of genetic disorders of connective tissues characterized by skin fragility leading to extensive blistering and wounding. It affects skin and mucous membranes, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary and respiratory systems. EB is a debilitating disease affecting a small proportion of people in the United States, thus earning it an orphan-disease status. The disease has no definitive cure and all current treatments are directed towards symptom relief. There are, however, a number of products, mainly gene therapies, currently in clinical trials, in which a cure is being explored, according to several recent scientific publications. Our preclinical research has identified a specific cannabinoid, CBN, that may prove beneficial to patients: first, by addressing certain key disease hallmarks (which may include wound healing, infection, pain, inflammation, and itch); and second, by regulating the expression of various proteins (keratins) that may compensate for reduced expression of others.
The active ingredient in INM-755, CBN, is an agonist for both cannabinoid (CB) 1 and CB2 receptors, with a higher affinity for CB2, which means it should have a greater effect on the immune system than on the central nervous system. The distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptors in sensory nerves and inflammatory cells in the skin make it an attractive pharmaceutical agent for dermal treatments in medical conditions characterized by inflammation and pain.
In preclinical pharmacology studies, CBN demonstrated activity as an anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antinociceptive agent. CBN upregulated expression of keratin 15 (K15), which might lead to skin strengthening and reduced blister formation in EBS patients with keratin 14 (K14) mutations. At the cream concentrations chosen for clinical development, it does not appear to impede wound healing of partial-thickness wounds. Its anti-inflammatory activity may be beneficial in healing chronic wounds caused by prolonged inflammation.
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We have completed 20 safety pharmacology and toxicology studies to investigate the effects of CBN, with the longest treatment up to 28 days. We have also completed three Phase 1 safety and tolerability studies in healthy volunteers, two studies of which were conducted with varying concentrations of INM-755 cream and one study of which examined the non-CBN components of the cream base for INM-755. These foundational preclinical and clinical studies would support the use of INM-755 cream in clinical trials for many skin diseases, with treatment up to 28 days.
In June 2023 we completed a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with EB. INM-755 demonstrated sufficient anti-itch activity to warrant its further development as an anti-itch therapy in patients with EB or other diseases.
The Science Behind EB
At the most basic level, the hallmark of EB is poor anchorage of the epidermis to the dermis such that the skin and mucous membranes of the affected individuals tend to shear and blister on minimal friction. This is due to the genetically inherited defect in certain genes (multiple genes have been shown to be associated with the different subtypes of EB) that code for some specific proteins that are concerned with maintaining the integrity of skin and mucous membranes.
There are four main subtypes of the inherited condition. Each of these subtypes can display a spectrum of phenotypic severity reflecting the types of mutations in different genes, together with modifying environmental factors. The types of mutations also determine the mode of inheritance, either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. The following table shows the pattern of inheritance and the defective genes and proteins in each:
Classification of EB Types
(a) EBS
This is the most common form of EB and is characterized by a lack of adhesion of the skin directly above the basement membrane (the basal layer). An estimated 55% of people with EB have EBS resulting from a genetic defect of the keratins K5 and K14, with the incidence between the two defects estimated to be essentially equal. The most common form of EBS manifests itself as blistering confined to the hands and feet while in others blistering can occur all over the body. Blistering generally appears during the neonatal period but it can also manifest itself in later childhood (or even in adult life). Painful skin blisters are accentuated by friction, especially on the feet where footwear causes increased irritation. Friction injuries tend to occur more commonly in warm weather and secondary infections are common.
(b) Junctional EB
Junctional EB is characterized by a lack of adhesion of the skin through the basement membrane and affects some 5% of those with EB. The generalized type of junctional disease (about half of cases of junctional EB) is usually fatal in infancy. This is often as a result of anemia and malnutrition due to poor feeding caused by the serious blistering in the pharynx and esophagus. The milder form of the disease can cause life-long pain and disability.
(c) Dystrophic EB, or “DEB”
DEB is characterized by a lack of adhesion of the skin under the basement membrane. Approximately 30% of people with EB have DEB. Patients with DEB tend to develop blisters that heal with fibrosis, leading to joint contracture, fusion of the fingers, contractures of the mouth membranes and narrowing of the esophagus. Often the dominant inherited type of DEB is the least severe type and the patient can lead an almost normal life. However, the severity of the condition does increase with age due to scarring, syndactyly and generalized skin atrophy. Those with recessive DEB have a high chance of developing a squamous cell carcinoma, often before the age of 35.
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(d) Kindler Syndrome
This type of EB is rare and usually becomes apparent at birth or soon after. This condition is called mixed type because blisters appear across the skin layers. The condition usually improves with time and can disappear. It is the only type that causes patchy discoloring (mottling) of skin exposed to the sun. Kindler syndrome is recessive.
(e) Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a rare type that is not inherited. The blisters result from the immune system attacking healthy tissue by mistake. It’s similar to another immune system disorder called bullous pemphigoid. It tends to cause blisters on the hands, feet and mucous membranes.
Epidemiology, Morbidity and Mortality
The most reliable figures on prevalence and incidence of EB are derived from the National EB Registry, or “NEBR”, which collected cross-sectional and longitudinal data on about 3,300 EB patients in the United States from 1986 through 2002. The prevalence of EB was estimated to be approximately 11 per million and the incidence approximately 20 per million live births. In the United States, assuming that mild cases of EBS are reported only 10% of the time, the affected population in the United States is approximately 12,500. Other sources cite populations of up to 25,000 in the United States.
Generalized blistering caused by any subtype may be complicated by infection, sepsis, and death especially in infancy. Severe forms of EB increase the mortality risk during infancy. In patients with EB that survive childhood, the most common cause of death is metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. This skin cancer occurs most frequently in patients with recessively inherited DEB who are aged 15-35 years. In contrast, dominantly inherited EBS and DEB and milder forms of junctional EB may not affect a patient’s life expectancy adversely. Onset of EB is at birth or shortly after. The exception occurs in mild cases of EBS, which may remain undetected until adulthood or remain undiagnosed. The disease appears to have equal incidences in both sexes.
Current Treatments
As a genetic disease, EB has no cure and, as a designated orphan-disease, there are no approved products specifically to treat this indication. Effective management of EB patients involves a collaborative approach between several specialists, including surgeons, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, dentists, psychologists, podiatrists, physiotherapists and geneticists. The aim is to provide support to the patient by alleviating symptoms and managing complications; in particular, the patient caregivers must assess and act daily to treat the wound and enable wound healing, address the current level of pain and itch, provide adequate antimicrobial protection, reduce inflammation (as a source of depressed wound healing abilities) and address the emotional state of the patient.
Current medications are employed in control of pain (various types of analgesics including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or “NSAIDS”, tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, and narcotics) and pruritus (antihistamines, etc.) and to address complications such as local infection and septicemia (local and systemic antibiotics). Steroids and phenytoin are also used in managing dysphagia-associated pain. Tetracycline is considered to be beneficial in improving the blistering and epithelial disadhesion. The complications of these classes of medications are well known and the drugs are most likely to further complicate the patients’ conditions since they will be used on long-term basis.
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Competitive Landscape
We are developing INM-755, our proprietary, topical, single-cannabinoid product candidate, as a first-line therapy in all EB patients for symptom relief and may explore its effects in EBS with a K14 genetic mutation as a therapy to potentially strengthen skin integrity via up-regulation of the keratin K15.
There are only two therapies approved specifically for the treatment of EB. Filsuvez® (Oleogel-S10) has been approved in Europe and Great Britain for the treatment of skin wounds in patients with dystrophic or junctional EB and Krystal Biotech’s Vyjuvek® (beremagene gerperpavec, formerly B-Vec), a topical gene therapy for dystrophic EB. For those products currently envisioned or in clinical trials as topical treatments, wound healing and symptom relief are the primary endpoints.
According to public information, several topical investigational drug formulations are currently at various stages of clinical development for the treatment of EB, including:
| ● | Amryt Pharma’s Filsuvez® (formerly Oleogel-S10, or AP101), which is a topical product incorporating a betulin-based active ingredient formulated with sunflower oil. It causes the keratinocytes to migrate faster and to differentiate into mature epithelial skin cells. This product is currently approved in some jurisdictions for the treatment of partial-thickness wounds in adults and was recently approved for patients with dystrophic and junctional EB in Europe. The Phase 3 double blind study is complete and met its primary endpoint on time to first target wound closure (p=0.013). The 24-month open label extension study is ongoing (NCT03068780). The product was also submitted to the FDA for approval, where it had been granted orphan drug, rare pediatric disease and fast track designations. However, in February 2022 after several review extensions, the FDA formally rejected the application and asked for additional evidence. Amryt plans to work with FDA to address their concerns. Amyrt was acquired by the Italian company Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA in April, 2023. |
| ● | Krystal Biotech’s Vyjuvek® (beremagene gerperpavec, formerly B-Vec) is a topical gene therapy for dystrophic EB. Vyjuvek® uses a modified herpes simplex virus to deliver instructions to generate type VII collagen (that is mutated in dystrophic EB) to skin cells. In May 2023, the FDA approved Vyjuvek®, for the treatment of wounds in patients 6 months of age and older with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with mutation(s) in the collagen type VII alpha 1 chain (COL7A1) gene. Krystal had previously completed a Phase 3 study in 31 children and adults with dystrophic EB, where a significantly greater proportion of Vyjuvek®-treated wounds were completely healed at 3 months (71% vs 20%) and 6 months (67% vs 22%) compared with those given placebo gel. An 18-month open-label extension study is ongoing and expected to conclude this year. | |
| ● | Abeona EB-101 is an autologous, engineered cell therapy for RDEB, a rare connective tissue disorder without an approved treatment. Treatment with EB-101 involves using gene transfer to deliver COL7A1 genes into an RDEB patient’s own skin cells (keratinocytes) and transplanting them back to the patient to enable normal Type VII collagen expression and skin function. The VIITAL™ study is a Phase 3 randomized clinical trial investigating EB-101, an engineered cell therapy for the treatment of RDEB. Large chronic wounds treated in VIITAL™ measured greater than 20 cm2 of surface area and had remained open for more than six months. The VIITAL™ study met its two co-primary efficacy endpoints demonstrating statistically significant, clinically meaningful improvements in wound healing and pain reduction in large chronic RDEB wounds. EB-101 was shown to be well-tolerated with no serious treatment-related adverse events observed, consistent with past clinical experience. |
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| ● | Castle Creek Biosciences has a Phase 3 clinical trial that is active, but not recruiting. The purpose of this study is to determine whether administration of FCX-007 in addition to standard of care improves wound healing as compared to standard of care alone (control) in children, adolescents, and adults with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. DEFI-RDEB is a multi-center, intra-patient randomized, controlled, open-label, Phase 3 study of FCX-007 for the treatment of persistent non-healing and recurrent RDEB wounds in approximately 24 subjects. |
Other approaches have shown promise and are under investigation for the treatment of EB.
Regulatory Perspectives
According to the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry, the overall incidence is about 20 per million live births and prevalence is 11 per million in the United States. EB is designated as an “orphan disease”, and we plan to seek regulatory designation of INM-755 as such in the U.S. and similar designations in various jurisdictions should clinical trials progress. The FDA defines orphan products as “those intended for the safe and effective treatment, diagnosis or prevention of rare diseases/disorders that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, or that affect more than 200,000 persons but are not expected to recover the costs of developing and marketing a treatment drug”. The EMA has its own definition of orphan disease and, under the European definition, EB is also an orphan disease.
The mission of the FDA Office of Orphan Products Development, or “OOPD”, is to advance the evaluation and development of products (drugs, biologics, devices, or medical foods) that demonstrate promise for the diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions. This arm of the agency evaluates scientific and clinical data to identify and designate products as promising for rare diseases and to further advance scientific development of such promising medical products. The OOPD also works on rare disease issues with the medical and research communities, professional organizations, academia, governmental agencies, industry, and rare disease patient groups. The OOPD provides incentives for sponsors to develop products for rare diseases. The Orphan-Drug Designation program, which is administered by the OOPD, provides orphan status to drugs and biologics which are defined using the FDA definition above. The Orphan Products Grants Program, which is administered by the OOPD, provides funding for clinical research that tests the safety and efficacy of drugs, biologics, medical devices and medical foods in rare diseases or conditions.
It is worth noting that there is a common pathway for application of orphan status for a product to both the FDA and EMA, and applicants to the FDA are advised to use the common application platform. With regards to the data to be used in the application, it is expected that applicants demonstrate that there is “promise” that the drug will be effective in treating said disease. “Promise” is interpreted to include either data from clinical trials, data from case studies/reports, data from appropriate animal models or, on rare occasions where there is no appropriate animal, data from in vitro experiments in addition to supporting information.
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Regulatory Incentives for Orphan Product Development
Summary of Completed and Contemplated Clinical Development Plans
Phase 1 Clinical Trials (Studies 755-101-HV and 755-102-HV)
A regulatory application to support our first Phase 1 clinical trial in healthy volunteers with INM-755 (755-101-HV) was submitted November 4, 2019 and approved December 6, 2019 in the Netherlands. The initial Phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of INM-755 cream in 22 healthy volunteers with normal, intact skin; the volunteers had cream applied once daily for a period of 14 days. All subjects in this first clinical trial completed treatment and evaluations by March 27, 2020. Database completion and data analyses were delayed by pandemic restrictions. Study results were reported November 25, 2020. A blinded interim safety review from the first 16 subjects in this Phase 1 clinical trial were included in a regulatory application that was approved April 17, 2020, for a second Phase 1 clinical trial of 8 healthy volunteers to test the local safety and tolerability of applying sterile INM-755 cream to small wounds once daily for 14 days. As with the initial Phase 1 trial, the second clinical trial (755-102-HV) was conducted with two different drug concentrations and a vehicle control. Enrollment began in early July 2020 and the clinical trial completed treatment and evaluations at the end of September 2020. Study results were reported January 8, 2021.
Phase 2 Clinical Trial (Study 755-201-EB)
Regulatory applications to support this global trial were filed for review by the National Competent Authorities and Ethics Committees in 8 countries for 13 clinical sites. Approvals were obtained in all countries (Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Serbia, and Spain) as of March 2022. Enrollment and patient treatment began in December 2021 and completed in April 2023.
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The goal of the Phase 2 study was to obtain safety and preliminary efficacy of INM-755 cream in treating symptoms and wound healing in patients with EB, using a within-patient design in which matched index areas were randomized to INM-755 cream or vehicle (no drug) cream in a blinded manner. A target of up to 20 patients were to be enrolled with treatment for 28 days, the longest period supported by nonclinical toxicology studies.
No single primary endpoint was set for the trial to allow for possible variations in presenting symptoms in each patient. These include the presence of open wounds, wound pain associated with dressing changes, background wound pain, wound itch, and itch in non-wound areas. To this end, InMed’s goal was to harvest data from the trial to evaluate the ability of INM-755 to treat chronic non-wound itch and to heal wounds and treat associated pain and itch.
The Phase 2 Trial enrolled a total of 19 patients. Data from one patient were excluded from efficacy analyses due to a significant protocol deviation. Of the 18 remaining patients whose data were considered reliable for clinical review, 17 were treated for chronic non-wound itch and one patient was treated for wound-related itch. The remaining endpoints (pain, wound healing) could not be analyzed due to too few enrollees with such symptoms.
Of the 18 participants assessed, chronic itch improved by a clinically meaningful amount in 12 patients (66.7%), of whom:
| ● | 6 patients (33.3%) had the same level of itch improvement with INM-755 cream as with control cream; |
| ● | 5 patients (27.8%) treated with INM-755 showed meaningful anti-itch activity beyond that of the control cream; and |
| ● | 1 patient (5.6%) showed better itch reduction with the control cream. |
In summary, results from the Phase 2 clinical trial showed a positive indication of enhanced anti-itch activity for INM-755 cannabinol cream versus the control cream alone in an exploratory clinical evaluation. The results for non-wound itch were not statistically significant in this small trial due, in part, to the clinically important anti-itch effect of the underlying control cream. We are, nevertheless, encouraged by and satisfied with the INM-755 clinical data for non-wound itch treatment. That the majority of the assessed patients in the trial showed clinically meaningful improvement in non-wound itch from the application of INM-755, be it with similar outcomes to the control cream or better than the control cream, can be considered impressive.
There are a number of challenges associated with conducting an international multi-site clinical trial in an orphan disease, the largest being patient recruitment. For INM-755, the difficulties in patient enrollment were due to the low prevalence of EB (there are estimated to be only 50K people worldwide with variations of this particular genetic condition) and further complicated by COVID-related disruptions during the enrollment period.
The protocol-specified statistical analyses for non-wound itch were not statistically significant in favor of INM-755 due in part to the clinically important anti-itch effect of the underlying control cream. Nevertheless, that the majority of the assessed patients in the trial showed clinically meaningful improvement in non-wound itch from the application of INM-755, be it with similar outcomes to the control cream or better than the control cream, can be considered impressive. Notwithstanding the fact that statistical significance allows researchers to hold a degree of confidence that their findings are reliable, being not statistically significant but clinically important is a combination that typically occurs in a study that does not have a large enough sample size to detect a difference between groups such as is the case in this INM-755 trial. Under such circumstances, statistically significant differences between groups might fail to be detected.
The Phase 2 Clinical trial also demonstrated that CBN is safe and well-tolerated. As expected based on a Phase 1 safety study (755-101-HV) undertaken by the Company, systemic exposure of CBN was measured at very low concentrations (picograms/mL in plasma). There were no serious drug-related adverse events (“AEs”) and there were no withdrawals from treatment. Moderate headaches in one study participant were the only systemic AEs deemed ‘possibly related’ to study drug. Very few local AEs were reported in the treatment areas; they were transient and resolved without cessation of treatment. The Phase 2 Trial indicated that INM-755 CBN cream was very well tolerated on sensitive EB skin.
Based on the safety and efficacy data for treating non-wound itch in this EB study, as well as previous safety data from Phase 1 trials, we are now seeking R&D and commercial partnership opportunities for any continued development of INM-755 CBN cream. Continued development of INM-755 CBN cream will likely move beyond EB into broader indications involving chronic itch, with potentially much larger target populations and commercial opportunities than offered solely by the EB indication.
On average, it takes at least ten years to complete the development of an investigational drug from its initial discovery to the marketplace, with clinical trials alone taking six to seven years on average. It is not possible with any degree of certainty to estimate how long it will take to complete clinical trials and potentially obtain marketing approval for INM-755. To the extent that INM-755 may potentially be designated as either a Fast Track drug, a Breakthrough Therapy, or eligible for Priority/Accelerated Review, our timeline to any potential marketing approval may be shorter than might otherwise be the case.
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Key Milestones for the EB Program:
| ● | April 30, 2020 – We announced clinical trial application approval in the Netherlands for Study 755-102-HV, a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase 1 study designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of INM-755 (two strengths) applied daily for 14 days on epidermal wounds in 8 healthy volunteers. |
| ● | November 25, 2020 – We announced the top-line results of Study 755-101-HV (“Study 101”). Study 101 was a randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind, Phase 1 trial, that examined the safety and tolerability of two strengths of INM-755 cream on intact skin in 22 healthy adult volunteers over a 14-day treatment period. The Study 101 results indicate that INM-755 was safe and well-tolerated on intact skin, caused no systemic or serious adverse effects. In addition, there were no subject withdrawals due to adverse events. Drug concentrations in the blood were very low, as expected. |
| ● | January 8, 2021 – We announced the top-line results of Study 755-102-HV (“Study 102”). Study 102 was a randomized, double-blind, vehicle controlled, single-center study, in 8 healthy adult volunteers to test the tolerability of 14 days of application of the INM-755 cream on epidermal wounds under treatment procedures designed to simulate wound care for Epidermolysis Bullosa (“EB”) patients with open wounds. Results of Study 102 indicate that INM-755 cream was safe and well-tolerated on induced open epidermal wounds, caused no systemic or serious adverse effects. In addition, there were no subject withdrawals due to adverse events. These data from Study 101 and Study 102 support moving forward into clinical trials in patients with EB. |
| ● | April 28, 2021 – We announced that we filed Clinical Trial Applications (“CTAs”) in Austria, Israel and Serbia as part of a Phase 2 clinical trial of INM-755 (cannabinol) cream in Epidermolysis Bullosa (“EB”). Additional CTAs for 755-201-EB (the ‘201 study) will be submitted to National Competent Authorities (“NCAs”) and Ethics Committees (“ECs”) in France, Germany, Greece, and Italy in the coming weeks. |
| ● | On September 30, 2021 - We announced commencement of a Phase 2 clinical trial, the 755-201-EB study, of INM-755 (cannabinol) cream in the treatment of EB, marking the first time cannabinol has advanced to a Phase 2 clinical trial to be studied as a therapeutic option to treat a disease. The 755-201-EB study is designed to enroll up to 20 patients. InMed will evaluate the safety of INM-755 (cannabinol) cream and its preliminary efficacy in treating symptoms and wound healing over a 28-day treatment period. All four subtypes of inherited EB; EB Simplex, Dystrophic EB, Junctional EB, and Kindler Syndrome are eligible for this study. | |
| ● | On July 25, 2022 – We announced, based on the safety data of the first five adult patients who completed treatment with INM-755 CBN cream for the treatment of symptoms in the Phase 2 clinical trial, an independent Data Monitoring Committee agreed it was safe to allow the enrollment of adolescent patients, defined as persons aged twelve to seventeen. |
| ● | On March 28, 2023 - We announced we had concluded enrollment of our Phase 2 clinical trial using investigational drug INM-755 cannabinol (“CBN”) cream for the treatment of patients with EB. The Phase 2 study enrolled 19 of its targeted 20 patients. |
| ● | On June 22, 2023 – We announced safety and efficacy results from the Phase 2 clinical trial (755-201-EB) for the treatment of symptoms in patients with EB. |
Additional Indications for INM-755
Once a company has gone to the significant investments of bringing a new chemical entity into human clinical trials, the traditional approach is to investigate as many therapeutic uses of that product in different indications, or specific diseases. We intend to pursue this strategy with a co-development partner as a way to leverage our knowledge of CBN and investment in the development of INM-755 as a topical skin cream. Under the assumption that we would use the same formulation for other dermatological indications, there should be no need for further Phase 1 safety studies allowing us to proceed directly to Phase 2 safety and preliminary efficacy studies in humans, since the toxicology and initial human safety studies have been completed; however, the adequacy of the nonclinical and human safety data to support new dermatologic indications will be determined by the appropriate health authority.
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INM-088 for the Treatment of Glaucoma
Introduction
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that is typically characterized by high intraocular pressure (“IOP”). The cause of glaucoma is understood to be inadequate or obstructed drainage of the fluid in the eye, or “aqueous humor”, through a drainage membrane called the trabecular meshwork (“TM”), increasing the fluid pressure within the front part of the eye, or “anterior chamber”, and subsequently leading to pressure at the back part of the eye, or “posterior chamber”. The increased intraocular pressure exacts a toll on the nerve cells, called neurons, located at the back of the eye in the retina, thinning the mesh-like tissue in this region and resulting in damage to the neurons and specifically to the optic nerve, which provides the impulses of sight to the brain. This damage leads to blindness. Glaucoma is currently the second leading cause of blindness world-wide and is estimated to affect a population of about 76 million worldwide.
Current glaucoma therapies generally act to lower intraocular pressure either by reducing the aqueous humor production by the cells around the eye, or the “ciliary epithelial cells”, or by increasing fluid drainage through the TM. Nevertheless, we believe that there is considerable room for improvement of existing drugs, most of which are formulated as eye drops, in terms of increasing the amount of drug that can be safely delivered to increase its effect, improving the delivery of the drug into the eye, and reducing the common effect in currently used therapies that, over time, their efficacy diminishes as the body becomes tolerant to these classes of drugs. Studies have shown that when drugs are delivered as eye drops, less than 5% of the dose penetrates into the eye, indicating that 95% of the administered drug never reaches its desired target as it is wiped away upon blinking. Thus, there is much room for improvement on the drug delivery as a means of increasing clinical efficacy.
CBN is the key API in our second drug candidate, INM-088, which is in preclinical studies as a potential treatment for glaucoma. We conducted studies to test the ability of CBN to provide protection to the neurons at the back of the eye, referred to as “neuroprotection”, and reduce the intraocular pressure in the eye. We compared several cannabinoids, including CBD and THC, to determine which cannabinoid was the best drug candidate for the treatment of glaucoma. Of all of the cannabinoids we examined, CBN demonstrated the most optimal effect of neuroprotection. Furthermore, CBN also exhibited intraocular pressure reduction capability.
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Science behind Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which results in degeneration of neurons, damage to the optic nerve and vision loss. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, or “OAG”, with less common types including closed-angle glaucoma, or “CAG”, and normal-tension (i.e., no increase in intraocular pressure) glaucoma. OAG develops slowly over time and the patients normally don’t experience pain. If left untreated, side vision may begin to decrease followed by central vision, resulting in blindness. CAG can present gradually or suddenly. The sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain, blurred vision, mid-dilated pupil, redness of the eye and nausea. Vision loss from glaucoma, once it has occurred, is permanent.
Risk factors for glaucoma include increased pressure in the eye, the thinness of the cornea, a family history of the condition, age over 40 years in African Americans, and age over 60 years for other ethnic groups (especially Mexican Americans). High intraocular pressure (those with a value of greater than 21 mmHg or 2.8 kPa) is often associated with a greater risk of glaucoma. However, some people may have high eye pressure for years and never develop damage. Conversely, neurodegeneration and optic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure, known as normal-tension glaucoma. The mechanism of OAG is believed to be slow exit of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork while in CAG the iris blocks the TM. Diagnosis is typically made by a dilated eye examination.
If treated early, it is possible to slow or stop the progression of the disease with medication, laser treatment, or surgery. Currently, the goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure. A number of different classes of glaucoma medication are available. Laser treatments may be effective in both OAG and CAG. Several of types of glaucoma surgeries may be used in people who do not respond sufficiently to other measures. Treatment of CAG is a medical emergency.
Epidemiology
The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40–80 years is 3.54%, of which 75% is OAG. As of 2010, there were 44.7 million people in the world with OAG of which 2.8 million were in the United States. By 2020, the prevalence is projected to increase to 80 million worldwide and 3.4 million the United States. It occurs more commonly among older people. CAG is more common in women. Both internationally and in the United States, glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness.
Current Treatments in Glaucoma
Current treatments for glaucoma include medication, laser treatment and surgery. The goals of glaucoma management are to avoid glaucomatous damage, nerve damage and preserve visual field and total quality of life for patients, with minimal side effects. This requires appropriate diagnostic techniques and follow-up examinations, and judicious selection of treatments for the individual patient. Although intraocular pressure is only one of the major risk factors for glaucoma, lowering it via various pharmaceuticals and/or surgical techniques is currently the mainstay of glaucoma treatment.
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Treatment Considerations based on Glaucoma Severity
Treatment considerations for glaucoma span the therapeutic spectrum from drug intervention to surgery.
Pharmaceutical drug intervention has the greatest potential to generate direct competition for INM-088.
Medicines for Glaucoma Treatment (Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Drugs)
Current prescription eyedrop medications targeting intraocular pressure reduction include:
| ● | Prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogs (“PGA”) such as latanoprost, bimatoprost and travoprost to increase the outflow of fluid from the eye and, thereby, reduce ocular pressure. The adverse effects of PGAs include conjunctival hyperemia, or eye redness, irreversible change in iris color, discoloration of the skin around the eyes, and droopiness of eyelids caused by the loss of orbital fat; |
| ● | Beta blockers, most commonly prescribed as drugs to treat hypertension, are also prescribed for glaucoma. With their MOA designed to inhibit aqueous production, they are one of the oldest approved drug classes for the reduction of IOP. The most commonly used drug in this class is timolol. Beta blockers are less effective than PGAs in terms of IOP reduction and are typically used twice daily. Beta blockers are the most commonly used non-PGA drug. They are used as an initially prescribed monotherapy and as an adjunctive therapy to PGAs when the efficacy of PGAs is insufficient. Beta blocker eye drops have contraindications in their label as a result of potential systemic exposures from the topical application of the eye drops, potentially leading to cardio-pulmonary events such as bronchospasm, arrhythmia and heart failure. Other possible side effects include wheezing or difficulty breathing, slowed heart rate, lower blood pressure, impotence and fatigue; |
| ● | Alpha agonists, with their MOA designed to inhibit aqueous production plus their effect on uveoscleral outflow, are less effective than PGAs and need to be dosed three times daily in order to obtain the desired IOP reduction. In clinical studies, the most frequently reported adverse reactions that occurred in individuals receiving brimonidine ophthalmic solution, a commonly prescribed alpha agonist, included allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia, eye pruritus, burning sensation, conjunctival folliculosis, hypertension, ocular allergic reaction, oral dryness and visual disturbance. |
| ● | Alpha-adrenergic agonists such as apraclonidine and brimonidine, both reduce the production of aqueous humor and increase the outflow of fluid from the eye. Side effects may include dry mouth, red eyes or eyelids, fatigue, low or high blood pressure, blurred vision and light sensitivity; and |
| ● | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as dorzolamide and brinzolamide reduce the production of fluid in the eye, but they are associated with blurred vision, bitter metallic taste in the mouth, dry eyes, red/irritated eyes, headache, and upset stomach. |
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Despite their modest efficacy, safety and tolerability profiles, the requirement for two to three doses per day, and the fact that they do not target the diseased tissue in glaucoma, beta blocker, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and alpha agonist products account for a significant portion of the total prescription volume for the treatment of glaucoma based on historical prescription patterns, with beta blocker timolol being the most widely prescribed non-PGA drug. This is driven by the PGA products not being sufficiently effective as monotherapy for up to half of all glaucoma patients. Often patients need to take a combination of different drugs and multiple eye drops throughout the day.
Fixed-dose combination glaucoma products are also currently marketed in the United States, including Cosopt®, the combination of a beta blocker with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and Combigan®, the combination of a beta blocker with an alpha agonist. There are no fixed-dose combinations of PGAs with other glaucoma drugs currently available in the United States.
Given side effect profiles, many patients do not take their medications properly. Surgery and laser therapies are intended to physically improve the drainage of fluid from the eyes and lowering of the intraocular pressure. Patients with OAG can have clogged channels in the TM opened with laser therapy, filtering surgery (trabeculectomy) or electrocautery. In other cases, small drainage tubes may be implanted in the eye. Possible complications include pain, redness, infection, inflammation, bleeding, abnormally high or low eye pressure and loss of vision. Some types of eye surgery may accelerate the development of cataracts. Additional procedures may be needed if eye pressure continues to increase.
Emerging Competition for INM-088 in Glaucoma
Due to the large medical need and potentially significant commercial opportunity, the competitive landscape of glaucoma is intense. As such, there are currently over 10 medications approved by the FDA for the treatment of glaucoma, which are summarized in the table below, according to drug class. In addition to the currently approved medications, there are a multitude of other therapies being evaluated in clinical trials, and many others at the preclinical stage. Finally, it should be noted that there are several laser surgeries, and other forms of surgical procedures that are currently being performed to treat glaucoma, which also serve as a source of competition to the therapeutic alternatives.
In December 2017, the FDA approved RHOPRESSA® as the first in a new class of glaucoma treatments known as Rho Kinase inhibitors. RHOPRESSA® is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
INM-088 is envisioned as a once- or twice-a-day eye drop medication to compete with treatment modalities in the medicines category if approved for commercialization.
In addition to INM-088, we are aware of only one other pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid-based therapy being evaluated for the treatment of glaucoma. Specifically, Skye Biosciences Inc. (“Skye”, formerly Emerald Biosciences) is developing NB1111 (THC-Val-HS), later renamed SBI-100, for the treatment of glaucoma. SBI-100 is a THC prodrug, which has demonstrated intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy in preclinical models. On July 13, 2023, Skye announced positive safety review for the final cohort of their Phase 1 study of SBI-100 ophthalmic emulsion.
Investigational Glaucoma Treatments
Despite the treatments available for lowering the intraocular pressure, there are some individuals for whom these treatments are either not tolerated due to side effects or in whom the intraocular pressure is not sufficiently lowered. In these situations, both glaucoma patient and physician look for alternative therapies.
While some experimental glaucoma medications explore new ways of controlling intraocular pressure, other treatments are directed at protecting the optic nerve (neuroprotection) to prevent eye damage, potential vision loss or even blindness. Many ongoing clinical studies are trying to find neuroprotective agents that might benefit the optic nerve and certain retinal cells in glaucoma.
Some investigational treatments are undergoing FDA clinical trials to prove safety and effectiveness. Other potential glaucoma treatments are strictly in experimental stages and may be years away from the possibility of being available on the marketplace.
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Key Preclinical Results for CBN as a Drug Candidate to Treat Glaucoma
INM-088 is an eye-drop CBN formulation being developed for the treatment of glaucoma. The preclinical development program for INM-088 has included a number of studies comparing a number of cannabinoids, including CBN, THC and CBD, among others, to determine which cannabinoid holds the greatest potential to treat glaucoma. This preclinical research to date is comprised of both in vitro and in vivo studies and led to the selection of CBN as the lead drug candidate for further development.
The scope of the in vitro studies to date include the following:
| 1) | Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of selected cannabinoids on the differentiated retinal ganglion cells, or “RGCs”, a thin layer of neurons responsible for relaying visual signals in the eye, under normal atmosphere pressure and elevated pressure conditions. |
Notably, exposure of RGCs to increasing concentrations of several cannabinoids, including THC and CBD resulted in dose dependent cytotoxicity, or cell death, over time. Importantly, CBN-exposed RGCs demonstrated the lowest level of toxicity among the cannabinoids used in these experiments.
Cytotoxicity and neuroprotective effects of selected cannabinoids
661W cells were treated with selected cannabinoids (0.5, 1.5 and 5 µM) at normal atmospheric pressure for 72 hrs. Data normalized to vehicle under normal pressure (NP-VC) was considered as 0% cell death. Note, CBN (0.5-5 µM) treatment under normal pressure did not result in cytotoxicity. Other cannabinoids, including CBD, CBDA, CBC, CBG, CBGA, and CBND, displayed significant toxicity. Enhanced cell proliferation in the presence of a low concentration of ∆9-THC (0.5 µM) was observed in contrast to increased cell death at higher concentrations (1.5 and 5 µM). Experiments were performed in triplicates, two independent times. The data is presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 against NP-VC (one-way ANOVA).
In addition, exposure of the RGCs to elevated pressure in a cell-based model for glaucoma (without exposure to cannabinoids) for 72 hours resulted in high level of cytotoxicity, whereas exposure of these cells to both an elevated pressure (20-40 mmHg) plus CBN, within the same time-period, resulted in cell survival in a dose dependent fashion. A neuroprotective effect of CBN was also observed under elevated pressure conditions in the pressurized chamber that is designed to mimic the clinical situation of increased intraocular pressure in glaucoma. CBN performed better than both CBD and THC in this preclinical model under identical testing conditions.
Comparison of CBN versus THC-mediated inhibition of elevated pressure-induced cell death
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Significant neuroprotective effect of CBN on differentiated 661W cells when cultured for 72 hours under a hydrostatic pressure of approximately 20 to 25 mmHg as compared to ∆9-THC. Cell were treated with CBN at 0.5, 1.5, 5, 10 and 15 µM and ∆9-THC at 0.5, 1.5 and 5 µM respectively. Vehicle Control (VC) contained 0.15% ethanol. Data presented as Cell Death (%) vs normal pressure Vehicle Control (taken as 0% cell death). The data is presented as mean ± SEM.
CBN mediated inhibition of elevated pressure-induced cell death
CBN increases cell survival under elevated pressure. 661W cells were treated with CBN in a dose-dependent manner at increased atmospheric pressure (40 mmHg) for 72 hours. A) Significant cytotoxicity was observed in untreated cells under elevated pressure in the pressure chamber (EP-VC) compared to normal pressure vehicle control (NP-VC). Data normalized to normal pressure (NP-VC) was considered as 0% cell death. B) CBN treatment under elevated pressure protected 661W cells from cell death at 0.5, 1.5 and 5 µM. Data normalized to elevated pressure vehicle control (EP-VC) that was considered as 0% cell death. Protective effect was significantly different from pressure chamber vehicle control (EP-VC) at 1.5 and 5 µM (p<0.0001 and p<0.001). CBN treatment of 661W cells at 15 µM under elevated pressure results in cell death. Data presented as mean ± SEM of duplicate independent runs (n=6). Data analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA.
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| 2) | Evaluation of anti-apoptotic effects of CBN on the differentiated RGCs when exposed to elevated pressure conditions. |
Using the same in vitro model described above, we also looked at a specific, natural self-destruction process called programed cell death, or apoptosis. We verified that CBN has an anti-apoptotic effect on differentiated RGCs when subjected to elevated hydrostatic pressure. Exposure of these cells to high-pressure levels in the pressure chamber apparatus, without exposure to cannabinoids, for 6 hours resulted in an induction of apoptosis ranging from 30-60% (n=3). Exposure of these cells under the same conditions concurrently with CBN prevented apoptosis and resulted in a higher level of cell survival.
CBN mediated attenuation of elevated pressure-induced apoptosis
CBN mediated attenuation of elevated pressure-induced apoptosis. 661W cells were treated in the presence of the indicated concentrations of CBN at increased atmospheric pressure (~20–25 mm Hg) for 6 h. Significant apoptosis was observed under elevated pressure in the pressure chamber (EP-VC) when compared to NP-VC. CBN at higher concentrations (0.5, 1.5 and 5 μM) but not at lower concentrations (0.015–0.15 μM) significantly inhibited pressure-induced apoptosis of 661W cells. Experiments were performed in triplicates, two independent times. The data is presented as mean ± SEM. #p < 0.05 against NP-VC analyzed by using an unpaired t-test; *p< 0.05 against EP-VC analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA.
| 3) | Evaluation of CBN impact on the expression of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers on primary human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells under basal condition and following stress-induction with Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGF-ß2), a cytokine used to alter extracellular matrix metabolism. |
A key risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma is elevated IOP, the result of increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow through the TM. Increased outflow resistance has been strongly correlated with aberrantly elevated levels of TGF-ß2, a cytokine used to alter extracellular matrix metabolism of the TM of glaucoma patients compared to healthy individual. Therefore, evaluation of CBN effects on the TM observed under elevated TGF-ß2conditions mimics the clinical presentation of IOP in glaucoma and is relevant in the clinical context of the disease. Using human primary TM cells derived from various donors and propagated in vitro at different cell passages, we were able to demonstrate that several extra-cellular matrix proteins, or “ECM” markers, were upregulated by TGF-ß2 induced condition. Furthermore, CBN treated TM cells under basal condition or TGF-ß2 induced conditions for a duration of 72 hours resulted in reduction in the expression of several of these ECM protein markers.
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CBN attenuated TGF-β2 induced changes on TM markers Fibronectin (FN)
and Collagen 1A (COL1A) in hTM cells
CBN attenuated TGF-β2 induced changes in TM markers Fibronectin (FN) and Collagen 1A (COL1A) in hTM cells. hTM cells were treated with CBN (0.15, 0.5, 1.5 and 5 μM) for 72 h with or without TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL). Post-treatment, cell lysates were collected, total protein was quantified by Bradford assay, and ELISA was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (A) TGF-β2 induced significant upregulation of FN expression. Note, a significant reduction in basal or TGF-β2 induced FN levels was observed in the presence of CBN (5 μM). (B) TGF-β2 did not induce upregulation of COL1A level in hTM cells, whereas CBN in a dose dependent manner (0.5–5 μM) attenuated COL1A levels in the presence or absence of TGF-β2. Experiments were performed in triplicates, two independent times. The data is presented as mean ± SEM. Changes in the treatment groups were compared to the vehicle control (VC) group (*) or TGF-β2 induced group (#), and data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05).
Role of CBN in the inhibition of TGF-β2 induced changes in expression of α-SMA and pERK1/2
Figure 6: Role of CBN in the inhibition of TGF-β2 induced changes in expression of α-SMA and pERK1/2.
Representative immunoblots showing CBN mediated changes in expression of α-SMA and phospho-ERK1/2 in the presence or absence of TGF-β2. TGF-β2 stimulated α-SMA expression and increased the level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation when compared to vehicle control. Note the inhibition of α-SMA expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the presence of CBN in comparison to vehicle control and/or TGF-β2 treatment. GAPDH was used as the loading control. Histograms in the lower panel represent densitometry analysis of the Western blots (n=3–4). Changes in the treatment groups were compared to the vehicle control (VC) group (*) or TGF-β2 group (#), and data were analyzed statistically by unpaired t-test (p < 0.05).
| 4) | Evaluation of CBN pharmacokinetic profile in the eye and plasma of a preclinical model (rat) by direct intravitreal (IVT) injection into the eye. |
Our first in vivo study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of CBN in preclinical models, specifically measuring CBN levels in the eye and plasma following direct bilateral IVT injection. This means that individual injections were made directly into the vitreous humor (fluid of the central cavity of the eye). Following IVT delivery, CBN levels from the plasma (n=3 per time point) and the whole eye (n=6 per time point) were measured at several timepoints using a qualified LC-MS/MS method. CBN levels in the plasma samples were below the detection limit of the assay (0.05 ng/mL). Furthermore, CBN levels in the rat whole eye were shown to be slowly cleared from the eye with a projected half-life (t1⁄2) of approximately 33 hrs.
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Percentage of CBN remaining in the whole eye following single IVT injection at 10 µM initial dose
Percentage of CBN remaining in the whole eye following single IVT injection at 10 μM initial dose. Each point represents the mean of left and right eye measurements. The concentration-over-time elimination profile of CBN from IVT injection in the whole eye indicates a slow clearance rate of this cannabinoid, with approximately 11% of the total CBN remaining at 72 h termination time-point (n = 6 eyes per time-point; values presented as mean±SEM).
Time dependent elimination of CBN from the whole eye following
single IVT injection at 10 μM initial dose
Concentration-over-time elimination profile of CBN from IVT injection in the whole eye indicates a slow clearance rate of this cannabinoid, with approximately 11% of the total CBN remaining at 72 hrs termination time-point. Rats received a single bilateral IVT injection (5 μL) of CBN (50 μM) to target a final concentration of 10 μM inside the eye. Values measured as ng/g ocular tissue or μM and presented as mean ± SEM. n = 6 eyes per time-point. *596 ng/g represents an extrapolated initial dose intended for delivery inside the eye calculated based on the actual whole eye tissue weight.
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Pharmacokinetic parameters of CBN in the whole eye following
single IVT injection at 10 μM initial dose
CBN was quantified by a qualified LC-MS/MS method in the whole eye homogenates. The analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters was performed using Pharmacokinetic Solver 2.0 Software. To produce an output, a Non-Compartmental Analysis using the linear trapezoid rule after extravascular input was performed. CBN was cleared at a slow rate from the ocular tissue with CLivt = ~0.04 mL/h, favorable AUC0-inf ocular exposure at 250 μmol/mL * h, and relatively long ocular t1/2 =~33 h.
| 5) | Evaluation of CBN neuroprotective and IOP-lowering effects in a rat preclinical glaucoma model (Rats) by IVT injection. |
We conducted a preclinical efficacy study to evaluate neuroprotective and IOP lowering effects of CBN following IVT injection in a rat episcleral vein laser photocoagulation model of glaucoma. The laser photocoagulation of episcleral veins was done unilaterally on the oculus dexter (OD) eye of the animals on day 0 and day 7. The contralateral oculus sinister (OS) eye served as control and was not subjected to lasering. The rats were randomized into 4 treatment groups based on their baseline pERG amplitudes measured at day - 4: Group 1: vehicle control (0.5% DMSO-PBS); n=11. Group 2: CBN low dose at 5 µM final concentration inside the eye; n=13. Group 3: CBN high dose at 50 µM final concentration inside the eye; n=11. Group 4: brimonidine tartrate (Alphagan®, 0.5% ophthalmic eye drops, a registered trademark of Allergan PLC) a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist clinical reference drug; n=14. Animals in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were administered either vehicle or CBN by IVT injection at 5 µl volume on day 0, 7 and 15. Animals in Group 4 were topically instilled with brimonidine twice daily at 5 µl volume per eye 4 days before laser photocoagulation and throughout the study duration. The study was terminated on day 21. High IOP was induced unilaterally by laser photocoagulation of episcleral veins (to approximately 19 mmHg). CBN was delivered by IVT injection after episcleral laser photocoagulation on three occasions on day 0, immediately after the lasering, and on days 7 and 15 post-lasering. IOP and pERG were monitored at specific time points throughout the study. Significant reduction in IOP (to approximately 13 mmHg) was observed for the CBN high dose treated group on Days 7 and 17 and significant improvement of pERG amplitudes for CBN low dose treated group was observed on Day 21 (-39.8% from baseline for vehicle control group, -23.1% from baseline for the active control (brimonidine tartrate) group, -16.6% from baseline for the CBN low dose group and -41.2% from baseline for the CBN high dose group). These were the measured outcomes that are useful in evaluating candidates for a potential glaucoma treatment. In summary, data from this study demonstrated a reduction of IOP and improvement of pERG function following IVT injection of CBN in the Rat episcleral vein laser photocoagulation model of glaucoma.
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CBN mediated effect on IOP in the rat episcleral vein laser photocoagulation model of glaucoma
CBN mediated effect on IOP in the rat episcleral vein laser photocoagulation model of glaucoma. The IOP lowering effect of CBN was analyzed in the lasered eyes of different treatment groups versus the vehicle control group. At a low dose (5 μM), CBN treatment did not reduce IOP. At a high dose (50 μM), CBN significantly reduced IOP on days 7 and 17. On day 21, IOP values in all groups normalized to the baseline levels. Data analyses are presented for the time points with a statistically significant difference. Brimonidine (Alphagan®) was used as a reference control. Data were analyzed statistically by unpaired t-test and presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 against vehicle control (n =11–14 rats per treatment group).
CBN mediated changes in the pattern electroretinogram (pERG) in the rat episcleral vein laser
photocoagulation model of glaucoma
A.
B.
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The pERG amplitudes (µV) decreased in all treatment groups after the IOP elevation induced by episcleral vein laser photocoagulation. (A) pERG baseline-corrected -Amplitude values (μV) (mean ± SEM) of animals in each treatment group were recorded at baseline before lasering and on days 7, 14 and 21 post-lasering. (B) %pERG reduction from 100% normal baseline values at Day 21. Significant RGC functional impairment was observed in the vehicle group on day 21 and in the CBN high dose (50 µM) group on days 14 and 21 when compared to baseline. The pERG amplitudes in the low dose CBN (5 μM) and brimonidine (Alphagan®) groups did not differ significantly from the baseline on both follow-up days 14 and 21, indicating that CBN confers neuroprotective effect on RGCs. Data is presented as mean ± SEM of baseline-corrected values and analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.05 against the baseline values; n=11-14 rats per treatment group).
Ocular Formulation Development for INM-088
There are a wide variety of topically effective anti-glaucoma drugs that are available today and others in the developmental stage that represent significant advancements for ocular therapeutics. Ophthalmologists typically prescribe drugs individually and then switch to different classes of drugs on a regular basis in order to prevent the habituation phenomenon (reduction in effect of the drug over time) and negative side effects. There is an opportunity for new therapies with low systemic toxicity and those which may not exhibit habituation.
Until very recently, studies on novel topical ophthalmic formulations of cannabinoids have been largely non-existent. Designing an ideal delivery system for any ocular disease depends on the molecular properties of the drug substance and incorporating it into the formulation while taking into consideration parameters such as size, charge, and affinity towards various ocular tissues and pigments.
For all delivery technologies under examination as candidates for INM-088, key design criteria include, among others:
| ● | Biocompatibility and biodegradability of the formulation; |
| ● | Viscous fluid behavior while inside the container (to facilitate ease of manufacturing, handling and dosing); |
| ● | Characterized and defined drug release, absorption and subsequent carrier degradation; |
| ● | Optimized particle size and surface charge to avoid irritation upon application to the eye and to facilitate ocular penetration; and |
| ● | Stable final drug product to ensure drug product quality storage over time. |
One of the delivery technologies under development as a potential delivery vehicle for CBN in ocular disease is our proprietary, stimulus-responsive, nanoparticle-laden hydrogel vehicle for spatiotemporal and dosage-controlled release of cannabinoids into the aqueous humor of the eye. This hydrogel is envisioned to be packaged as a liquid and is intended for application as an eye drop. We investigated the compatibility and effectiveness of our hydrogel formulation with CBN as compared to other third-party ocular drug delivery technologies such as EyeCRO’s MiDROPs® microemulsion. We conducted an in vivo study that compared both the hydrogel and MiDROPs® formulated with CBN and showed that a similar level of CBN was measured in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium tissues following topical administration of each formulation. In early December 2020, we selected a final delivery technology based on the extensive data collected from these assessments that included solubility, drug delivery localization and sustained effect. This selection resulted in a licensing agreement with EyeCRO LLC for its proprietary MiDROPs® technology. Through this agreement, InMed has secured an exclusive, global commercial rights for the utilization of MiDROPs® for all cannabinoids, cannabinoid analogs and their variants. One key benefit for our INM-088 program by working with EyeCRO is that their product development and testing with MiDROPs® is already well advanced, having been previously reviewed by the US FDA during a pre-IND meeting.
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Distribution of INM-088 formulation in Ocular Tissue
Ocular pharmacokinetic study of INM-088 following 5 days of bilateral ocular topical administration in New Zealand White Rabbits. INM-088 was formulated as 0.1% CBN-MiDROPS™ and dosed BID at 50 µl/dose for 5 days via bilateral topical ocular instillation in 3 naïve NZW rabbits. CBN level was measured 1 hour following the final dose administration on Day 5, Administration of INM-088 formulation resulted in measurable CBN concentrations in each of the ocular tissues analyzed in this study. The study was performed independently by EyeCRO LLC.
Key Milestones:
| ● | December 20, 2021 – We announced that a peer-reviewed scientific article entitled “Cannabinol Modulates Neuroprotection and Intraocular Pressure: A Potential Multi-Target Therapeutic Intervention for Glaucoma”, has been published in Biochimica et Biophysical Acta (BBA - Molecular Basis of Disease), a leading international journal focused on biochemistry and molecular genetics of disease processes and models of human disease in the area of aging, cancer, metabolic-, neurological-, and immunological-based diseases. The peer-reviewed article highlights research evaluating the use of cannabinol, or CBN, as a potential treatment option for glaucoma. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the survival of retinal ganglion cells, modulation of intraocular pressure and its effects on extracellular matrix proteins using in vitro and in vivo glaucoma models. |
| ● | May 13, 2022 – We announced the Company recently completed a pre-Investigational New Drug (“pIND”) application discussion with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regarding manufacturing, preclinical studies and early clinical development plans for INM-088, a cannabinol (“CBN”) formulation in development for glaucoma. The Company has gained alignment with FDA on the design of the initial Phase 1-2 clinical trial to gather preliminary data on the safety and efficacy of INM-088 treatment. The FDA has provided guidance for the development program based on a summary of the available preclinical data, clinical safety data for CBN from the INM-755 program, study designs for additional IND-enabling preclinical studies, and Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls (“CMC”) information. |
Additional indications in ocular disease
Similar to the strategy being pursued with INM-755, we intend to fully investigate the potential for CBN in INM-088 to treat a wide array of ocular diseases, in particular, the potential for CBN to provide neuroprotection across several diseases where blindness is the ultimate outcome. We are currently pursuing preclinical models to more closely study this effect and will leverage the toxicology and Phase 1 safety studies across these new indications, if deemed applicable. In addition, we are actively working with our collaborators to test selected potential cannabinoid analogs, produced by BayMedica, to demonstrate neuroprotection in other ocular indications such as Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).
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INM-900 series for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative diseases
Introduction
Our research demonstrating the neuroprotective capabilities of cannabinoids in the eye led us to investigate how cannabinoids might play a role in protecting other neurons in the human body, potentially, impacting different diseases. To this end, we initiated research on the neurons that are associated with the brain and how rare cannabinoids and cannabinoid analogs could affect neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s.
Alzheimer’s disease (“AD”) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that predominantly afflicts the elderly, resulting in severe cognitive impairments. With the expected increase in life expectancy, there is a projected surge in AD prevalence, estimating that as many as 13.8 million Americans could be affected by the year 2050 (Diagnosis and Management of Dementia). This ailment is defined by the buildup of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles within the brain, making it a central focus of neurological research for many years.
Several published in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to understand the effects of different cannabinoids in neuronal disorders.
To date, InMed has advanced discovery work for the potential use of proprietary cannabinoid analogs to improve neuronal function and provide neuroprotection for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Screening for these indications has yielded interesting analog candidates and we will continue to conduct further research to find an appropriate compound to support the preclinical development program.
Thus far, we have identified two cannabinoid analogs (INM-900 series of compounds) demonstrating promising effects related to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and we are currently conducting studies using in vivo models in neurodegenerative disease to select the most appropriate candidate for clinical studies. Candidate selection and further efficacy readout is expected in Fall 2023.
Current treatments in Neurodegenerative Diseases
| Brand | Company | Mechanism of Action | Status | |||
| Aducanumab (Aduhelm™) | Biogen | Anti-amyloid beta target both insoluble and soluble aggregates | Approved June 2021 | |||
| Lecanemab (Leqembi™) | Biogen/ Eisai | Anti-amyloid beta, electively binds to large, soluble Aβ protofibrils | Approved January 2023 | |||
| Gantenerumab | Roche | Anti-amyloid beta, target aggregated forms of AB including oligomers and plaques | Phase 3 failed November 2022 | |||
| Donanemab | Eli Lilly | Anti-amyloid beta, target pyroglutamated AB in plaques | Data Expected in 2023 | |||
| Semorinemab | Genentech | Anti-tau | Phase 2 Failed | |||
| HMTM | TauRx Therapeutics | Anti-Tau, tau aggregation inhibitor | Data expected 2023 |
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Current medicines for Alzheimer’s treatments
Currently approved medications for Alzheimer’s disease fall into two main categories. The first category comprises drugs designed to address symptoms related to memory and cognitive function. While these medications cannot halt the damage that Alzheimer’s inflicts on brain cells, they can help alleviate or stabilize symptoms for a limited duration by influencing specific chemicals responsible for transmitting messages between nerve cells in the brain. Essentially, these medications aimed at preserving neurotransmitters. However, they do not replace the deteriorating ones and thus do not impede the disease’s progression. Over the past three decades, only four drugs have received approval for Alzheimer’s treatment, and while they can manage certain symptoms, they do not address the prevention or progression of the disease. These drugs, known as cholinesterase inhibitors and glutamate regulators, primarily target cognitive symptoms.
In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on developing disease-modifying treatments that target the underlying biology of Alzheimer’s. One major focus of these research and development endeavors has centered on addressing the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the removal of both these plaques and tau proteins. This approach aligns with the long-standing amyloid hypothesis, which posits that Alzheimer’s is triggered by the buildup of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) in the brain. This accumulation leads to neuronal toxicity within the central nervous system, disrupting neuronal and synaptic function, ultimately culminating in neuronal degeneration and cell death.
Despite numerous challenges and a history of limited success, the approach to Alzheimer’s disease treatment has seen recent developments. In the past two years, the FDA has granted accelerated approvals to drugs developed by Biogen, namely aducanumab (approved in June 2021) and lecanemab (approved in January 2023), both are biologics. These medications mark the first two disease-modifying therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer’s disease.
Aducanumab is designed to target specific forms of beta-amyloid that accumulate and form plaques in the brain, with the goal of removing them. On the other hand, lecanemab works by inhibiting the formation of amyloid plaques within the brain. Although these drugs have shown promise in their ability to remove plaques or reduce their production, their effectiveness in enhancing cognitive function is limited.
Role of Cannabinoids in Alzheimer’s disease:
Numerous studies have indicated dysregulation of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS), which encompasses receptors, endocannabinoids, and synthesizing/metabolizing enzymes, in various neurodegenerative conditions, notably Alzheimer’s disease. These investigations have unveiled the potential of cannabinoids, both endogenous and synthetic, in mitigating the harmful effects of Alzheimer’s pathology. These cannabinoids have been suggested to diminish amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity, reduce tau hyper-phosphorylation, and suppress neuroinflammatory responses while curbing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a result, they may enhance the survival of neurons in the aftermath of Aβ aggregation.
Cannabinoids exert their biological effects through two primary membrane receptors, Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), which are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Activation of CB1 has demonstrated its ability to alleviate neurotoxicity in various Alzheimer’s disease models. Conversely, CB2 agonism and increased expression have been associated with the removal of Aβ by macrophages.
The precise molecular mechanisms responsible for safeguarding specific neuronal populations remain elusive. However, several observations support this concept: a) cannabinoids possess a capacity to exert broad effects on multiple molecular targets, including critical brain structures and behaviour; b) cannabinoids act not only through ECS receptors but also interact with other non-ECS receptors such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and transcription factors like Nuclear factor kappa B; and c) cannabinoids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, modulate neurotransmitter release, and limit oxidative stress, collectively contributing to the enhancement of neuronal viability.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition primarily driven by the toxicity and disruption of proteostasis caused by misfolded Aβ protein. Cannabinoids have emerged as promising agents capable of preserving neuronal integrity and functionality, offering a potential strategy to slow down disease progression and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals. Furthermore, cannabinoids exhibit the capacity to mitigate neuroinflammation, shield against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity, and mitigate neurodegeneration in animal models of AD. Additionally, research has unveiled dysregulation of the ECS in the brains of AD patients, which could contribute to the cognitive and behavioural symptoms associated with the disease.
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Cannabinoids are highly lipophilic (dissolve in fats, oils and lipids) and can easily cross the blood-brain barrier, making them potential pharmaceutical targets for neurodegenerative disease. The capability to traverse the blood-brain barrier renders cannabinoid analogs promising candidates for pharmaceutical use in the treatment of neurological disorders.
The use of cannabinoids in AD treatment holds great promise; however, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms to develop safe and effective cannabinoid-based therapeutics. In addition to our INM-900 series of compounds, we are aware of no other pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoid-based therapy being evaluated for the treatment of glaucoma
Key Preclinical Results to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases
Figure 1. Neuroprotection of human neuronal cells
Phyto-cannabinoids (pCBx) promote neuroprotection. (A) Amyloid peptide (Aβ, 5µM) induces cytotoxicity in SHSY5Y cells. Aβ1-42 insult induced approximately ~45% cytotoxicity of the SH-SY5Y cells. (B) Concurrent exposure of Aβ with pCBx at 5 µM and 10 µM concentrations protected cells from Aβ induced toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay.
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Figure 2. Neurogenesis of human neuronal cells
Cannabinoid (pCBx) promotes neuritogenesis. Tuj1 Tubulins are building blocks of microtubules. As such, Tuj1 expression can reveal the fine details of axonal structures and dendrites. Therefore, changes in Tuj1 expression can be directly correlated with neuronal health and communication. (A) Photomicrographs illustrating Tuj1 expression in control and pCBx (5 and 10µM) treated cells. The formation of extended neurites and arborization is evident upon pCBx treatment.
Key Results:
In our investigations related to neurodegeneration and cannabinoids, we have demonstrated the following:
| ● | phyto(p)CBx significantly increases cell survival and attenuated increased Bax/Cas-3 expression in the presence of Aβ (5µM) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells; |
| ● | pCBx treatment also improves neuritogenesis in human neuroblastoma cells, enhanced expression of neurite marker MAP2 and Tuj1; and |
| ● | For behavioural studies, we have now established and validated the control and transgenic models for the study. 4-5 months old 5XFAD tg mice exhibited motor impairments in the open field, reduced anxiety behaviour in the elevated maze plus, and reduced exploratory behaviour in the novel object recognition test, indicating disease progression and impaired cognitive function. Experiments using cannabinoids in 5XFAD mice are in progress. |
Next Steps for the INM-900 series in Neurodegenerative Diseases Program:
| ● | Complete ongoing proof of concept studies using in vivo models in neurodegenerative disease to select the most appropriate candidate for clinical studies |
| ● | Commence additional preclinical studies starting in 2024 |
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Key Milestones
| ● | November 3, 2021 - We announced the filing of an international patent application demonstrating neuroprotection and enhanced neuronal function using a rare cannabinoid for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease and others. This Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Treating Neuronal Disorders with Cannabinoids”, specifies a rare cannabinoid that may inhibit or slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by providing neuroprotection in a population of affected neurons. Furthermore, the PCT application also demonstrates the subject cannabinoid compound can also be used to promote neurite outgrowth, signifying the potential to enhance neuronal function. The rare cannabinoid included in the PCT application is new to InMed’s portfolio. |
| ● | April 28, 2022 – We announced initiated a research collaboration with the Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila (Italy) in the laboratory of Dr. Mauro Maccarrone, an international expert in cannabinoid research and founding member of the European Cannabinoid Research Alliance. Dr. Maccarrone’s lab will be screening the Company’s novel cannabinoid analogs to investigate pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic uses. |
| ● | November 16, 2022- We announced announces the launch of its neurodegenerative disease program (INM-900 series), investigating the effects of cannabinoid analogs in diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s. In addition, Dr. Ujendra Kumar of the Faculty of Pharmaceuticals Sciences at UBC has been awarded an Alliance grant from NSERC, with InMed as the named industry partner. The funding will support the research and development studies of InMed’s cannabinoid pharmaceutical candidates, investigating their potential therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative diseases. The collaboration project is entitled “Pharmacological Characterization of Phytocannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System.” |
| ● | June 1, 2023 – We announced that results from a neurodegenerative disease study was presented in a scientific poster at the Canadian Neuroscience Meeting in Montreal from May 28-31, 2023. The InMed sponsored research, entitled “Cannabinoids modulate cytotoxicity and neuritogenesis in Amyloid-beta-treated neuronal cells”, demonstrated the ability of a specific rare cannabinoid (“pCBx”) in our INM-900 series of potential candidates that reduces amyloid toxicity and tau protein expression while enhancing neuronal cell growth and neuritogenesis markers in vitro, all considered to be important targets in the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. |
Manufacturing of Our Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API)
The CBN used in INM-755 and INM-088 and cannabinoid analogs used in the INM-900 series is currently either made in-house at BayMedica, or sourced from contract manufacturers or, for smaller quantities, from research material suppliers, that typically utilize synthetic chemistry. Changes in contract manufacturers or suppliers may require additional verification of the vendor’s quality systems, compliance, manufacturing process, testing and equivalency to the currently supplied CBN prior to use. This is intended to be an interim step to enable us to proceed with developing its formulations, execute preclinical toxicology studies and progress through Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials.
Bridging studies consisting of chemical analysis and, possibly, animal bioavailability studies may be required in order to switch our API from the current external manufacturing sources to our internal IntegraSyn based APIs.
We expect that the final formulations (API + excipients + packaging) of INM-755 topical cream and the INM-088 eye drop formulation will be manufactured by contract manufacturers and sub-component fabricators. The contract manufacturers and sub-component fabricators will be selected based on their specific competencies in manufacturing, quality standards, and materials. FDA regulations require that products be produced under current cGMP.
Intellectual Property
A patent is a monopoly granted by a government for a period of up to 20 years. A patent provides an enforceable legal right to prevent others from exploiting an invention being a product, device, system, substance, process or method in the country of grant. For an invention to be patentable, it must be novel, involve an inventive step and useful at the time of filing the initial patent application for that invention. At 18 months from the initial patent application, the detailed description of the invention is published. In order to secure patent protection, a patent application is filed with the patent office in each country of interest, the application is considered under the patent laws of that country, and a patent will issue if the application meets the patentability criteria of that country. After a patent expires or lapses, anyone can then use the invention.
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The grant of a patent does not guarantee validity and a patent may be challenged by third parties at a patent office by re-examination in some countries or through the courts by revocation proceedings. The grant of a valid patent does not mean that the invention may be exploited in a given country without infringing third party intellectual property rights in that country.
The owner of a patent has the exclusive right to prevent others from making, selling, importing or otherwise using the patented invention for the life of the patent. Patent infringement occurs when someone makes, hires, uses, imports or sells the patented invention, or a product made by a patented method, or offers to do these things, within the country covered by the patent without the permission of the owner of the patent.
Adequate protection of intellectual property is a means to ensure that we can commercialize our intellectual property and reduce the likelihood of imitation by competitors. We intend to utilize patents available to protect our IP wherever commercially realizable. In addition, we also rely on trade-secrets and process know-how to protect our intellectual property. While we cannot patent the naturally occurring individual cannabinoids used in our Products and Product Candidates, there are a number of other approaches to protect our inventions. These include:
| ● | patents on individual or combinations of cannabinoids that provide novel methods for treating diseases; |
| ● | cannabinoid delivery technology, formulations designed specifically to increase the safety and efficacy of drug treatments; and |
| ● | manufacturing processes for cannabinoids. |
The patent methodologies listed above will be designed with the intention to maximize the protection of our multi-faceted approach to developing novel cannabinoid medicines. We typically file patent applications in US, Canada, EU and other selected commercially significant foreign jurisdictions.
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InMed Patent Portfolio, August 2023
| Subject Matter | Scope | Ownership/ Origin |
Filing Status / Filing Date |
Patent Reference Number |
Earliest Patent |
Jurisdictions | ||||||
| Metabolic engineering of E. coli for the biosynthesis of cannabinoid products | Manufacturing Process | InMed, UBC1 | PCT Application filed 09/05/2018 |
WO2019/046941 | 2038 | Pending: AU, CA, EP, IL, IN, JP, KR, US | ||||||
| Compositions and methods for biosynthesis of terpenoids or cannabinoids in a heterologous system | Manufacturing Process | InMed, UBC1 | PCT Application filed 3/6/2020 |
WO2020/176998 | 2040 | Pending: AU, CA, CN, EP, JP, SG, US | ||||||
| Ocular drug delivery formulation (Hydrogel) | Formulation, Use | InMed |
PCT Application filed 05/08/2018 |
WO2018/205022
|
2038 |
Granted: AU, EP, IN, JP Pending: CA, JP, MX, SG, US | ||||||
| Compositions and methods for use of cannabinoids for neuroprotection | Use | InMed |
PCT Application filed 04/24/2020 |
WO2020/215164 | 2040 | Pending: AU, CA, CN, EP, IL, IN, JP, KR, MX, SG, US, ZA | ||||||
| Topical formulations of cannabinoids and use thereof in the treatment of pain | Formulation, Use | InMed |
PCT Application filed 09/21/2018 |
WO2019/056123 | 2038 | Pending: EP, US | ||||||
| Use of topical formulations of cannabinoids in the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa and related connective tissue disorders | Use | InMed |
PCT Application filed 05/04/2017 |
WO2017/190249 | 2037 |
Granted: IL, JP Pending: AU, CA, EP, JP, SG, US | ||||||
| Compositions and methods for treating neuronal disorders with cannabinoids | Use | InMed |
PCT Application filed 10/21/2022 |
WO 2022/082313
|
2041 | Pending: AU, CA, CN, EP, IL, JP, MX, US |
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| BayMedica Patent Portfolio, September 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Subject Matter | Scope | Ownership/ Origin |
Filing Status / Filing Date |
Patent Reference Number |
Earliest Patent |
Jurisdictions | ||||||
| Recombinant production systems for prenylated polyketides of the cannabinoid family | Manufacturing Process | BayMedica |
PCT Application filed 05/10/2018 |
WO2018/209143 | 2038 |
Granted: US, US Pending: AU, CA, CN, EP, IN, MX | ||||||
| Cannabinoid analogs and methods for their preparation | New Chemical Entity; Manufacturing Process | BayMedica |
PCT Application filed 10/31/2019 |
WO2020/092823 | 2039 | Pending: AU, CA, CN, EP, IL, IN, JP, MX, US | ||||||
| Use of Type I and Type II polyketide synthases for the production of cannabinoids and cannabinoid analogs | Manufacturing Process | BayMedica |
PCT Application filed 11/13/2019 |
WO2020/102430
|
2039 | Pending: US | ||||||
| Preparation of cannabichromene and related cannabinoids | Manufacturing Process | BayMedica |
PCT Application filed 12/23/2020 |
WO2021/133989 | 2040 | Pending: CA, CN, EP, IN, JP, US | ||||||
| Genetically modified yeast for the production of cannabigerolic acid, cannabichromenic acid and related cannabinoids | Manufacturing Process | BayMedica |
PCT Application filed 01/20/2021 |
WO2021/150636 | 2041 | Pending: CA, CN, EP, IN, JP, US | ||||||
| Acyl activating enzymes for preparation of cannabinoids | Manufacturing Process | BayMedica |
PCT Application filed 01/20/2022 |
WO2022/159589 | 2042 | Pending: CA, EP, IN, JP, US | ||||||
| 1 | UBC is a co-inventor and has assigned all commercial rights to InMed in exchange for a royalty of less than 1% on sales revenues from products utilizing cannabinoids manufactured using the technology and a single digit royalty on any sub-licensing revenues. |
| 2 | Patents typically expire 20 years from their filing dates, if granted, the patent expiry may be extended by patent agencies and/or health regulatory authorities. |
PCT = Patent Cooperation Treaty. Members in this treaty includes over 150 countries including USA, Canada, Europe and others.
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As of August 31, 2023, we have thirteen patent families covering manufacturing, Product Candidates, and novel methods for treating diseases including two for our INM-755 program (WO/2017/190249 and WO/2019/056123), one for our INM-088 program (WO/2020/215164) and one for treating neurodegenerative diseases (WO/2022/082313). If these patent applications are granted and all maintenance fees or annuities are paid, these patents are expected to expire in 2037-2042. In some situations, the patent may be eligible for adjustment or extension of the patent terms due to delay in the patent office during the prosecution phase. The expiration date above does not include the adjustments or extensions.
As of August 31, 2023, we have one patent family covering cannabinoid delivery technology for the ocular program (WO/2018/205022). If these patent applications are granted and all maintenance fees or annuities are paid, these patents are expected to expire in 2038. In some situations, the patent may be eligible for adjustment or extension of the patent terms due to delay in the patent office during the prosecution phase. The expiration date above does not include the adjustments or extensions.
As of August 31, 2023, we have eight patent families covering manufacturing process for cannabinoids of interest (WO2019/046941, WO2020/176998, WO2018/209143, WO2020/092823, WO2020/102430, WO2021/133989, WO2021/150636 and WO2022/159589). If these patent applications are granted and all maintenance fees or annuities are paid, these patents are expected to expire in 2038-2042. In some situations, the patent may be eligible for adjustment or extension of the patent terms due to delay in the patent office during the prosecution phase. The expiration date above does not include the adjustments or extensions.
The Patent Cooperation Treaty, or “PCT”, is an international patent law treaty, which provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its member states. There are 151 member countries within the PCT, enabling near-global patent coverage through successful patent prosecution in the U.S., Japan, Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Brazil, Russia, India and many other countries. We have several filed patent applications currently either in the provisional stage or PCT stage of review as shown above. None have been granted to date. We retain the full commercial rights to all of these patents with any exceptions noted in the above table.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Summary of Risk Factors
The following is a summary of material risks that could affect the Company. This summary may not contain all of our material risks, and it is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed risk factors set forth below.
| ● | Our IntegraSyn manufacturing approach may prove unsuccessful in achieving yields and/or cost levels required to be economically competitive with alternative methods of manufacturing. |
| ● | Our prospects depend on the success of our Product Candidates which are at early-stages of development with a statistically high probability of failure and are subject to lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable regulatory processes. | |
| ● | Even if our Product Candidates advance through preclinical studies and clinical trials, we may experience difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations. | |
| ● | If we have difficulty enrolling patients in clinical trials, the completion of the trials may be delayed or cancelled. |
| ● | If clinical trials of our Product Candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we would incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our Product Candidates. | |
| ● | If we experience delays in clinical testing, we will be delayed in commercializing our Product Candidates, and our business may be substantially harmed. | |
| ● | Negative results from clinical trials or studies of others and adverse safety events involving the targets of our products may have an adverse impact on our future commercialization efforts. | |
| ● | We intend to expend our limited resources to pursue our Product Candidates for certain indications and may fail to capitalize on other Product Candidates or other indications for our Product Candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. | |
| ● | The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, HC, the EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our Product Candidates, our business will be substantially harmed. | |
| ● | We intend to conduct clinical trials for our Product Candidates in several international jurisdictions, and acceptance by all regulatory authorities for such “international” data is not certain. |
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| ● | Our Product Candidates contain compounds that may be classified as “controlled substances”, the use of which may generate public controversy and restrict their development or commercialization. |
| ● | Research restrictions, product shipment delays or prohibitions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. |
| ● | Healthcare legislation, including potentially unfavorable pricing regulations or other healthcare reform initiatives, may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our Product Candidates. | |
| ● | Increased scrutiny on drug pricing or changes in pricing regulations could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our Product Candidates, which could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. | |
| ● | Even if we are able to commercialize our Product Candidates, they may not receive coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, which could harm our business. | |
| ● | Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, federal exclusion or debarment, and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings. | |
| ● | Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or “FCPA”, the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, or “CFPOA”, and other global anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences. | |
| ● | Recent federal legislation and actions by state and local governments may permit reimportation of drugs from/to foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the country of origination, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition. | |
| ● | We are dependent upon our key personnel to achieve our business objectives. |
| ● | Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could subject us to significant liability and harm our reputation. |
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| ● | Our insurance may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur as a result of our operations. | |
| ● | There may be changes in laws, regulations and guidelines which are detrimental to our business. | |
| ● | If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected. | |
| ● | Our proprietary information, or that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, may be lost or we may suffer security breaches. | |
| ● | We expect to face intense competition, often from companies with greater resources and experience than we have. | |
| ● | If we receive regulatory approvals, we intend to market our Product Candidates in multiple jurisdictions where we have limited or no operating experience and may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could affect our financial results. | |
| ● | Controlled substance legislation may differ in other jurisdictions and could restrict our ability to market our products internationally, which would result in increased business and economic risks that could affect our financial results. |
| ● | Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities. | |
| ● | Failure to protect our information technology infrastructure against cyber-based attacks, network security breaches, service interruptions, or data corruption could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and operating results. | |
| ● | Our failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results. | |
| ● | The COVID-19 coronavirus could adversely impact our business, including several key activities that are critical to our success. |
| ● | The market prices for our common shares are volatile and will fluctuate. |
| ● | Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or Product Candidates. |
| ● | Future offerings of debt or equity securities may rank senior to common shares. | |
| ● | Future sales of common shares by officers and directors may negatively impact the market price for our common shares. | |
| ● | We do not currently pay dividends on our common shares and have no intention to pay dividends on our common shares for the foreseeable future. | |
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We are exposed to risks related to currency exchange rates.
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| ● | For as long as we are an “emerging growth company” we intend to take advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could result in our common shares being less attractive to investors and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital as and when we need it. | |
| ● | If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common shares. | |
| ● | Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud. |
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| ● | Deficiencies in disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements. |
| ● | In connection with the audit of our financial statements as of and for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, a significant deficiency and a material weakness, respectively in our internal control over financial reporting were identified and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future. |
| ● | We have incurred, and will continue to incur, increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been required, and will continue to be required, to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives. | |
| ● | Future sales and issuances of our common shares or rights to purchase common shares pursuant to our equity incentive plan could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and may cause our share price to fall. |
| ● | Provisions in our corporate charter documents and certain Canadian laws could delay or deter a change of control. | |
| ● | If securities or industry analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume may decline. | |
| ● | We are incorporated in Canada, with our assets and officers primarily located in Canada, with the result that it may be difficult for investors to enforce judgments obtained against us or some of our officers. | |
| ● | Our operating losses have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. | |
| ● | We have incurred significant losses since our inception, we anticipate that we will continue to incur losses in the future. | |
| ● | We will require additional capital to fund our operations and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we will not be able to complete the development and commercialization of our Product Candidates. |
| ● | We currently have limited commercial revenue and may never become profitable. | |
| ● | Changes in tax laws and unanticipated tax liabilities could adversely affect our effective income tax rate and ability to achieve profitability. | |
| ● | Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited. | |
| ● | Changes to accounting standards may adversely impact the manner in which we report our financial position and operating results. | |
| ● | There is currently general economic uncertainty in the global markets. | |
| ● | Our success is largely dependent upon our patents, proprietary technology, and other intellectual property. | |
| ● | Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. | |
| ● | We may become subject to claims or become involved in lawsuits related to intellectual property. |
| ● | We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful and have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. |
| ● | If we are not able to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be significantly diminished. | |
| ● | We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. | |
| ● | Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our Product Candidates for an adequate amount of time. | |
| ● | Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage. | |
| ● | We rely heavily on contract manufacturers over whom we have limited control and our existing collaboration agreements and any that we may enter into in the future may not be successful. | |
| ● | Our existing collaboration agreements and any that we may enter into in the future may not be successful. |
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Risk Factors
Investing in our common shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks, together with all other information set forth in this Annual Form on 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and the related notes, before making a decision to buy our common shares. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business could be harmed. In that case, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
Risks Related to our Business and Industry
Our IntegraSyn manufacturing approach may prove unsuccessful in achieving yields and/or cost levels required to be economically competitive with alternative methods of manufacturing.
Given the early-stage of development of the IntegraSyn program and the risks inherent in research and development, it is too early to project the commercial viability of cannabinoids produced via this process. Potential negative outcomes from this program include but are not limited to:
| ● | the technology fails to produce sufficient quantities of cannabinoids or ones for which we or others have a need; or |
| ● | the cost structure of the technology is such that it is not commercially competitive with alternate methods of cannabinoid manufacturing leading to the technology having no value proposition nor incremental value to the Company. |
Our prospects depend on the success of our Product Candidates which are at early-stages of development with a statistically high probability of failure.
Given the early-stage of development, we can make no assurance that our research and development programs will result in regulatory approval or commercially viable products. To achieve profitable operations, we, alone or with others, must successfully develop, gain regulatory approval, and market our future products. We currently have no products that have been approved by the FDA, HC, or any similar regulatory authority. To obtain regulatory approvals for our Product Candidates being developed and to achieve commercial success, clinical trials must demonstrate that the Product Candidates are safe for human use and that they demonstrate efficacy. We have no products or technologies which are currently in human clinical trials. Additionally, we have no products for commercial sale or licensed for commercial sale, nor do we expect to have any such products for the next several years.
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Many potential pharmaceuticals products never reach the stage of clinical testing and even those that do have only a small chance of successfully completing clinical development and gaining regulatory approval. Our Product Candidates may fail for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to, being unsafe for human use or due to the failure to provide therapeutic benefits equal to or better than the standard of treatment at the time of testing. Positive results of early preclinical research may not be indicative of the results that will be obtained in later stages of preclinical or clinical research. Similarly, positive results from early-stage clinical trials may not be indicative of favorable outcomes in later-stage clinical trials. We can make no assurance that any future studies, if undertaken, will yield favorable results.
The early-stage of our product development makes it particularly uncertain whether any of our product development efforts will prove to be successful and meet applicable regulatory requirements, and whether any of our Product Candidates will receive the requisite regulatory approvals, be capable of being manufactured at a reasonable cost or be successfully marketed. If we are successful in developing our current and future Product Candidates into approved products, we will still experience many potential obstacles, such as the need to develop or obtain manufacturing, marketing and distribution capabilities. If we are unable to successfully commercialize any of our products, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
Even if our Product Candidates advance through preclinical studies and clinical trials, we may experience difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations.
We have limited resources to carry out objectives for our current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials. Since our inception as a pharmaceutical company in October 2014, we have conducted numerous preclinical experiments and are currently conducting early-stage clinical trials, which is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process. In addition, while we have experienced management and expect to contract out many of the activities related to conducting these programs, we are a small company with less than 15 employees and, therefore, have limited internal resources both to conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials and to monitor third-party providers. As our Product Candidates advance through preclinical studies and clinical trials, we will need to expand our development, regulatory and manufacturing operations, either by expanding our internal capabilities or contracting with other organizations to provide these capabilities for us. In the future, we expect to have to manage additional relationships with collaborators or partners, suppliers and other organizations. Our ability to manage our operations and future growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures.
If we have difficulty enrolling patients in clinical trials, the completion of the trials may be delayed or cancelled.
As our Product Candidates advance from preclinical testing to clinical testing, and then through progressively larger and more complex clinical trials, we will need to enroll an increasing number of patients that meet the eligibility criteria for those trials. The factors that affect our ability to enroll patients are largely uncontrollable and include, but are not limited to, the following:
| ● | size and nature of the patient population; |
| ● | inclusion and exclusion criteria for the trial; |
| ● | design of the study protocol; |
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| ● | competition with other companies for clinical sites or patients; |
| ● | the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study; |
| ● | the patient referral practices of physicians; and |
| ● | the number, availability, location and accessibility of clinical trial sites. |
As a result of the foregoing factors, we may have difficulty enrolling or maintaining the enrollment of patients in any clinical trials conducted for our products, which may result in the delay or cancellation of such trials. The delay or cancellation of any clinical trials could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our Product Candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before us, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates and may harm our financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
If clinical trials of our Product Candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we would incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our Product Candidates.
Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our Product Candidates, we must conduct preclinical studies in animals and extensive clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the Product Candidates. Clinical testing is expensive and difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and has uncertain outcomes. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not predict the success of later clinical trials and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or unacceptable safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. We do not know whether the clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to result in regulatory approval to market any of our Product Candidates in any jurisdiction. A product candidate may fail for safety or efficacy reasons at any stage of the testing process. A major risk we face is the possibility that none of our Product Candidates under development will successfully gain market approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities, resulting in us being unable to derive any commercial revenue from them after investing significant amounts of capital in multiple stages of preclinical and clinical testing.
If we experience delays in clinical testing, we will be delayed in commercializing our Product Candidates, and our business may be substantially harmed.
We cannot predict whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured, or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in clinical testing. Significant clinical trial delays could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our Product Candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before us, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates and may harm our financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The commencement and completion of clinical trials for our products may be delayed for a number of reasons, including delays related, but not limited, to:
| ● | failure by regulatory authorities to grant permission to proceed or placing the clinical trial on hold; |
| ● | import/export and research restrictions for cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals may delay or prevent clinical trials in various geographical jurisdictions; |
| ● | patients failing to enroll or remain in our trials at the rate we expect; |
| ● | suspension or termination of clinical trials by regulators for many reasons, including concerns about patient safety or failure of our contract manufacturers to comply with current good manufacturing practice, or “cGMP”, requirements; |
| ● | any changes to our manufacturing process that may be necessary or desired; |
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| ● | delays or failure to obtain clinical supply from contract manufacturers of our products necessary to conduct clinical trials; |
| ● | Product Candidates demonstrating a lack of safety or efficacy during clinical trials; |
| ● | patients choosing an alternative treatment for the indications for which we are developing any of our Product Candidates or participating in competing clinical trials and/or scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians; |
| ● | patients failing to complete clinical trials due to dissatisfaction with the treatment, side effects or other reasons; |
| ● | reports of clinical testing on similar technologies and products raising safety and/or efficacy concerns; |
| ● | clinical investigators not performing our clinical trials on their anticipated schedule, dropping out of a trial, or employing methods not consistent with the clinical trial protocol, regulatory requirements or other third parties not performing data collection and analysis in a timely or accurate manner; |
| ● | failure of our CROs, to satisfy their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines; |
| ● | inspections of clinical trial sites by regulatory authorities or Institutional Review Boards, or “IRBs”, or ethics committees finding regulatory violations that require us to undertake corrective action, resulting in suspension or termination of one or more sites or the imposition of a clinical hold on the entire study; |
| ● | one or more IRBs or ethics committees rejecting, suspending or terminating the study at an investigational site, precluding enrollment of additional subjects, or withdrawing its approval of the trial; or |
| ● | failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective clinical trial sites. |
Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in testing or approval or if we need to perform more or larger clinical trials than planned. Additionally, changes in regulatory requirements and policies may occur, and we may need to amend study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our study protocols to regulatory authorities or IRBs or ethics committees for re-examination, which may impact the cost, timing or successful completion of that trial. Delays or increased product development costs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects.
Negative results from clinical trials or studies of others and adverse safety events involving the targets of our products may have an adverse impact on our future commercialization efforts.
From time to time, studies or clinical trials on various aspects of pharmaceutical products are conducted by academic researchers, competitors or others. The results of these studies or trials, when published, may have a significant effect on the market for the pharmaceutical product that is the subject of the study. The publication of negative results of studies or clinical trials or adverse safety events related to our Product Candidates, or the therapeutic areas in which our Product Candidates compete, could adversely affect the price of our common shares and our ability to finance future development of our Product Candidates, and our business and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.
We intend to expend our limited resources to pursue our Product Candidates for certain indications and may fail to capitalize on other Product Candidates or other indications for our Product Candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.
Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we are focusing on research programs relating to our Product Candidates for certain indications, primarily for the treatment of EB, which concentrates the risk of product failure in the event our Product Candidates prove to be unsafe or ineffective or inadequate for clinical development or commercialization. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other Product Candidates or for other indications that could later prove to have greater commercial potential. We may also deem it advisable to refocus our clinical development programs based on clinical trial results.
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The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, HC, the EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time-consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our Product Candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.
We are not permitted to market our Product Candidates in any jurisdiction until we receive formal approval from the appropriate regulatory authorities. For example, prior to submitting an NDA to the FDA or an MAA to the EMA for approval of our Product Candidates, we will need to complete our preclinical studies and clinical trials. Successfully completing our clinical program and obtaining approval of an application seeking commercialization approval is a complex, lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the regulatory authorities may delay, limit or deny approval of our Product Candidates for many reasons, including, among others, because:
| ● | we may not be able to demonstrate that our Product Candidates are safe and effective in treating patients to the satisfaction of the regulatory authorities such as the FDA, HC or EMA; |
| ● | the results of our clinical trials may not meet the level of statistical or clinical significance required by the regulatory authorities for marketing approval; |
| ● | the regulatory authorities may disagree with the number, design, size, conduct or implementation of our clinical trials; |
| ● | the regulatory authorities may require that we conduct additional clinical trials; |
| ● | the regulatory authorities or other applicable foreign regulatory authorities may not approve the formulation, labeling or specifications of our Product Candidates; |
| ● | the contract manufacturing organizations and other contractors that we may retain to conduct our clinical trials may take actions outside of our control that materially adversely impact our clinical trials; |
| ● | the regulatory authorities may find the data from clinical studies and clinical trials insufficient to demonstrate that our Product Candidates are safe and effective for their proposed indications; |
| ● | the regulatory authorities may disagree with our interpretation of data from our preclinical studies and clinical trials; |
| ● | the regulatory authorities may not accept data generated at our clinical trial sites or may disagree with us over whether to accept efficacy results from clinical trial sites outside the United States, Canada or outside the European Union, as applicable, where the standard of care is potentially different from that in the United States, Canada or in the European Union, as applicable; |
| ● | if our applications are submitted to the regulatory authorities, the regulatory authorities may have difficulties scheduling the necessary review meetings in a timely manner, may recommend against approval of our application or may recommend or require, as a condition of approval, additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, limitations on approved labeling or distribution and use restrictions; |
| ● | the FDA may require development of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy which would use risk minimization strategies to ensure that the benefits of certain prescription drugs outweigh their risks, as a condition of approval or post-approval, and the EMA may grant only conditional marketing authorization or impose specific obligations as a condition for marketing authorization, or may require us to conduct post-authorization safety studies; |
| ● | the FDA, DEA, HC, EMA or other applicable foreign regulatory agencies may not approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we contract or DEA or other applicable foreign regulatory agency quotas may limit the quantities of controlled substances available to our manufacturers; or |
| ● | the FDA, HC, EMA or other applicable foreign regulatory agencies may change their approval policies or adopt new regulations. |
In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to additional regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including, among others, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, or “HHS”, (for example, the Office of Inspector General), the Department of Justice, or “DOJ”, and individual United States Attorney offices within the DOJ, and state and local governments. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including criminal and significant civil monetary penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government programs, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of pre marketing product approvals, private “qui tam” actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government or refusal to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws, and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.
Any of these factors, many of which are beyond our control, could increase development costs, jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully market our Product Candidates and generate product revenue.
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We intend to conduct clinical trials for our Product Candidates in several international jurisdictions, and acceptance by all regulatory authorities for such “international” data is not certain.
We intend to conduct clinical trials for our Product Candidates both inside and outside the United States. To date, all of our clinical development has been conducted outside of the United States. Ultimately, we plan to submit NDAs for our Product Candidates to the FDA and other regulatory authorities upon completion of all requisite clinical trials. As an example, although the FDA may accept data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States, acceptance of such study data by the FDA is subject to certain conditions. For example, the clinical trial must be conducted in accordance with FDA regulations relating governing human subject protection and the conduct of clinical trials, which are referred to as “Good Clinical Practice”, or “GCP” requirements and the FDA must be able to validate the data from the clinical trial through an onsite inspection if it deems such inspection necessary. Where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless those data are considered applicable to the U.S. patient population and U.S. medical practice, the clinical trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence, and the data is considered valid without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA or, if the FDA considers such an inspection to be necessary, the FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, such clinical trials would be subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the clinical trials are conducted. There can be no assurance the FDA or any other regulatory authorities will accept data from clinical trials conducted outside of the United States or other international jurisdictions. If the FDA or any other regulatory authorities does not accept any such data, it would likely result in the need for additional clinical trials, which would be costly and time-consuming and delay aspects of our development plan.
In addition, the conduct of clinical trials outside the United States could have a significant impact on us. Risks inherent in conducting international clinical trials include:
| ● | foreign regulatory requirements that could burden or limit our ability to conduct our clinical trials; |
| ● | administrative burdens of conducting clinical trials under multiple foreign regulatory schema; |
| ● | foreign currency fluctuations which could negatively impact our financial condition since certain payments are paid in local currencies; |
| ● | manufacturing, customs, shipment and storage requirements; |
| ● | cultural differences in medical practice and clinical research; and |
| ● | diminished protection of intellectual property in some countries. |
Our Product Candidates contain compounds that may be classified as “controlled substances”, the use of which may generate public controversy and restrict their development or commercialization.
If a drug has a potential for abuse, the NDA or other regulatory submission must include a description and analysis of studies or information related to abuse of the drug, including a proposal for scheduling (for example, in the U.S. under the federal Controlled Substances Act, or “CSA”). A description of any studies related to overdosage is also required, including information on dialysis, antidotes, or other treatments, if known. While we believe there would be relatively minimal abuse potential with our Product Candidates given the low drug concentration and topical route of administration, we could be incorrect or they may be perceived as having the potential for substance abuse. In either case, there may be a negative effect on our ability to successfully develop or commercialize our Product Candidates. Since our Product Candidates contain purified substances that are chemically identical to those occurring in nature, they may, therefore, be classified as “controlled substances”, and their regulatory approval may generate public controversy. Political and social pressures and adverse publicity could lead to delays in approval of, and increased expenses for, our Product Candidates. These pressures could also limit or restrict the introduction and marketing of our Product Candidates. Despite that fact that our APIs, which are the ingredients that give medicines their effects, are synthetically made and, therefore, we have no interaction with the Cannabis plant, adverse publicity from Cannabis misuse or adverse side effects from Cannabis or other cannabinoid products may adversely affect the commercial success or market penetration achievable for our Product Candidates. The nature of our business attracts a high level of public and media interest, and in the event of any resultant adverse publicity, our reputation may be harmed. Furthermore, if our Product Candidates are classified as “controlled substances”, they may be subject to import/export and research restrictions that could delay or prevent the development of our products in various geographical jurisdictions. The successful commercialization of our Product Candidates may require permits or approvals from regulatory bodies, such as the DEA, that regulate controlled substances.
Research restrictions, product shipment delays or prohibitions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Research on and the shipment, import and export of our Product Candidates and the API used in our Product Candidates will require research permits, import and export licenses by many different authorities. For instance, in the United States, the FDA, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the DEA; in Canada, the Canada Border Services Agency, and HC; in Europe, the EMA and the European Commission; in Australia and New Zealand, the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, the Therapeutic Goods Administration, the New Zealand Medicines and Medical Device Safety Authority and the New Zealand Customs Service; and in other countries, similar regulatory authorities, regulate the research on and import and export of pharmaceutical products that contain controlled substances. Specifically, the import and export process requires the issuance of import and export licenses by the relevant controlled substance authority in both the importing and exporting country. We may not be granted, or if granted, maintain, such licenses from the authorities in certain countries. Even if we obtain the relevant licenses, shipments of API and our Product Candidates may be held up in transit, which could cause significant delays and may lead to product batches being stored outside required temperature ranges. Inappropriate storage may damage the product shipment resulting in delays in clinical trials or, upon commercialization, a partial or total loss of revenue from one or more shipments of API or our Product Candidates. Once shipment is complete, we or the research contractors we are working with may also suffer further delays or restrictions as a result of regulations governing research on cannabinoids. A delay in a clinical trial or, upon commercialization, a partial or total loss of revenue from one or more shipments of API or our Product Candidates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The aforementioned examples and lists of various authorities that may currently, or in the future, affect our ability to conduct research on or import or export our Product Candidates and/or API, should not be construed as exhaustive or comprehensive in any way.
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Healthcare legislation, including potentially unfavorable pricing regulations or other healthcare reform initiatives, may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our Product Candidates.
Particularly in the United States but also in other jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes in recent years regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our Product Candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities or affect our ability to profitably sell any Product Candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Healthcare reform measures that have been and may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria, new payment methodologies and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product, and could seriously harm our future revenue. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may compromise our ability to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products.
Increased scrutiny on drug pricing or changes in pricing regulations could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our Product Candidates, which could adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.
Drug pricing by pharmaceutical companies is currently under increased scrutiny and is expected to continue to be the subject of intense political and public debate in the United States and other jurisdictions. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and hearings with respect to pharmaceutical drug pricing practices, including in connection with the investigation of specific price increases by several pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, several states have recently passed laws designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, and other states may pursue similar initiatives in the future. We cannot predict the extent to which our business may be affected by these or other potential future legislative or regulatory developments. However, increased scrutiny on drug pricing, negative publicity related to the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs generally, or changes in pricing regulations could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our Product Candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations.
Even if we are able to commercialize our Product Candidates, they may not receive coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, which could harm our business.
The availability of reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford their treatments. Sales of our Product Candidates, if approved, will depend substantially on the extent to which the costs of these Product Candidates will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers and other third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be high enough to allow us to establish or maintain pricing sufficient to realize a sufficient return on our investment.
In the United States, the Medicare Modernization Act, established the Medicare Part D program and provided authority for limiting the number of drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class thereunder. The Medicare Modernization Act, including its cost reduction initiatives, could decrease the coverage available for any of our approved products. Furthermore, private payors often follow Medicare in setting their own coverage policies. Therefore, any reduction in coverage that results from the Medicare Modernization Act may result in a similar reduction from private payors.
There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. In the United States, the principal decisions about reimbursement for new medicines are typically made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or “CMS”, an agency within the HHS, as CMS decides whether and to what extent a new medicine will be covered and reimbursed under Medicare. Private payors tend to follow CMS to a substantial degree.
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The intended use of a drug product by a physician can also affect pricing. For example, CMS could initiate a National Coverage Determination administrative procedure, by which the agency determines which uses of a therapeutic product would and would not be reimbursable under Medicare. This determination process can be lengthy, thereby creating a long period during which the future reimbursement for a particular product may be uncertain.
Outside the United States, particularly in EU Member States, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations or the successful completion of Health Technology Assessment, or “HTA”, procedures with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of marketing authorization for a product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Certain countries allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines but monitor and control company profits. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various EU Member States and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced EU member states, can further reduce net realized prices. In some countries, we or our collaborators may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our Product Candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of any product candidate approved for marketing is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be adversely affected.
Our relationships with customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, federal exclusion or debarment, and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.
Healthcare providers, physicians and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any Product Candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our future arrangements with third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. As a pharmaceutical company, even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include the following:
| ● | the U.S. federal healthcare Anti-Kickback Statute impacts our marketing practices, educational programs, pricing policies and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities, by prohibiting, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid; |
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| ● | federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws impose criminal and civil penalties, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment of government funds (including through reimbursement by Medicare or Medicaid or other federal health care programs), which has been applied to impermissible promotion of pharmaceutical products for off-label uses, or making a false statement or record to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government; |
| ● | the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or “HIPPA”, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or “HITECH Act”, among other things, imposes criminal and civil liability for executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and also prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or representation, or making or using any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; |
| ● | the U.S. federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, being implemented as the Open Payments Program, requires applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report annually to HHS information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; |
| ● | analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback laws, false claims laws and privacy and security of health information laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements, claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, or health information; and |
| ● | certain state laws require pharmaceutical companies to adopt codes of conduct consistent with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; restrict certain marketing-related activities including the provision of gifts, meals, or other items to certain health care providers; and/or require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and certain other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures. |
Comparable laws and regulations exist in the countries within the European Economic Area, or “EEA”. Although such laws are partially based upon European Union, or “EU”, law, they may vary from country to country. Healthcare specific, as well as general EU and national laws, regulations and industry codes constrain, for example, our interactions with government officials and healthcare professionals, and the collection and processing of personal health data. Non-compliance with any of these laws or regulations could lead to criminal or civil liability.
Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.
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Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or “FCPA”, the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, or “CFPOA”, and other global anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
The FCPA and the CFPOA, as well as any other applicable domestic or foreign anti-corruption or anti-bribery laws to which we are or may become subject generally prohibit corporations and individuals from engaging in certain activities to obtain or retain business or to influence a person working in an official capacity and requires companies to maintain accurate books and records and internal controls, including at foreign-controlled subsidiaries. It is illegal to pay, offer to pay or authorize the payment of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity.
Compliance with these anti-corruption laws and anti-bribery laws may be expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, these laws present particular challenges in the pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government, and physicians and other hospital employees are considered to be foreign officials. Certain payments by other companies to hospitals in connection with clinical trials and other work have been deemed to be improper payments to governmental officials and have led to FCPA enforcement actions.
Our internal control policies and procedures may not protect us from reckless or negligent acts committed by our employees, future distributors, licensees or agents. We are currently working to get policies and processes in place to monitor compliance with the FCPA and CFPOA. We can make no assurance that they will not engage in prohibited conduct, and we may be held liable for their acts under applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension or debarment from contracting with certain persons, the loss of export privileges, whistleblower complaints, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. Any investigations, actions or sanctions or other previously mentioned harm could have a material negative effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Recent federal legislation and actions by state and local governments may permit reimportation of drugs from/to foreign countries where the drugs are sold at lower prices than in the country of origination, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We may face competition for our Product Candidates, if approved, from cheaper generics and/or cannabinoid therapies sourced from foreign countries that have placed price controls on pharmaceutical products. This is referred to as parallel importation. For instance, the Medicare Modernization Act contains provisions that may change U.S. importation laws and expand pharmacists’ and wholesalers’ ability to import cheaper versions of an approved drug and competing products from Canada, where there are government price controls. These changes to U.S. importation laws will not take effect unless and until the Secretary of HHS certifies that the changes will pose no additional risk to the public’s health and safety and will result in a significant reduction in the cost of products to consumers. The Secretary of HHS has so far declined to approve a reimportation plan. Proponents of drug reimportation, including certain state legislatures, may attempt to pass legislation that would directly allow reimportation under certain circumstances. Legislation or regulations allowing the reimportation of drugs, if enacted, could decrease the price we receive for any products that we may develop, including our Product Candidates, and adversely affect our future revenues and prospects for profitability.
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We are dependent upon our key personnel to achieve our business objectives.
We depend on key personnel, the loss of any of whom could harm our business. Our future performance and development will depend to a significant extent on the efforts and abilities of its executive officers, key employees, and consultants. The loss of the services of one or more of these individuals could harm our business. Our success will depend largely on our continuing ability to attract, develop and retain skilled employees and consultants in our business. Because of the specialized scientific and managerial nature of our business, we rely heavily on our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and managerial personnel. The competition for qualified personnel in our field is intense. Due to this intense competition, we may be unable to continue to attract and retain qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business or to recruit suitable replacement personnel. Any delay in replacing such persons, or an inability to replace them with persons of similar expertise, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could subject us to significant liability and harm our reputation.
We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with regulations of domestic or foreign regulatory authorities. In addition, misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with certain development standards, to report financial information or data accurately, or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. While prohibited, it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.
Our insurance may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur as a result of our operations.
We currently maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, clinical trial insurance and property and general liability insurance and intend in the future to obtain shipping and storage insurance for Product Candidates. This insurance may not remain available to us or be obtainable by us at commercially reasonable rates, and the amount of our coverage may not be adequate to cover any liability we incur. Future increases in insurance costs, coupled with the increase in deductibles, will result in higher operating costs and increased risk. If we were to incur substantial liability and such damages were not covered by insurance or were in excess of policy limits, or if we were to incur such liability at a time when we were not able to obtain liability insurance, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.
There may be changes in laws, regulations and guidelines which are detrimental to our business.
Our operations are subject to a variety of laws, regulations and guidelines relating to pharmacology, cannabinoids and drug delivery, as well as laws and regulations relating to health and safety, the conduct of operations, and the protection of the environment. While, to the knowledge of our management, we are currently in compliance with all such laws, changes to such laws, regulations and guidelines due to matters beyond our control may cause adverse effects to our operations and financial condition. These changes may require us to incur substantial costs associated with legal and compliance fees and ultimately require us to alter our business plan. In addition, if the governments of Canada or the United States were to enact or amend laws relating to our industry, it may decrease the size of, or eliminate entirely, the market for our Product Candidates, may introduce significant new competition into the market and may otherwise potentially materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be adversely affected.
The research and development that we carry out either directly or through third-parties involves, and may in the future involve, the use of potentially hazardous materials and chemicals. Our operations may produce hazardous waste products. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated by local, state and federal laws and regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations and fire and building codes. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance as prescribed by the Province of British Columbia to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us. Additional federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial costs to comply with, and substantial fines or penalties if we violate, any of these laws or regulations.
Our proprietary information, or that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, may be lost or we may suffer security breaches.
In the ordinary course of our business, we may collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, data from preclinical studies, clinical trial data, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our customers, clinical trial subjects and employees, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Although to our knowledge we have not experienced any such material security breach to date, any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations, damage to our ability to obtain patent protection for our Product Candidates, damage to our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our products and our ability to conduct clinical trials, which could adversely affect our business and reputation and lead to delays in gaining regulatory approvals.
We expect to face intense competition, often from companies with greater resources and experience than we have.
The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid change. The industry continues to expand and evolve as an increasing number of competitors and potential competitors enter the market. Many of these competitors and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technological, managerial and research and development resources and experience than we have. Some of these competitors and potential competitors have more experience than we have in the development of pharmaceutical products, including validation procedures and regulatory matters. Other companies researching in the same disease areas may develop products that are competitive or superior to our Product Candidates. Other companies working in cannabinoid research may develop products targeting the same diseases that we are focused on that are competitive or superior to our Product Candidates. In addition, there are non-FDA approved Cannabis / cannabinoid preparations being made available from companies in the so-called “medical marijuana” industry, which may be competitive to our products. If we are unable to compete successfully, our commercial opportunities will be reduced and our business, results of operations and financial conditions may be materially harmed.
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If we receive regulatory approvals, we intend to market our Product Candidates in multiple jurisdictions where we have limited or no operating experience and may be subject to increased business and economic risks that could affect our financial results.
If we receive regulatory approvals, we may plan to market our Product Candidates in jurisdictions where we have limited or no experience in marketing, developing and distributing our products. Certain markets have substantial legal and regulatory complexities that we may not have experience navigating. We are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, including risks related to the legal and regulatory environment in non-U.S. jurisdictions, including with respect to privacy and data security, trade control laws and unexpected changes in laws, regulatory requirements and enforcement, as well as risks related to fluctuations in currency exchange rates and political, social and economic instability in foreign countries. If we are unable to manage our international operations successfully, our financial results could be adversely affected.
Controlled substance legislation may differ in other jurisdictions and could restrict our ability to market our products internationally, which would result in increased business and economic risks that could affect our financial results.
Controlled substance legislation may differ in other jurisdictions and could restrict our ability to market our products internationally. Most countries are parties to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, which governs international trade and domestic control of narcotic substances, including Cannabis extracts. Countries may interpret and implement their treaty obligations in a way that creates a legal obstacle to our obtaining marketing approval for Product Candidates in those countries. These countries may not be willing or able to amend or otherwise modify their laws and regulations to permit our Product Candidates to be marketed or achieving such amendments to the laws and regulations may take a prolonged period of time. We would be unable to market our Product Candidates in countries with such obstacles in the near future or perhaps at all without modification to laws and regulations.
Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities.
Our use of our Product Candidates in clinical trials and the sale of our Product Candidates, if approved, exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by patients, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our Product Candidates. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is alleged to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, including as a result of interactions with alcohol or other drugs, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under local jurisdiction consumer protection acts. If we become subject to product liability claims and cannot successfully defend ourselves against them, we could incur substantial liabilities. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in, among other things:
| ● | withdrawal of patients from our clinical trials; |
| ● | substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants; |
| ● | decreased demand for our Product Candidates following marketing approval, if obtained; |
| ● | damage to our reputation and exposure to adverse publicity; |
| ● | increased FDA warnings on product labels or increased warnings imposed by the EMA or other regulatory authorities; |
| ● | litigation costs; |
| ● | distraction of management’s attention from our primary business; |
| ● | loss of revenue; and |
| ● | the inability to successfully commercialize our Product Candidates, if approved. |
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Our current clinical trial liability insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If we obtain marketing approval for our Product Candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceedings, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, particularly in light of the size of our business and financial resources. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our share price to decline and, if we are unsuccessful in defending such a claim or claims and the resulting judgments exceed our insurance coverage, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
Failure to protect our information technology infrastructure against cyber-based attacks, network security breaches, service interruptions, or data corruption could significantly disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and operating results.
We rely on information technology, telephone networks and systems, including the internet, to process and transmit sensitive electronic information and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities. We use enterprise information technology systems to record, process and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory, financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Despite the implementation of security measures, our information technology systems, and those of our third-party contractors and consultants, are vulnerable to a cyber-attack, malicious intrusion, breakdown, destruction, loss of data privacy or other significant disruption. Any such successful attacks could result in the theft of intellectual property or other misappropriation of assets, or otherwise compromise our confidential or proprietary information and disrupt our operations. Cyber-attacks are becoming more sophisticated and frequent, and our systems could be the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. We have invested in our systems and the protection of our data to reduce the risk of an intrusion or interruption, and we monitor our systems on an ongoing basis for any current or potential threats. Nonetheless, our computer systems are subject to penetration and our data protection measures may not prevent unauthorized access. We can give no assurances that these measures and efforts will prevent interruptions or breakdowns. If we are unable to detect or prevent a security breach or cyber-attack or other disruption from occurring, then we could incur losses or damage to our data, or inappropriate disclosure of our confidential information or that of others; and we could sustain damage to our reputation, suffer disruptions to our research and development and incur increased operating costs including increased cybersecurity and other insurance premiums, costs to mitigate any damage caused and protect against future damage, and be exposed to additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties and to civil litigation and possible financial liability. For instance, the loss of preclinical or clinical data could result in delays in our development and regulatory filing efforts and significantly increase our costs.
Our failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results.
We are subject to various domestic and international data protection laws and regulations (i.e., laws and regulations that address privacy and data security). The legislative and regulatory landscape for data protection continues to evolve, and in recent years there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data security issues. Numerous laws, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy laws and consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use and disclosure of health-related and other personal information. In addition, we may obtain health information from third parties (e.g., healthcare providers who prescribe our products) that are subject to privacy and security requirements under HIPAA regulations.
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EU Member States, Australia and other countries have also adopted data protection laws and regulations, which impose significant compliance obligations. For example, the collection and use of personal data in the EU is governed by the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation, or “GDPR”. The GDPR and the national implementing legislation of the EU Member States impose strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. In particular, these obligations and restrictions concern the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, the rights of individuals to control personal data and the security and confidentiality of the personal data. In addition, the Australian Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), and other laws in the states and territories in Australia where we conduct certain of our clinical trials, apply similar restrictions on our ability to collect, analyze and transfer medical records and other patient data.
A claim or series of claims brought against us alleging a failure to comply with these laws, or changes in the way in which these laws are implemented, could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results and could cause our share price to decline and, if we are unsuccessful in defending such a claim or claims and the resulting judgments exceed our insurance coverage, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
The COVID-19 coronavirus could adversely impact our business, including several key activities that are critical to our success.
The global outbreak of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve. As a result, businesses have closed and limits have been placed on travel. The extent to which COVID-19 may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate impact of the disease on specific geographies, the duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions and social distancing in the United States, Canada and other countries, business closures or business disruptions and the effectiveness of actions taken in the United States, Canada and other countries to contain and treat the disease.
The spread of COVID-19 throughout the world has also created global economic uncertainty, which may cause partners, suppliers and potential customers to closely monitor their costs and reduce their spending budget. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our research and development activities, clinical trials, supply chain, financial condition and cash flows.
If the COVID-19 outbreak continues to spread, we may need to limit operations or implement other limitations on our activities. There is a risk that countries or regions outside the United States and Canada may be less effective at vaccinations and containing COVID-19, in which case the risks described herein could be elevated significantly.
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Risks Related to our Securities
The market prices for our common shares are volatile and will fluctuate.
The market price for our common shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following: (i) actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial results; (ii) recommendations by securities research analysts; (iii) changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other issuers that investors deem comparable to ours; (iv) addition or departure of our executive officers or members of our Board and other key personnel; (v) release or expiration of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on outstanding common shares; (vi) sales or perceived sales of additional common shares; (vii) liquidity of the common shares; (viii) significant acquisitions or business combinations, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by or involving us or our competitors; and (ix) news reports relating to trends, concerns, technological or competitive developments, regulatory changes and other related issues in our industry or target markets. Financial markets often experience significant price and volume fluctuations that affect the market prices of equity securities of public entities and that are, in many cases, unrelated to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of such entities. Accordingly, the market price of our common shares may decline even if our operating results, underlying asset values or prospects have not changed. Additionally, these factors, as well as other related factors, may cause decreases in asset values that are deemed to be other than temporary, which may result in impairment losses. As well, certain institutional investors may base their investment decisions on consideration of our environmental, governance and social practices and performance against such institutions’ respective investment guidelines and criteria, and failure to meet such criteria may result in limited or no investment in our common shares by those institutions, which could materially adversely affect the trading price of our common shares. There can be no assurance that continuing fluctuations in price and volume will not occur. If such increased levels of volatility and market turmoil continue for a protracted period of time, our operations could be materially adversely impacted and the trading price of our common shares may be materially adversely affected.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or Product Candidates.
We will seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, existing ownership interests will be diluted and the terms of such financings may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of existing shareholders. Debt financings may be coupled with an equity component, such as warrants to purchase shares, which could also result in dilution of our existing shareholders’ ownership. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business and may result in liens being placed on our assets and intellectual property. If we were to default on such indebtedness, we could lose such assets and intellectual property. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our Product Candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.
Future offerings of debt or equity securities may rank senior to common shares.
If we decide to issue debt or equity securities in the future ranking senior to our common shares or otherwise incur additional indebtedness, it is possible that these securities or indebtedness will be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility and limiting our ability to pay dividends to shareholders. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges, including with respect to dividends, more favorable than those of common shares and may result in dilution to shareholders. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering or otherwise incur indebtedness will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings or financings, any of which could reduce the market price of our common shares and dilute their value.
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Future sales of common shares by officers and directors may negatively impact the market price for our common shares.
Subject to compliance with applicable securities laws, our directors and officers and their affiliates may sell some or all of their common shares in the future. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, such future sales of common shares may have on the market price of the common shares prevailing from time to time. However, the future sale of a substantial number of common shares by our directors and officers and their affiliates, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common shares.
We do not currently pay dividends on our common shares and have no intention to pay dividends on our common shares for the foreseeable future.
No dividends on our common shares have been paid by us to date. We do not intend to declare or pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board, after taking into account a multitude of factors appropriate in the circumstances, including our operating results, financial condition and current and anticipated cash needs. In addition, the terms of any future debt or credit facility may preclude us from paying any dividends unless certain consents are obtained and certain conditions are met.
We are exposed to risks related to currency exchange rates.
We currently hold the majority of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in U.S. dollars which is our functional currency. A portion of our current operations is conducted in Canadian dollars. Exchange rate fluctuations between other currencies and the U.S. dollar create risk in several ways, including the following:
| ● | weakening of the Canadian dollar may decrease the value of our Canadian dollar cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments; | |
| ● | weakening of the U.S. dollar may increase the cost of operations and products/services sourced in Canada; | |
| ● | the exchange rates on non-U.S. dollar transactions and cash deposits can distort our financial results; and | |
| ● | commercial product pricing and profit margins are affected by currency fluctuations. |
For as long as we are an “emerging growth company” we intend to take advantage of reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could result in our common shares being less attractive to investors and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital as and when we need it.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we have taken advantage, and intend to continue to take advantage, of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.
Investors may find our common shares less attractive because we rely on these exemptions, which could contribute to a less active trading market for our common shares or volatility in our share price. In addition, we may be less attractive to investors and it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital as and when we need it. Investors may be unable to compare our business with other companies in our industry if they believe that our financial accounting is not as transparent as other companies in our industry. If we are unable to raise additional capital as and when we need it, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.
We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, we may not be able to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common shares.
We will be required, under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in more than a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act also generally requires an attestation from our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, for as long as we remain an emerging growth company as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of the exemption permitting us not to comply with the independent registered public accounting firm attestation requirement.
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Our compliance with Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. This may expose us, including individual executives, to potential liability which could significantly affect our business. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting once that firm begins its audits of internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common shares could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.
Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.
Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.
These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Deficiencies in disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could result in a material misstatement in our financial statements.
We could be adversely affected if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or in our internal controls over financial reporting. The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. Consistent with other entities in similar stages of development, we have a limited number of employees currently in the accounting group, limiting our ability to provide for segregation of duties and secondary review. A lack of resources in the accounting group could lead to material misstatements resulting from undetected errors occurring from an individual performing primarily all areas of accounting with limited secondary review. Deficiencies in internal controls over financial reporting which may occur could result in material misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of financial statements, other required remediations, a decline in the price of our common shares, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
In connection with the audit of our financial statements as of and for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting were identified and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future.
In connection with the preparation and audits of our financial statements as of and for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, a material weakness, (as defined under the Exchange Act and by the auditing standards of the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or “PCAOB”), was identified in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The identified control deficiencies arose from a lack of resources in our finance function, which rose to a material weakness due to segregation of duty issues.
In light of the identified material weakness, it is possible that, had we performed a formal assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with PCAOB standards, additional control deficiencies may have been identified.
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We have begun taking measures, and plan to continue to take measures, to remediate this material weakness. However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address this material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and, if so, we would not be able to conclude that they have been fully remedied. Our failure to correct this material weakness or our failure to discover and address any other control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and make related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our common shares, may be materially and adversely affected.
We have incurred, and will continue to incur, increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been required, and will continue to be required, to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.
As a public company, we have incurred and are continuing to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses and these expenses may increase even more after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives.
Moreover, these rules and regulations have substantially increased our legal and financial compliance costs and made some activities more time-consuming and costly. The increased costs have increased our net loss. These rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain sufficient director’s and officer’s liability insurance coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may continue to incur to respond to these requirements. The ongoing impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board, our Board committees or as executive officers.
Future sales and issuances of our common shares or rights to purchase common shares pursuant to our equity incentive plan could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and may cause our share price to fall.
We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell substantial amounts of common shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable for common shares. These future issuances of common shares or common share-related securities to purchase common shares, together with the exercise of outstanding options and any additional shares issued in connection with acquisitions, if any, may result in material dilution to our investors. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing shareholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common shares.
Pursuant to our 2017 Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, and as amended at our Annual General Meeting in November 2020, our compensation committee is authorized to grant equity-based incentive awards in the form of options to purchase common shares to our directors, executive officers and other employees and service providers. As of September 20, 2023, there were 51,633 options available for future allocation pursuant to the 20% of the issued and outstanding shares allowed to be issued according to the terms of the Plan. Future equity incentive grants under our stock option plan may result in material dilution to our shareholders and may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common shares.
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and certain Canadian laws could delay or deter a change of control.
Provisions in our articles and our by-laws, as well as certain provisions under the BCBCA and applicable Canadian securities laws, may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition, tender offer or other change in control of us that some shareholders may consider favorable. In addition, because our Board is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our Board. As well, our preferred shares are available for issuance from time to time at the discretion of our Board, without shareholder approval. Our articles allow our Board, without shareholder approval, to determine the special rights to be attached to our preferred shares, and such rights may be superior to those of our common shares.
In addition, limitations on the ability to acquire and hold our common shares may be imposed by the Competition Act in Canada. This legislation permits the Commissioner of Competition of Canada, or “Commissioner”, to review any acquisition of a significant interest in us. This legislation grants the Commissioner jurisdiction to challenge such an acquisition before the Canadian Competition Tribunal if the Commissioner believes that it would, or would be likely to, result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition in any market in Canada. The Investment Canada Act subjects an acquisition of control of a company by a non-Canadian to government review if the value of our assets, as calculated pursuant to the legislation, exceeds a threshold amount. A reviewable acquisition may not proceed unless the relevant minister is satisfied that the investment is likely to result in a net benefit to Canada. Any of the foregoing could prevent or delay a change of control and may deprive or limit strategic opportunities for our shareholders to sell their shares.
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If securities or industry analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume may decline.
The trading market for our common shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our shares price may decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our shares may decrease, which may cause our shares price and trading volume to decline.
We are incorporated in Canada, with our assets and officers primarily located in Canada, with the result that it may be difficult for investors to enforce judgments obtained against us or some of our officers.
We are a company organized and existing under the laws of British Columbia, Canada. Many of our directors and officers and the experts named in this Annual Form on 10-K are residents of Canada or otherwise reside outside the United States, and all or a substantial portion of their assets, and a substantial portion of our assets, are located outside the United States. It may be difficult for holders of common shares who reside in the United States to effect service within the United States upon those directors, officers and experts who are not residents of the United States. It may also be difficult for holders of securities who reside in the United States to realize in the United States upon judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon our civil liability and the civil liability of our directors, officers and experts under the U.S. federal securities laws. Our Canadian counsel has advised us that there is doubt as to the enforceability in Canada against us or against our directors, officers and experts who are not residents of the United States, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of courts of the United States, of liabilities predicated solely upon U.S. federal or state securities laws.
Conversely, some of our directors and officers reside outside Canada and some of our assets are also located outside Canada. Therefore, it may not be possible for you to enforce in Canada against our assets or those directors and officers residing outside Canada, judgments obtained in Canadian courts based upon the civil liability provisions of the Canadian securities laws or other laws of Canada.
Risks Related to our Financial Position and Capital Needs
Our operating losses have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
Our operating losses raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the years ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022 with respect to this uncertainty. The perception of our ability to continue as a going concern may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations and could result in the loss of confidence by investors, suppliers and employees.
We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur losses in the future.
Since our inception as a pharmaceutical company in October 2014, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to the development of our proprietary Product Candidates. We have generated significant operating losses since our inception with an accumulated deficit to June 30, 2023 of approximately $101.4 million. Our comprehensive losses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $8.0 million and $18.6 million, respectively. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.
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We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate these losses will increase as we continue the research and development of, and clinical trials for, our Product Candidates. In addition to budgeted expenses, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. If our Product Candidates fail in preclinical or clinical trials, or do not gain regulatory approval, or even if approved, fail to achieve market acceptance, we may never become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods.
Due to our limited operating history and history of losses, any predictions about our future success, performance or viability may not be accurate.
We will require additional capital to fund our operations and if we fail to obtain necessary financing, we will not be able to complete the development and commercialization of our Product Candidates.
Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to continue to spend substantial and increasing amounts to conduct further research and development, preclinical testing and clinical trials of our Product Candidates, to seek regulatory approvals and reimbursement for our Product Candidates and to launch and commercialize any Product Candidates for which we receive regulatory approval.
As of June 30, 2023, we had approximately $9.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, which, we currently estimate funds our operations into the second half of fiscal 2024, and possibly into the third quarter of fiscal 2024 (being the second calendar quarter of 2024), depending on the level and timing of realizing revenues from the sale of BayMedica inventory as well as the level and timing of the Company’s operating expenses. Our ability to develop our research and development programs is subject to accessing additional capital, including through the sale of equity, partnership revenues, and out-licensing activities. There is no assurance that we will be successful in these efforts.
The progress of our Product Candidates for both current and prospective target indication(s) is uncertain because it is difficult to predict our spending for our Product Candidates up to the time that we seek FDA approval due to numerous factors, including, without limitation, the rate of progress of clinical trials, the results of preclinical studies and clinical trials for such indication, the costs and timing of seeking and obtaining FDA and other regulatory approvals for clinical trials and FDA guidance regarding clinical trials for such indication. Moreover, changing circumstances may cause us to expend cash significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more cash than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. For these reasons, we are unable to state unequivocally the actual funds we will require for development and any approved marketing and commercialization activities. Our future funding requirements, both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:
| ● | the initiation, progress, timing, costs and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials for our Product Candidates; |
| ● | any change in the clinical development plans or target indications for these Product Candidates; |
| ● | the number and characteristics of Product Candidates that we develop or may in-license; |
| ● | the terms of any collaboration agreements we may choose to execute; |
| ● | the outcome, timing and cost of meeting regulatory requirements established by the Drug Enforcement Administration, or “DEA”, the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, or “EMA”, Health Canada, or “HC”, or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities; |
| ● | The cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patent claims and other intellectual property rights; |
| ● | the cost of defending intellectual property disputes, including patent infringement actions brought by third parties against us; |
| ● | the effect of competing product and market developments; |
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| ● | the costs and timing of the implementation of commercial scale manufacturing activities; and |
| ● | the cost of establishing, or outsourcing, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities for any Product Candidates for which we may receive regulatory approval in regions where we choose to commercialize our products on our own. |
We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of one or more of our Product Candidates or one or more of our other research and development initiatives.
Any doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may materially and adversely affect the price of our common shares, and it may be more difficult for us to obtain financing. Any doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may also adversely affect our relationships with current and future collaborators, contract manufacturers and investors, who may become concerned about our ability to meet our ongoing financial obligations. If potential collaborators decline to do business with us or potential investors decline to participate in any future financings due to such concerns, our ability to increase our financial resources may be limited. We have prepared our financial statements on a going concern basis, which assumes that we will be able to meet our commitments, realize our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business. Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustment to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
We currently have limited commercial revenue and may never become profitable.
In addition to the limited revenues from our BayMedica Products, our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and successfully commercialize, our Product Candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future.
Even if we are able to successfully achieve regulatory approval for these Product Candidates, we do not know what the reimbursement status of our Product Candidates will be or when any of these products will generate revenue for us, if at all. We have not generated, and do not expect to generate, any revenue from Product Candidates for the foreseeable future, and we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future due to the cost of research and development, preclinical studies and clinical trials and the regulatory approval process for our Product Candidates. The amount of future losses is uncertain and will depend, in part, on the rate of growth of our expenses.
Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon a number of additional factors, including our ability to:
| ● | successfully complete development activities, including the remaining preclinical studies and ongoing and planned clinical trials for our Product Candidates; |
| ● | in-license or acquire in the future, Product Candidates and other potential lines of business that we may develop; |
| ● | complete and submit NDAs to the FDA and Marketing Authorization Applications, or “MAAs”, to the EMA, and obtain regulatory approval for indications for which there is a commercial market; |
| ● | complete and submit applications to, and obtain regulatory approval from, other foreign regulatory authorities; |
| ● | manufacture any approved products in commercial quantities and on commercially reasonable terms; |
| ● | develop a commercial organization, or find suitable partners, to market, sell and distribute approved products in the markets in which we have retained commercialization rights; |
| ● | achieve acceptance among patients, clinicians and advocacy groups for any products we develop; |
| ● | obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third parties, including government payors; and |
| ● | set a commercially viable price for any products for which we may receive approval. |
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We are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to complete the processes described above, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing our Product Candidates.
Changes in tax laws and unanticipated tax liabilities could adversely affect our effective income tax rate and ability to achieve profitability.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and Canada. As our operations expand, we may become subject to income tax in jurisdictions outside of the United States and Canada. Our effective income tax rate in the future could be adversely affected by a number of factors including changes in the mix of earnings (losses) in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws. We regularly assess all of these matters to determine the adequacy of our tax provision which is subject to discretion. If our assessments are incorrect, it could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. There can be no assurance that income tax laws and administrative policies with respect to the income tax consequences generally applicable to us or to our subsidiaries will not be changed in a manner which adversely affects our shareholders.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.
As of our last fiscal year end, we had non-capital loss, or “NOL”, carry-forwards of approximately $71.6 million available to offset future taxable income in Canada and the United States. These NOL carry-forwards begin to expire in 2026.
Our NOL carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under provisions in the Canadian Income Tax Act, and corresponding provisions of Canadian provincial law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change Canadian NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research and development tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. Specifically, NOLs from a business before the change of control may be carried forward to taxation years after the change of control, but only if the same business is carried forward on after the change in control with a reasonable expectation of profit, and only to offset income from that business or a similar business. We have not performed any analyses under the applicable provisions in the Canadian Income Tax Act and cannot forecast or otherwise determine our ability to derive benefit from our various federal or provincial tax attribute carryforwards. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change NOL carryforwards to offset Canadian federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the provincial level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase provincial taxes owed.
In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our share ownership, including in any future offerings, some of which may be outside of our control. If we determine that an ownership change has occurred and our ability to use our NOL carryforwards is materially limited, it would harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations.
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Changes to accounting standards may adversely impact the manner in which we report our financial position and operating results.
There are ongoing projects conducted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the United States that are expected to result in new pronouncements that continue to evolve, which could adversely impact the manner in which we report our financial position and operating results.
Global Economic Uncertainty
Changes in the global economic environment have created market uncertainty and volatility in recent years. The market and demand for metal commodities and related products has in recent years been adversely affected by global economic uncertainty, reduced confidence in financial markets, the COVID-19 pandemic, bank failures and credit availability concerns. These macro-economic events negatively affected the mining and minerals sectors in general. Global financial conditions remain subject to sudden and rapid destabilizations in response to economic shocks. A slowdown in the financial markets or other economic conditions, including but not limited to reduced consumer spending, decreased employment rates, adverse business conditions, high inflation, high fuel and energy costs, high consumer debt levels, a lack of available credit, the state of turmoil in the financial markets, high interest rates and/or tax rates, may adversely affect the Company’s growth and profitability. Future economic shocks may be precipitated by a number of causes, including the slowdown in the Chinese economy, a rise in the price of oil and other commodities, climate change disasters, geopolitical instability, further wars or acts of terrorism, the devaluation and volatility of global stock markets and natural disasters. Any sudden or rapid destabilization of global economic conditions could impact the Company’s ability to obtain equity or debt financing in the future on terms favorable to the Company or at all. In such an event, the Company’s operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.
The Company assesses on a quarterly basis the carrying values of its assets. Should market conditions and commodity prices worsen and persist in a worsened state for a prolonged period of time, an assessment of the Company’s assets for impairment may be required.
Risks Related to our Intellectual Property
Our success is largely dependent upon our patents, proprietary technology, and other intellectual property.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patents, protect our trade secrets and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. Patents and other proprietary rights are essential to our business. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws, and confidentiality and other agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Our general policy has been to file patent applications to protect our inventions and improvements to our inventions that are considered important to the development of our business. In certain cases, we have chosen to protect our intellectual property by treating it as confidential internal know-how. Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents, defend patents, maintain internal know-how/trade secret protection and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. Interpretation and evaluation of pharmaceutical patent claims present complex legal and factual questions. Further, patent protection may not be available for some of the products or technology we are developing. If we are placed in a position where we must spend significant time and money defending or enforcing our patents, designing around patents held by others or licensing patents or other proprietary rights held by others, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be harmed. In seeking to protect our inventions using patents it is important to note that we have no assurance that:
| ● | patent applications will result in the issuance of patents; |
| ● | additional proprietary products developed will be patentable; |
| ● | patents issued will provide adequate protection or any competitive advantages; |
| ● | patents issued will not be successfully challenged by third parties; |
| ● | commercial exploitation of our inventions does not infringe the patents or intellectual property of others; or |
| ● | we will be able to obtain any extensions of the patent term. |
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A number of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies and research and academic institutions have developed technologies, filed patent applications or received patents on various technologies that may be related to our business. Some of these technologies, applications or patents could limit the scope of the patents, if any, that we may be able to obtain. It is also possible that these technologies, applications or patents may preclude us from obtaining patent protection for our inventions. Further, there may be uncertainty as to whether we may be able to successfully defend any challenge to our patent portfolio. Moreover, we may have to participate in derivation proceedings, inter partes review proceedings, post-grant review proceedings, or opposition proceedings in the various jurisdictions around the world. An unfavorable outcome in a derivation proceeding, an inter partes review proceeding, a post-grant review proceeding, or an opposition proceeding could preclude us or our collaborators or licensees from making, using or selling products using the technology, or require us to obtain license rights from third parties. It is not known whether any prevailing party would offer a license on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Further, any such license could require the expenditure of substantial time and resources and could harm our business. If such licenses are not available, we could encounter delays or prohibition of the development or introduction of our product. In the case of intellectual property where we have chosen to protect it by treating it as internal knowhow, there can be no assurance that others with greater expertise or access to greater resources do not develop similar or superior technology that impairs the competitive value of our internal know-how.
Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or “PTO”, and various foreign national or international patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. Periodic maintenance fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the PTO and various foreign national or international patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of patent rights include, but are not limited to, failure to timely file national and regional stage patent applications based on our international patent application, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our Product Candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may become subject to claims by third parties asserting that we or our employees have misappropriated their intellectual property or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.
Our commercial success depends upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our Product Candidates, and to use our related proprietary technologies without violating the intellectual property rights of others. We may become party to, or threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our Product Candidates, including interference or derivation proceedings before the PTO or other international patent offices. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to continue commercializing our Product Candidates. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Under certain circumstances, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the applicable product candidate. In addition, in any such proceeding or litigation, we could be found liable for monetary damages. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our Product Candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Any claims by third parties that we have misappropriated their confidential information or trade secrets could have a similar negative impact on our business.
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While our preclinical studies are ongoing, we believe that the use of our Product Candidates in these preclinical studies fall within the scope of the exemptions provided by 35 U.S.C. Section 271(e) in the United States, which exempts from patent infringement liability activities reasonably related to the development and submission of information to the FDA. As our Product Candidates progress toward clinical trials and, ultimately, commercialization, the possibility of a patent infringement claim against us increases. We attempt to ensure that our Product Candidates and the methods we employ to manufacture them, as well as the methods for their uses we intend to promote, do not infringe other parties’ patents and other proprietary rights. There can be no assurance they do not, however, and competitors or other parties may assert that we infringe their proprietary rights in any event.
We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful and have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
Competitors may infringe our patents or misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity and scope of our own intellectual property rights or the proprietary rights of others. Also, third parties may initiate legal proceedings against us to challenge the validity or scope of intellectual property rights we own. These proceedings can be expensive and time consuming. Many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to defend their intellectual property rights than we can. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, which could harm our business and financial results. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent owned by us is invalid or unenforceable or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common shares.
If we are not able to adequately prevent disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be significantly diminished.
We rely on trade secrets to protect our proprietary technologies, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We rely in part on confidentiality agreements with our current and former employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, contract manufacturers, vendors and other advisors to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we have executed these agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets. Any party with whom we or they have executed such an agreement may breach that agreement and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches.
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Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they disclose such trade secrets, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third-party, our competitive position would be harmed.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our Product Candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. Therefore, we have filed applications and/or obtained patents only in key markets such as the United States, Canada, Japan and Europe. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may be able to export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to pharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. For example, an April 2016 report from the Office of the United States Trade Representative identified a number of countries, including India and China, where challenges to the procurement and enforcement of patent rights have been reported. Several countries, including India and China, have been listed in the report every year since 1989. As a result, proceedings to enforce our patent rights in certain foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business and could be unsuccessful.
Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our Product Candidates for an adequate amount of time.
Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new Product Candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. We expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are prosecuting patents. In the United States, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent, which is limited to the approved indication (or any additional indications approved during the period of extension). However, the applicable authorities, including the FDA and the PTO, and any equivalent regulatory authorities in other countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. If this occurs, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our investment in development and clinical trials by referencing our clinical and preclinical data and launch their product earlier than might otherwise be the case.
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Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.
The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:
| ● | others may be able to make compounds that are the same as or similar to our Product Candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own; |
| ● | we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own; |
| ● | we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions; |
| ● | others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights; |
| ● | it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents; |
| ● | issued patents that we own may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable as a result of legal challenges; |
| ● | our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the United States and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets; or |
| ● | the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business. |
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Risks Related to our Third Parties
We rely heavily on contract manufacturers over whom we have limited control. If we are subject to quality, cost or delivery issues with the preclinical and clinical grade materials supplied by contract manufacturers, our business operations could suffer significant harm.
We currently have no manufacturing capabilities and rely on contract development and manufacturing organizations, or “CDMOs”, to manufacture our Product Candidates for preclinical studies and clinical trials. We rely on CDMOs for manufacturing, filling, packaging, testing, storing and shipping of drug products in compliance with cGMP, regulations applicable to our products. The FDA and other regulatory agencies ensure the quality of drug products by carefully monitoring drug manufacturers’ compliance with cGMP regulations. The cGMP regulations for drugs contain minimum requirements for the methods, facilities and controls used in manufacturing, processing and packaging of a drug product. If our CDMOs increase their prices or fail to meet our quality standards, or those of regulatory agencies such as the FDA, and cannot be replaced by other acceptable CDMOs, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and commercialize our Product Candidates may be materially adversely affected.
The APIs used in all of our Product Candidates are currently sourced from either contract manufacturers or, for smaller quantities, from research material suppliers, that typically utilize synthetic chemistry as their manufacturing method. This is intended to be an interim step to enable us to proceed with developing our formulation, execute preclinical toxicology studies and progress through Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials, after which time we anticipate that we will have been able to successfully scale-up our IntegraSyn manufacturing approach so that it will be GMP- ready at pharmaceutical grade. Bridging studies consisting of chemical analysis and, possibly, animal studies may be required in order to switch our APIs from the current external manufacturing sources to our internally manufactured products. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in scaling up our IntegraSyn manufacturing process for cannabinoids, or successfully complete any required bridging studies, or be able to successfully transfer our IntegraSyn manufacturing process to a CDMO. The key risks and challenges associated with the development of the IntegraSyn process include: failure to continue optimization and development of the process manufacturing steps from the current scale while maintaining the same or greater output of the selected cannabinoid; equipment and techniques may not be able to be scaled up using existing commercial processing equipment; supply of the key starting materials for the process may not be secured to ensure stability and security of commercial supply; and, failure of the large scale process to consistently produce the selected cannabinoid within set specifications and meeting the process parameters and in process controls to enable the manufacturing process to be validated for GMP commercial production of an API, among others. Failing to accomplish these or other criteria for the IntegraSyn manufacturing process with a CDMO may mean that we are not able to produce certain cannabinoids in a cost-effective manner. This could result in us not being able to successfully commercialize or utilize our APIs in our Product Candidates, if any, that may obtain regulatory approval.
Our existing collaboration agreements and any that we may enter into in the future may not be successful.
We also have relationships with scientific collaborators at academic and other institutions, some of whom conduct research at our request or assist us in formulating our research and development strategies. These scientific collaborators are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, companies that conflict in interests with and pose a competitive threat to us. Moreover, to the extent that we decide to enter into collaboration agreements, we will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming to negotiate, document and implement. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish, implement and maintain collaborations or other alternative arrangements if we choose to enter into such arrangements and our selected partners may be given, and may exercise, a right to terminate their agreement with us without cause. Our Collaborative Research Agreement with the University of British Columbia may be terminated by either party upon 30 calendar days written notice. The terms of any collaboration or other arrangements that we may establish may not be favorable to us.
For all of the aforesaid reasons and others set forth in this Annual Form on 10-K, an investment in our common shares and any other securities that we may offer from time to time involves a certain degree of risk. Any person considering an investment in our common shares or any other of our securities should be aware of these and other factors set forth in this 10-K and should consult with his or her legal, tax and financial advisors prior to making an investment in our common shares or any other of our securities that may be offered from time to time. Our common shares and any other securities that we may offer from time to time should only be purchased by persons who can afford to lose all of their investment.
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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our corporate headquarters are located at Suite 310 - 815 W. Hastings Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 1B4, Canada. This office occupies approximately 4,477 square feet with a monthly basic rental rate and operating charges of an estimated C$17,402 for the first two years, C$17,775 for the third and fourth years, and C$18,521 for the fifth year. This lease expires on August 31, 2024.
In July 2019, InMed entered into a facility lease agreement for approximately 4,000 square feet of office space in Vancouver, BC, which serves as our corporate headquarters. The lease was set to expire in August 2024. The lease has an option to renew for an additional three-year period at our discretion.
In conjunction with the acquisition of BayMedica, the Company acquired a facility lease agreement for approximately 7,000 square feet of office space in South San Francisco, California. The lease is set to expire in April 2024.
We believe substantially all of our property and equipment is in good condition and that InMed has sufficient capacity to meet its current operational needs. We further believe that, should it be needed, suitable additional space is available to accommodate any expansion of our operations, but such space may not be available in the same building, if and when such space is needed.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we are subject to various legal proceedings, claims and administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Although the results of the litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, as of the date of this report, we do not believe we are party to any claim, proceeding or litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. However, as of the date of this Annual Form on 10-K, we are not involved in any material pending legal or governmental proceedings.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
The Company’s shares are listed on the on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbol “INM”).
There were approximately 770 holders of record of our common stock as of September 20, 2023. On September 20, 2022, the last reported sales price per share of our common stock was $0.81 per share.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Repurchases of Equity Securities
None.
ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and have therefore omitted the information required by this Item 6.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This discussion and analysis contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and is subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. For more information, see “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks and uncertainties could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or implied by our forward-looking statements contained in this report. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this report, and we do not intend, and do not assume any obligation, to update these forward-looking statements, except as required by law.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2023, and the related notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, included in our Form 10-K filing. Throughout this discussion, unless the context specifies or implies otherwise the terms “InMed,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
All dollar amounts stated herein are in U.S. dollars unless specified otherwise.
Overview
We are a clinical stage pharmaceutical company developing a pipeline of prescription-based products, including rare cannabinoids and novel cannabinoid analogs, targeting the treatment of diseases with high unmet medical needs. Together with our subsidiary, BayMedica, we also have significant know-how in developing proprietary manufacturing approaches to produce cannabinoids for various market sectors. Our know-how includes traditional approaches such as chemical synthesis and biosynthesis, as well as a proprietary, integrated manufacturing approach called IntegraSyn. We are dedicated to delivering new therapeutic alternatives to patients and consumers who may benefit from cannabinoid-based products. Our approach leverages on the several thousand years’ history of health benefits attributed to the Cannabis plant and brings this anecdotal information into the 21st century by applying tried, tested and true scientific approaches to establish non-plant-derived (synthetically manufactured), individual cannabinoid compounds as Product Candidates for InMed’s pharmaceutical product development pipeline or specific rare cannabinoid Products sold to end-product manufacturers by BayMedica. While our activities do not involve direct use of Cannabis nor extracts from the plant, we note that the FDA has, to date, not approved any marketing application for Cannabis for the treatment of any disease or condition and has approved only one Cannabis-derived and three Cannabis-related drug products. Our ingredients are synthetically made and, therefore, we have no interaction with the Cannabis plant. We do not grow nor utilize Cannabis nor its extracts in any of our Products or Product Candidates; our current pharmaceutical drug Product Candidates are applied topically (not inhaled nor ingested); and, we do not utilize THC or CBD, the most common cannabinoid compounds that are typically extracted from the Cannabis plant, in any of our Products or Product Candidates. The API under development for our initial two drug candidates, INM-755 for EB and INM-088 for glaucoma, is CBN. Additional uses of both INM-755 and INM-088 are being explored, as well as the application of novel cannabinoid analogs to treat diseases including but not limited to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s.
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We believe we are positioned to develop multiple pharmaceutical Product Candidates in diseases which may benefit from medicines based on rare cannabinoid compounds. Most currently approved cannabinoid therapies are based specifically on CBD and/or THC and are often delivered orally, which has limitations and drawbacks, such as side effects (including the intoxicating effects of THC). Currently, we intend to deliver our rare cannabinoid pharmaceutical Product Candidates through various topical formulations (cream for dermatology, eye drops for ocular diseases) as a way of enabling treatment of the specific disease at the site of disease while seeking to minimize systemic exposure and any related unwanted systemic side effects, including any drug-drug interactions and any metabolism of the active pharmaceutical ingredient by the liver. The cannabinoid Products sold through our B2B raw material supply business are integrated into various product formats by the companies who then further commercializes such products. We access rare cannabinoids via all non-extraction approaches, including chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and our proprietary integrated IntegraSyn approach, thus negating any interaction with or exposure to the Cannabis plant.
Since our acquisition of Biogen Sciences Inc., a privately held British Columbia pharmaceutical company focused on drug discovery and development of cannabinoids in 2014, our operations have focused on conducting research and development for our Product Candidates and for our integrated, biosynthesis-based manufacturing technology, establishing our intellectual property, organizing and staffing our Company, business planning and capital raising. On October 13, 2021, we acquired BayMedica, Inc., now named BayMedica, LLC. Upon closing of the transaction, BayMedica became a wholly-owned subsidiary of InMed. To date, we have funded our operations primarily through the issuance of common shares.
We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and since the acquisition of Biogen Science Inc. and we expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate product revenue that is sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the revenues generated from our products in the Health and Wellness sector, on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our Product Candidates and/or the success of our manufacturing technologies. Our net loss was $8.0 million and $18.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $101.4 million, which includes all losses since our inception in 1981. We expect our expenses will remain steady as we:
| ● | seek partnerships to advance the INM-755 program, our lead drug candidate for the treatment of EB; |
| ● | continue to further advance research into the role of cannabinoids in treating ocular diseases; |
| ● |
continue to advance research in the INM-900 series program, using cannabinoid analogs in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s; |
| ● | investigate our Product Candidates for additional uses beyond their initial target indications; |
| ● | pursue the discovery of drug targets based on proprietary cannabinoid analogs for other diseases with high unmet medical needs and the subsequent development of any resulting new Product Candidates; |
| ● | seek regulatory approvals for any Product Candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; |
| ● |
scale-up our manufacturing processes and capabilities, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf; |
| ● |
continue to support our commercial operations and revenue-generating Products at BayMedica; |
| ● | execute on business development activities, including but not limited to company mergers/acquisitions and acquisition or in-licensing of externally developed products and/or technologies; |
| ● |
maintain, expand, enforce, defend and protect our intellectual property; |
| ● |
continue to further advance the research and development of various manufacturing technologies; |
| ● | build internal infrastructure, including personnel, to meet our milestones; and |
| ● |
add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support product development and potential future commercialization efforts and our operations as a public company. |
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As a result of these activities as well as our working capital requirements, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. We expect to finance our operations through product sales, the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of one or more of our Products and Product Candidates or grant rights to external entities to develop and market our Product Candidates, even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such Products and Product Candidates ourselves.
Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development and commercial growth, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses and working capital requirements or the timing of when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.
Recent Developments
We completed our Phase 2 trial on INM-755 in April of 2023, and we have released preliminary results in June 2023. We anticipate publishing the full data from the study in the second quarter of fiscal 2024.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
Our revenue consists of manufacturing and distribution sales of bulk rare cannabinoid Products, which are generally recognized at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenue when control over the products have been transferred to the customer and the Company has a present right to payment.
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales consist primarily of the purchase price of goods and cost of services rendered, freight costs, warehousing costs, and purchasing costs. Cost of sales also includes production and labor costs for our manufacturing business.
Operating Expenses
Research and Development and Patent Expenses
Research and development and patent expenses represent costs incurred by us for the discovery, development, and manufacture of our Products and Product Candidates and include:
| ● | external research and development expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, or “CROs”, contract development and manufacturing organization, or “CDMOs”, and consultants; | |
| ● | salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits expenses for individuals involved in research and development efforts; | |
| ● | research supplies; and | |
| ● | legal and patent office fees related to patent and intellectual property matters. |
We expense research and development costs as incurred. We recognize expenses for certain development activities, such as preclinical studies and manufacturing, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data or other information provided to us by our vendors. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of expenses incurred. Non-refundable advance payments for goods or services to be received in the future for use in research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses. These amounts are recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed, or until it is no longer expected that the goods will be delivered, or the services rendered.
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External costs represent a significant portion of our research and development expenses, which we track on a program-by-program basis following the nomination of a development candidate. Our internal research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense. We do not track our internal research and development expenses on a program-by-program basis as the resources are deployed across multiple projects.
The successful development of our Products and Product Candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of our Product Candidates or to develop and commercialize additional Products. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from our Product Candidates, if approved. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development, including the uncertainty related to:
| ● | the timing and progress of preclinical and clinical development activities; |
| ● |
the number and scope of preclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue; |
| ● | our ability to raise additional funds necessary to complete preclinical and clinical development and commercialization of our Product Candidates, to further advance the development of our manufacturing technologies, and to develop and commercialize additional Products, if any; |
| ● | our ability to maintain our current research and development programs and to establish new ones; |
| ● |
our ability to establish sales, licensing or collaboration arrangements; |
| ● | the progress of the development efforts of parties with whom we may enter into collaboration arrangements; |
| ● | the successful initiation and completion of clinical trials with safety, tolerability and efficacy profiles that are satisfactory to the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority; |
| ● | the receipt and related terms of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities; |
| ● | the availability of materials for use in production of our Products and Product Candidates; |
| ● | our ability to secure manufacturing supply through relationships with third parties or establish and operate a manufacturing facility; |
| ● | our ability to consistently manufacture our Product Candidates in quantities sufficient for use in clinical trials; |
| ● | our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection and regulatory exclusivity, both in the United States and internationally; |
| ● | our ability to maintain, enforce, defend and protect our rights in our intellectual property portfolio; |
| ● | the commercialization of our Product Candidates, if and when approved, and of new Products; |
| ● | our ability to obtain and maintain third-party payor coverage and adequate reimbursement for our Product Candidates, if approved; |
| ● | the acceptance of our Product Candidates, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors; |
| ● | competition with other products; and |
| ● | a continued acceptable safety profile of our Product Candidates following receipt of any regulatory approvals. |
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A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our Products or Product Candidates would significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of those Products or Product Candidates.
Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. Research and development expenses decreased in fiscal 2023 as compared to fiscal 2022, largely due to high start-up costs associated with the multicenter Phase 2 clinical trial in our INM-755 program during fiscal 2022. However, we expect our research and development expenses to increase significantly in future periods as we continue to implement our business strategy, which includes advancing our drug candidates and our manufacturing technologies into and through clinical development, expanding our research and development efforts, including hiring additional personnel to support our research and development efforts, ultimately seeking regulatory approvals for our drug candidates that successfully complete clinical trials, and further developing selected R&D and commercial BayMedica activities. In addition, drug candidates in later stages of clinical development generally incur higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. Accordingly, although we expect our research and development expenses to increase as our drug candidates advance into later stages of clinical development, we do not believe that it is possible, at this time, to accurately project total program-specific expenses through to commercialization. There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our Product Candidates, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time based on our stage of development.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense, for our personnel in executive, finance and accounting, human resources, business operations and other administrative functions, investor relations activities, legal fees related to corporate matters, fees paid for accounting and tax services, consulting fees and facility-related costs.
Amortization and Depreciation
Intangible assets are comprised of intellectual property that we acquired in 2014 and 2015 and trade secrets, product formulation knowledge, patents that we acquired in October 2021. The acquired intellectual property and patents are amortized on a straight-line basis based on their estimated useful lives. Equipment and leasehold improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method based on their estimated useful lives.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the long-lived asset is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or assets. If carrying value exceeds the sum of undiscounted cash flows, we then determine the fair value of the underlying asset. Any impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset group. Assets classified as held for sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell.
Share-based Payments
Share-based payments is the stock-based compensation expense related to our granting of stock options to employees and others. The fair value, at the grant date, of equity-settled share awards is charged to our loss over the period for which the benefits of employees and others providing similar services are expected to be received. The vesting components of graded vesting employee awards are measured separately and expensed over the related tranche’s vesting period. The amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of share options expected to vest. The fair value of awards is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which considers the exercise price, current market price of the underlying shares, expected life of the award, risk-free interest rate, expected volatility and the dividend yield.
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Other Income
Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.
Results of Operations
As of the closing of the BayMedica acquisition, the Company aligned into two operating and reportable segments, InMed Pharmaceuticals (the “InMed” segment) and BayMedica (the “BayMedica” segment).
Comparison of the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 for InMed Segment
Year
Ended | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | Change | % Change | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Research and development and patents | 2,864 | 5,986 | (3,122 | ) | (52 | )% | ||||||||||
| General and administrative | 4,022 | 5,906 | (1,884 | ) | (32 | )% | ||||||||||
| Amortization and depreciation | 105 | 107 | (2 | ) | (2 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 6,991 | 11,999 | (5,008 | ) | (42 | )% | ||||||||||
| Interest and other income | 303 | 20 | 283 | 1,415 | % | |||||||||||
| Warrant modification expense | - | (1,314 | ) | 1,314 | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (loss) gain | (48 | ) | (118 | ) | 70 | (59 | )% | |||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (6,736 | ) | $ | (13,411 | ) | $ | 6,675 | (50 | )% | ||||||
Research and Development and Patents Expenses
Research and development and patents expenses decreased by $3.1 million in our InMed segment, or 52%, for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in research and development and patents expenses was due to a combination of lower personnel expenses, legal fees and decreased expenses related to the INM-755 program as a result of high start-up costs associated with the multicenter Phase 2 clinical trial during fiscal 2022.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.9 million in our InMed segment, or 32%, for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. The decrease results primarily from a combination of changes including lower office and admin fees, investor relation expenses, stock-based compensation expenses, personnel expenses, accounting, and legal fees.
Foreign exchange loss
The Company’s functional currency is US dollar and our foreign exchange loss is predominantly due to transactions with foreign currency. Foreign exchange loss increased by less than $0.1 million in our InMed segment, or 59%, for the year ended June 30, 2023, compared to the year ended June 30, 2022, as a consequence of holding non-US denominated assets and liabilities combined with fluctuations in foreign exchange rates.
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Comparison of the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 for BayMedica Segment
| Year Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | Change | % Change | |||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
| Sales | $ | 4,136 | $ | 1,089 | $ | 3,047 | 280 | % | ||||||||
| Cost of sales | 2,424 | 546 | 1,878 | 344 | % | |||||||||||
| Loss on decline in NRV | 309 | - | 309 | 100 | % | |||||||||||
| Gross profit | 1,403 | 544 | 860 | 158 | % | |||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Research and development and patents | 868 | 1,296 | (429 | ) | (33 | )% | ||||||||||
| General and administrative | 1,825 | 961 | 864 | 90 | % | |||||||||||
| Amortization and depreciation | 98 | 79 | 19 | 24 | % | |||||||||||
| Impairment of intangible assets and goodwill | - | 3,473 | (3,473 | ) | (100 | )% | ||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 2,791 | 5,809 | (3,018 | ) | (52 | )% | ||||||||||
| Interest and other income | 189 | 76 | 111 | 142 | % | |||||||||||
| Tax expense | (13 | ) | - | (13 | ) | nm | ||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (1,212 | ) | $ | (5,189 | ) | $ | 3,977 | (77 | )% | ||||||
Sales
Sales increased by $3.0 million in our BayMedica segment, or 280%, for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. BayMedica has now realized three consecutive quarters of revenue growth, with increases of 46%, 100%, and 123% in Q2, Q3, and Q4 of fiscal year 2023, respectively. While we expect revenue fluctuations based on distributor order patterns, there are no assurances that this growth will continue in future quarters. However, the recent trend of increased sales is encouraging. The increase in distribution sales results from expanded marketing efforts and increased demand in certain cannabinoid products. BayMedica will continue to evaluate opportunities for potential structured supply arrangements and collaborations for the commercial business. Sales and marketing efforts will remain focused on products that contribute highest margins, where BayMedica continues to hold a strong competitive position.
Cost of Sales
Cost of goods sold increased by $1.9 million in our BayMedica segment, or 344%, for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. The increase in cost of goods sold is a result from the increase in sales mentioned above Our cost of sales percentage fluctuates based on the Products mix sold.
Inventory Write-Down
The write-down of inventories to net realizable value was $0.3 million in our BayMedica segment for the year ended June 30, 2023, with no comparable expenses in 2022. Contributing factors to the decrease in net realizable value included lower demand and downward pricing pressure in the first quarter of fiscal 2023. BayMedica continues to evaluate new manufacturing approaches for certain products to increase competitive position in the marketplace.
Research and Development and Patents Expenses
Research and development and patents expenses decreased by $0.4 million in our BayMedica segment, or 33%, for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. The decrease in research and development and patents expenses was primarily due to lower personnel expenses and external consultants. This was offset by an increase in research supplies.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses increased by $0.9 million in our BayMedica segment, or 90%, for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to the year ended June 30, 2022. The increase results primarily from a combination of changes including higher personnel expenses, accounting fees, legal fees and sales and marketing expenses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since our inception, we have only generated limited revenue from product sales, no sales from any other sources and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have only commenced commercial sales with the acquisition of BayMedica and not yet commercialized any of our Product Candidates and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any Product Candidates for several years, if at all. We have funded our operations to date primarily with proceeds from the sale of common shares.
As of June 30, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $9.0 million.
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The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented:
| (in thousands) | Year Ended June 30, 2023 | Year Ended June 30, 2022 | ||||||
| Net cash (used in) operating activities | $ | (7,283 | ) | $ | (15,584 | ) | ||
| Net cash (used in) investing activities | (662 | ) | (673 | ) | ||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 10,680 | 15,071 | ||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,735 | $ | (1,186 | ) | |||
Operating Activities
During the year ended June 30, 2023, we used cash in operating activities of $7.3 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $7.9 million combined with $0.6 million used in changes in our non-cash working capital, partially offset by non-cash share-based compensation expenses and inventory write-down.
During the year ended June 30, 2022, we used cash in operating activities of $15.9 million, primarily resulting from our net loss of $18.6 million combined with $2.7 million used in changes in our non-cash working capital, partially offset by non-cash share-based compensation expenses, impairment of intangible assets and goodwill and warrant modification expense related to the change in fair value of warrants that were re-priced during the year.
Investing Activities
During the year ended June 30, 2023, cash used in investing activities of $0.7 million resulted from escrow payments made to BayMedica’s historical equity and convertible debt holders and purchase of property and equipment.
During the year ended June 30, 2022, cash used in investing activities of $0.7 million resulted from escrow payments made to BayMedica’s historical equity and convertible debt holders, settlement of loan receivable from BayMedica and purchases of property and equipment, partially offset by cash acquired from the acquisition of BayMedica.
Financing Activities
During the year ended June 30, 2023, cash provided by financing activities of $10.7 million consisted of $12.0 million of gross proceeds from private placements of our common shares, offset by total transaction costs of $1.3 million.
During the year ended June 30, 2022, cash provided by financing activities of $15.1 million consisted of $12.0 million of gross proceeds from a private placement of our common shares and $5.0 million of gross proceeds from a registered direct offering and concurrent private placement of our common shares, offset by total transaction costs of $1.8 million and $0.3 million for the repayment of debt assumed in the BayMedica acquisition.
Funding Requirements
We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing research and development activities, particularly as we continue the research and development of and the clinical trials for our Product Candidates. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a US-listed public company and associated with any required investment into BayMedica’s R&D efforts targeting cannabinoid analogs. As a result, we expect to incur substantial operating losses and negative operating cash flows for the foreseeable future.
In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), we have evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
Through June 30, 2023, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of common stock. We have incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception, including net losses of $7.9 million and $18.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, we have an accumulated deficit of $101.4 million as of June 30, 2023.
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As of the issuance date of the consolidated interim financial statements, we expect our cash and cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $9.0 million as of June 30, 2023 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of calendar year 2024. depending on the level and timing of realizing BayMedica revenues from the sale of Products in the Health & Wellness sector as well as the level and timing of the Company operating expenses. Our future viability is dependent on our ability to raise additional capital to finance our operations. In addition, there are a number of uncertainties in estimating our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements including the impact of potential acquisitions.
As a result, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
We expect to continue to seek additional funding through equity financings, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies, government contracts or other strategic transactions. We may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our existing stockholders.
Our funding requirements and timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend largely on:
| ● | the scope, progress, results and costs of discovery research, preclinical development, laboratory testing and clinical trials for our Product Candidates; |
| ● |
the scope, progress, results and costs of development of our manufacturing technologies; |
| ● | the number of and development requirements for other Products and Product Candidates that we pursue; |
| ● | the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of our Product Candidates; |
| ● |
our ability to enter into contract manufacturing arrangements for supply of materials and manufacture of our Products and Product Candidates and the terms of such arrangements; |
| ● | the impact of any acquired, or in-licensed, externally developed product(s) and/or technologies; |
| ● | our ability to establish and maintain strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements, including sales arrangements, and the financial terms of such arrangements; |
| ● | the sales, costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, sales, marketing and distribution, for any of our Products and for Product Candidates for which we may receive marketing approval; |
| ● | the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property and proprietary rights and defending any intellectual property- related claims; |
| ● | expansion costs of our operational, financial and management systems and increases to our personnel, including personnel to support our clinical development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts and our operations as a dual listed company; |
| ● | the costs to obtain, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; and |
| ● | the level and timing of realizing revenues from the BayMedica commercial operations. |
A change in the outcome of any of these, or other variables with respect to the development of any of our Products and Product Candidates, could significantly change the costs and timing associated with their development. We will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives.
In addition to the variables described above, if and when any of our Product Candidates successfully complete development, we will incur substantial additional costs associated with regulatory filings, marketing approval, post-marketing requirements, maintaining our intellectual property rights, and regulatory protection, in addition to other commercial costs. We cannot reasonably estimate these costs at this time.
87
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenues from either our Products or Product Candidates, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity or debt financings and collaboration arrangements. We currently have no credit facility or committed sources of capital. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common shareholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities, these securities could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. We may require additional capital beyond our currently anticipated amounts, and additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds through collaboration arrangements or other strategic transactions in the future, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, Products or Product Candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market Products or Product Candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
During the periods presented we did not have, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
We periodically review our financial reporting and disclosure practices and accounting policies to ensure that they provide accurate and transparent information relative to the current economic and business environment. As part of this process, we have reviewed our selection, application and communication of critical accounting policies and financial disclosures. Management has discussed the development and selection of the critical accounting policies with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and the Audit Committee has reviewed the disclosure relating to critical accounting policies in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis.
This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements included as part of this report, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the revenue and expenses incurred during the reported periods. We base estimates on our historical experience, known trends and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
The full details of our accounting policies are presented in Note 2 of our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended June 30, 2023. These policies are considered by management to be essential to understanding the processes and reasoning that go into the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and the uncertainties that could have a bearing on its financial results. The significant accounting policies that we believe to be most critical in fully understanding and evaluating our financial results are research and development costs and share based payments.
88
Research & Development and Patents costs:
Research and development and patents costs is a critical accounting estimate due to the magnitude and nature of the assumptions that are required to calculate third-party accrued and prepaid research and development expenses. Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred and include, but are not limited to, personnel compensation, including salaries and benefits, services provided by CROs that conduct preclinical and clinical studies, costs of filing and prosecuting patent applications, and lab supplies.
The amount of expenses recognized in a period related to service agreements is based on estimates of the work performed using an accrual basis of accounting. These estimates are based on services provided and goods delivered, contractual terms and experience with similar contracts. We monitor these factors and adjust our estimates accordingly.
Share-based payments:
The fair value, at the grant date, of equity share awards is charged to income or loss over the period for which the benefits of employees and others providing similar services are expected to be received, generally the vesting period. The corresponding accrued entitlement is recorded in contributed surplus. The amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of share options expected to vest. The fair value of awards is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which considers the following factors:
| ● | Exercise price |
| ● | Current market price of the underlying shares |
| ● | Expected life of the award |
| ● | Risk-free interest rate |
| ● | Expected volatility |
| ● | Dividend yield |
Management determines costs for share-based payments using market-based valuation techniques. The fair value of the market-based and performance-based share awards are determined at the date of grant using generally accepted valuation techniques. Assumptions are made and judgment used in applying valuation techniques. These assumptions and judgments include estimating the future volatility of the stock price, expected dividend yield, forfeiture rates and corporate performance. For employee awards, we use the “simplified method” to determine the expected term of options. Under this method, the expected term represents the average of the vesting period and the contractual term. Such judgments and assumptions are inherently uncertain. Changes in these assumptions affect the fair value estimates. If we had made different judgments and assumptions than those described previously, the amount of our share-based payments expense, net loss and net loss per common shares amounts could have been materially different.
Impairment of Intangible Assets:
We assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the long-lived asset is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or assets. If carrying value exceeds the sum of undiscounted cash flows, we then determine the fair value of the underlying asset. Any impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset group.
Due to the impairment indicators discussed in Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements, as of June 30, 2022, the Company determined that intangibles assets of BayMedica that were associated with manufacturing and commercialization of our health and wellness products were impaired during the year ended June 30, 2022. Refer to Note 5 of our consolidated financial statements.
89
Business Combination
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The fair value of total purchase consideration is allocated to the fair values of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the remaining amount being classified as goodwill. All assets and liabilities acquired or assumed in a business combination are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. If the Company’s interest in the fair value of the acquiree’s net identifiable assets exceeds the cost of the acquisition, the excess is recognized in earnings or loss immediately. Transaction costs that are incurred in connection with a business combination, other than costs associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, are expensed as incurred.
As part of our acquisition of BayMedica Inc, on October 13, 2021, goodwill, trade secrets, product formulation knowledge, patents, trademarks, Technology and In-Process Research and Development Intangible (“IPR&D”) intangible assets were recognized. The fair value of the aggregate intangible assets was determined to be $2.7 million and goodwill was $2.0 million at the acquisition date. IPR&D was classified as indefinite-lived and was not amortized. The multi-period excess earnings method was used to determine the fair value of these assets as at the date of acquisition. All research and development costs incurred subsequent to the acquisition of IPR&D are expensed as incurred. Patents are expected to have a finite life and are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Amortization begins when intangible assets with finite lives are put into use.
Going Concern
Through June 30, 2023, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of common shares. We have incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception, including net losses of $7.9 million and $18.6 million for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In addition, we have an accumulated deficit of $101.4 million as of June 30, 2023.
As of the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements, we expect our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $9.0 million as of June 30, 2023 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of calendar 2024, and possibly into the second quarter of calendar year 2024, depending on the level and timing of realizing revenues from the BayMedica commercial operations as well as the level and timing of the Company operating expense. Our future viability is dependent on our ability to raise additional capital to finance our operations. In addition, there are a number of uncertainties in estimating our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements including the impact of potential acquisitions.
As a result, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
We expect to seek additional funding through equity financings, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies, government contracts or other strategic transactions. We may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our existing shareholders.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS
We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Consolidated Financial Statements of
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
For the Year Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022
F-1
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
(Expressed in U.S. Dollars)
June 30, 2023
| INDEX | Page | |
| Consolidated Financial Statements | ||
| ● | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm ID | F-3 |
| ● | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm ID 85) | F-4 |
| ● | Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-5 |
| ● | Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-6 |
| ● | Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity | F-7 |
| ● | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-8 |
| ● | Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-9 - F-32 |
F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended June 30, 2023 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended June 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Explanatory Paragraph – Going Concern
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As more fully described in Note 1, the Company has incurred significant losses and needs to raise additional funds to meet its obligations and sustain its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/
Marcum llp
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023
September 29, 2023
F-3
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc. (the Company) as of June 30, 2022, the related consolidated statement of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended June 30, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended June 30, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows and has an accumulated deficit that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.
Vancouver, Canada
September 23, 2022
F-4
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Expressed in U.S. Dollars
| June 30, | June 30, | ||||||||||
| Note | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| ASSETS | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Current | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | |||||||||||
| Short-term investments | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | |||||||||||
| Inventories | 3 | ||||||||||
| Prepaids and other current assets | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Non-Current | |||||||||||
| Property, equipment and ROU assets, net | 4 | ||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 6 | ||||||||||
| Other assets | |||||||||||
| Total Assets | |||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY | |||||||||||
| Current | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 8 | ||||||||||
| Current portion of lease obligations | 11 | ||||||||||
| Deferred rent | |||||||||||
| Acquisition consideration payable | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Non-current | |||||||||||
| Lease obligations, net of current portion | 11 | ||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | |||||||||||
| Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14) | |||||||||||
| Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| 9 | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 9, 10 | ||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | |||||||||||
| Total Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| Related Party Transactions (Note 15) | |||||||||||
| Subsequent Events (Note 16) | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-5
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Expressed in U.S. Dollars
| For the Years Ended | |||||||||||
| June 30 | |||||||||||
| Note | 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||
| $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Sales | |||||||||||
| Cost of sales | |||||||||||
| Inventory write-down | 3 | ||||||||||
| Gross profit | |||||||||||
| Operating Expenses | |||||||||||
| Research and development and patents | |||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||
| Amortization and depreciation | 4, 6 | ||||||||||
| Impairment of intangible assets and goodwill | 5 | ||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | |||||||||||
| Other Income (Expense) | |||||||||||
| Interest and other income | |||||||||||
| Warrant modification expense | ( |
) | |||||||||
| Foreign exchange loss | ( |
) | ( |
) | |||||||
| Loss before income tax expense | ( |
) | ( |
) | |||||||
| Income tax expense | ( |
) | |||||||||
| Net loss for the year | ( |
) | ( |
) | |||||||
| Net loss per share for the year | |||||||||||
| ( |
) | ( |
) | ||||||||
| Weighted average outstanding common shares | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-6
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
For the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022
Expressed in U.S. Dollars
| Additional | Accumulated Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note | Common Shares | Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Comprehensive Income | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
| # | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance June 30, 2022 | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private placement | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share issuance costs | 9 | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agents’ investment options | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of pre-funded warrants | 9 | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss for the period | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 10 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance June 30, 2023 | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additional | Accumulated Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note | Common Shares | Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Comprehensive Income | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||
| # | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance June 30, 2021 | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Private placement | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ATM offering, net of issuance costs | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered direct and private placement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share issuance costs | 9 | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Agents’ warrants | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agents’ investment options | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of pre-funded warrants | 9 | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise of warrants | 9 | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition of BayMedica | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares issued for consulting services | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant modification expense | 9 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss for the period | - | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 10 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance June 30, 2022 | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-7
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022
Expressed in U.S. Dollars
| Note | 2023 | 2022 | ||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||||
| Cash provided by (used in): | ||||||||||
| Operating Activities | ||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Items not requiring cash: | ||||||||||
| Amortization and depreciation | 4, 6 | |||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 10 | |||||||||
| Shares issued for services | ||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | ||||||||||
| Loss on disposal of assets | ||||||||||
| Interest income received on short-term investments | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Unrealized foreign exchange loss | ||||||||||
| Impairment of intangible assets and goodwill | ||||||||||
| Inventory write-down | 3 | |||||||||
| Bad debts | ||||||||||
| Warrant modification expense | ||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||
| Inventories | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Prepaids and other currents assets | ||||||||||
| Other non-current assets | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Deferred rent | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Lease obligations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Total cash used in operating activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Investing Activities | ||||||||||
| Cash acquired from acquisition of BayMedica | ||||||||||
| Payment of acquisition consideration payable | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Payment of deposit on equipment | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Purchase of property and equipment | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Sale of short-term investments | ( | ) | - | |||||||
| Purchase of short-term investments | - | |||||||||
| Loan receivable | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total cash (used in) provided by investing activities | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||
| Financing Activities | ||||||||||
| Shares issued for cash | 9 | |||||||||
| Share issuance costs | 9 | ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
| Repayment of debt | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Total cash provided by financing activities | ||||||||||
| Increase (decrease) in cash during the period | ( | ) | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents beginning of the period | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents end of the period | ||||||||||
| SUPPLEMENTARY CASH FLOW INFORMATION: | ||||||||||
| Cash Paid During the Year for: | ||||||||||
| Income taxes | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Interest | $ | $ | ||||||||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | ||||||||||
| Preferred investment options to its placement agent | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Warrants to its placement agent | $ | $ | ||||||||
| Shares issued for acquisition | $ | - | $ | |||||||
The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F-8
| 1. | CORPORATE INFORMATION AND CONTINUING OPERATIONS |
Business
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“InMed” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the Province of British Columbia on May 19, 1981 under the Business Corporations Act of British Columbia. InMed is a clinical stage pharmaceutical company developing a pipeline of prescription-based products, including rare cannabinoids and novel cannabinoid analogs, targeting the treatment of diseases with high unmet medical needs as well as developing proprietary manufacturing technologies to produce rare cannabinoids for sale in the health and wellness industry.
The Company’s shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbol “INM”. InMed’s office and principal place of business is located at #310 – 815 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6C 1B4.
Going Concern
In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.
Through June 30,
2023, the Company has funded its operations primarily with proceeds from the sale of common stock. The Company has incurred recurring
losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception, including net losses of approximately $
As of the issuance
date of these consolidated annual financial statements, the Company expects its cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $
The Company expects to continue to seek additional funding through equity financings, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies, government contracts or other strategic transactions. The Company may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company’s existing shareholders.
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will be able to meet its commitments, realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course. These consolidated financial statements do not reflect adjustments to the carrying values of assets and liabilities that would be necessary if the Company was unable to continue as a going concern and such adjustments could be material.
F-9
COVID-19 Impacts
The full extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may directly or indirectly impact the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition, including expenses, research and development costs and employee-related amounts, will depend on future developments that are evolving and highly uncertain, such as the duration and severity of outbreaks, including potential future waves or cycles, and the effectiveness of actions taken to contain and treat COVID-19. The Company considered the potential impact of COVID-19 when making certain estimates and judgments relating to the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. While there was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the and for the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company’s future assessment of the magnitude and duration of COVID-19, as well as other factors, could result in a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods.
| 2. | SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
Basis of Presentation
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles as applied in the United States (“US GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for financial information.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year amounts in the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto have been reclassified where necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications did not affect the prior period’s total assets, total liabilities, stockholders’ deficit, net loss or net cash used in operating activities.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in compliance with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date, and the corresponding revenues and expenses for the periods reported. It also requires management to exercise judgment in applying the Company’s accounting policies. In the future, actual experience may differ from these estimates and assumptions. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to these consolidated financial statements are the estimate of useful life of intangible assets, the application of the going concern assumption, and determining the fair value of share-based payments, income tax provisions, write-down of inventories to net realizable value, and warrant valuations.
Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Basis of Consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, including subsidiaries: InMed Pharmaceutical Ltd., BayMedica, LLC, Biogen Sciences Inc., and Sweetnam Consulting Inc. A subsidiary is an entity that the Company controls, either directly or indirectly, where control is defined as the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. All inter-company transactions and balances including unrealized income and expenses arising from intercompany transactions are eliminated in preparing these consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currency
The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the U.S. Dollar. These consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. Dollars. References to “$” and “US$” are to United States (“U.S.”) dollars and references to “C$” are to Canadian dollars.
F-10
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The fair value of total purchase consideration is allocated to the fair values of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the remaining amount being classified as goodwill. All assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed in a business combination are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. If the Company’s interest in the fair value of the acquiree’s net identifiable assets exceeds the cost of the acquisition, the excess is recognized in earnings. Transaction costs that are incurred in connection with a business combination, other than costs associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, are expensed as incurred.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash-on-hand, demand deposits with financial institutions and other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when acquired that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.
Short-term Investments
Short-term investments include fixed and variable rate guaranteed investment certificates, with terms greater than three months and less than twelve months. Due to the short term nature of these investments the fair value of the investments approximates the current value. Guaranteed investment certificates are convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at invoiced amounts, net of any allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable.
The Company evaluates
the collectability of accounts receivable on a regular basis based upon various factors including the financial condition and payment
history of customers, an overall review of collections experience on other accounts and economic factors or events expected to affect
future collections experience. Expected credit losses on our accounts receivable were $
Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties
At times, cash balances may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(“FDIC”) or Canadian Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) insurable limits. The Company has not experienced any losses related
to these balances. The uninsured cash balance as of June 30, 2023, was $
The Company’s customers are primarily concentrated in the United States.
As of June 30,
2023, we had three customers with an accounts receivable balance representing
For the year ended
June 30, 2023, the Company had four customers that accounted for
F-11
Inventories
Inventories are initially valued at weighted average cost and subsequently valued at the lower of weighted average cost and net realizable value. Costs included in inventories are the purchase price of goods and cost of services rendered, freight costs, warehousing costs, purchasing costs and production and labor costs related to manufacturing.
In determining
any valuation allowances, the Company reviews inventory for obsolete, redundant, and slow-moving goods. As of June 30, 2023, the Company
has $
Property, Equipment and ROU Assets, Net
Computer equipment, lab equipment and furnishings are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. The initial cost of computer equipment, lab equipment and furnishings comprises their purchase price. The computer equipment, lab equipment and furnishings are reviewed at least once per year for impairment. Equipment and furniture are depreciated using the straight-line method based on their estimated useful lives as follows:
| ● | Computer equipment – | |
| ● | Lab equipment – |
| ● | Furnishings – |
Computer equipment, lab equipment and furnishings, acquired or disposed of during the year, are depreciated proportionately for the period they are in use.
The right-of-use assets are initially measured based on the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives received. The assets are amortized to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the lease term using the straight-line method as this most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits. The lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option. In addition, the right-of-use assets are periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain re-measurements of the lease liability (see Note 2 Lease (i)).
Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets
are comprised of acquired intellectual property, which consists of certain patents and technical know-how. The intellectual property is
recorded at cost and is amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of
In-Process R&D
In-process R&D (“IPR&D”) is classified as an indefinite-lived intangible asset and is not amortized. IPR&D becomes definite-lived upon the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. All research and development costs incurred subsequent to the acquisition of IPR&D are expensed as incurred. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company assesses
the recoverability of its long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset
may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the long-lived asset is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future
undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or assets. If carrying value exceeds the sum of undiscounted cash flows,
the Company then determines the fair value of the underlying asset. Any impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which
the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset group. Assets classified as held for sale are reported
at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. Based on the completion of the impairment test, the Company recorded
an impairment charge of $ and $
F-12
Goodwill
The Company tests
goodwill for potential impairment annually on June 30, or more frequently if an event or other circumstance indicates that the Company
may not be able to recover the carrying amount of the net assets of the reporting unit. The Company’s operations consist of
Financial Assets and Liabilities
Financial Assets
Financial assets are initially recognized at fair value, plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to their acquisition or issue and subsequently carried at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, less any impairment losses. No financial assets are or elected to be carried at fair value through profit or loss or where changes in fair value are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in other comprehensive loss.
Short-term investments are subsequently recorded at cost plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value due to short term nature. Accounts receivable are reported at outstanding amounts, net of provisions for uncollectable amounts.
Financial Liabilities
To determine the fair value of financial instruments, the Company uses the fair value hierarchy for inputs used to measure fair value of financial assets and liabilities. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels: Level 1 (highest priority), Level 2, and Level 3 (lowest priority).
| Level 1 – | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments. |
| Level 2 – | Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs). |
| Level 3 – | Inputs are unobservable and reflect the Company’s assumptions as to what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company develops these inputs based on the best information available. Assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Changes in the observability of valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. |
F-13
The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, and accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate their carrying values as at June 30, 2023 and 2022 due to their immediate or short-term maturities.
Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. At June 30, 2023, and June 30, 2022, the Company had a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.
Per FASB ASC 740-10, disclosure is not required of an uncertain tax position unless it is considered probable that a claim will be asserted and there is a more-likely-than-not possibility that the outcome will be unfavorable. Using this guidance, as of June 30, 2023, and 2022, the Company has no uncertain tax positions that qualify for either recognition or disclosure in the financial statements. The Company’s 2023, 2022, 2021, and 2020 United States and Canadian tax returns remain subject to examination by their respective taxing authorities. Neither of the Company’s tax returns are currently under examination.
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue when the Company satisfies the performance obligations under the terms of a contract and control of its products and services is transferred to its customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive from its customers in exchange for those products and services. ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers defines a five-step process to recognize revenue that requires judgment and estimates, including identifying the contract with the customer, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price, allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when or as the performance obligation is satisfied.
Revenue consists of manufacturing and distribution sales of bulk rare cannabinoids, which are generally recognized at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenue when control over the products have been transferred to the customer and the Company has a present right to payment. Sales and other taxes that are required to be remitted to regulatory authorities are recorded as liabilities and excluded from sales. Limited rights of return, for claims of damaged or non-compliant products, exist with the Company’s customers.
The Company has elected the practical expedient that allows it to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense, when incurred, if the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.
Revenues within the scope of ASC 606 do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Customer payments are generally due in advance of when control is transferred to the customer. Some of our larger customers with which we have history with are eligible for payment terms up to net 30.
F-14
Cost of Sales
Cost of sales consists primarily of the purchase price of goods and cost of services rendered, freight costs, warehousing costs, and purchasing costs. Cost of sales also includes production and labor costs for the Company’s manufacturing business.
Shipping and Handling
The Company records freight billed to customers within Net sales. Shipping and handling costs associated with inbound freight and goods shipped to customers are recorded in cost of sales. Other shipping and handling costs, such as for quality assurance, are recorded in operating expenses.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
Basic earnings (loss) per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing the net income or loss applicable to common shares of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the relevant period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed by dividing the net income or loss applicable to common shares by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares issued and outstanding and all additional common shares that would have been outstanding, if potentially dilutive instruments were converted. If the conversion of outstanding stock options and warrants into common share is anti-dilutive, then diluted EPS is not presented separately from EPS.
| Year ended June 30, | ||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | |||||||
| Options | ||||||||
| Warrants | ||||||||
Share-based Payments
The Company follows the requirements of FASB ASC 718-10-10, Share-Based Payments with regards to stock-based compensation issued to employees and non-employees. The Company has agreements and arrangements that call for stock to be awarded to the employees and consultants at various times as compensation and periodic bonuses. The expense for this stock-based compensation is equal to the fair value of the stock price on the day the stock was awarded multiplied by the number of shares awarded. The Company has a relatively low forfeiture rate of stock-based compensation and forfeitures are recognized as they occur.
The valuation methodology used to determine the fair value of the options issued during the period is the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of assumptions including the volatility of the stock price, the average risk-free interest rate, and the weighted average expected life of the options. Risk-free interest rates are calculated based on continuously compounded risk-free rates for the appropriate term. The dividend yield is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid or declared any cash dividends on its Common Stock and does not intend to pay dividends on its Common Stock in the foreseeable future. The expected forfeiture rate is estimated based on management’s best assessment.
F-15
Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which InMed’s stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the expected life of the award. The Company’s calculation of estimated volatility is based on historical stock prices over a period equal to the expected life of the awards.
Research and Development Costs
The Company conducts research and development programs and incurs costs related to these activities, including research and development personnel compensation, services provided by contract research organizations and lab supplies. Research and development costs are expensed in the periods in which they are incurred.
Patents and Intellectual Property Costs
The costs of filing for patents and of prosecuting and maintaining intellectual property rights are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty surrounding the drug development process and the uncertainty of future benefits. Patents and intellectual property acquired from third parties for approved products or where there are alternative future uses are capitalized and amortized over the remaining life of the patent.
Segment reporting
The Company’s operations consist of two operating and reportable segments, the InMed segment and the BayMedica segment.
The InMed segment is largely organized around the research and development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals products and the BayMedica segment is largely organized around developing proprietary manufacturing technologies to produce rare cannabinoids for sale in the health and wellness industry (See Note 13).
Leases
At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
The lease liability is initially measured as the present value of future lease payments excluding payments made at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate. The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is re-measured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension, or termination option. When the lease liability is re-measured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.
The Company has lease arrangements that include both lease and non-lease components. The Company accounts for each separate lease component and its associated non-lease components as a single lease component for all of its asset classes.
The
Company has elected to apply the practical expedient to exclude initial direct costs such as annual operating costs from the measurement
of the right-of-use asset at the date of initial application. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient not to recognize
right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of
F-16
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
The Company has reviewed recent accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to the Company or that there was no material impact or no material impact is expected in the consolidated financial statements as a result of future adoption.
| 3. | INVENTORIES |
| June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 | |||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| Raw materials | ||||||||
| Work in process | ||||||||
| Finished goods | ||||||||
| Inventories | ||||||||
During the year
ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the write-down of inventories to net realizable value was $
F-17
| 4. | PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND ROU ASSETS, NET |
| June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 | |||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| Right-of-Use Assets (leases) | ||||||||
| Equipment | ||||||||
Furnishing | ||||||||
| Property and equipment | ||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Property, equipment and ROU assets, net | ||||||||
Depreciation expense
on computer equipment, lab equipment and furnishing for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, was $
| 5. | IMPAIRMENT OF INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL |
During
the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded goodwill of $
The Company performs an annual impairment test at the reporting unit level as of June 30 of each fiscal year.
As of June 30, 2022, the Company qualitatively assessed whether it is more likely than not that the respective fair value of the Company’s BayMedica reporting unit was less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. For a variety of reasons, performance of the BayMedica segment has not materialized as expected. Contributing factors include but are not limited to the following:
| - | market demand for launched compounds has not materialized as quickly as the Company anticipated; |
| - | recent overarching recessionary pressures have contributed to hesitation within the health and wellness (H&W) sector to invest in, and launch, new rare cannabinoid products; |
| - | in this nascent market, BayMedica’s perceived competitive advantages of certified, high purity and reliability and consistency of supply have not resonated with the industry’s current product manufacturers; and |
| - | additional downward pricing pressure for cannabinoids in the H&W sector. |
F-18
As a result of this sustained decline in performance compared to expectations and continuing market uncertainties, the Company determined that as of June 30, 2022, it was more likely than not that the carrying value of these acquired intangibles exceeded their estimated fair value. Accordingly, the Company performed an impairment analysis as of that date using the income method, the relieve from royalty method and the multi-period excess earnings method. This analysis required significant judgments, including the estimation of future revenues, royalties, licensing fees, costs, the probability of success in various phases of its development programs, potential post launch cash flows and discount rates. The Company recorded a goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge for the excess of the reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company did not identify any impairment indicators and no impairment was recorded on our remaining intangible assets.
| $ | ||||
| Goodwill | ||||
| Balance at July 1, 2021 | ||||
| Acquired at October 13, 2021 | ||||
| Impairment losses | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at June 30, 2022 and 2023 | ||||
| Indefinite lived intangible assets | ||||
| IPR&D | ||||
| Balance at July 1, 2021 | ||||
| Acquired at October 13, 2021 | ||||
| Impairment losses | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at June 30, 2022 and 2023 | ||||
| Definite lived intangible assets | ||||
| Trademark and Intellectual Property | ||||
| Balance at July 1, 2021 | ||||
| Acquired at October 13, 2021 | ||||
| Amortization | ( | ) | ||
| Impairment losses | ( | ) | ||
| Balance at June 30, 2022 | ||||
| Amortization | ( | ) | ||
| Impairment losses | ||||
| Balance at June 30, 2023 | ||||
| Definite lived intangible assets | ||||
| Patents | ||||
| Balance at July 1, 2021 | ||||
| Acquired at October 13, 2021 | ||||
| Amortization | ( | ) | ||
| Impairment losses | ||||
| Balance at June 30, 2022 | ||||
| Amortization | ( | ) | ||
| Impairment losses | ||||
| Balance at June 30, 2023 | ||||
| Intangible assets, net as of June 30, 2022 | ||||
| Intangible assets, net as of June 30, 2023 | ||||
During
the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $
F-19
| 6. | INTANGIBLE ASSETS |
| June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 | |||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| Intellectual property | ||||||||
| Patents | ||||||||
| Intangible assets | ||||||||
Less: accumulated amortization | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Intangible assets, net | ||||||||
Acquired intellectual
property is recorded at cost and is amortized on a straight-line basis over
Amortization expense
on intangible assets for the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $
| Twelve months ending June 30, | $ | |||
| 2024 | ||||
| 2025 | ||||
| 2026 | ||||
| 2027 | ||||
| 2028 | ||||
| Thereafter | ||||
| Total | ||||
| 7. | ACQUISITION |
On
October 13, 2021, the Company completed the acquisition of BayMedica, a private company based in the U.S. that specializes in the manufacturing
and commercialization of rare cannabinoids. The Company acquired
| Purchase Price Consideration ($) | ||||
| Estimated fair value of common shares issued | ||||
| Cash | ||||
| Less: Post-closing adjustments | ( | ) | ||
| Estimated fair value of consideration transferred | ||||
F-20
The
Prior
to the acquisition, the Company has a $
In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase price of BayMedica has been allocated to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based on their estimated acquisition date fair values. The fair value estimates were based on income, estimates and other analyses. The excess of the total consideration over the estimated fair value of the amounts initially assigned to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed has been recorded as goodwill, which is not deductible for income taxes purposes. The goodwill balance represents the assembled workforce acquired, the combined Company’s expectations of the strategic opportunities available as a result of the acquisition, and other synergies that will be derived from the acquisition.
| Purchase Price | ||||
| Allocation | ||||
| ($) | ||||
| Assets acquired: | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | ||||
| Accounts receivable | ||||
| Inventories | ||||
| Prepaid expenses and deposits | ||||
| Property and equipment | ||||
| IPR&D | ||||
| Patents | ||||
| Trademark | ||||
| Goodwill | ||||
| Total assets acquired | ||||
| Liabilities assumed: | ||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ||||
| Other short-term liabilities | ||||
| Long-term debt | ||||
| Total liabilities acquired | ||||
| Estimated fair value of net assets acquired | ||||
Tangible assets and liabilities were valued at their respective carrying amounts as management believes that these amounts approximated their acquisition-date fair values.
The
Purchase Price allocation includes certain identifiable intangible assets with an estimated fair value of approximately $
Acquired IPR&D are related identifiable intangible assets associated with cannabinoid manufacturing processes and includes knowhow and trade secrets. The multi-period excess earnings method was used to determine the fair value of these assets as at the date of acquisition.
The acquired trademark represents the trade name ProDiol®. The fair value of the trademark was determined using the relief from royalty method.
Acquired
patents consist of patents related to the development of cannabinoid analogs, the fair value of which was determined using the income
approach. This intangible asset is being amortized over an estimated useful life of
Following
the acquisition date, the operating results of BayMedica have been included in the consolidated financial statements. For the period from
the October 13, 2021 acquisition date through June 30, 2022, sales attributable to BayMedica were $
F-21
| Year Ended June 30, 2022 | ||||
| Sales | $ | |||
| Net loss | $ | ( | ) | |
| Net loss per share | $ | ( | ) | |
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding | ||||
| 8. | ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES |
| June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 | |||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| Trade payables | ||||||||
| Accrued research and development expenses | ||||||||
| Employee compensation, benefits and related accruals | ||||||||
| Accrued general and administrative expenses | ||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ||||||||
| 9. | SHARE CAPITAL AND RESERVES |
On September 7, 2022, the Company effected a one-for-25 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding common shares. Accordingly, all common share, stock option, per common share and warrant amounts for all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been adjusted retrospectively to reflect this reverse stock split.
| a) | Authorized |
As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s authorized share structure consisted of: (i) an unlimited number of common shares without par value; and (ii) an unlimited number of preferred shares without par value. No preferred shares were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.
The Company may issue preferred shares and may, at the time of issuance, determine the rights, preference and limitations pertaining to these shares. Holders of preferred shares may be entitled to receive a preference payment in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company before any payment is made to the holders of common shares.
| b) | Common Shares |
During the year ended June 30, 2023, the Company completed the following:
| Transaction Description | Number | Issue Price | Total | |||||||||
| Shares Issued | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Pre-funded Warrants Issued | $ | |||||||||||
| Gross Proceeds | $ | |||||||||||
| Allocated to Additional Paid-in Capital | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| $ | ||||||||||||
| Share Issuance Costs | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||
F-22
On September
13, 2022, the Company closed a private placement of its common shares and issued an aggregate of
| Transaction Description | Number | Issue Price | Total | |||||||||
| Shares Issued | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Pre-funded Warrants Issued | $ | |||||||||||
| Gross Proceeds | $ | |||||||||||
| Allocated to Additional Paid-in Capital | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| $ | ||||||||||||
| Share Issuance Costs | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||
On November 21,
2022, the Company closed a private placement of its common shares and issued an aggregate of
During the year ended June 30, 2022, the Company completed the following:
Transaction Description | Number | Issue Price | Total | |||||||||
| Shares Issued | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Pre-funded Warrants Issued | $ | |||||||||||
| Gross Proceeds | $ | |||||||||||
| Allocated to Additional Paid-in Capital | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| $ | ||||||||||||
| Share Issuance Costs | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||
On
July 2, 2021, the Company closed a private placement of its common shares and issued an aggregate of
| Transaction Description | Number | Issue Price | Total | |||||||||
| Shares Issued | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Pre-funded Warrants Issued | $ | |||||||||||
| Gross Proceeds | $ | |||||||||||
| Allocated to Additional Paid-in Capital | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| $ | ||||||||||||
| Share Issuance Costs | $ | ( | ) | |||||||||
F-23
On
April 22, 2022, the Company issued
On
June 6, 2022, the Company closed a registered direct offering and concurrent private placement of its common shares. In the registered
direct offering, the Company issued an aggregate of
During
the year ended June 30, 2022, in accordance with the BayMedica Agreement, the Company issued
As part of the Company’s
financing in the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the units included pre-funded warrants of
| c) | Share Purchase Warrants |
On July 2, 2021,
| Number | Weighted Share Price | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||
| Balance as at July 1, 2021 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Expired / Cancelled | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Exercised | ||||||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
The intrinsic value of warrants as of June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $.
F-24
| d) | Agents’ Warrants |
On July 2, 2021,
| Number | Weighted Share Price | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||
| Balance as at July 1, 2021 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Expired / Cancelled | ||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| e) | Preferred Investment Options |
On September 13, 2022, the Company
closed a private placement of its common shares and
On November 21, 2022, the Company closed a private placement of its
common shares and
On June 6, 2022,
| Number | Weighted Share Price | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||
| Balance as at July 1, 2021 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Expired / Cancelled | ( | ) | ||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
F-25
| f) | Agents’ Investment Options |
On September 13, 2022, the Company
closed a private placement of its common shares and
On November 21, 2022, the Company
closed a private placement of its common shares and
On June 6, 2022,
| Number | Weighted Share Price | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||
| Balance as at July 1, 2021 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||||||
| Expired / Cancelled | ||||||||||||
| Exercised | - | - | - | |||||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2023 | $ | $ | ||||||||||
| 10. | SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS |
| a) | Option Plan Details |
On March 24,
2017, and as amended on November 20, 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved: (i) the adoption of a new stock option plan (the
“Plan”) pursuant to which the Board of Directors may, from time to time, in its discretion and in accordance with regulatory
requirements, grant to directors, officers, employees and consultants of the Company, non-transferable options to purchase common shares,
provided that the number of common shares reserved for issuance will not exceed twenty percent (
As of June 30,
2023 and 2022, there were
Stock options granted prior to May 2021 were granted with Canadian dollar exercise prices (United States dollar amounts for weighted average exercise prices and aggregate intrinsic value are calculated using prevailing rates as at June 30, 2022). Commencing in May 2021, stock options are granted with United States dollar exercise prices.
F-26
| Number | Weighted Average Exercise Price | |||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2021 | $ | |||||||
| Granted | ||||||||
| Expired/Forfeited | ( | ) | ||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2022 | ||||||||
| Granted | ||||||||
| Expired/Forfeited | ( | ) | ||||||
| Balance as at June 30, 2023 | $ | |||||||
| June 30, 2022: | ||||||||
| Vested and exercisable | ||||||||
| Unvested | $ | |||||||
June 30, 2023: | ||||||||
| Vested and exercisable | ||||||||
| Unvested | $ | |||||||
| b) | Fair Value of Options Issued During the Period |
| i) | Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date of Options Granted: |
The weighted average
fair value at grant date of options granted during the year ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, was $
| ii) | Expenses Arising from Share-based Payment Transactions: |
Total expenses
arising from share-based payment transactions recognized during the year months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, were $
F-27
| 11. | LEASE OBLIGATIONS |
| Maturity Analysis | June 30, 2023 | |||
| $ | ||||
| Less than one year | ||||
| One to five years | ||||
| More than five years | ||||
| Total undiscounted lease liabilities(1) | ||||
| Less: imputed interest | ( | ) | ||
| Present value of lease liabilities | ||||
| Less: Current portion of lease liabilities | ( | ) | ||
| Non-current portion of lease liabilities | ( | ) | ||
| (1) |
| 12. | INCOME TAXES |
| 2023 | 2022 | |||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| US net loss before taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
Canada net loss before tax | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Net loss before taxes | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Income tax expense (recovery) at the statutory rate | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Increase (reduction) in income taxes resulting from: | ||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | ||||||||
| State taxes | ( | ) | ||||||
| Permanent differences | ||||||||
| Foreign exchange differences | ||||||||
| Share issuance cost capitalized in equity | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Other | ( | ) | ||||||
| Income tax expense (recovery) | - | |||||||
As
of June 30, 2023, the Company has non-capital loss carry-forwards of approximately $
| F-28 |
| 2023 | 2022 | |||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||
| Non-capital losses | ||||||||
| Financing costs | ||||||||
| Accrued expenses | ||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | ||||||||
| Tax credits | ||||||||
| Lease liability | ||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| Lease obligations | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
| ( | ) | ( | ) | |||||
| Net deferred tax asset | ||||||||
| Valuation allowance | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||
A full valuation allowance has been applied against the net deferred tax assets because it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be available against which the Company can utilize the benefits therefrom.
The
Company recognizes tax benefits from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained
on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial
statements from any such position would be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various state jurisdictions, and Canada. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state tax examinations for fiscal years prior to 2019.
The Company is subject to taxation at the federal, state, and local levels in the United States and Canada.
| F-29 |
| 13. | SEGMENT INFORMATION |
As of the closing of the BayMedica acquisition, the Company aligned into two operating and reportable segments, the InMed segment and the BayMedica segment. The Company reports segment information based on the management approach which designates the internal reporting used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), which is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, for making decisions and assessing performance as the source of the Company’s reportable segments. The CODM allocates resources and assesses the performance of each operating segment based on potential licensing opportunities, historical and potential future product sales, operating expenses, and operating income (loss) before interest and taxes. The Company has determined its reportable segments to be InMed and BayMedica based on the information used by the CODM. Other than cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments (“Unrestricted cash”) balances, the CODM does not regularly review asset information by reportable segment and therefore, the Company does not report asset information by reportable segment.
The InMed segment
is largely organized around the research and development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals products and the BayMedica segment is largely
organized around developing proprietary manufacturing technologies to produce rare cannabinoids for sale in the health and wellness industry.
Total assets as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, held in the InMed segment are $
| Year Ended June 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| InMed | BayMedica | Total | InMed | BayMedica | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
| $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Inventory write-down | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Other income (expense) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ( | ) | ||||||||||||
| Unrestricted cash | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| F-30 |
| 14. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |
Pursuant to the
terms of agreements with various contract research organizations, as of June 30, 2023, the Company is committed for contract research
services and materials at a cost of approximately $
Pursuant to the
terms of agreements with various vendors, as of June 30, 2023, the Company is committed for contract materials and equipment at a cost
of approximately $
Pursuant to the terms of a May 31, 2017 Technology Assignment Agreement between the Company and the University of British Columbia (“UBC”), the Company is committed to pay royalties to UBC on certain licensing and royalty revenues received by the Company for biosynthesis of certain drug products that are covered by the agreement. To date, no payments have been required to be made.
Pursuant to the terms of a December 13, 2018 Collaborative Research Agreement with UBC in which the Company owns all rights, title and interests in and to any intellectual property, in addition to funding research at UBC, the Company is committed to make a one-time payment upon filing of any PCT patent application arising from the research. To date, one such payment has been made to UBC.
Pursuant to the terms of a November 1, 2018 Contribution Agreement with National Research Council Canada, as represented by its Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP), under certain circumstances contributions received, including the disposition of the underlying intellectual property developed in part with NRC-IRAP contributions, may become repayable.
Short-term investments include guaranteed
investment certificates, with
The Company has entered into certain agreements in the ordinary course of operations that may include indemnification provisions, which are common in such agreements. In some cases, the maximum amount of potential future indemnification is unlimited; however, the Company currently holds commercial general liability insurance. This insurance limits the Company’s liability and may enable the Company to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. Historically, the Company has not made any indemnification payments under such agreements and it believes that the fair value of these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations for any period presented.
Pursuant to a technology licensing
agreement, the Company is committed to issue, subject to regulatory approval, up to
| F-31 |
BayMedica LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary
of the Company, entered into a patent license agreement (“Agreement”) with a third party (the “Licensor”) in an
agreement dated February 15, 2021. The Company is required to make future royalty payments to the Licensor based on net sales of licensed
products, with minimum payments required starting in 2021 to maintain an exclusive license. In December 2021, the Company amended the
License Agreement including the deferral of the 2021 minimum payments to 2022. As of June 30, 2023, the Company has paid $
From time to time, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims related to matters arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company does not believe it is currently subject to any material matters where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a material loss may be incurred.
| 15. | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS |
On February 11, 2022, the Board of Directors appointed Janet Grove
as a director of the Company. Ms. Grove is a Partner of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP (“NRF”). From February 11, 2022 to
June 30, 2022, NRF rendered legal services in the amount of $
| 16. | SUBSEQUENT EVENTS |
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and determined that there have been no events that have occurred that would require adjustments to our disclosures in the consolidated financial statements except for the transactions described below.
On
September 19, 2023, the Company received written notice from the listing qualifications department staff of The Nasdaq Capital Market
(“Nasdaq”) notifying it that the average closing bid price of the Company’s common shares over a period of 30 consecutive
trading days was below the minimum $
In accordance with applicable Nasdaq procedures, the Company has a period of 180 calendar days following the receipt of the written notice mentioned above to cure the deficiency and regain compliance. The notice has no immediate impact on the listing of the Company’s common shares, which will continue to trade on the Nasdaq subject to the Company’s continued compliance with the other listing requirements of the Nasdaq. The common shares of the Company will continue to trade under the symbol “INM”. The Company intends to monitor the closing share price for its common shares and explore available options to regain compliance.
In the event the Company does not evidence compliance with the minimum bid price requirement during the 180-day grace period, it is expected that Nasdaq would notify the Company that its common shares are subject to delisting. At such time, the Company may appeal such determination to a Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) and it is expected that the Company’s securities would continue to be listed and available to trade on Nasdaq at least pending the completion of the appeal process. There can be no assurance that any such appeal would be successful or that the Company would be able to evidence compliance with the terms of any extension that may be granted by the Panel.
| F-32 |
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2023, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
| ● | Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; |
| ● | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and |
| ● | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. |
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
91
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this evaluation, management has concluded our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2023 was not effective due to the material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as disclosed below.
Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer believe the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly represent in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Ongoing Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weakness
In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, our management previously identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, primarily the result of inadequate resources required to respond to financial reporting matters other than in the normal course of business. In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2022, we identified that we did not maintain effective processes and controls over financial reporting matters other than in the normal course of business. Because of this weakness, which is pervasive in nature, there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In the year ended June 30, 2022, this deficiency resulted in certain material audit adjustments related to the presentation of pre-funded warrants associated with a financing transaction, and the fair value on the purchase consideration for the acquisition of BayMedica Inc. The presence of these adjustments is indicative of failures in design and effectiveness of internal controls. The identified material weakness from June 30, 2022 has been remediated as of June 30, 2023 with the hiring of an outside consulting team with experience in our industry. Since the resignation of our VP of Accounting and Controller in July of 2023, the new material weakness is around lack of personnel and inadequate controls around segregation of duties in the accounting department from employee turnover.
Management has implemented a remediation plan to address the root causes that contributed to the material weakness and is committed to a strong Internal Control over Financial Reporting (ICFR) environment. Management has begun looking for a replacement for our VP of Accounting and Controller role within the accounting department, who has the requisite technical accounting knowledge, which management believes addresses the material weakness. The identified material weakness will only be considered remediated once the applicable remedial controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. The Company has engaged Brio Financial Group to fulfill the VP of Accounting and Controller position. The engagement is expected to commence by mid-October.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Other than the actions we have taken and are continuing to take in order to remediate the material weakness described above for the financial year ended June 30, 2023 there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the year ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENTS INSPECTIONS
Not applicable
92
PART III
The information required by Part III is omitted from this report because we will file a definitive proxy statement within 120 days after the end of our 2023 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the 2023 Proxy Statement, will be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. If the 2023 Proxy Statement is not filed within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the omitted information will be included in an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed not later than the end of such 120-day period.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The response to this item is incorporated by reference from the discussion responsive thereto under the captions “Management and Corporate Governance,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” and “Code of Business Conduct and Ethics” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The response to this item is incorporated by reference from the discussion responsive thereto under the caption “Executive Officer and Director Compensation” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The response to this item is incorporated by reference from the discussion responsive thereto under the captions “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The response to this item is incorporated by reference from the discussion responsive thereto under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions” and “Management and Corporate Governance” in the Company’s Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Our independent registered public accounting firm is Marcum LLP PCAOB Auditor ID 688. The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC, and is incorporated herein by reference.
93
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are being filed as part of this report:
| (1) | The following financial statements of the Company and the report of KPMG LLP and Marcum LLP are included in Part II, Item 8: |
| (2) | All financial statement supporting schedules are omitted because the information is inapplicable or presented in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
| (3) | A list of exhibits filed with this report or incorporated herein by reference is found in the Exhibit Index immediately following the signature page of this Annual Report. |
| 94 |
ITEM 16. 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
| 95 |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| INMED PHARMACEUTICALS INC. | ||
| (Registrant) | ||
| September 29, 2023 | By: | /s/ Jonathan Tegge |
| Jonathan Tegge | ||
| Interim Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer | ||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||
| /s/ Eric A. Adams | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | September 29, 2023 | ||
| Eric A. Adams | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
| /s/ Jonathan Tegge | Interim Chief Financial Officer | September 29, 2023 | ||
| Jonathan Tegge | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | |||
| /s/ Andrew Hull | Director (Chairman to the Board of Directors) | September 29, 2023 | ||
| Andrew Hull | ||||
| /s/ Janet Grove | Director | September 29, 2023 | ||
| Janet Grove | ||||
| /s/ Bryan Baldasare | Director | September 29, 2023 | ||
| Bryan Baldasare | ||||
| /s/ Nicole Lemerond | Director | September 29, 2023 | ||
| Nicole Lemerond |
96