UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-38477

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Indiana	82-3784946
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

17802 IH 10 West,	Suite 400
San Antonio,	TX	78257
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(210) 344-3400

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbols	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, no par value	BH.A	New York Stock Exchange
Class B Common Stock, no par value	BH	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x    No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x    No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and an “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of August 2, 2022:

Class A common stock –	206,864
Class B common stock –	2,068,640

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

INDEX

		Page No.
Part I – Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Consolidated Balance Sheets — June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	1
	Consolidated Statements of Earnings — Second Quarter and First Six Months 2022 and 2021	2
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — Second Quarter and First Six Months 2022 and 2021	2
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — First Six Months 2022 and 2021	3
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity — First Six Months 2022 and 2021	4
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	5
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	25
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	25
Part II – Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	26
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	26
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	26
Item 5.	Other Information	26
Item 6.	Exhibits	26
Signatures		27

PART 1 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in thousands)

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	40,512	$	42,349
Investments	71,771		83,061
Receivables	26,942		28,508
Inventories	3,458		3,803
Other current assets	7,744		7,088
Total current assets	150,427		164,809
Property and equipment	343,878		349,351
Operating lease assets	40,432		42,538
Goodwill and other intangible assets	76,379		77,010
Investment partnerships	151,753		250,399
Other assets	10,483		10,700
Total assets	$	773,352	$	894,807
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	94,176	$	100,467
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	14,712		14,609
Unearned premiums	12,377		11,667
Current portion of lease obligations	17,019		16,898
Total current liabilities	138,284		143,641
Lease obligations	99,395		104,479
Deferred taxes	17,765		46,533
Asset retirement obligations	10,653		10,389
Other liabilities	1,519		2,069
Total liabilities	267,616		307,111
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	1,138		1,138
Additional paid-in capital	381,788		381,788
Retained earnings	534,450		608,528
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(3,159)		(1,907)
Treasury stock, at cost	(408,481)		(401,851)
Biglari Holdings Inc. shareholders’ equity	505,736		587,696
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	773,352	$	894,807

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(dollars in thousands except per share amounts)

	Second Quarter				First Six Months
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(Unaudited)				(Unaudited)
Revenues
Restaurant operations	$	60,324	$	67,326	$	120,171	$	137,280
Insurance premiums and other	16,354		14,387		31,433		29,006
Oil and gas	14,440		8,365		24,252		16,957
Licensing and media	1,249		709		1,883		1,832
	92,367		90,787		177,739		185,075
Cost and expenses
Restaurant cost of sales	35,955		41,987		71,307		87,603
Insurance losses and underwriting expenses	13,793		9,915		27,567		21,061
Oil and gas production costs	3,843		2,494		7,662		4,907
Licensing and media costs	677		389		1,630		869
Selling, general and administrative	16,582		18,419		32,806		33,959
Impairments	20		261		20		559
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization	7,800		7,379		15,671		14,557
Interest expense on leases	1,385		1,537		2,797		3,157
Interest expense on note payable	—		—		—		1,121
	80,055		82,381		159,460		167,793
Other income
Investment gains (losses)	(3,560)		(1,150)		(3,335)		1,931
Investment partnership gains (losses)	(105,241)		(34,191)		(111,902)		47,575
Total other income (expenses)	(108,801)		(35,341)		(115,237)		49,506
Earnings (loss) before income taxes	(96,489)		(26,935)		(96,958)		66,788
Income tax expense (benefit)	(22,709)		(6,198)		(22,880)		15,818
Net earnings (loss)	$	(73,780)	$	(20,737)	$	(74,078)	$	50,970
Net earnings (loss) per equivalent Class A share *	$	(244.37)	$	(64.04)	$	(244.29)	$	158.06

*Net earnings (loss) per equivalent Class B share outstanding are one-fifth of the equivalent Class A share or $(48.87) and $(48.86) for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively, and $(12.81) and $31.61 for the second quarter and first six months of 2021, respectively.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(dollars in thousands)

	Second Quarter				First Six Months
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(Unaudited)				(Unaudited)
Net earnings (loss)	$	(73,780)	$	(20,737)	$	(74,078)	$	50,970
Foreign currency translation	(1,021)		115		(1,252)		(329)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	(74,801)	$	(20,622)	$	(75,330)	$	50,641

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(dollars in thousands)

	First Six Months
	2022		2021
	(Unaudited)
Operating activities
Net earnings (loss)	$	(74,078)	$	50,970
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings (loss) to operating cash flows:
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization	15,671		14,557
Provision for deferred income taxes	(28,688)		19,598
Asset impairments and other non-cash expenses	20		696
Gains on disposal of assets	(165)		(592)
Investment and investment partnership (gains) losses	115,237		(49,957)
Distributions from investment partnerships	4,500		158,070
Changes in receivables, inventories and other assets	1,290		2,037
Changes in accounts payable and accrued expenses	417		(8,171)
Net cash provided by operating activities	34,204		187,208
Investing activities
Capital expenditures	(16,413)		(26,838)
Proceeds from property and equipment disposals	109		2,749
Purchases of limited partner interests	(19,386)		(4,800)
Purchases of investments	(78,142)		(60,123)
Sales of investments and redemptions of fixed maturity securities	81,013		56,173
Net cash used in investing activities	(32,819)		(32,839)
Financing activities
Principal payments on long-term debt	—		(149,952)
Principal payments on direct financing lease obligations	(3,134)		(3,184)
Net cash used in financing activities	(3,134)		(153,136)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(88)		(24)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(1,837)		1,209
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year	43,687		29,666
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of second quarter	$	41,850	$	30,875

	First Six Months
	2022		2021
	(Unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	40,512	$	28,212
Restricted cash in other long-term assets	1,338		2,663
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of second quarter	$	41,850	$	30,875

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands)

	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive  Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	1,138	$	381,788	$	608,528	$	(1,907)	$	(401,851)	$	587,696
Net earnings (loss)					(298)						(298)
Other comprehensive loss							(231)				(231)
Adjustment to treasury stock for holdings in investment partnerships									130		130
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	1,138	$	381,788	$	608,230	$	(2,138)	$	(401,721)	$	587,297
Net earnings (loss)					(73,780)						(73,780)
Other comprehensive loss							(1,021)				(1,021)
Adjustment to treasury stock for holdings in investment partnerships									(6,760)		(6,760)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	1,138	$	381,788	$	534,450	$	(3,159)	$	(408,481)	$	505,736

	Common Stock		Additional  Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	1,138	$	381,788	$	573,050	$	(1,531)	$	(389,617)	$	564,828
Net earnings (loss)					71,707						71,707
Other comprehensive loss							(444)				(444)
Adjustment to treasury stock for holdings in investment partnerships									3,049		3,049
Balance at March 31, 2021	$	1,138	$	381,788	$	644,757	$	(1,975)	$	(386,568)	$	639,140
Net earnings (loss)					(20,737)						(20,737)
Other comprehensive income							115				115
Adjustment to treasury stock for holdings in investment partnerships									(5,026)		(5,026)
Balance at June 30, 2021	$	1,138	$	381,788	$	624,020	$	(1,860)	$	(391,594)	$	613,492

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

June 30, 2022

(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Biglari Holdings Inc. have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) applicable to interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In our opinion, all adjustments considered necessary to present fairly the results of the interim periods have been included and consist only of normal recurring adjustments. The results for the interim periods shown are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire fiscal year. The financial statements contained herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Biglari Holdings is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse business activities, including property and casualty insurance, licensing and media, restaurants, and oil and gas. The Company’s largest operating subsidiaries are involved in the franchising and operating of restaurants. Biglari Holdings is founded and led by Sardar Biglari, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company.

Biglari Holdings’ management system combines decentralized operations with centralized finance decision-making. Operating decisions for the various business units are made by their respective managers. All major investment and capital allocation decisions are made for the Company and its subsidiaries by Mr. Biglari.

As of June 30, 2022, Mr. Biglari beneficially owns shares of the Company that represent approximately 66.3% of the economic interest and approximately 70.4% of the voting interest.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Steak n Shake Inc., Western Sizzlin Corporation, First Guard Insurance Company, Maxim Inc., Southern Pioneer Property & Casualty Insurance Company, and Southern Oil Company. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Note 2. Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share of common stock is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. The shares of Company stock attributable to our limited partner interest in The Lion Fund, L.P. and The Lion Fund II, L.P. (collectively, the “investment partnerships”) — based on our proportional ownership during this period — are considered treasury stock on the consolidated balance sheet and thereby deemed not to be included in the calculation of weighted average common shares outstanding. However, these shares are legally outstanding.

On June 8, 2022, The Lion Fund II, L.P. transferred 83,465 shares of Biglari Holdings’ Class A common stock and 890,272 shares of Biglari Holdings’ Class B common stock to The Lion Fund, L.P.

The following table presents shares authorized, issued and outstanding on June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	Class A	Class B	Class A	Class B
Common stock authorized	500,000	10,000,000	500,000	10,000,000
Common stock issued and outstanding	206,864	2,068,640	206,864	2,068,640

5

Note 2. Earnings Per Share (continued)

The Company has applied the “two-class method” of computing earnings per share as prescribed in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 260, “Earnings Per Share”. The equivalent Class A common stock applied for computing earnings per share excludes the proportional shares of Biglari Holdings’ stock held by the investment partnerships. In the tabulation below is the weighted average equivalent Class A common stock for earnings per share. There are no dilutive securities outstanding.

	Second Quarter		First Six Months
	2022	2021	2022	2021
Equivalent Class A common stock outstanding	620,592	620,592	620,592	620,592
Proportional ownership of Company stock held by investment partnerships	318,674	296,781	317,354	298,110
Equivalent Class A common stock for earnings per share	301,918	323,811	303,238	322,482

Note 3. Investments

Investments net of deferred taxes is presented below.

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Investments	$	71,771	$	83,061
Deferred tax liability related to investments	(85)		(845)
Investments net of deferred taxes	$	71,686	$	82,216

We classify investments in fixed maturity securities at the acquisition date as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity and re-evaluate the classification at each balance sheet date. Securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost, reflecting the ability and intent to hold the securities to maturity. Realized gains and losses on disposals of investments are determined on a specific identification basis. Dividends earned on investments are reported as investment income by our insurance companies. We consider investment income as a component of our aggregate insurance operating result. However, we consider investment gains and losses, whether realized or unrealized, as non-operating.

Investment losses for the second quarter and first six months of 2022 were $3,560 and $3,335, respectively. Investment losses in the second quarter of 2021 were $1,150 and investment gains in the first six months of 2021 were $1,931.

Note 4. Investment Partnerships   

The Company reports on the limited partnership interests in investment partnerships under the equity method of accounting. We record our proportional share of equity in the investment partnerships but exclude Company common stock held by said partnerships. The Company’s pro-rata share of its common stock held by the investment partnerships is recorded as treasury stock even though these shares are legally outstanding. The Company records gains/losses from investment partnerships (inclusive of the investment partnerships’ unrealized gains and losses on their securities) in the consolidated statements of earnings based on our carrying value of these partnerships. The fair value is calculated net of the general partner’s accrued incentive fees. Gains and losses on Company common stock included in the earnings of these partnerships are eliminated because they are recorded as treasury stock. 

Biglari Capital Corp. is the general partner of the investment partnerships and is an entity solely owned by Mr. Biglari.

6

Note 4. Investment Partnerships (continued)

The fair value and adjustment for Company common stock held by the investment partnerships to determine the carrying value of our partnership interest are presented below.

	Fair Value		Company Common Stock		Carrying Value
Partnership interest at December 31, 2021	$	474,201	$	223,802	$	250,399
Investment partnership gains (losses)	(144,748)		(32,846)		(111,902)
Contributions (net of distributions)	19,886				19,886
Changes in proportionate share of Company stock held			6,630		(6,630)
Partnership interest at June 30, 2022	$	349,339	$	197,586	$	151,753

	Fair Value		Company Common Stock		Carrying Value
Partnership interest at December 31, 2020	$	590,926	$	171,376	$	419,550
Investment partnership gains (losses)	114,286		66,711		47,575
Distributions (net of contributions)	(153,270)				(153,270)
Changes in proportionate share of Company stock held			1,977		(1,977)
Partnership interest at June 30, 2021	$	551,942	$	240,064	$	311,878

The carrying value of the investment partnerships net of deferred taxes is presented below.

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Carrying value of investment partnerships	$	151,753	$	250,399
Deferred tax liability related to investment partnerships	(15,784)		(44,532)
Carrying value of investment partnerships net of deferred taxes	$	135,969	$	205,867

The Company’s proportionate share of Company stock held by investment partnerships at cost was $408,481 and $401,851 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and was recorded as treasury stock. 

The carrying value of the partnership interest approximates fair value adjusted by the value of held Company stock.  Fair value of our partnership interest is assessed according to our proportional ownership interest of the fair value of investments held by the investment partnerships. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities held by the investment partnerships affect our net earnings. 

Gains/losses from investment partnerships recorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings are presented below.

	Second Quarter				First Six Months
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Gains (losses) from investment partnerships	$	(105,241)	$	(34,191)	$	(111,902)	$	47,575
Tax expense (benefit)	(24,894)		(7,996)		(26,754)		11,121
Contribution to net earnings (loss)	$	(80,347)	$	(26,195)	$	(85,148)	$	36,454

On December 31 of each year, the general partner of the investment partnerships, Biglari Capital Corp., will earn an incentive reallocation fee for the Company’s investments equal to 25% of the net profits above an annual hurdle rate of 6% over the previous high-water mark. Our policy is to accrue an estimated incentive fee throughout the year. The total incentive reallocation from Biglari Holdings to Biglari Capital Corp. includes gains on the Company’s common stock. Gains and losses on the Company’s common stock and the related incentive reallocations are eliminated in our financial statements.

There were no incentive reallocations from Biglari Holdings to Biglari Capital Corp. during the first six months of 2022 and 2021.

7

Note 4. Investment Partnerships (continued)

Summarized financial information for The Lion Fund, L.P. and The Lion Fund II, L.P. is presented below.

	Equity in Investment Partnerships
	Lion Fund			Lion Fund II
Total assets as of June 30, 2022	$	251,812		$	221,118
Total liabilities as of June 30, 2022	$	13,235		$	67,093
Revenue for the first six months of 2022	$	(43,115)		$	(119,441)
Earnings for the first six months of 2022	$	(43,237)		$	(120,132)
Biglari Holdings’ ownership interest as of June 30, 2022	87.9		%	88.9		%
Total assets as of December 31, 2021	$	114,749		$	564,022
Total liabilities as of December 31, 2021	$	7,763		$	130,417
Revenue for the first six months of 2021	$	31,297		$	100,466
Earnings for the first six months of 2021	$	31,260		$	100,192
Biglari Holdings’ ownership interest as of June 30, 2021	61.3		%	94.0		%

Revenue in the financial information of the investment partnerships, summarized above, includes investment income and unrealized gains and losses on investments.

Note 5. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is composed of the following.

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Land	$	144,205	$	144,605
Buildings	149,240		148,605
Land and leasehold improvements	147,679		147,349
Equipment	225,402		224,581
Oil and gas properties	74,379		74,147
Construction in progress	4,773		2,815
	745,678		742,102
Less accumulated depreciation, depletion, and amortization	(401,800)		(392,751)
Property and equipment, net	$	343,878	$	349,351

Depletion expense related to oil and gas properties was $2,772 and $4,551 during the first six months of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Company recorded an impairment to restaurant long-lived assets of $559 in the first six months of 2021 related to underperforming stores. The fair value of the long-lived assets was determined based on Level 3 inputs using a discounted cash flow model and quoted prices for the properties. There were no impairments of property and equipment in 2022.

8

Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill consists of the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in connection with business acquisitions.

A reconciliation of the change in the carrying value of goodwill is as follows.

	Goodwill
Goodwill at December 31, 2021	$	53,547
Change in foreign exchange rates during the first six months of 2022	(48)
Goodwill at June 30, 2022	$	53,499

We evaluate goodwill and any indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Goodwill impairment occurs when the estimated fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. GAAP allows entities testing for impairment the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of a reporting unit for the goodwill impairment test. We use both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The valuation methodology and underlying financial information included in our quantitative determination of fair value require significant management judgments. We use both market and income approaches to derive fair value of reporting units utilizing a quantitative assessment. The judgments in these two approaches include, but are not limited to, comparable market multiples, long-term projections of future financial performance, and the selection of appropriate discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows. Changes in such estimates or the application of alternative assumptions could produce significantly different results. No impairment was recorded in the first six months of 2022 or 2021. Western Sizzlin has experienced a decline in its franchised units for several years. If Western Sizzlin’s franchised units continue to decline, an impairment of its goodwill may be necessary.

Other Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with indefinite lives are composed of the following.

	Trade Names		Lease Rights		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	15,876	$	7,587	$	23,463
Impairment to lease rights	—		(20)		(20)
Change in foreign exchange rates during the first six months of 2022	—		(563)		(563)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	15,876	$	7,004	$	22,880

Intangible assets with indefinite lives consist of trade names and lease rights. Fair values were determined using Level 3 inputs and available market data. 

Note 7. Restaurant Operations Revenues

Restaurant operations revenues were as follows.

	Second Quarter				First Six Months
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net sales	$	37,681	$	49,403	$	75,897	$	104,353
Franchise partner fees	16,425		12,383		32,049		20,236
Franchise royalties and fees	5,237		4,594		10,383		9,729
Other	981		946		1,842		2,962
	$	60,324	$	67,326	$	120,171	$	137,280

Net Sales

Net sales are composed of retail sales of food through company-operated stores. Company-operated store revenues are recognized, net of discounts and sales taxes, when our obligation to perform is satisfied at the point of sale. Sales taxes related to these sales are collected from customers and remitted to the appropriate taxing authority and are not reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings as revenue.

9

Note 7. Restaurant Operations Revenues (continued)

Franchise Partner Fees

Franchise partner fees are composed of up to 15% of sales as well as 50% of profits. We are therefore fully affected by the operating results of the business, unlike in a traditional franchising arrangement, where the franchisor obtains a royalty fee based on sales only. We generate most of our revenue from our share of the franchise partners’ profits. An initial franchise fee of ten thousand dollars is recognized during the year the operator becomes a franchise partner. The Company recognizes franchise partner fees monthly as underlying restaurant sales occur.

The Company leases or subleases property and equipment to franchise partners under lease arrangements. Both real estate and equipment rental payments are charged to franchise partners and are recognized in accordance with ASC 842, “Leases”. During the second quarter of 2022 and 2021, restaurant operations recognized $5,057 and $3,734, respectively, in franchise partner fees related to rental income. During the first six months ended June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021, restaurant operations recognized $9,831 and $6,634, respectively, in franchise partner fees related to rental income.

Franchise Royalties and Fees

Franchise royalties and fees from Steak n Shake and Western Sizzlin franchisees are based upon a percentage of sales of the franchise restaurant and are recognized as earned. Franchise royalties are billed on a monthly basis. Initial franchise fees when a new restaurant opens or at the start of a new franchise term are recorded as deferred revenue when received and recognized as revenue over the term of the franchise agreement.

Other Revenue

Restaurant operations sells gift cards to customers which can be redeemed for retail food sales within our stores. Gift cards are recorded as a liability when issued and are subsequently recorded as net sales upon redemption. Restaurant operations estimates breakage related to gift cards when the likelihood of redemption is remote. This estimate utilizes historical trends based on the vintage of the gift card. Breakage on gift cards is recorded as other revenue in proportion to the rate of gift card redemptions by vintage.

Note 8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses include the following.

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Accounts payable	$	29,400	$	36,684
Gift card and other marketing	16,887		19,244
Insurance accruals	6,120		6,428
Salaries, wages and vacation	6,127		5,905
Deferred revenue	6,549		6,683
Taxes payable	18,399		11,392
Professional fees	6,136		11,731
Other	4,558		2,400
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	94,176	$	100,467

Note 9. Notes Payable

Steak n Shake Credit Facility

On March 19, 2014, Steak n Shake and its subsidiaries entered into a credit agreement which provided for a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $220,000. The term loan was scheduled to mature on March 19, 2021. The Company repaid the balance of Steak n Shake’s term facility on February 19, 2021.

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Note 10. Lease Assets and Obligations

Lease obligations include the following.

Current portion of lease obligations	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Finance lease liabilities	$	1,232	$	1,414
Finance obligations	5,043		4,944
Operating lease liabilities	10,744		10,540
Total current portion of lease obligations	$	17,019	$	16,898
Long-term lease obligations
Finance lease liabilities	$	4,729	$	5,347
Finance obligations	61,048		63,119
Operating lease liabilities	33,618		36,013
Total long-term lease obligations	$	99,395	$	104,479

Nature of Leases

Steak n Shake and Western Sizzlin operate restaurants that are located on sites owned by us or leased from third parties. In addition, they own sites and lease sites from third parties that are leased and/or subleased to franchise partners and franchisees.

Lease Costs

A significant portion of our operating and finance lease portfolio includes restaurant locations. We recognize fixed lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, we recognize amortization expense on the right-of-use asset and interest expense on the lease liability over the lease term.

Total lease cost consists of the following.

	Second Quarter				First Six Months
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	351	$	382	$	714	$	801
Interest on lease liabilities	108		126		223		273
Operating and variable lease costs	3,593		3,413		7,205		7,178
Sublease income	(2,906)		(3,360)		(5,592)		(6,015)
Total lease costs	$	1,146	$	561	$	2,550	$	2,237

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows.

	First Six Months
	2022		2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Financing cash flows from finance leases	$	800	$	819
Operating cash flows from finance leases	$	223	$	258
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	6,266	$	6,320

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Note 10. Lease Assets and Obligations (continued)

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows.

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Finance leases:
Property and equipment, net	$	4,920	$	5,634

Weighted-average lease terms and discount rates are as follows.

	June 30, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease terms:
Finance leases	4.75 years
Operating leases	5.04 years
Weighted-average discount rates:
Finance leases	7.0	%
Operating leases	7.0	%

Maturities of lease liabilities as of June 30, 2022 are as follows.

Year	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
2022	$	7,280	$	812
2023	11,793		1,551
2024	9,868		1,534
2025	8,163		1,298
2026	5,543		959
After 2026	9,965		855
Total lease payments	52,612		7,009
Less interest	8,250		1,048
Total lease liabilities	$	44,362	$	5,961

Lease Income

The components of lease income recorded in restaurant operations are as follows.

	Second Quarter				First Six Months
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Operating lease income	$	3,945	$	2,913	$	7,652	$	5,276
Variable lease income	1,426		1,141		2,756		1,990
Total lease income	$	5,371	$	4,054	$	10,408	$	7,266

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Note 10. Lease Assets and Obligations (continued)

The following table displays the Company’s future minimum rental receipts for non-cancelable leases and subleases as of June 30, 2022. Franchise partner leases and subleases are short-term leases and have been excluded from the table.

	Operating Leases
Year	Subleases		Owned Properties
2022	$	452	$	124
2023	767		247
2024	503		247
2025	454		250
2026	134		247
After 2026	241		805
Total future minimum receipts	$	2,551	$	1,920

Note 11. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Accumulated other comprehensive income decreased $1,021 and increased $115 during the second quarters of 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the first six months of 2022, accumulated other comprehensive income decreased by $1,252 and decreased by $329 in the first six months of 2021. There were no reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings during the first six months of 2022 and 2021.  All changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss were due to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Note 12. Income Taxes

In determining the quarterly provision for income taxes, the Company used an estimated annual effective tax rate for the first six months of 2022 and a discrete effective tax rate method based on statutory tax rates for the first six months of 2021. Our periodic effective income tax rate is affected by the relative mix of pre-tax earnings or losses and underlying income tax rates applicable to the various taxing jurisdictions.

Income tax benefit for the second quarter of 2022 was $22,709 compared to an income tax benefit of $6,198 for the second quarter of 2021.  Income tax benefit for the first six months of 2022 was $22,880 compared to an income tax expense of $15,818 for the first six months of 2021. The variance in income taxes between 2022 and 2021 is attributable to taxes on income generated by the investment partnerships.  Investment partnership pre-tax losses were $111,902 during the first six months of 2022 compared to pre-tax gains of $47,575 during the first six months of 2021. 

Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies

We are involved in various legal proceedings and have certain unresolved claims pending. We believe, based on examination of these matters and experiences to date, that the ultimate liability, if any, in excess of amounts already provided in our consolidated financial statements is not likely to have a material effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flow.

Note 14. Fair Value of Financial Assets

The fair values of substantially all of our financial instruments were measured using market or income approaches. Considerable judgment may be required in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the fair values presented are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in an actual current market exchange. The use of alternative market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value.

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Note 14. Fair Value of Financial Assets (continued)

The hierarchy for measuring fair value consists of Levels 1 through 3, which are described below.

•Level 1 – Inputs represent unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in active markets. 

•Level 2 – Inputs include directly or indirectly observable inputs (other than Level 1 inputs) such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities exchanged in active or inactive markets; quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities exchanged in inactive markets; other inputs that may be considered in fair value determinations of the assets or liabilities, such as interest rates and yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates; and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Pricing evaluations generally reflect discounted expected future cash flows, which incorporate yield curves for instruments with similar characteristics, such as credit ratings, estimated durations and yields for other instruments of the issuer or entities in the same industry sector.

•Level 3 – Inputs include unobservable inputs used in the measurement of assets and liabilities. Management is required to use its own assumptions regarding unobservable inputs because there is little, if any, market activity in the assets or liabilities and we may be unable to corroborate the related observable inputs. Unobservable inputs require management to make certain projections and assumptions about the information that would be used by market participants in pricing assets or liabilities.

The following methods and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of each class of the following assets recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets:

Cash equivalents: Cash equivalents primarily consist of money market funds which are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Equity securities: The Company’s investments in equity securities are classified as Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy. 

Bonds: The Company’s investments in bonds consist of both corporate and government debt. Bonds are classified as Level l or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Non-qualified deferred compensation plan investments: The assets of the non-qualified plan are set up in a rabbi trust. They represent mutual funds and publicly traded securities, each of which are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative instruments: Options related to equity securities are marked to market each reporting period and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy depending on the instrument.

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Note 14. Fair Value of Financial Assets (continued)

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair values of financial assets were as follows.

	June 30, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	15,887	$	—	$	—	$	15,887	$	18,447	$	—	$	—	$	18,447
Equity securities
Consumer goods	16,680		1,242		—		17,922		10,775