bh-20211231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K


x						ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021


¨						TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission file number 001-38477

BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Indiana						82-3784946
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)


17802 IH 10 West,	Suite 400
San Antonio,	Texas	78257
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(210) 344-3400

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbols	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, no par value	BH.A	New York Stock Exchange
Class B Common Stock, no par value	BH	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2021 was approximately $173,487,448.

Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 21, 2022:


Class A common stock –			206,864
Class B common stock –			2,068,640

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed for its 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table of Contents


		Page No.
	Part I
Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	4
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	8
Item 2.	Properties	9
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	10
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	10

	Part II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	11
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	13
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	14
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	24
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	25
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	28
	Consolidated Statements of Earnings	29
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	29
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	30
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity	31
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	32
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	54
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	54
Item 9B.	Other Information	54

	Part III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	55
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	55
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	55
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	55
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	55

	Part IV

Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	56
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	57

Signatures		58

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Part I

Item 1. Business

Biglari Holdings Inc. is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse business activities, including property and casualty insurance, licensing and media, restaurants, and oil and gas. The Company’s largest operating subsidiaries are involved in the franchising and operating of restaurants. Biglari Holdings is founded and led by Sardar Biglari, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company.

Biglari Holdings’ management system combines decentralized operations with centralized finance decision-making. Operating decisions for the various business units are made by their respective managers. All major investment and capital allocation decisions are made for the Company and its subsidiaries by Mr. Biglari.

As of December 31, 2021, Mr. Biglari beneficially owns shares of the Company that represent approximately 66.2% of the economic interest and approximately 70.4% of the voting interest.

Overview of the Impact of COVID-19

The novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, caused governments to impose restrictive measures to contain its spread. Those shutdowns significantly affected our operating businesses to varying degrees. The risks and uncertainties resulting from the pandemic may continue to affect our future earnings, cash flows, and financial condition. Accordingly, estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements, including those associated with the evaluation of certain long-lived assets, goodwill, and other intangible assets for impairment, may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods.

Restaurant Operations

The Company’s restaurant operations are conducted through two subsidiaries: Steak n Shake Inc. (“Steak n Shake”) and Western Sizzlin Corporation (“Western Sizzlin”) for a combined 577 units. As of December 31, 2021, Steak n Shake had 199 company-operated restaurants, 159 franchise partner units, and 178 traditional franchise units. Of the 199 company-operated units, 42 are currently closed but Steak n Shake intends to refranchise a majority of them. Western Sizzlin had 3 company-operated restaurants and 38 franchise units.

Founded in 1934 in Normal, Illinois, on Route 66, Steak n Shake is a classic American brand serving premium burgers and milkshakes. Steak n Shake is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Founded in 1962 in Augusta, Georgia, Western Sizzlin is a steak and buffet concept serving signature steak dishes as well as other classic American menu items. Western Sizzlin also operates two other concepts: Great American Steak & Buffet, and Wood Grill Buffet. Western Sizzlin is headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia.

In response to COVID-19, our restaurants were required to close their dining rooms in the first quarter of 2020, and the majority of those dining rooms remained closed during 2020. Steak n Shake reopened the majority of dining rooms during 2021, and in doing so has implemented a self-service model. Our restaurant operations followed the guidance of health officials in determining the appropriate restrictions to put in place for each restaurant.

Company-Operated Restaurants

A typical company-operated restaurant management team consists of a general manager, a restaurant manager, and other managers, depending on the sales volume of the restaurant. Each restaurant’s general manager has primary responsibility for the day-to-day operations of his or her unit. Restaurant operations obtain food products and supplies from independent national distributors. Purchases are centrally negotiated to ensure uniformity in product quality.

Franchise Partner Restaurants

Steak n Shake offers a franchise partner program to transition company-operated restaurants to franchise partnerships. The franchise agreement stipulates that the franchisee make an upfront investment totaling $10,000. Steak n Shake, as the franchisor, assesses a fee of up to 15% of sales as well as 50% of profits. Potential franchise partners are screened based on entrepreneurial attitude and ability, but they become franchise partners based on achievement. Each must meet the gold standard in service. Franchise partners are required to be hands-on operators, limited to a single location.

Traditional Franchise Restaurants

Restaurant operations’ traditional franchising program extends the brands to areas in which there are no current development plans for company stores. The expansion plans include seeking qualified new franchisees and expanding relationships with

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current franchisees. Restaurant operations typically seek franchisees with both the financial resources necessary to fund successful development and significant experience in the restaurant/retail business. Both restaurant chains assist franchisees with the development and ongoing operation of their restaurants. In addition, personnel assist franchisees with site selection, approve restaurant sites, and provide prototype plans, construction support, and specifications. Restaurant operations staff provides both on-site and off-site instruction to franchise restaurant management and associates.

International

We have a corporate office in Monaco and an international organization with personnel in various functions to support our international business. As of December 31, 2021, we operated four company locations in Europe to promote the Steak n Shake brand to prospective franchisees. Similar to our traditional domestic franchise agreements, a typical international franchise development agreement includes development and franchise fees in addition to subsequent royalty fees based on the gross sales of each restaurant. As of December 31, 2021, there were a total of 35 franchise units in Europe.

Competition

The restaurant business is one of the most intensely competitive industries. As there are virtually no barriers to entry into the restaurant business, competitors may include national, regional, and local establishments. Restaurant businesses compete on the basis of price, convenience, service, experience, menu variety, and product quality. The restaurant business is often affected by changes in consumer tastes and by national, regional, and local economic conditions. The performance of individual restaurants may be impacted by factors such as traffic patterns, demographic trends, weather conditions, and competing restaurants.

Because of government actions to contain the spread of COVID-19, our restaurants were required to close their dining rooms during the first quarter of 2020. Many of our competitors reopened their dining rooms in 2020, whereas the majority of our dining rooms reopened by December 31, 2021.

Government Regulations

The Company is subject to various global, federal, state, and local laws affecting its restaurant operations. Each of the restaurants must comply with licensing and regulation by a number of governmental authorities, i.e., health, sanitation, safety and fire agencies in the jurisdiction in which the restaurant is located.

Various federal and state labor laws govern our relationship with our employees, e.g., minimum wage, overtime pay, unemployment tax, health insurance, and workers’ compensation. Federal, state and local government agencies have established regulations requiring that we disclose nutritional information.

Trademark and Licenses

The name and reputation of Steak n Shake is a material asset, and management protects it and other service marks through appropriate registrations.

Insurance Business

Biglari Holdings’ insurance activities are conducted through two insurance entities, First Guard Insurance Company and its affiliated agency, 1st Guard Corporation (collectively “First Guard”), and Southern Pioneer Property & Casualty Insurance Company and its affiliated agency, Southern Pioneer Insurance Agency, Inc. (collectively “Southern Pioneer”). Our insurance businesses provide insurance of property and casualty.

The insurance business is stringently regulated by state insurance departments. Insurers based in the United States are subject to regulation by their states of domicile and by those states in which they are licensed to write policies on an admitted basis. First Guard and Southern Pioneer operate under licenses issued by various state insurance authorities. The primary focus of regulation is to assure that insurers are financially solvent and that policyholder interests are otherwise protected. States establish minimum capital levels for insurance companies and establish guidelines for permissible business and investment activities. States have the authority to suspend or revoke a company’s authority to do business as conditions warrant. States regulate the payment of dividends by insurance companies to their shareholders and other transactions with affiliates. Dividends, capital distributions, and other transactions of extraordinary amounts are subject to prior regulatory approval. Insurers may market, sell, and service insurance policies in the states where they are licensed. These insurers are referred to as admitted insurers. Admitted insurers are generally required to obtain regulatory approval of their policy forms and premium rates. Except for regulatory considerations, there are virtually no barriers to entry into the insurance industry.

First Guard is a direct underwriter of commercial truck insurance, selling physical damage and nontrucking liability insurance to truckers. The commercial truck insurance business is highly competitive in the areas of price and service. Vigorous competition is provided by large, well-capitalized companies and by small regional insurers. First Guard’s insurance products are marketed primarily through direct response methods via the Internet or by telephone. First Guard’s cost-efficient direct response marketing methods enable it to be a low-cost insurer. First Guard uses its own claim staff to manage claims. Seasonal

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variations in First Guard’s insurance business are not significant. However, extraordinary weather conditions or other factors may have a significant effect upon the frequency or severity of claims. First Guard is headquartered in Venice, Florida.

Southern Pioneer underwrites garage liability and commercial property as well as homeowners and dwelling fire insurance on an admitted basis. Insurance coverages are offered nationwide, primarily through insurance agents. Southern Pioneer competes with large companies and local insurers. Southern Pioneer is headquartered in Jonesboro, Arkansas.

Biglari Holdings’ insurance operations may be affected by extraordinary weather conditions or other factors, any of which may have a significant effect upon the frequency or severity of claims.

Oil and Gas Business

Southern Oil Company ("Southern Oil") primarily operates oil and natural gas properties offshore in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Southern Oil is headquartered in Madisonville, Louisiana.

The oil and gas industry is fundamentally a commodity business. Southern Oil’s operations and earnings, therefore, may be significantly affected by changes in oil and natural gas prices. The COVID-19 pandemic caused oil demand to decrease significantly during the second and third quarters of 2020, which created oversupplied markets and lower commodity prices and margins. In response, the Company cut production and expenses in its oil and natural gas business during 2020. However, the significant increase in average crude oil and natural gas prices in 2021 compared to 2020 resulting from the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions, the resumption of normal economic activity, and the resulting improvement in supply and demand fundamentals caused Southern Oil to return to full production during 2021. Southern Oil competes with fully integrated, major global petroleum companies, as well as independent and national petroleum companies. In addition, the Company is subject to a variety of risks inherent in the oil and gas business, including a wide range of local, state, and federal regulations.

Brand Licensing Business

Maxim’s business lies principally in brand licensing. Maxim is headquartered in New York City, New York.

Maxim competes for licensing business with other companies. The nature of the licensing business is predicated on projects that materialize with irregularity. In addition, publishing is a highly competitive business.

Maxim products are marketed under various registered brand names, including, but not limited to, “MAXIM®” and “Maxim®”.

Investments

The Company and its subsidiaries have invested in The Lion Fund, L.P. and The Lion Fund II, L.P. (collectively, “the investment partnerships”). The investment partnerships operate as private investment funds. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of the investments was $474.2 million. These investments are subject to a rolling five-year lock-up period under the terms of the respective partnership agreements.

Employees

As of December 31, 2021, the Company employed 2,633 persons. When hiring personnel, we do not consider circumstances of birth, race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or any other factor unrelated to talent. The factor of prime importance to us, talent, is invariably found across a wide spectrum of humanity. We seek to associate with people of high character and competence.

Additional information with respect to Biglari Holdings’ businesses

Information related to our reportable segments may be found in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Biglari Holdings maintains a website (www.biglariholdings.com) where its annual reports, press releases, interim shareholder reports, and links to its subsidiaries’ websites can be found. Biglari Holdings’ periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which include Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, and amendments thereto, may be accessed by the public free of charge from the SEC and through Biglari Holdings’ website. In addition, corporate governance documents such as Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Conduct, Compensation Committee Charter, and Audit Committee Charter are posted on the Company’s website and are available without charge upon written request. The Company’s website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this report on Form 10-K.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Biglari Holdings and its subsidiaries (referred to herein as “we,” “us,” “our,” or similar expressions) are subject to certain risks and uncertainties in their business operations, which are described below. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known or that are currently deemed immaterial may also impair our business operations.

Risks relating to Biglari Holdings

We are dependent on our Chairman and CEO.

Our success depends on the services of Sardar Biglari, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. All major investment and capital allocation decisions are made for the Company and its subsidiaries by Mr. Biglari. If for any reason the services of Mr. Biglari were to become unavailable, a material adverse effect on our business could occur.

Sardar Biglari, Chairman and CEO, beneficially owns over 50% of our outstanding shares of common stock, enabling Mr. Biglari to exert control over matters requiring shareholder approval.

Mr. Biglari has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election or removal of directors, the amendment of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, and other significant transactions. In addition, Mr. Biglari has the ability to control the management and affairs of the Company. This control position may conflict with the interests of some or all of the Company’s passive shareholders, and reduce the possibility of a merger proposal, tender offer, or proxy contest for the removal of directors.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the New York Stock Exchange rules and thus can rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Because Mr. Biglari beneficially owns more than 50% of the Company’s outstanding voting stock, we are considered a “controlled company” pursuant to New York Stock Exchange rules. As a result, we are not required to comply with certain director independence and board committee requirements. The Company does not have a governance and nominating committee.

Biglari Holdings’ access to capital is subject to restrictions that may adversely affect its ability to satisfy its cash requirements or implement its growth strategy.

We are a holding company and are largely dependent upon dividends and other sources of funds from our subsidiaries in order to meet our needs. The ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to Biglari Holdings is regulated by state insurance laws, which limit the amount of, and in certain circumstances may prohibit the payment of, cash dividends. Furthermore, as a result of our substantial investments in The Lion Fund, L.P. and The Lion Fund II, L.P., investment partnerships controlled by Mr. Biglari, our access to capital is restricted by the terms of their respective partnership agreements. There is also a high likelihood that we will make additional investments in these investment partnerships.

Competition.

Each of our operating businesses faces intense competitive pressure within the markets in which they operate. Competition may arise domestically as well as internationally. Accordingly, future operating results will depend to some degree on whether our operating units are successful in protecting or enhancing their competitive advantages. If our operating businesses are unsuccessful in these efforts, our periodic operating results may decline from current levels in the future. We also highlight certain competitive risks in the sections below.

Deterioration of general economic conditions may significantly reduce our operating earnings.

Our operating businesses are subject to normal economic cycles, which affect the general economy or the specific industries in which they operate. Significant deterioration of economic conditions over a prolonged period could produce a material adverse effect on one or more of our significant operations.

Our operating businesses face a variety of risks associated with doing business in foreign markets.

There is no assurance that our international operations will remain profitable. Our international operations are subject to all of the risks associated with our domestic operations, as well as a number of additional risks, varying substantially country by country. These include, inter alia, international economic and political conditions, corruption, terrorism, social and ethnic unrest, foreign currency fluctuations, differing cultures, and consumer preferences.

In addition, we may become subject to foreign governmental regulations that impact the way we do business with our international franchisees and vendors. These include antitrust and tax requirements, anti-boycott regulations, international trade regulations, the USA Patriot Act, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Office of Foreign Assets Control regulations, and

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applicable local laws. Failure to comply with any such legal requirements could subject us to monetary liabilities and other sanctions, which could harm our business and our financial condition.

Epidemics, pandemics, or other outbreaks, including COVID-19, could hurt our operating businesses and investments.

The outbreak of COVID-19 adversely affected our operations and investments, and in the future it or other epidemics, pandemics, or outbreaks may do the same. This is or may be due to closures or restrictions requested or mandated by governmental authorities, disruption to supply chains and workforce, reduction of demand for our products and services, credit losses when customers and other counterparties fail to satisfy their obligations to us, and volatility in global equity securities markets, among other factors.

Potential changes in laws or regulations may have a negative impact on our Class A common stock and Class B common stock.

In prior years, bills have been introduced in Congress that, if enacted, would have prohibited the listing of common stock on a national securities exchange if such common stock were part of a class of securities that has no voting rights or carries disproportionate voting rights. Although these bills have not been acted upon by Congress, there can be no assurance that such a bill (or a modified version thereof) will not be introduced in Congress in the future. Legislation or other regulatory developments could make the shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock ineligible for trading on the NYSE or other national securities exchanges.

Litigation could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows, and results of operations.

We are or may be from time to time a party to various legal actions, investigations, and other proceedings brought by employees, consumers, policyholders, suppliers, shareholders, government agencies, or other third parties in connection with matters pertaining to our business, including those related to our investment activities. The outcome of such matters is often difficult to assess or quantify, and the cost to defend future proceedings may be significant. Even if a claim is unsuccessful or is not fully pursued, the negative publicity surrounding any negative allegation regarding our Company, our business, or our products could adversely affect our reputation. While we believe that the ultimate outcome of routine legal proceedings, individually and in the aggregate will not have a material impact on our financial position, we cannot assure that an adverse outcome on, or reputational damage from, any of these matters would not, in fact, materially impact our business and results of operations for the period after these matters are completed or otherwise resolved.

Risks Relating to Our Restaurant Operations

Our restaurant operations face intense competition from a wide range of industry participants.

Changes in economic conditions may have an adverse impact on our restaurant operations.

Our restaurant operations are subject to normal economic cycles affecting the economy in general or the restaurant industry in particular. The restaurant industry has been affected by economic factors, including the deterioration of global, national, regional and local economic conditions, declines in employment levels, and shifts in consumer spending patterns. Declines in consumer restaurant spending could be harmful to our financial position and results of operations. As a result, decreased cash flow generated from our business may adversely affect our financial position and our ability to fund our operations. In addition, macroeconomic disruptions could adversely impact the availability of financing for our franchisees’ expansions and operations.

Fluctuations in commodity and energy prices and the availability of commodities, including beef and dairy, could affect our restaurant business.

The cost, availability, and quality of ingredients restaurant operations use to prepare their food are subject to a range of factors, many of which are beyond their control. A significant component of our restaurant business costs is related to food commodities, including beef and dairy products, which can be subject to significant price fluctuations due to seasonal shifts, climate conditions, industry demand, changes in commodity markets, and other factors. If there is a substantial increase in prices for these food commodities, our results of operations may be negatively affected. In addition, our restaurants are dependent upon frequent deliveries of perishable food products that meet certain specifications. Shortages or interruptions in the supply of perishable food products caused by unanticipated demand, problems in production or distribution, disease or food-

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borne illnesses, inclement weather, or other conditions could adversely affect the availability, quality, and cost of ingredients, which would likely lower revenues, damage our reputation, or otherwise harm our business.

Adverse weather conditions or losses due to casualties could negatively impact our operating performance.

Property damage caused by casualties and natural disasters, instances of inclement weather, flooding, hurricanes, fire, and other acts of nature can adversely impact sales in several ways. Many of Steak n Shake’s and Western Sizzlin’s restaurants are located in the Midwest and Southeast portions of the United States. During the first and fourth quarters, restaurants in the Midwest may face harsh winter weather conditions. During the third and fourth quarters, restaurants in the Southeast may experience hurricanes or tropical storms. Our sales and operating results may be negatively affected by these harsh weather conditions, which could make it more difficult for guests to visit our restaurants, necessitate the closure of restaurants, cause physical damage, or lead to a shortage of employees.

We are subject to health, employment, environmental, and other government regulations, and failure to comply with existing or future government regulations could expose us to litigation or penalties, damage our reputation, and lower profits.

We are subject to various global, federal, state, and local laws and regulations affecting our restaurant operations. Changes in existing laws, rules, and regulations applicable to us, or increased enforcement by governmental authorities, may require us to incur additional costs and expenses necessary for compliance. If we fail to comply with any of these laws, we may be subject to governmental action or litigation, and our reputation could be accordingly harmed. Injury to our reputation would, in turn, likely reduce revenues and profits.

The development and construction of restaurants is subject to compliance with applicable zoning, land use, and environmental regulations. Difficulties in obtaining, or failure to obtain, the required licenses or approvals could delay or prevent the development of a new restaurant in a particular area.

In recent years, there has been increased legislative, regulatory, and consumer focus on nutrition and advertising practices in the food industry. As a result, restaurant operations have become subject to regulatory initiatives in the area of nutrition disclosure or advertising, such as requirements to provide information about the nutritional content of our food products. The operation of the Steak n Shake and Western Sizzlin franchise system is also subject to franchise laws and regulations enacted by a number of states, and to rules promulgated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Any future legislation regulating franchise relationships may negatively affect our operations, particularly our relationship with franchisees. Failure to comply with new or existing franchise laws and regulations in any jurisdiction, or to obtain required government approvals, could result in a ban or temporary suspension on future franchise sales. Further national, state, and local government initiatives, such as mandatory health insurance coverage or proposed increases in minimum wage rates, could adversely affect our business.

Risks Relating to Our Investment Activities

The majority of our investment activities are conducted through outside investment partnerships, The Lion Fund, L.P. and The Lion Fund II, L.P., which are controlled by Mr. Biglari.

Our investment activities are conducted mainly through these outside investment partnerships. Under the terms of their partnership agreements, each contribution made by the Company to the investment partnerships is subject to a five-year lock-up period, and any distribution upon our withdrawal of funds will be paid out over a two-year period (and may be paid in-kind rather than in cash, thus increasing the difficulty of liquidating these investments). As a result of these provisions and our consequent inability to access this capital for a defined period, our capital invested in the investment partnerships may be subject to an increased risk of loss of all or a significant portion of value, and we may become unable to meet our capital requirements. There is a high likelihood that we will make additional investments in these investment partnerships in the future.

We have a services agreement with Biglari Capital Corp., the general partner of the investment partnerships (“Biglari Capital”), and Biglari Enterprises LLC (collectively, the “Biglari Entities”), in which the Company pays a fixed fee to the Biglari Entities for business and administrative-related services. The Biglari Entities are owned by Mr. Biglari. There can be no assurance that the fees paid will be commensurate with the benefits received.

The incentive allocation to which Mr. Biglari, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Biglari Capital, is entitled under the terms of the respective partnership agreements is equal to 25% of the net profits allocated to the limited partners in excess of a 6% hurdle rate over the previous high-water mark.

Our investments may be concentrated, and fair values are subject to a loss in value.

The majority of our investments are held through the investment partnerships, which generally invest in common stocks. These investments may be largely concentrated in the common stocks of a few investees. A significant decline in the major values of

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these investments may produce a large decrease in our consolidated shareholders’ equity and can have a material adverse effect on our consolidated book value per share and earnings.

We are subject to the risk of possibly becoming an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

We run the risk of inadvertently becoming an investment company, which would require us to register under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). Registered investment companies are subject to extensive, restrictive, and potentially adverse regulations relating to, among other things, operating methods, management, capital structure, dividends, and transactions with affiliates. Registered investment companies are not permitted to operate their business in the manner in which we operate our business, nor are registered investment companies permitted to have many of the relationships that we have with our affiliated companies.

To avoid becoming and registering as an investment company under the Investment Company Act, we operate as an ongoing enterprise, with approximately 2,600 employees, along with an asset base from which to pursue acquisitions. Furthermore, Section 3(c)(3) of the Investment Company Act excludes insurance companies from the definition of “investment company.” Because we monitor the value of our investments and structure transactions accordingly, we may structure transactions in a less advantageous manner than if we did not have Investment Company Act concerns, or we may avoid otherwise economically desirable transactions due to those concerns. In addition, adverse developments with respect to our ownership of certain of our operating subsidiaries, including significant appreciation or depreciation in the market value of certain of our publicly traded holdings, could result in our inadvertently becoming an investment company. If it were established that we were an investment company, there would be a risk, among other material adverse consequences, that we could become subject to monetary penalties or injunctive relief, or both, in an action brought by the SEC, that we would be unable to enforce contracts with third parties, or that third parties could seek to obtain rescission of transactions with us undertaken during the period it was established that we were an unregistered investment company.

Risks Relating to Our Insurance Business

Our success depends on our ability to underwrite risks accurately and to charge adequate rates to policyholders.

Our results of operations depend on our ability to underwrite and set rates accurately for risks assumed. A primary role of the pricing function is to ensure that rates are adequate to generate sufficient premiums to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses, and underwriting expenses.

Our insurance business is vulnerable to significant catastrophic property loss, which could have an adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

Our insurance business faces a significant risk of loss in the ordinary course of its business for property damage resulting from natural disasters, man-made catastrophes and other catastrophic events. These events typically increase the frequency and severity of commercial property claims. Because catastrophic loss events are by their nature unpredictable, historical results of operations may not be indicative of future results of operations, and the occurrence of claims from catastrophic events may result in significant volatility in our insurance business’ financial condition and results of operations from period to period. We attempt to manage our exposure to these events through reinsurance programs, although there is no assurance we will be successful in doing so.

Our insurance business is subject to extensive existing state, local, and foreign governmental regulations that restrict its ability to do business and generate revenues.

Our insurance business is subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which it operates. These regulations may relate to, among other things, the types of business that can be written, the rates that can be charged for coverage, the level of capital and reserves that must be maintained, and restrictions on the types and size of investments that can be placed. Regulations may also restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments. Accordingly, existing or new regulations related to these or other matters or regulatory actions imposing restrictions on our insurance business may adversely impact its results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Brand Licensing Business

Licensing opportunities for the Maxim brand may be difficult to maintain.

Maxim’s success depends to a significant degree upon licensing agreements. These licensing agreements mature from time to time and we may be unable to secure favorable terms for future licensing arrangements. Future licensing partners may also fail to honor their contractual obligations or take other actions that can diminish the value of the Maxim brand. Disputes could arise that prevent or delay our ability to collect licensing revenues under these arrangements. If any of these developments occur or our licensing efforts are otherwise not successful, the value and recognition of the Maxim brand, as well as the prospects of our media business, could be materially, adversely affected.

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Risks Relating to Our Oil and Gas Business

Our oil and gas business is exposed to the effects of volatile commodity prices.

The single largest variable that affects Southern Oil’s results of operations is the price of crude oil and natural gas. The price we receive for our oil and natural gas production heavily influences Southern Oil’s revenue and profitability. Extended periods of low prices for crude oil or natural gas can have a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Our scope of business is concentrated in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Any disruption of its extractive business would adversely affect Southern Oil’s revenues and profitability. Southern Oil’s operations are therefore subject to disruption from natural or human causes beyond its control, including physical risks from hurricanes, severe storms, and other forms of system failures, any of which could result in suspension of operations or harm to people or the natural environment.

Our oil and gas business can be adversely affected by political or regulatory developments affecting our operations.

Southern Oil’s operations can be affected by changing economic, regulatory, and political environments. Litigation or changes in national, state, or local environmental regulations or laws, including those designed to stop or impede the development or production of oil and natural gas, could adversely affect Southern Oil’s operations and profitability.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

Restaurant Properties

As of December 31, 2021, restaurant operations included 577 company-operated and franchise locations. Restaurant operations own the land and building for 157 restaurants; they also own 10 other properties. The following table lists the locations of the restaurants, as of December 31, 2021.


	Steak n Shake			Western Sizzlin
	Company Operated	Franchise Partner	Traditional Franchise	Company Operated	Franchise	Total
Domestic:
Alabama	—	2	6	—	6	14
Arizona	—	—	1	—	—	1
Arkansas	—	—	5	—	8	13
California	—	—	2	—	—	2
Colorado	1	—	1	—	—	2
Delaware	—	—	1	—	—	1
Florida	23	54	6	—	—	83
Georgia	11	10	12	—	4	37
Illinois	36	19	10	—	—	65
Indiana	43	17	2	—	—	62
Iowa	2	1	1	—	—	4
Kansas	—	—	4	—	—	4
Kentucky	6	6	9	—	—	21
Louisiana	—	—	2	—	—	2
Maryland	—	—	1	—	1	2
Michigan	15	3	—	—	—	18
Mississippi	—	—	7	—	1	8
Missouri	13	9	22	—	—	44
Nebraska	—	—	1	—	—	1
Nevada	—	—	6	—	—	6
North Carolina	1	5	3	—	6	15
Ohio	32	18	2	—	1	53
Oklahoma	—	—	2	—	2	4
Pennsylvania	5	—	1	—	—	6
South Carolina	—	1	2	—	2	5
Tennessee	2	6	14	—	3	25
Texas	5	8	14	—	1	28
Virginia	—	—	3	2	3	8
Washington DC	—	—	1	—	—	1
West Virginia	—	—	2	1	—	3
International:
France	2	—	31	—	—	33
Monaco	1	—	—	—	—	1
Portugal	—	—	4	—	—	4
Spain	1	—	—	—	—	1
Total	199	159	178	3	38	577

As of December 31, 2021, 42 of the 199 Steak n Shake company-operated stores were closed. The Company intends to refranchise the majority of its 42 closed stores.

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Other Properties

Southern Oil primarily operates oil and natural gas wells in Louisiana. Its operations are primarily offshore in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

First Guard owns the land and building of its office in Venice, Florida. Southern Pioneer owns the land and building of its office in Jonesboro, Arkansas.

The Company owns Steak n Shake’s office building in Indianapolis, Indiana, along with two other undeveloped properties in other states.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Refer to Commitments and Contingencies - Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 for a discussion of legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity

Securities

Market Information

Biglari Holdings’ Class A common stock and Class B common stock are listed for trading on the NYSE, trading symbol: BH.A and BH, respectively.

Shareholders

Biglari Holdings had 2,104 beneficial shareholders of its Class A common stock and 4,100 beneficial shareholders of its Class B common stock as of February 16, 2022.

Dividends

Biglari Holdings has never declared a dividend.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

From November 22, 2021 through December 17, 2021, The Lion Fund II, L.P. purchased 198 shares of Class A common stock and 39,776 shares of Class B common stock. The Lion Fund II, L.P. may be deemed to be an “affiliated purchaser” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The purchases were made through open market transactions.


	Total Number of Class A Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Class A Share		Total Number of Class B Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Class B Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs

October 1, 2021 – October 31, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	—	—	—
November 1, 2021 – November 30, 2021	198	$	720.77	28,768	$	143.25	—	—
December 1, 2021 – December 31, 2021	—	$	—	11,008	$	148.30	—	—
Total	198			39,776			—

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Performance Graph

The graph below compares Biglari Holdings Inc.’s cumulative 5-year total shareholder return on its Class A common stock and Class B common stock (on an equivalent Class A common stock basis) with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Restaurants Index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2021.

*$100 invested on 12/31/16 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

Fiscal year ending December 31.

The preceding stock price performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filings.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Biglari Holdings does not have any equity compensation plans.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

(dollars in thousands except per share data)


	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017
Revenue:
Restaurant operations	$	271,290	$	350,666	$	610,220	$	775,690	$	807,153
Insurance premiums and other	58,609		52,679		30,083		27,628		24,943
Oil and gas	33,004		26,255		24,436		—		—
Licensing and media	3,203		4,083		4,099		6,576		7,708
Total revenues	$	366,106	$	433,683	$	668,838	$	809,894	$	839,804

Earnings:
Net earnings (loss)	$	35,478	$	(37,989)	$	45,380	$	19,392	$	50,071
Net earnings (loss) per equivalent Class A share	$	111.83	$	(110.05)	$	131.64	$	55.71	$	136.01

Year-end data:
Total assets	$	894,807	$	1,017,968	$	1,139,309	$	1,029,493	$	1,063,584
Notes payable	$	—	$	152,261	$	180,264	$	181,521	$	182,990
Biglari Holdings Inc. shareholders’ equity	$	587,696	$	564,828	$	616,298	$	570,455	$	571,328

Earnings per share of common stock is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. The Company has applied the “two-class method” of computing earnings per share as prescribed in Accounting Standards Codification 260, “Earnings Per Share.”

We adopted ASC 606 "Revenue" on January 1, 2018, which resulted in recording initial franchise fees as deferred revenue. These fees are recognized as revenue over the term of the franchise agreement. 2017 has not been adjusted.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(dollars in thousands except per share data)

As of December 31, 2021, Mr. Biglari beneficially owns shares of the Company that represent approximately 66.2% of the economic interest and approximately 70.4% of the voting interest.

Overview of the Impact of COVID-19

The novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, caused governments to impose restrictive measures to contain its spread. Those shutdowns significantly affected our operating businesses to varying degrees. The risks and uncertainties resulting from COVID-19 and its variants may continue to affect our future earnings, cash flows, and financial condition. Accordingly, estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements, including those associated with the evaluation of certain long-lived assets, goodwill, and other intangible assets for impairment, may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods.

Business Acquisition

On March 9, 2020, Biglari Holdings acquired the stock of Southern Pioneer Property & Casualty Insurance Company and its affiliated agency, Southern Pioneer Insurance Agency, Inc. (collectively “Southern Pioneer”). Southern Pioneer underwrites garage liability and commercial property as well as homeowners and dwelling fire insurance coverage. The Company’s financial results include the results of Southern Pioneer from the date of acquisition.

Discussion of Operations

Net earnings attributable to Biglari Holdings shareholders are disaggregated in the table that follows. Amounts are recorded after deducting income taxes.


	2021		2020		2019
Operating businesses:
Restaurant	$	11,235	$	(4,961)	$	(10,734)
Insurance	11,290		9,840		5,584
Oil and gas	7,528		1,890		5,921
Brand licensing	2,364		1,374		572
Interest expense	(841)		(6,940)		(8,817)
Corporate and other	(9,829)		(9,563)		(7,919)
Total operating businesses	21,747		(8,360)		(15,393)
Investment partnership gains	8,899		(32,506)		60,773
Investment gains	4,832		2,877		—
	$	35,478	$	(37,989)	$	45,380

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 1, Business and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in this Form 10-K. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A, Risk Factors set forth above.

Our Management Discussion and Analysis generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020. Discussions of 2019 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019 can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2021.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Restaurants

Our restaurant businesses, which include Steak n Shake and Western Sizzlin, comprise 577 company-operated and franchise restaurants as of December 31, 2021.


	Steak n Shake			Western Sizzlin
	Company- operated	Franchise Partner	Traditional Franchise	Company- operated	Franchise	Total
Total stores as of December 31, 2018	413	—	213	4	55	685
Corporate stores transitioned	(29)	29	—	—	—	—
Net restaurants opened (closed)	(16)	—	—	—	(7)	(23)
Stores open on December 31, 2019	368	29	213	4	48	662
Corporate stores transitioned	(58)	57	1	—	—	—
Net restaurants opened (closed)	(34)	—	(20)	(1)	(9)	(64)
Stores open on December 31, 2020	276	86	194	3	39	598
Corporate stores transitioned	(73)	73	—	—	—	—
Net restaurants opened (closed)	(4)	—	(16)	—	(1)	(21)
Stores open on December 31, 2021	199	159	178	3	38	577

As of December 31, 2021, 42 of the 199 company-operated Steak n Shake stores were closed. Over the past two years, Steak n Shake reopened 50 locations that were previously closed. We plan to refranchise a majority of our closed company-operated restaurants.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Restaurant operations for 2021, 2020 and 2019 are summarized below.


	2021				2020				2019
Revenue
Net sales	$	187,913			$	306,577			$	578,164
Franchise partner fees	55,641				22,213				3,829
Franchise royalties and fees	21,736				18,794				23,360
Other revenue	6,000				3,082				4,867
Total revenue	271,290				350,666				610,220

Restaurant cost of sales
Cost of food	55,315		29.4	%	88,698		28.9	%	176,346		30.5	%
Restaurant operating costs	92,543		49.2	%	137,574		44.9	%	307,337		53.2	%
Occupancy costs	19,633		10.4	%	20,383		6.6	%	17,266		3.0	%
Total cost of sales	167,491				246,655				500,949

Selling, general and administrative
General and administrative	39,940		14.7	%	35,922		10.2	%	47,685		7.8	%
Marketing	13,923		5.1	%	21,507		6.1	%	39,476		6.5	%
Other expenses	3,323		1.2	%	2,972		0.8	%	1,753		0.3	%
Total selling, general and administrative	57,186		21.1	%	60,401		17.2	%	88,914		14.6	%

Impairments	4,635		1.7	%	23,646		6.7	%	8,186		1.3	%

Depreciation and amortization	21,484		7.9	%	19,042		5.4	%	21,174		3.5	%

Interest on finance leases and obligations	6,039				6,274				7,816

Earnings (loss) before income taxes	14,455				(5,352)				(16,819)

Income tax expense (benefit)	3,220				(391)				(6,085)

Contributions to net earnings	$	11,235			$	(4,961)			$	(10,734)

Cost of food, restaurant operating costs, and occupancy costs are expressed as a percentage of net sales.

General and administrative, marketing, other expenses, impairments, and depreciation and amortization are expressed as a percentage of total revenue.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected our restaurant operations and financial results. Our restaurants were required to close their dining rooms during the first quarter of 2020.

The majority of Steak n Shake’s dining rooms remained closed through the end of 2020 but were reopened during 2021, and in doing so implemented a self-service model. The transformation has resulted in higher capital expenditures in 2021 as compared to prior years. Steak n Shake has spent approximately $40,000 in capital expenditures related to the conversion of table-service restaurants to self-service restaurants.

Net sales during 2021 were $187,913, as compared to $306,577 during 2020. The decrease in revenue of company-owned restaurants is primarily due to the shift of company units to franchise partner units. For company-operated units, sales to the end customer are recorded as revenue generated by the Company, but for franchise partner units, only our share of the restaurant's profits, along with certain fees, are recorded as revenue. Because we derive most of our revenue from our share of the profits, revenue will continue to decline as we transition from company-operated units to franchise partner units.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Franchise partner fees were $55,641 during 2021, as compared to $22,213 during 2020. As of December 31, 2021, there were 159 franchise partner units, as compared to 86 franchise partner units as of December 31, 2020. For a franchise partner to be awarded a restaurant, he or she must demonstrate the gold standard in service.

The franchise royalties and fees generated by the traditional franchising business were $21,736 during 2021, as compared to $18,794 during 2020. The increase in franchise royalties and fees was primarily due to the reopening of dining rooms in 2021.

Our drive-through, carryout, and delivery capabilities positioned us to improve profitability in 2021 and 2020; however, our business has been challenged by COVID-19 related labor availability.

The cost of food in 2021 was $55,315, or 29.4% of net sales, as compared to $88,698, or 28.9% of net sales in 2020. Restaurant operating costs during 2021 were $92,543, or 49.2% of net sales, as compared to $137,574, or 44.9% of net sales in 2020. The decreases in the cost of food and operating costs are mainly attributable to the transitioning of company-operated units to franchise partner units. The increase in operating costs as a percentage of net sales is mainly attributable to increasing wages — in our pursuit to become the maximum-wage employer in our category.

Selling, general and administrative expenses during 2021 were $57,186, or 21.1% of total revenues compared to $60,401, or 17.2% of total revenues during 2020. General and administrative expenses increased as a percentage of net sales during 2021, as compared to 2020, primarily because of an increase in legal fees. Marketing expenses decreased by $7,584 in 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily by shifting to a digital strategy.

Asset impairments decreased $19,011 during 2021 compared to 2020. Higher asset impairments were recorded in 2020 primarily because of dining room closures and uncertainties caused by the pandemic.

Interest on obligations under leases was $6,039 during 2021, versus $6,274 during 2020. The year-over-year decrease in interest expense is primarily attributable to the maturity and retirement of lease obligations.

Insurance

We view our insurance businesses as possessing two activities: underwriting and investing. Underwriting decisions are the responsibility of the unit managers, whereas investing decisions are the responsibility of our Chairman and CEO, Sardar Biglari. Our business units are operated under separate local management. Biglari Holdings’ insurance operations consist of First Guard and Southern Pioneer.

Underwriting results of our insurance operations are summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Underwriting gain attributable to:
First Guard	$	10,573	$	9,379	$	6,477
Southern Pioneer	1,744		620		—
Pre-tax underwriting gain	12,317		9,999		6,477
Income tax expense	2,587		2,100		1,295
Net underwriting gain	$	9,730	$	7,899	$	5,182

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Earnings of our insurance operations are summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Premiums earned	$	55,411	$	49,220	$	28,746
Insurance losses	27,649		24,828		16,924
Underwriting expenses	15,445		14,393		5,345
Pre-tax underwriting gain	12,317		9,999		6,477
Other income and expenses
Investment income	704		1,212		790
Other income (expense)	1,414		1,220		(164)
Total other income	2,118		2,432		626
Earnings before income taxes	14,435		12,431		7,103
Income tax expense	3,145		2,591		1,519
Contribution to net earnings	$	11,290	$	9,840	$	5,584

Insurance premiums and other on the consolidated statement of earnings includes premiums earned, investment income, other income, and commissions. Commissions are in other income (expense) in the above table.

First Guard

First Guard is a direct underwriter of commercial truck insurance, selling physical damage and nontrucking liability insurance to truckers. First Guard’s insurance products are marketed primarily through direct response methods via the Internet or by telephone. First Guard’s cost-efficient direct response marketing methods enable it to be a low-cost insurer. A summary of First Guard’s underwriting results follows.


	2021				2020				2019
	Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Premiums earned	$	33,521	100.0	%	$	30,210	100.0	%	$	28,746	100.0	%
Insurance losses	16,338		48.7	%	14,031		46.5	%	16,924		58.9	%
Underwriting expenses	6,610		19.7	%	6,800		22.5	%	5,345		18.6	%
Total losses and expenses	22,948		68.4	%	20,831		69.0	%	22,269		77.5	%
Pre-tax underwriting gain	$	10,573			$	9,379			$	6,477

Southern Pioneer

Southern Pioneer underwrites garage liability and commercial property insurance, as well as homeowners and dwelling fire insurance. The financial results for Southern Pioneer are from the date of acquisition March 9, 2020. A summary of Southern Pioneer’s underwriting results follows.


	2021				2020
	Amount		%		Amount		%
Premiums earned	$	21,890	100.0	%	$	19,010	100.0	%
Insurance losses	11,311		51.7	%	10,797		56.8	%
Underwriting expenses	8,835		40.4	%	7,593		39.9	%
Total losses and expenses	20,146		92.1	%	18,390		96.7	%
Pre-tax underwriting gain	$	1,744			$	620

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Insurance – Investment Income

A summary of net investment income attributable to our insurance operations follows.


	2021		2020		2019
Interest, dividends, and other investment income:
First Guard	$	133	$	285	$	790
Southern Pioneer	571		927		—
Pre-tax investment income	704		1,212		790
Income tax expense	148		255		166
Net investment income	$	556	$	957	$	624

We consider investment income as a component of our aggregate insurance operating results. However, we consider investment gains and losses, whether realized or unrealized, as non-operating.

Oil and Gas

Southern Oil primarily operates oil and natural gas properties offshore in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Southern Oil was acquired on September 9, 2019. Earnings for Southern Oil are summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Oil and gas revenue	$	33,004	$	26,255	$	24,436

Oil and gas production costs	10,470		8,700		7,259
Depreciation, depletion, and accretion	8,073		12,527		8,218
General and administrative expenses	4,748		3,010		927
Earnings before income taxes	9,713		2,018		8,032
Income tax expense	2,185		128		2,111
Contribution to net earnings	$	7,528	$	1,890	$	5,921

Initially, the COVID-19 pandemic caused oil demand to significantly decrease, creating oversupplied markets that have resulted in lower commodity prices and margins. In response, the Company cut production and expenses in its oil and natural gas business during 2020. In 2021, however, the significant increase in average crude oil and natural gas prices resulting from the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions, the resumption of normal economic activity, and the resulting improvement in supply and demand fundamentals caused Southern Oil to return to full production.

Brand Licensing

Maxim’s business lies principally in licensing and media. Earnings of operations are summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Licensing and media revenue	$	3,203	$	4,083	$	4,099

Licensing and media cost	2,275		2,156		3,181
General and administrative expenses	114		143		176
Earnings before income taxes	814		1,784		742
Income tax expense	(1,550)		410		170
Contribution to net earnings	$	2,364	$	1,374	$	572

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

We acquired Maxim with the idea of transforming its business model. The magazine developed the Maxim brand, a franchise we are utilizing to generate nonmagazine revenue, notably through licensing, a cash-generating business related to consumer products, services, and events.

Investment Gains and Investment Partnership Gains

Investment gains were $6,401 ($4,832 net of tax) in 2021 and $3,644 ($2,877 net of tax) in 2020. Investment gains in 2021 included a gain from the sale of real estate of $5,047 ($3,785, net of tax). Dividends earned on investments are reported as investment income by our insurance companies. We consider investment income as a component of our aggregate insurance operating results. However, we consider investment gains and losses, whether realized or unrealized, as non-operating.

Earnings from our investments in partnerships are summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Investment partnership gains (losses)	$	10,953	$	(43,032)	$	78,133
Tax expense (benefit)	2,054		(10,526)		17,360
Contribution to net earnings	$	8,899	$	(32,506)	$	60,773

Investment partnership gains include gains/losses from changes in market values of underlying investments and dividends earned by the partnerships. Dividend income has a lower effective tax rate than income from capital gains. These gains and losses have caused and will continue to cause significant volatility in our periodic earnings.

The investment partnerships hold the Company’s common stock as investments. The Company’s pro-rata share of its common stock held by the investment partnerships is recorded as treasury stock even though these shares are legally outstanding. Gains and losses on Company common stock included in the earnings of the partnerships are eliminated in the Company’s consolidated financial results.

Interest Expense

The Company’s interest expense is summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Interest expense on notes payable and other borrowings	$	(1,121)	$	(9,262)	$	(12,442)
Tax benefit	(280)		(2,322)		(3,625)
Interest expense net of tax	$	(841)	$	(6,940)	$	(8,817)

Interest expense during 2021 decreased by $8,141 compared to 2020 due to the repayment of Steak n Shake’s term loan in full on February 19, 2021.

Income Taxes

Consolidated income tax expense was $6,789 in 2021 versus a benefit of $12,212 in 2020. Income tax expense increased during 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to a tax benefit of $10,526 for investment partnership losses of $43,032 in 2020.

Corporate and Other

Corporate expenses exclude the activities of the restaurant, insurance, brand licensing, and oil and gas businesses. Corporate and other net losses of $9,829 during 2021 increased compared to 2020 due to higher legal expenses.

Financial Condition

Our consolidated shareholders’ equity on December 31, 2021 was $587,696, an increase of $22,868 compared to the December 31, 2020 balance. The increase was primarily due to net income of $35,478 offset by an increase in treasury stock of $12,234.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Consolidated cash and investments are summarized below.


	December 31,
	2021		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,349	$	24,503
Investments	83,061		94,861
Fair value of interest in investment partnerships	474,201		590,926
Total cash and investments	599,611		710,290
Less: portion of Company stock held by investment partnerships	(223,802)		(171,376)
Carrying value of cash and investments on balance sheet	$	375,809	$	538,914

Unrealized gains/losses of Biglari Holdings’ stock held by the investment partnerships are eliminated in the Company’s consolidated financial results.

Liquidity

Our balance sheet continues to maintain significant liquidity. Consolidated cash flow activities are summarized below.


	2021		2020		2019
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	228,767	$	117,556	$	93,683
Net cash used in investing activities	(58,525)		(129,487)		(69,982)
Net cash used in financing activities	(156,157)		(29,109)		(8,010)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(64)		10		(5)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	14,021	$	(41,030)	$	15,686

In 2021, cash from operating activities increased by $111,211, as compared to 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to distributions from investment partnerships of $180,170 for 2021 and $98,330 for 2020. The distributions during 2021 were primarily used to repay Steak n Shake’s term loan.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased during 2021 by $70,962, as compared to 2020. The decrease was primarily due to the acquisition of Southern Pioneer and purchases of limited partner interests during 2020.

Net cash used in financing activities increased by $127,048 in 2021, as compared to 2020. The increase was primarily due to the repayment of Steak n Shake’s outstanding balance of its term debt during 2021.

We intend to meet the working capital needs of our operating subsidiaries, principally through cash flows generated from operations and cash on hand. We continually review available financing alternatives.

Steak n Shake Credit Facility

On March 19, 2014, Steak n Shake and its subsidiaries entered into a credit agreement that provided for a senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $220,000. The term loan was scheduled to mature on March 19, 2021. As of December 31, 2020, $152,506 was outstanding. The Company repaid Steak n Shake’s outstanding balance in full on February 19, 2021.

Western Sizzlin Revolver

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, Western Sizzlin had no debt outstanding under its revolver.

Critical Accounting Policies

Certain accounting policies require us to make estimates and judgments in determining the amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Such estimates and judgments necessarily involve varying, and possibly significant, degrees of uncertainty. Accordingly, certain amounts currently recorded in the financial statements will likely be adjusted in the future based on new available information and changes in other facts and circumstances. A discussion of our principal accounting policies that required the application of significant judgments as of December 31, 2021, follows.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Biglari Holdings Inc. and the wholly owned subsidiaries of Biglari Holdings Inc. The analysis as to whether to consolidate an entity is subject to a significant amount of judgment. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Our interests in the investment partnerships are accounted for as equity method investments because of our retained limited partner interest in the investment partnerships. The Company records gains from investment partnerships (inclusive of the investment partnerships’ unrealized gains and losses on their securities) in the consolidated statement of earnings based on our proportional ownership interest in the investment partnerships.

Impairment of Restaurant Long-lived Assets

We review company-operated restaurants for impairment on a restaurant-by-restaurant basis when events or circumstances indicate a possible impairment. Assets included in the impairment assessment generally consist of property, equipment and leasehold improvements directly associated with an individual restaurant as well as any related finance or operating lease assets. We test for impairment by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the total estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, the carrying value is written down to the estimated fair value, and a loss is recognized in earnings. Determining the future cash flows expected to be generated by an asset requires significant judgment regarding future performance of the asset, fair market value if the asset were to be sold, and other financial and economic assumptions.

Oil and Natural Gas Reserves

Crude oil and natural gas reserves are estimates of future production that impact certain asset and expense accounts. Proved reserves are the estimated quantities of oil and gas that geoscience and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be economically producible in the future under existing economic conditions, operating methods and government regulations. Proved reserves include both developed and undeveloped volumes. Proved developed reserves represent volumes expected to be recovered through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods. Proved undeveloped reserves are volumes expected to be recovered from new wells on undrilled proved acreage, or from existing wells where expenditure is required for recompletion. We estimate our proved oil and natural gas reserves in accordance with the guidelines established by the SEC. Due to the inherent uncertainties and the limited nature of reservoir data, estimates of reserves are subject to change as additional information becomes available.

Income Taxes

We record deferred tax assets or liabilities based on differences between financial reporting and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using currently enacted rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. We record deferred tax assets to the extent we believe there will be sufficient future taxable income to utilize those assets prior to their expiration. To the extent deferred tax assets are unable to be utilized, we would record a valuation allowance against the unrealizable amount and record that amount as a charge against earnings. Due to changing tax laws and state income tax rates, significant judgment is required to estimate the effective tax rate applicable to tax differences arising from reversal in the future. We must also make estimates about the sufficiency of taxable income in future periods to offset any deductions related to deferred tax assets currently recorded.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We evaluate goodwill and any indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually, or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. Goodwill impairment occurs when the estimated fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. The valuation methodology and underlying financial information included in our determination of fair value require significant managerial judgment. We use both market and income approaches to derive fair value. The methods behind these two approaches include, but are not limited to, comparable market multiples, long-term projections of future financial performance, and the selection of appropriate discount rates used to determine the present value of future cash flows.

Leases

We determine whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception based on the presence of identified assets and our right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefit from, or to direct the use of, such assets. When we determine a lease exists, we record a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability on our consolidated balance sheets. Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term. Lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets are recognized at commencement date at the value of the lease liability and are adjusted for any prepayments, lease incentives received, and initial direct costs incurred. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. As the discount rate

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis (continued)

implicit in the lease is not readily determinable in most of our leases, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. We do not record lease contracts with a term of 12 months or less on our consolidated balance sheets. We recognize fixed lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, we recognize amortization expense on the right-of-use asset and interest expense on the lease liability over the lease term.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In general, forward-looking statements include estimates of future revenues, cash flows, capital expenditures, or other financial items, and assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements reflect management’s current expectations regarding future events and use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “may,” and other similar terminology. A forward-looking statement is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of future events or circumstances, and those future events or circumstances may not occur. Investors should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. These forward-looking statements are all based on currently available operating, financial, and competitive information and are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Our actual future results and trends may differ materially depending on a variety of factors, many beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A, Risk Factors set forth above. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise them, except as may be required by law.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The majority of our investments are conducted through investment partnerships, which generally hold common stocks. We also hold marketable securities directly. Through investment partnerships we hold concentrated positions. A significant decline in the general stock market or in the prices of major investments may produce a large net loss and a decrease in our consolidated shareholders’ equity. Decreases in values of equity investments can have a materially adverse effect on our earnings and on consolidated shareholders’ equity.

We prefer to hold equity investments for very long periods of time so we are not troubled by short-term price volatility with respect to our investments. Our interests in the investment partnerships are committed on a rolling 5-year basis, and any distributions upon our withdrawal of funds will be paid out over two years (and may be paid in kind rather than in cash). Market prices for equity securities are subject to fluctuation. Consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in the market price of our investments would result in a respective increase or decrease in the fair market value of our investments of $33,346 along with a corresponding change in shareholders’ equity of approximately 4%.

We have had minimal exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations in 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Southern Oil’s business is fundamentally a commodity business. This means Southern Oil’s operations and earnings may be significantly affected by changes in oil and gas prices. Such commodity prices depend on local, regional, and global events or conditions that affect supply and demand for oil and gas. Any material decline in crude oil or natural gas prices could have a material adverse effect on Southern Oil’s operations.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Biglari Holdings Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Biglari Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 26, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of a Matter

As discussed in Note 3 and Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company and its subsidiaries have invested in investment partnerships in the form of limited partnership interests. These investment partnerships represent related parties, and such investments are subject to a rolling five-year lock up period under the terms of the respective partnership agreements for the investment partnerships. The value of these investments reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 totals $250,399,000 and $419,550,000, respectively. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Property and Equipment — Refer to Note 5 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

Company-operated restaurants and associated long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment on a restaurant-by-restaurant basis when events or circumstances indicate a possible impairment may have occurred. The Company’s evaluation of potential impairment of long-lived assets involves the comparison of undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group, generally an individual restaurant, over the expected remaining useful life of that asset group, to the respective carrying amount. The Company also applied a market analysis for certain properties. The Company’s undiscounted future cash flows analysis requires management to make estimates and assumptions related to future revenues, labor costs and planned operating periods. To the extent that the undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the related assets, the Company estimates the fair value of the related assets using a discounted cash flow model to assess the amount of any impairment.

We identified the impairment of company-operated restaurant long-lived assets as a critical audit matter because of the estimates and assumptions required by management to evaluate the potential impairment of these asset groups. This required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of certain assumptions, in management’s undiscounted and discounted future cash flows analyses, including revenue growth, food costs, labor costs, and planned operating periods of restaurants.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the undiscounted and discounted future cash flows analysis and the assessment of the expected remaining holding period included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s evaluation of the recoverability of long-lived assets, including those over revenue, food costs, labor costs and the planned operating period for the store.

•We evaluated the undiscounted future cash flows analysis, including estimates of revenue growth, labor costs and planned operating periods of restaurants by (1) evaluating the underlying source information and assumptions used by management (2) performing sensitivity analyses and (3) testing the mathematical accuracy of the undiscounted future cash flows analysis.

•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s undiscounted future cash flows analysis by comparing management’s projections to the Company’s historical results and available market data.

•We evaluated the discount rates used by management in the performance of discounted cash flow analyses by testing management’s calculation, performing sensitivity analyses, comparing components to external market information as applicable, and assessed the mathematical accuracy of the Company’s calculations of potential impairment.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

February 26, 2022

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2003.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Biglari Holdings Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Biglari Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, of the Company and our report dated February 26, 2022, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an emphasis of a matter paragraph relating to the Company’s investment in related party investment partnerships.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

February 26, 2022

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BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in thousands)


	December 31,
	2021		2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,349	$	24,503
Investments	83,061		94,861
Receivables	28,508		19,185
Inventories	3,803		2,737
Other current assets	7,088		6,492
Total current assets	164,809		147,778
Property and equipment	349,351		316,122
Operating lease assets	42,538		42,832
Goodwill	53,547		53,596
Other intangible assets	23,463		24,065
Investment partnerships	250,399		419,550
Other assets	10,700		14,025
Total assets	$	894,807	$	1,017,968

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	100,467	$	90,892
Loss and loss adjustment expenses	14,609		14,652
Unearned premiums	11,667		13,277
Current portion of lease obligations	16,898		17,365
Current portion of notes payable	—		152,261
Total current liabilities	143,641		288,447
Lease obligations	104,479		111,645
Deferred taxes	46,533		41,346
Asset retirement obligations	10,389		10,022
Other liabilities	2,069		1,680
Total liabilities	307,111		453,140

Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	1,138		1,138
Additional paid-in capital	381,788		381,788
Retained earnings	608,528		573,050
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,907)		(1,531)
Treasury stock, at cost	(401,851)		(389,617)
Biglari Holdings Inc. shareholders’ equity	587,696		564,828
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	894,807	$	1,017,968

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(dollars in thousands except per-share amounts)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Revenues
Restaurant operations	$	271,290	$	350,666	$	610,220
Insurance premiums and other	58,609		52,679		30,083
Oil and gas	33,004		26,255		24,436
Licensing and media	3,203		4,083		4,099
	366,106		433,683		668,838
Cost and expenses
Restaurant cost of sales	167,491		246,655		500,949
Insurance losses and underwriting expenses	43,094		39,221		22,269
Oil and gas production costs	10,470		8,700		7,259
Licensing and media costs	2,275		2,156		3,181
Selling, general and administrative	76,018		76,360		100,150
Impairments	4,635		23,646		8,186
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization	30,050		32,222		29,578
Interest expense on leases	6,039		6,274		7,816
Interest expense on note payable	1,121		9,262		12,442
	341,193		444,496		691,830
Other income (expenses)
Investment gains	6,401		3,644		—
Investment partnership gains (losses)	10,953		(43,032)		78,133
Total other income (expenses)	17,354		(39,388)		78,133
Earnings (loss) before income taxes	42,267		(50,201)		55,141
Income tax expense (benefit)	6,789		(12,212)		9,761
Net earnings (loss)	$	35,478	$	(37,989)	$	45,380

Net earnings per equivalent Class A share *	$	111.83	$	(110.05)	$	131.64

* Net earnings per equivalent Class B share outstanding are one-fifth of the equivalent Class A share or $22.37 for 2021, $(22.01) for 2020 and $26.33 for 2019.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(dollars in thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Net earnings (loss)	$	35,478	$	(37,989)	$	45,380
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation	(376)		1,279		(294)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net	(376)		1,279		(294)
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	35,102	$	(36,710)	$	45,086

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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BIGLARI HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(dollars in thousands)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Operating activities
Net earnings (loss)	$	35,478	$	(37,989)	$	45,380
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows:
Depreciation and amortization	30,050		32,222		29,578
Provision for deferred income taxes	5,269		(12,216)		(38,545)
Asset impairments and other non-cash expenses	4,772		24,636		9,113
(Gains) losses on disposal of assets	(25)		(868)		264
Investment (gains) losses	(6,214)		(4,856)		(1,172)
Investment partnership (gains) losses	(10,953)		43,032		(78,133)
Distributions from investment partnerships	180,170		98,330		129,329
Changes in receivables and inventories	(9,324)		7,014		3,669
Changes in other assets	136		733		10,450
Changes in accounts payable and accrued expenses	(592)		(32,482)		(16,250)
Net cash provided by operating activities	228,767		117,556		93,683
Investing activities
Capital expenditures	(