10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-38770

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Alberta, Canada	98-1476367
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S Employer Identification No.)

500 Dallas Street, Suite 1250

Houston, Texas 77002

(281) 670-0002

(Address of principal executive offices including zip code and

telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, no par value	EPSN	NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ◻ Accelerated filer ◻ Non-accelerated filer ⌧ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Yes ☐ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ⌧

As of May 8, 2024, there were 21,921,850 Common Shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

Contents
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		4
PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION		5
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)		5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity		7
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		8
Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
1.	Description of Business	9
2.	Basis of Preparation	9
	Interim Financial Statements	9
	Principles of Consolidation	9
	Use of Estimates	9
	Recently Issued Accounting Standards	9
3.	Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	11
4.	Short Term Investments	11
5.	Property and Equipment	12
	Property Impairment	12
6.	Revolving Line of Credit	12
7.	Shareholders’ Equity	13
8.	Revenue Recognition	16
9.	Income Taxes	17
10.	Commitments and Contingencies	17
	Litigation	18
11.	Leases	18
12.	Net Income Per Share	19
13.	Operating Segments	20
14.	Commodity Risk Management Activities	22
	Commodity Price Risks	22
	Commodity Derivative Contracts	22
15.	Asset Retirement Obligations	23
16.	Fair Value Measurements	23
17.	Current Expected Credit Loss	24
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		25
	Overview	25
	Business Strategy	25
	Operational Highlights	26
	Non-GAAP Financial Measures-Adjusted EBITDA	26
	Net Operating Revenues	28
	Operating Costs	29
	Depletion, Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion	29
	General and Administrative	30
	Loss on Derivative Contracts	30
	Capital Resources and Liquidity	31

	Cash Flow	31
	Credit Agreement	31
	Repurchase Transactions	32
	Derivative Transactions	32
	Contractual Obligations	32
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK		33
	Gathering System Revenue Risk	33
	Interest Rate Risk	33
	Derivative Contracts	33
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES		33
	Disclosure Controls and Procedures	33
	Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	34
	Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls	34
PART II OTHER INFORMATION		34
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS		34
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS		34
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALE OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS		34
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES		34
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES		34
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION		35
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS		36
SIGNATURES		36

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this report constitute forward-looking statements. The use of any of the words ‘‘anticipate,’’ ‘‘continue,’’ ‘‘estimate,’’ ‘‘expect,’’ ‘‘may,’’ ‘‘will,’’ ‘‘project,’’ ‘‘should,’’ ‘‘believe,’’ and similar expressions and statements relating to matters that are not historical facts constitute ‘‘forward looking information’’ within the meaning of applicable securities laws. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated. Such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct and the forward-looking statements included in this report should not be unduly relied upon. These statements are made only as of the date of this report. All statements that address operating performance, events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future — including statements relating to natural gas and oil production rates, commodity prices for crude oil or natural gas, supply and demand for natural gas and oil; the estimated quantity of natural gas and oil reserves, including reserve life; future development and production costs, and statements expressing general views about future operating results — are forward-looking statements. Management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made. However, caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements because such statements speak only as of the date when made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our present expectations or projections. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You should consider carefully the statements under Item 1A. Risk Factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 is available on our website at www.epsilonenergyltd.com.

4

PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,308,633	$	13,403,628
Accounts receivable		5,061,734		6,015,448
Short term investments		12,238,177		18,775,106
Fair value of derivatives		1,347,512		1,219,025
Prepaid income taxes		1,020,702		952,301
Other current assets		619,542		763,288
Total current assets		22,596,300		41,128,796
Non-current assets
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties		180,452,860		160,263,511
Unproved properties		28,593,071		25,504,873
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(115,782,946)		(113,708,210)
Total oil and gas properties, net		93,262,985		72,060,174
Gathering system		42,757,299		42,738,273
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(35,788,907)		(35,539,996)
Total gathering system, net		6,968,392		7,198,277
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		287,524		291,807
Total property and equipment, net		101,156,665		80,188,022
Other assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		417,268		441,987
Restricted cash		900,000		470,000
Prepaid drilling costs		—		1,813,808
Total non-current assets		102,473,933		82,913,817
Total assets	$	125,070,233	$	124,042,613
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable trade	$	3,215,137	$	3,236,871
Gathering fees payable		667,014		1,136,237
Royalties payable		1,201,478		1,422,898
Accrued capital expenditures		2,706,951		696,761
Accrued compensation		212,892		636,295
Other accrued liabilities		732,593		561,537
Fair value of derivatives		836,268		118,770
Operating lease liabilities		95,170		86,473
Total current liabilities		9,667,503		7,895,842
Non-current liabilities
Asset retirement obligations		3,562,486		3,502,952
Deferred income taxes		11,530,950		11,553,943
Operating lease liabilities, long term		446,226		476,911
Total non-current liabilities		15,539,662		15,533,806
Total liabilities		25,207,165		23,429,648
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Shareholders' equity
Preferred shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, none issued or outstanding		—		—
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized and 21,913,202 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 22,222,722 issued and 22,151,848 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023		116,708,531		118,272,565
Treasury shares, at cost, 0 at March 31, 2024 and 70,874 at December 31, 2023		—		(360,326)
Additional paid-in capital		11,196,060		10,874,491
Accumulated deficit		(37,809,555)		(37,946,042)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		9,768,032		9,772,277
Total shareholders' equity		99,863,068		100,612,965
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	125,070,233	$	124,042,613

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

5

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Gas, oil, NGL, and condensate revenue	$	6,051,045	$	6,969,581
Gas gathering and compression revenue		1,935,698		2,386,695
Total revenue		7,986,743		9,356,276
Operating costs and expenses:
Lease operating expenses		1,768,462		1,404,279
Gathering system operating expenses		552,570		651,341
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion		2,380,426		1,773,006
General and administrative expenses:
Stock based compensation expense		321,569		179,748
Other general and administrative expenses		1,559,023		2,023,773
Total operating costs and expenses		6,582,050		6,032,147
Operating income		1,404,693		3,324,129
Other income (expense):
Interest income		266,272		490,762
Interest expense		(8,760)		(28,437)
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts		(100,726)		1,068,660
Other income (expense), net		(533)		1,635
Other income, net		156,253		1,532,620
Net income before income tax expense		1,560,946		4,856,749
Income tax expense		54,050		1,326,922
NET INCOME	$	1,506,896	$	3,529,827
Currency translation adjustments		364		(2,600)
Unrealized loss on securities		(4,609)		—
NET COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	1,502,651	$	3,527,227
Net income per share, basic	$	0.07	$	0.15
Net income per share, diluted	$	0.07	$	0.15
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic		21,994,207		22,990,893
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted		21,994,207		23,027,684

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

6

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

									Accumulated
									Other				Total
	Common Shares Issued			Treasury Shares			Additional		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Shareholders'
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		paid-in Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2024	22,222,722	$	118,272,565	(70,874)	$	(360,326)	$	10,874,491	$	9,772,277	$	(37,946,042)	$	100,612,965
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		—		1,506,896		1,506,896
Dividends paid	—		—	—		—		—		—		(1,370,409)		(1,370,409)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		321,569		—		—		321,569
Buyback of common shares	—		—	(248,700)		(1,203,708)		—		—		—		(1,203,708)
Retirement of treasury shares	(319,574)		(1,564,034)	319,574		1,564,034		—		—		—		—
Vesting of shares of restricted stock	10,054		—	—		—		—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive loss	—		—	—		—		—		(4,245)		—		(4,245)
Balance at March 31, 2024	21,913,202	$	116,708,531	—	$	—	$	11,196,060	$	9,768,032	$	(37,809,555)	$	99,863,068

									Accumulated
									Other				Total
	Common Shares Issued			Treasury Shares			Additional		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Shareholders'
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		paid-in Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2023	23,117,144	$	123,904,965	—	$	—	$	9,856,229	$	9,774,551	$	(39,290,540)	$	104,245,205
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		—		3,529,827		3,529,827
Dividends paid	—		—	—		—		—		—		(1,412,455)		(1,412,455)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		179,748		—		—		179,748
Buyback of common shares	—		—	(237,920)		(1,367,425)		—		—		—		(1,367,425)
Retirement of treasury shares	(190,700)		(1,115,306)	190,700		1,115,306		—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive income	—		—	—		—		—		(2,600)		—		(2,600)
Balance at March 31, 2023	22,926,444	$	122,789,659	(47,220)	$	(252,119)	$	10,035,977	$	9,771,951	$	(37,173,168)	$	105,172,300

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

7

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	1,506,896	$	3,529,827
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion		2,380,426		1,773,006
Accretion of discount on available for sale securities		(216,180)		—
Loss (gain) on derivative contracts		100,726		(1,068,660)
Settlement received on derivative contracts		488,285		363,300
Settlement of asset retirement obligation		(1,653)		—
Stock-based compensation expense		321,569		179,748
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		(22,993)		(12,108)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		953,714		2,396,066
Prepaid income taxes		(68,401)		—
Other assets and liabilities		146,477		143,646
Accounts payable, royalties payable and other accrued liabilities		(1,897,438)		(1,062,898)
Income taxes payable		—		1,336,225
Net cash provided by operating activities		3,691,428		7,578,152
Cash flows from investing activities:
Additions to unproved oil and gas properties		(3,088,198)		(106,069)
Additions to proved oil and gas properties		(17,226,449)		(621,132)
Additions to gathering system properties		(22,650)		(12,423)
Additions to land, buildings and property and equipment		(7,681)		(42,703)
Purchases of short term investments - available for sale		(4,045,785)		(30,138,743)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of short term investments		10,794,285		—
Prepaid drilling costs		1,813,808		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(11,782,670)		(30,921,070)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Buyback of common shares		(1,203,708)		(1,367,425)
Dividends paid		(1,370,409)		(1,412,455)
Net cash used in financing activities		(2,574,117)		(2,779,880)
Effect of currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		364		(2,600)
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(10,664,995)		(26,125,398)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period		13,873,628		45,806,947
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	3,208,633	$	19,681,549
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid	$	—	$	17,216
Non-cash investing activities:
Change in proved properties accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	2,946,528	$	375,242
Change in gathering system accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	(3,624)	$	9,201
Asset retirement obligation asset additions and adjustments	$	16,372	$	736

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

8

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Description of Business

Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Company” or “Epsilon” or “we”) was incorporated under the laws of the Province of Alberta, Canada on March 14, 2005, pursuant to the ABCA. Epsilon is a North American on-shore focused independent natural gas and oil company engaged in the acquisition, development, gathering and production of natural gas and oil reserves. On February 14, 2019, Epsilon’s registration statement on Form 10 was declared effective by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and on February 19, 2019, we began trading in the United States on the NASDAQ Global Market under the trading symbol “EPSN.”

2.    Basis of Preparation

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the appropriate rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented have been included. The interim financial information and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Epsilon Midstream, LLC, Dewey Energy GP, LLC, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC, Epsilon Operating, LLC, and Altolisa Holdings, LLC. With regard to the gathering system, in which Epsilon owns an undivided interest in the asset, proportionate consolidation accounting is used. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved natural gas and oil reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of natural gas and oil, and gathering system properties, asset retirement obligations, accrued natural gas and oil revenues and operating expenses, accrued gathering system revenues and operating expenses, as well as the valuation of commodity derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company, an emerging growth company (“EGC”), has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period provided for in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards which allows the Company to defer adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance removes all recognition thresholds and requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the

9

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. Epsilon adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which, for a limited period of time, adds ASC 848 to the Codification providing entities with certain practical expedients and exceptions from applying modification accounting if certain criteria are met. The amendments are designed to reduce operational challenges that entities will face in applying modification accounting to all contracts that will be revised due to reference rate reform. The guidance in ASC 848 was triggered by the pending discontinuation of certain benchmark reference rates and, in some cases, their replacement by new rates that are more observable or transaction-based and, therefore, less susceptible to manipulation, than certain interest-rate benchmark reference rates commonly used today, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). This process of reference rate reform will require entities to modify certain contracts by removing the discontinued rates and including new rates. Epsilon adopted ASU 2020-04 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In July 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-03 to amend various SEC paragraphs in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) to primarily reflect the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120. ASU No. 2023-03, “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120 (“SAB 120”), SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock.” ASU 2023-03 amends the ASC for SEC updates pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120; SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting; and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 – General Revision of Regulation S-X; Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. SAB 120 provides guidance on the measurement and disclosure of share-based awards shortly before announcing material nonpublic information. These updates were immediately effective and did not have any impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU required disclosure of incremental segment information, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and amounts for each reportable segment on an annual and interim basis. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the potential effects of the standard.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires public entities, on an annual basis, to disclose disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts for specific standardized categories, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential effects of this standard.

10

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and short term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Restricted cash consists of amounts deposited to back bonds or letters of credit for potential well liabilities. The Company presents restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of March 31, 2024 and December, 31 2023:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,308,633	$	13,403,628
Restricted cash included in other assets		900,000		470,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$	3,208,633	$	13,873,628

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company was in the process of transitioning financial institutions for its Letters of Credit (“LOCs”) tied to various bonds associated with Pennsylvania and New York operatorship. The transition caused a temporary increase in restricted cash until the new LOCs are deemed effective and until the previous LOCs can be cancelled.  

4. Short Term Investments

Short term investments are highly liquid investments with original maturities between three and twelve months. The Company’s short term investments consist of US Treasury Bills. These investments are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale short term investments are reported at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

The following table summarizes the available-for-sale short term investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Amortized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Losses		Value		Cost		Gains		Value
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	12,241,187	$	(3,010)	$	12,238,177	$	18,773,508	$	1,598	$	18,775,106

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company sold securities with a carrying amount of $7,003,123 for total proceeds of $7,159,285. The realized gains on these sales were $156,162. An additional $3,635,000 of securities reached maturity with total realized gains of $135,034. The realized gains are included in other income in the consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

11

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5.  Property and Equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$	180,452,860	$	160,263,511
Unproved properties		28,593,071		25,504,873
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(115,782,946)		(113,708,210)
Total oil and gas properties, net		93,262,985		72,060,174
Gathering system		42,757,299		42,738,273
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(35,788,907)		(35,539,996)
Total gathering system, net		6,968,392		7,198,277
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		287,524		291,807
Total property and equipment, net	$	101,156,665	$	80,188,022

Asset Acquisitions

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon acquired assets that included the following:

● a 25% working interest in three producing wells located in Ector County, Texas.

● a 25% working interest in 3,246 gross undeveloped acres in Ector County, Texas.

● total consideration paid of $14.8 million consisting of

(i) $12.1 million for the producing wells and

(ii) $2.7 million for the undeveloped acreage.

Management determined that substantially all the fair value of the assets acquired was concentrated in a group of similar identifiable assets. Based on this determination, the acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition. There were no acquisitions during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Property Impairment

We perform a quantitative impairment test whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group's carrying amount may not be recoverable, over proved properties using the published NYMEX forward prices, basis differentials, timing, methods and other assumptions consistent with historical periods. When indicators of impairment are present, GAAP requires that the Company first compare expected future undiscounted cash flows by asset group to their respective carrying values. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, a reduction of the carrying amount of the natural gas properties to their estimated fair values is required. Additionally, if an exploratory well is determined not to have found proved reserves, the costs incurred, net of any salvage value, should be charged to expense.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, no impairment was recorded.

6. Revolving Line of Credit

The Company closed a senior secured reserve based revolving credit facility on June 28, 2023, with Frost Bank as issuing bank and sole lender. The current commitment and borrowing base is $35 million, supported by the Company’s upstream assets in Pennsylvania and subject to semi-annual redeterminations with a maturity date of the earlier of June 28, 2027 or the date that the commitments are terminated. Interest will be charged at the Daily Simple SOFR rate plus a margin

12

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

of 3.25%. The facility is secured by the assets of the Company’s Epsilon Energy USA subsidiary (Borrower) and guaranteed by the Company and the other wholly owned subsidiaries. There are currently no borrowings under the facility.

Under the terms of the facility, the Company must adhere to the following financial covenants:

● Current ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 (current assets / current liabilities)

● Leverage ratio of less than 2.5 to 1.0 (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts)

Additionally, if the Leverage ratio is greater than 1.0 to 1.0, or the borrowing base utilization is greater than 50%, the Company is required to hedge 50% of the anticipated production from PDP reserves for a rolling 24 month period.

We were in compliance with the financial covenants of the agreement as of March 31, 2024.

	Balance at		Balance at
	March 31,		December 31,		Current
	2024		2023		Borrowing Base		Interest Rate
Revolving line of credit	$	—	$	—	$	35,000,000		SOFR + 3.25%

7. Shareholders’ Equity

(a)Authorized shares

The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares with no par value and an unlimited number of Preferred Shares with no par value.

(b)Purchases of Equity Shares

Normal Course Issuer Bid

On March 20, 2024, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to 2,191,320 common shares, representing 10% of the outstanding common shares of Epsilon, for an aggregate purchase price of not more than US $12.0 million. The program is pursuant to a normal course issuer bid and will be conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The program commenced on March 27, 2024 and will end on March 26, 2025, unless the maximum amount of common shares is purchased before then or Epsilon provides earlier notice of termination.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no shares have been repurchased under the new program.

The previous share repurchase program commenced on March 27, 2023 and ended on March 26, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 968,149 common shares at an average price of $5.08 per share (excluding commissions) under the previous plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased 248,700 shares at a price of $4.82 per share (excluding commissions) under the previous plan.  

13

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table contains activity relating to our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (1)					1,324,495
January 2024	248,700	$	4.82
Total as of March 31, 2024	248,700	$	4.82		1,075,795

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023 and terminated on March 26, 2024, as described above.

(c)Equity Incentive Plan

Epsilon’s board of directors (the “Board”) adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) on July 22, 2020 and  Epsilon’s shareholders approved the 2020 Plan at Epsilon’s 2020 Annual General and Special Meeting of Shareholders, which occurred on September 1, 2020 (the “Meeting”).

The 2020 Plan provides for incentive compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, performance shares and units, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards. Under the 2020 Plan, Epsilon will be authorized to issue up to 2,000,000 Common Shares.

Restricted Stock Awards

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, 63,980 restricted stock units with a weighted average price at the grant date of $5.08 were awarded to the Company’s board of directors. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 358,546 restricted stock units with a weighted average price at the grant date of $5.42 were awarded to the Company’s management, employees, and board of directors. These units vest over a three-year period, with an equal number of common shares being issued per period on the anniversary of the award resolution. The vesting of the units ( and corresponding issuance of shares) is contingent on the individuals’ continued employment or service. The Company determined the fair value of the granted restricted stock units based on the market price of the common shares of the Company on the date of grant.

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Restricted	Average	Restricted	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period	491,536	1.74	298,210	1.74
Granted	63,980	1.87	358,546	1.90
Vested	(10,064)	—	(165,220)	—
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period	545,452	1.53	491,536	1.74

Stock compensation expense for the granted restricted stock units is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $321,569 and $165,064, respectively.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation related to the restricted stock units of $2,655,308 to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.33 years (at December 31, 2023: $2,651,858 over 1.42 years).

14

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Performance Share Unit Awards (“PSU”)

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no outstanding PSUs . For the year ended December 31, 2023, a total of 15,833 common shares vested and were issued.

The following table summarizes PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Performance	Average	Performance	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested PSUs at beginning of period	—	—	15,833	1.00
Vested	—	—	(15,833)	—
Balance non-vested PSUs at end of period	—	—	—	—

Stock compensation expense for the granted PSUs is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 related to PSUs was $0 and $14,684, respectively.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no unrecognized stock-based compensation related to PSUs.

Stock Options

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding stock options. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company awarded no stock options.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
		Weighted				Weighted
	Number of	Average		Number of		Average
	Options	Exercise		Options		Exercise
Exercise price in US$	Outstanding	Price		Outstanding		Price (1)
Balance at beginning of period	57,500	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03
Exercised	—	$	—		(12,500)	$	5.03
Expired	(57,500)	$	—		—	$	—
Balance at period-end	—	$	—		57,500	$	5.03
Exercisable at period-end	—	$	—		57,500	$	5.03

At March 31, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation, related to these options, of nil (at December 31, 2023: nil). The aggregate intrinsic value at March 31, 2024 was nil (at December 31, 2023: $5,500).

(d) Dividends

On March 1, 2024, the Board declared quarterly a dividend of $0.0625 per common share (annualized $0.25 per common share) totaling in aggregate an amount of approximately $1.4 million that has been paid for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

15

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

8. Revenue Recognition

Revenues are comprised of sales of natural gas, oil and NGLs, along with the revenue generated from the Company’s ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

Overall, product sales revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual delivery obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the Company’s customers at delivery points based on contractual terms and conditions. In addition, gathering and compression revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual service obligations are satisfied, which occurs as control of those services is transferred to the Company’s customers. Gathering System revenues derived from Epsilon’s production, which have been eliminated from total gathering system revenues (“elimination entry”), amounted to $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table details revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	2,962,979	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		372,984		196,295
Oil and condensate		2,715,082		517,108
Gathering and compression fees (1)		1,935,698		2,386,695
Total operating revenue	$	7,986,743	$	9,356,276

(1) Net of the elimination entry

Product Sales Revenue

The Company enters into contracts with third party purchasers to sell its natural gas, oil, NGLs and condensate production. Under these product sales arrangements, the sale of each unit of product represents a distinct performance obligation. Product sales revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the purchaser based on contractual terms which reflect prevailing commodity market prices. To the extent that marketing costs are incurred by the Company prior to the transfer of control of the product, those costs are included in lease operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Settlement statements for product sales, and the related cash consideration, are generally received from the purchaser within 30 days. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production delivered to the customer and the consideration that will ultimately be received for sale of the natural gas, oil, NGLs, or condensate. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Gas Gathering and Compression Revenue

The Company also provides natural gas gathering and compression services through its ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field. For the provision of gas gathering and compression services, the Company collects its share of the gathering and compression fees per unit of gas serviced and recognizes gathering revenue over time using an output method based on units of gas gathered.

The settlement statement from the operator of the Auburn GGS is received two months after gathering and compression has occurred. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production that was gathered and compressed within the system. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

16

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on a case-by-case basis once there is evidence that collection is not probable. For the three ended March 31, 2024, there were no accounts for which collection was not probable.

The following table details accounts receivable as of March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	3,637,018	$	4,327,886	$	5,696,419
Joint interest billing		14,349		17,476		20,454
Gathering and compression fees		1,281,742		1,543,239		1,483,956
Commodity contract		128,625		72,075		—
Interest		—		54,772		557
Total accounts receivable	$	5,061,734	$	6,015,448	$	7,201,386

9. Income Taxes

Income tax provisions for the three ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Current:
Foreign	$	66,268	$	—
Federal		—		960,508
State		10,775		378,522
Total current income tax expense		77,043		1,339,030
Deferred:
Federal		377,599		(17,278)
State		(400,592)		5,170
Total deferred tax expense		(22,993)		(12,108)
Income tax expense	$	54,050	$	1,326,922

The Company files federal income tax returns in the United States and Canada, and various returns in state and local jurisdictions.

The Company believes it has no uncertain income tax positions. The Company's tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ending December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2023. To the extent we utilize net operating losses generated in earlier years, such earlier years may also be subject to audit.

Starting in 2023, distributions of Epsilon Energy USA Inc. earnings to Epsilon Energy Ltd. incur a 5% U.S. dividend withholding tax, provided the Company is eligible for benefits under the U.S. / Canada income treaty.

Our effective tax rate will typically differ from the statutory federal rate primarily as a result of state income taxes and the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was lower than the statutory federal rate as a result of state income taxes partially offset by the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company enters into commitments for capital expenditures in advance of the expenditures being made. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had commitments of $3.6 million for capital expenditures.

17

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Litigation

On March 10, 2021, Epsilon filed a complaint against Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC (“Chesapeake”) in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Scranton, Pennsylvania (“Middle District”). Epsilon claimed that Chesapeake has breached a settlement agreement and several operating agreements (“JOAs”) to which Epsilon and Chesapeake are parties. Epsilon asserted that Chesapeake failed to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts to develop resources in the Auburn Development, located in North-Central Pennsylvania, as required under both the settlement agreement and JOAs.

Epsilon requested a preliminary injunction but was unsuccessful in obtaining that injunction.  Epsilon filed a motion to amend its original Complaint.  Chesapeake opposed.  The Court ruled in Epsilon’s favor and allowed Epsilon’s amendment. Chesapeake moved to dismiss the amended Complaint.  The Court granted the motion to dismiss on a narrow issue without prejudice to Epsilon’s right to file a new lawsuit based on new proposals made after the Court’s decision.  Epsilon filed a motion for reconsideration of that decision, but the court denied the motion for reconsideration on January 18, 2022.

Epsilon filed a notice of appeal on February 15, 2022 challenging the District Court's rulings in the case. Following the Third Circuit's ruling to remand the case back to District court, Epsilon has sought and was granted a dismissal of the case without prejudice in September 2023.

11. Leases

Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company recognized an operating lease related to its corporate office as of March 31, 2024 summarized in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Asset
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		417,268		441,987
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	$	417,268	$	441,987
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	$	95,170	$	86,473
Operating lease liabilities, long term		446,226		476,911
Total operating lease liabilities	$	541,396	$	563,384
Operating lease costs	$	58,670	$	144,490
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	63,267	$	27,010
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	-	$	535,149
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating lease		2.89		3.00
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) - operating lease		8.25%		8.25%

18

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company had one office lease that expired in April 2023.  On March 1, 2023, the Company commenced a new office lease with a 70 month lease term and future lease payments estimated to be approximately $0.85 million. There are no other pending leases, and no lease arrangements in which the Company is the lessor. Lease expense for operating leases was $0.06 million and $0.14 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. This lease expense is presented in other general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2024 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2024	$	101,062
2025		173,550
2026		177,021
2027		180,492
2028		183,963
Total minimum lease payments		816,088
Less: imputed interest		(274,692)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		541,396
Less: current obligations under leases		(95,170)
Long-term lease obligations	$	446,226

12.    Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the assumed issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive securities.

The net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	1,506,896	$	3,529,827

In calculating the net income per share, basic and diluted, the following weighted-average shares were used:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024	2023
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	21,994,207	22,990,893
Dilutive stock options	—	8,512
Unvested time-based restricted shares	—	21,415
Unvested performance-based restricted shares	—	6,864
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	21,994,207	23,027,684

The Company excluded the following shares from the diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024	2023
Anti-dilutive options	—	61,488
Anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted shares	546,245	276,795
Anti-dilutive unvested performance-based restricted shares	—	8,969
Total Anti-dilutive shares	546,245	347,252

19

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

13. Operating Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as executive management. Segment performance is evaluated based on operating income (loss) as shown in the table below. Interest income and expense, and income taxes are managed separately on a group basis.

The Company’s reportable segments are as follows:

a. The Upstream segment activities include acquisition, development and production of oil, natural gas, and other liquid reserves on properties within the United States;

b. The Gas Gathering segment partners with two other companies to operate a natural gas gathering system; and

c. The Corporate segment activities include corporate listing and governance functions of the Company.

20

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Segment activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

	Upstream		Gas Gathering		Corporate		Elimination		Consolidated
For the three months ended March 31, 2024
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	2,962,979	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,962,979
Natural gas liquids		372,984		—		—		—		372,984
Oil and condensate		2,715,082		—		—		—		2,715,082
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,250,096		—		(314,398)		1,935,698
Total operating revenue (1)		6,051,045		2,250,096		—		(314,398)		7,986,743
Operating costs
Operating costs		2,082,860		552,570		1,880,592		(314,398)		4,201,624
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		2,129,709		250,717		—		—		2,380,426
Operating income (loss)		1,838,476		1,446,809		(1,880,592)		—		1,404,693
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		266,272		—		266,272
Interest expense		(8,760)		—		—		—		(8,760)
Loss on derivative contracts		(100,726)		—		—		—		(100,726)
Other income		37		—		(570)		—		(533)
Other income (expense), net		(109,449)		—		265,702		—		156,253
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	$	1,729,027	$	1,446,809	$	(1,614,890)	$	—	$	1,560,946
Capital expenditures (2)	$	23,268,856	$	19,026	$	—	$	—	$	23,287,882
For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		196,295		—		—		—		196,295
Oil and condensate		517,108		—		—		—		517,108
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		2,386,695
Total operating revenue (1)		6,969,581		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		9,356,276
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,768,087		651,371		2,203,491		(363,808)		4,259,141
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,493,755		279,251		—		—		1,773,006
Operating income (loss)		3,707,739		1,819,881		(2,203,491)		—		3,324,129
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		490,762		—		490,762
Interest expense		(28,437)		—		—		—		(28,437)
Loss on derivative contracts		1,068,660		—		—		—		1,068,660
Other (expense) income		652		—		983		—		1,635
Other income (expense), net		1,040,875		—		491,745		—		1,532,620
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	$	4,748,614	$	1,819,881	$	(1,711,746)	$	—	$	4,856,749
Capital expenditures (2)	$	1,145,146	$	21,624	$	—	$	—	$	1,166,770

(1) Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon sold natural gas to 23 unique customers. The two customers over 10% comprised 25% and 12% of total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon sold natural gas to 27 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 12%, 13%, and 11% of total revenue.

(2) Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion, completion, and maintenance of the gathering and compression facility.

21

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

14. Commodity Risk Management Activities

Commodity Price Risks

Epsilon engages in price risk management activities from time to time. These activities are intended to manage Epsilon’s exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices for natural gas and oil by securing derivative contracts for a portion of expected sales volumes.

Inherent in the Company’s fixed price contracts, are certain business risks, including market risk and credit risk. Market risk is the risk that the price of oil and natural gas will change, either favorably or unfavorably, in response to changing market conditions. Credit risk is the risk of loss from nonperformance by the Company’s counterparty to a contract. The Company does not currently require collateral from any of its counterparties nor do its counterparties currently require collateral from the Company.

The Company enters into certain commodity derivative instruments to mitigate commodity price risk associated with a portion of its future natural gas and oil production and related cash flows. The natural gas revenues and cash flows are affected by changes in commodity product prices, which are volatile and cannot be accurately predicted. The objective for holding these commodity derivatives is to protect the operating revenues and cash flows related to a portion of the future natural gas and oil sales from the risk of significant declines in commodity prices, which helps ensure the Company’s ability to fund the capital budget.

Epsilon has historically elected not to designate any of its financial commodity derivative contracts as accounting hedges and, accordingly, accounts for these financial commodity derivative contracts using the mark-to-market accounting method. Under this accounting method, changes in the fair value of outstanding financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses in the period of change and are recorded as gain (loss) on derivative contracts on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The related cash flow impact is reflected in cash flows from operating activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon recognized losses on commodity derivative contracts of $100,727. This amount included cash received on settlements on these contracts of $488,285. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon recognized gains on commodity derivative contracts of $1,068,660. This amount included cash received on settlements on these contracts of $363,300.

Commodity Derivative Contracts

At March 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding natural gas NYMEX Henry Hub (“HH”) swaps totaling 1.84 Bcf, natural gas Tennessee Z4 basis swaps totaling 1.69 Bcf, and crude oil NYMEX WTI CMA swaps totaling 58 MBbls.

	Fair Value of Derivative  Assets
	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	1,416,662	$	1,353,668
Tennessee Z4 basis swap		7,638		112,719
	$	1,424,300	$	1,466,386

	Fair Value of Derivative  Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	(47,585)	$	—
Tennessee Z4 Basis swap		(528,944)		(366,131)
Crude Oil NYMEX WTI CMA		(336,527)		—
	$	(913,056)	$	(366,131)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$	511,244	$	1,100,255

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Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of Epsilon’s commodity derivatives for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$	1,100,255	$	1,222,090
Gains on derivative contracts included in earnings		(100,726)		1,068,660
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts		(488,285)		(363,300)
Fair value of asset, end of the period	$	511,244	$	1,927,450

15. Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations are estimated by management based on Epsilon’s net ownership interest in all wells and the gathering system, estimated costs to reclaim and abandon such assets and the estimated timing of the costs to be incurred in future periods, and the forecast risk free cost of capital. Epsilon has estimated the value of its total asset retirement obligations to be $3.6 million as of March 31, 2024 ($3.5 million at December 31, 2023). Each year we review, and to the extent necessary, revise our asset retirement obligations estimates in accordance with recent activity and current service costs.

The following tables summarize the changes in asset retirement obligations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended		Year ended
		March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Balance beginning of period	$	3,502,952	$	2,780,237
Liabilities acquired		16,373		12,437
Liabilities disposed of		—		(46,961)
Wells plugged and abandoned		(1,654)		(509,802)
Change in estimates		—		1,178,142
Accretion		44,815		88,899
Balance end of period	$	3,562,486	$	3,502,952

16. Fair Value Measurements

The methodologies used to determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2024 were the same as those used at December 31, 2023.

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company’s revolving line of credit has a recorded value that approximates its fair value since its variable interest rate is tied to current market rates and the applicable margins represent market rates. The revolving line of credit is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company has investments in U.S. Treasury Bills, all of which mature over a period of 3 and 12 months and are classified as short term investments. The U.S. Treasury Bills are carried at fair value. The U.S. Treasury Bills are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Commodity derivative instruments consist of NYMEX HH swap and Tennessee Z4 basis swap contracts for natural gas, and NYMEX WTI CMA swap contracts for crude oil. The Company’s derivative contracts are valued based on a marked to market approach. These assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the contract, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace, and are therefore designated as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy. The Company utilizes its counterparties’ valuations to assess the reasonableness of its own valuations.

23

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

	March 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Effect of Netting		Net Fair Value
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	1,347,512	$	—	$	—	$	1,347,512
Cash equivalents	$	452,642	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	452,642
Short term investments	$	12,238,177	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12,238,177
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	76,788	$	—	$	(913,056)	$	(836,268)

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Effect of Netting		Net Fair Value
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	1,219,025	$	—	$	—	$	1,219,025
Cash equivalents	$	195,669	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	195,669
Short term investments	$	18,775,106	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	18,775,106
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	247,361	$	—	$	(366,131)	$	(118,770)

17. Current Expected Credit Loss

Under ASU 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, estimated losses on financial assets are provided through an allowance for credit losses. The majority of our financial assets are invested in U.S. Treasury Bills. We also have accounts receivable which are primarily from purchasers of oil and natural gas, counterparties to our financial instruments, and revenues earned for compression and gathering services. Our oil, gas, and natural gas liquids accounts receivables are generally collected within 30 days after the end of the month. Compression and gathering receivables are generally collected within 60 days after the end of the month. We assess collectability through various procedures, including review of our trade receivable balances by counterparty, assessing economic events and conditions, our historical experience with counterparties, the counterparty’s financial condition and the amount and age of past due accounts. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we determined that our allowance for credit loss was nil.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion is intended to assist in the understanding of trends and significant changes in or results of operations and the financial condition of Epsilon Energy Ltd. and its subsidiaries for the periods presented. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in this report, including the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the nine months then ended together with accompanying notes, as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward- looking statements due to a number of factors. See “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Company”) is a North American onshore focused independent natural gas and oil company engaged in the acquisition, development, gathering and production of natural gas and oil reserves. Our areas of operations are the Marcellus shale section of the Appalachian basin in Pennsylvania, the Permian Basin in Texas and New Mexico, and the NW Anadarko basin in Oklahoma.

At March 31, 2024 we held leasehold rights to 16,442 net acres. We have natural gas production from our non-operated wells in Pennsylvania, and oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas production from our non-operated wells in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.

At December 31, 2023 our total estimated net proved reserves were 65,916 MMcf of natural gas, 383,174 Bbls of NGLs, and 341,286 Bbls of oil and condensate, excluding the impact of the February 2024 acquisition in the Permian Basin.

In Pennsylvania, the Company owns a 35% interest in the 52-mile Auburn Gas Gathering System (“Auburn GGS") which is operated by a subsidiary of Williams Partners, LP.

Our common shares trade on the NASDAQ Global Market under the ticker symbol “EPSN.”

Business Strategy

We are committed to disciplined capital allocation which should include shareholder returns in the form of dividends and share buybacks. We plan to maintain a strong balance sheet and liquidity position to allow us to opportunistically invest in both our existing project areas and potential new projects.     

Historically, our investments have been focused in our position in the prolific Marcellus unconventional reservoir in Pennsylvania (“PA”). Our PA assets are supported by our 35% ownership in the Auburn GGS and we have a substantial remaining drillable location inventory within our existing leaseholds.

More recently, our investments have been focused in Ector County, Texas in the Permian Basin.

On May 9, 2023, Epsilon acquired a 10% interest in two wellbores located in Eddy County, New Mexico from a private operator. The wells are currently on production. Total capital expenditure (net to Epsilon) was $2.2 million.

On May 16, 2023, Epsilon acquired a 25% working interest in 1,297 gross acres on the Central Basin Platform in Ector County, Texas from a private operator. The Company participated in the drilling and completion of 2 gross wells, both 10,000’ laterals, in the second and third quarter of 2023. The wells were put on production in October 2023. Total capital expenditures (net to Epsilon) to date are $9.6 million, including leasehold.

On June 20, 2023, Epsilon acquired a 25% working interest in 11,067 gross acres on the Central Basin Platform in Ector County, Texas from a private operator. Total capital expenditures (net to Epsilon) to date are $6.2 million.

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On February 27, 2024, Epsilon acquired a 25% working interest in three producing wells and 3,246 gross undeveloped acres on the Central Basin Platform in Ector County, Texas from a private operator. The assets are immediately offset to the assets acquired in June 2023. The Company is currently participating in the drilling and completion of 1 gross well (a 13,200’ lateral) on the position.

We continue to evaluate new opportunities in numerous onshore North American natural gas and oil basins.

Three months ended March 31, 2024 Highlights

Operational Highlights

Marcellus Shale – Pennsylvania

● During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon's realized natural gas price was $1.77 per Mcf, a 31% decrease over the three months ended March 31, 2023.

● During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon’s net revenue interest natural gas production was 1.6 Bcf compared to 2.5 Bcf during the same period in 2023, a 32% decrease.

● Gathered and delivered 14.0 Bcf gross (4.9 net to Epsilon's interest) during the three months ended March 31, 2024, or 156 MMcf/d through the Auburn Gas Gathering System.

● At March 31, 2024, the Company had seven gross (.7 net) wells waiting to be turned in line.

Permian Basin – Texas and New Mexico

● During the three ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon's realized price for all Permian Basin production was $53.28 per Boe.

● Total net revenue interest production for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which included oil, natural gas liquids, and natural gas, was 52.3 Mboe.

● At March 31, 2024, the Company had 1 gross (.25 net) well drilled awaiting completion in Texas.

Anadarko, NW Stack Trend – Oklahoma

● During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon's realized price for all Oklahoma production was $4.52 per Mcfe, a 30% decline from the three months ended March 31, 2023.

● Total net revenue interest production for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included natural gas, oil and other liquids and was 0.11 Bcfe, a 36% decrease from the same period in 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures-Adjusted EBITDA

Epsilon defines Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before (1) net interest expense, (2) taxes, (3) depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense, (4) impairments of natural gas and oil properties, (5) non-cash stock compensation expense, (6) gain or loss on sale of assets, (7) gain or loss on derivative contracts net of cash received or paid on settlement, and (8) net other income(expense). Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of financial performance as determined under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered in isolation from or as a substitute for net income or cash flow measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of profitability or liquidity.

Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. Epsilon has included Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental disclosure because its management believes that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information regarding its ability to service debt and to fund capital expenditures. It further provides investors a helpful measure for comparing operating performance on a normalized or recurring basis with the

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performance of other companies, without giving effect to certain non-cash expenses and other items. This provides management, investors and analysts with comparative information for evaluating the Company in relation to other natural gas and oil companies providing corresponding non-U.S. GAAP financial measures or that have different financing and capital structures or tax rates. These non-U.S. GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, measures for financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, which is the most directly comparable measure of financial performance calculated under U.S. GAAP and should be reviewed carefully.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	1,506,896	$	3,529,827
Add Back:
Interest (income) expense, net		(257,512)		(462,325)
Income tax expense		54,050		1,326,922
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion		2,380,426		1,773,006
Stock based compensation expense		321,569		179,748
Gain (loss) on sale of assets		—		—
Loss (gain) on derivative contracts net of cash received or paid on settlement		589,011		(705,360)
Foreign currency translation loss		570		(983)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	4,595,010	$	5,640,835

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Results of Operations

Net Operating Revenues

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 revenues decreased $1.4 million, or 15%, to $8.0 million from $9.4 million during the same period of 2023.

Revenue and volume statistics for the three ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2024		2023
Revenues
Pennsylvania
Natural gas revenue	$	2,758,108	$	5,852,725
Volume (MMcf)		1,557		2,286
Avg. Price ($/Mcf)	$	1.77	$	2.56
Gathering system revenue (net of elimination)	$	1,935,698	$	2,386,695
Total PA Revenues	$	4,693,806	$	8,239,420
Permian Basin
Natural gas revenue	$	41,578	$	—
Volume (MMcf)		43		—
Avg. Price ($/Mcf)	$	0.96	$	—
Natural gas liquids revenue	$	259,914	$	—
Volume (MBOE)		11.4		—
Avg. Price ($/Bbl)	$	22.71	$	—
Oil and condensate revenue	$	2,486,513	$	—
Volume (MBbl)		33.7		—
Avg. Price ($/Bbl)	$	73.87	$	—
Total Permian Basin Revenues	$	2,788,005	$	—
Oklahoma
Natural gas revenue	$	163,293	$	403,453
Volume (MMcf)		66		96
Avg. Price ($/Mcf)	$	2.47	$	4.20
Natural gas liquids revenue	$	113,070	$	196,295
Volume (MBOE)		4.7		6.1
Avg. Price ($/Bbl)	$	24.26	$	32.29
Oil and condensate revenue	$	228,569	$	517,108
Volume (MBbl)		3.0		6.8
Avg. Price ($/Bbl)	$	77.04	$	76.15
Total OK Revenues	$	504,932	$	1,116,856
Total Revenues	$	7,986,743	$	9,356,276

Upstream natural gas revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $3.3 million, or 53%, over the same period in 2023. A decrease of $1.4 million was due to lower natural gas prices and a decrease of $1.9 million was due to lower sales volumes as a result of natural decline in the wells and operator elected well shut-ins due to poor natural gas pricing in Pennsylvania.

Upstream natural gas liquids revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.2 million, or 90% over the same period in 2023.  An increase of $0.3 million was due to additional sales volumes from the Permian Basin and a decrease of $0.1 million was due to lower sales volumes.

Upstream oil and condensate revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $2.2 million, or 425% over the same period in 2023.  An increase of $2.3 million was due to additional sales volumes from the Permian Basin offset by a decrease of $0.1 million due to lower prices.

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Gathering system revenue decreased $0.5 million, or 19%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 over the same period in 2023. This was primarily the result of lower anchor shipper volumes due to well decline and operator elected will shut-ins offset partially by a 17% increase in the Auburn gathering rate. Revenues derived from transporting and compressing our production, which have been eliminated from gathering system revenues amounted to $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Operating Costs

The following table presents total cost and cost per unit of production (Mcfe), including ad valorem, severance, and production taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Lease operating costs (net of elimination)	$	1,768,462	$	1,404,279
Gathering system operating costs		552,570		651,341
	$	2,321,032	$	2,055,620
Upstream operating costs—Total $/Mcfe		0.89		0.57
Gathering system operating costs $/Mcf		0.16		0.18

Operating costs include the effects of elimination entries to remove the gathering fees paid to Epsilon’s ownership in the gathering system.

Upstream operating costs consist of lease operating expenses necessary to extract natural gas and oil, including gathering and treating the natural gas and oil to ready it for sale. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 these costs increased by $0.4 million, or 26%, over the same period in 2023. The increase is primarily due to the additional wells in the Permian Basin.

Gathering system operating costs consist primarily of rental payments for the natural gas fueled compression units and overhead fees due to the system’s operator. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, gathering system operating costs decreased by $0.1 million, or 15% from the same period in 2023. This decrease is primarily due to lower anchor shipper volumes gathered through the system.

Depletion, Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion (“DD&A”)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion	$	2,380,426	$	1,773,006

Natural gas and oil and gathering system assets are depleted and depreciated using the units of production method aggregating properties on a field basis. For leasehold acquisition costs and the cost to acquire proved and unproved properties, the reserve base used to calculate depreciation and depletion is total proved reserves. For natural gas and oil development and gathering system costs, the reserve base used to calculate depletion and depreciation is proved developed reserves. A reserve report is prepared as of December 31, each year.

Depreciation expense includes amounts pertaining to our office furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements, computer hardware. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from 3 to 7 years. Also included in depreciation expense is an amount pertaining to buildings owned by the Company. Depreciation for the buildings is calculated using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of 30 years.

Accretion expense is related to the asset retirement costs.

DD&A expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.6 million, or 34% from the same period in 2023 as a result of the additional producing wells in the Permian Basin.

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General and Administrative (“G&A”)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
General and administrative	$	1,880,592	$	2,203,521

G&A expenses consist of general corporate expenses such as compensation, legal, accounting and professional fees, consulting services, travel and other related corporate costs such as restricted stock units granted.

G&A expenses decreased by $0.3 million, or 15%, during the three months ended March 31, 2024 from 2023. This was primarily due to a $0.05 million decrease in compensation after management transition expenses in 2023, a decrease of $0.1 million in legal fees, a decrease of $0.1 million decrease in accounting, tax, and other consulting fees, and a decrease of $0.05 million in office expenses.

Interest Income

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest income	$	266,272	$	490,762

Interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 decreased by $0.2 million, or 46%, from the same period in 2023.  This is primarily due to a reduction in the amount of outstanding financial instruments in short term investments.

Interest Expense

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Interest expense	$	8,760	$	28,437

Interest expense relates to the fees paid on the revolving credit facility.

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 decreased by $0.02 million, or 69%, as a result of a change in the fee structure under the new credit facility.

(Loss) Gain on Derivative Contracts

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	$	(100,726)	$	1,068,660

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon had NYMEX HH Natural Gas futures swaps, Tennessee Gas Pipeline Zone 4 basis swaps, and crude oil NYMEX WTI CMA swaps derivative contracts for the purpose of hedging a portion of its physical natural gas and oil sales revenue. For the three ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon had NYMEX HH Natural Gas Futures swaps and Tennessee Gas Pipeline Zone 4 basis swap derivative contracts for the purpose of hedging a portion of its physical natural gas sales revenue.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we received net cash settlements of $488,285 and $363,300, respectively.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2024, realized losses on derivative contracts increased by $1.2 million. This was primarily due to NYMEX WTI CMA future prices rising during the quarter resulting in a decrease in value of the crude oil swaps.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

Cash Flow

The primary source of cash for Epsilon during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was funds generated from operations. The primary uses of cash for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were the development of upstream properties, investment in U.S. Treasury Bills, the repurchase of shares of common stock, and the distribution of dividends.

At March 31, 2024, we had a working capital surplus of $12.9 million, a decrease of $20.3 million from the $33.2 million surplus at December 31, 2023. The Company anticipates its current cash balance, short term investments, available borrowings, and cash flows from operations to be sufficient to meet its cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.

Three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, $3.7 million was provided by the Company’s operating activities, compared to $7.6 million during the same period in 2023, representing a 51% decrease.

The Company used $11.8 million and $30.9 million of cash for investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company had net investments of $18.5 million on leasehold and well costs in Pennsylvania and Texas offset by net proceeds of $6.7 million in U.S. Treasury Bills. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company has investments of $30.1 million in U.S. Treasury Bills and $0.8 million in leasehold and well costs. This was spent primarily on leasehold and well costs in Pennsylvania.

The Company used $2.6 million and $2.8 million of cash for financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. This was spent primarily on dividend payments and the repurchase of shares of common stock.

Credit Agreement

The Company closed a senior secured reserve based revolving credit facility on June 28, 2023 with Frost Bank as issuing bank and sole lender. The current commitment and borrowing base is $35 million, supported by the Company’s upstream assets in Pennsylvania and subject to semi-annual redeterminations with a maturity date of the earlier of June 28, 2027 or the date that the commitments are terminated. Interest will be charged at the Daily Simple SOFR rate plus a margin of 3.25%. The facility is secured by the assets of the Company’s Epsilon Energy USA subsidiary (Borrower) and guaranteed by the Company and the other wholly owned subsidiaries. There are currently no borrowings under the facility.

Under the terms of the facility, the Company must adhere to the following financial covenants:

● Current ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 (current assets / current liabilities)

● Leverage ratio of less than 2.5 to 1.0 (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts)

Additionally, if the Leverage ratio is greater than 1.0 to 1.0, or the borrowing base utilization is greater than 50%, the Company is required to hedge 50% of the anticipated production from PDP reserves for a rolling 24 month period.

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Repurchase Transactions

On March 20, 2024, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to 2,191,320 common shares, representing 10% of the outstanding common shares of Epsilon, for an aggregate purchase price of not more than US $12.0 million. The program is pursuant to a normal course issuer bid and will be conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The program commenced on March 27, 2024 and will end on March 26, 2025, unless the maximum amount of common shares is purchased before then or Epsilon provides earlier notice of termination.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no shares have been repurchased under the new program.

The previous share repurchase program commenced on March 27, 2023 and ended on March 26, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 968,149 common shares at an average price of $5.08 per share (excluding commissions) under the previous plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased 248,700 shares at a price of $4.82 per share (excluding commissions) under the previous plan.

Derivative Transactions

The Company has entered into hedging arrangements to reduce the impact of commodity price volatility on operations. By reducing the price volatility from a portion of natural gas and crude oil production, the potential effects of changing prices on operating cash flows have been partially mitigated, but not eliminated. While mitigating the negative effects of falling commodity prices, these derivative contracts also limit the benefits we might otherwise receive from increases in commodity prices.

At March 31, 2024, Epsilon’s outstanding natural gas and crude oil commodity contracts consisted of the following:

		Weighted Average
	Volume	Price ($/MMbtu)		Fair Value of Asset
Derivative Type	(MMbtu)	Swaps		March 31, 2024
2024
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	1,837,500	$	3.23	$	1,369,078
Tennessee Z4 basis swap	1,685,000	$	(1.14)	$	(521,306)
	3,522,500			$	847,772

				Fair Value
	Volume	Weighted Average		March 31,
Derivative Type	(Bbl)	Price ($/Bbl)		2024
2024
Crude Oil NYMEX WTI CMA	51,771	$	74.34	$	(316,219)
2025
Crude Oil NYMEX WTI CMA	13,162	$	74.34	$	(20,308)
	64,933			$	(336,527)

Contractual Obligations

The Company enters into commitments for capital expenditures in advance of the expenditures being made. As of March 31, 2024, the Company has $3.6 million in outstanding short term commitments for capital expenditures and has long term commitments of $14.8 million for asset retirement obligations.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our earnings and cash flow are significantly affected by changes in the market price of commodities. The prices of natural gas and oil can fluctuate widely and are influenced by numerous factors such as demand, production levels, world political and economic events, and the strength of the US dollar relative to other currencies. Should the price of natural gas and oil decline substantially, the value of our assets could fall dramatically, impacting our future operations and exploration and development activities, along with our gas gathering system revenues. In addition, our operations are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including interest rate and certain exposure as well as risks relating to changes in the general economic conditions in the United States.

Gathering System Revenue Risk

The Auburn Gas Gathering System lies within the Marcellus Basin with historically high levels of recoverable reserves and low cost of production. We believe that a short-term low commodity price environment will not significantly impact the reserves produced and thus the revenue of our gas gathering system.

Interest Rate Risk

Market risk is estimated as the change in fair value resulting from a hypothetical 100 basis point change in the interest rate on the outstanding balance under our credit agreement. The credit agreement allows us to fix the interest rate for all or a portion of the principal balance for a period up to three months. To the extent that the interest rate is fixed, interest rate changes affect the instrument’s fair market value but do not affect results of operations or cash flows. Conversely, for the portion of the credit agreement that has a floating interest rate, interest rate changes will not affect the fair market value but will affect future results of operations and cash flows.

At March 31, 2024 and 2023, the outstanding principal balance under the credit agreement was nil.

Derivative Contracts

The Company’s financial results and condition depend on the prices received for production. Natural gas, natural gas liquids, and crude oil prices have fluctuated widely and are determined by economic and political factors. Supply and demand factors, including weather, general economic conditions, the ability to transport to other regions, as well as conditions in other regions, impact prices. Epsilon has established a hedging strategy and may manage the risk associated with changes in commodity prices by entering into various derivative financial instrument agreements and physical contracts. Although these commodity price risk management activities could expose Epsilon to losses or gains, entering into these contracts helps to stabilize cash flows and support the Company’s capital spending program.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this 10-Q. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that our current disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024 at the reasonable assurance level.

33

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting can also be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that of limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, the risk.

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALE OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(c) Purchases of Equity Securities by Epsilon Energy Ltd.

The following table contains information about our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (1)					1,324,495
January 2024	248,700	$	4.82
Total as of March 31, 2024	248,700	$	4.82		1,075,795

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023 and terminated on March 26, 2024.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

34

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

35

ITEM 6. —EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
31.1	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 certification of Principal Executive Officer.
31.2	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 certification of Principal Financial Officer.
32.1	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906 certification of Principal Executive Officer.
32.2	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906 certification of Principal Financial Officer.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Epsilon Energy Ltd.
(Registrant)
Date: May 8, 2024	By:	/s/ J. Andrew Williamson
		J. Andrew Williamson
		Chief Financial Officer

36

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Jason Stabell, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; and

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 8, 2024

/s/ Jason Stabell

Jason Stabell

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, J. Andrew Williamson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; and

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 8, 2024

/s/ J. Andrew Williamson

J. Andrew Williamson

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Corporation”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Corporation.

Date: May 8, 2024

/s/ Jason Stabell

Jason Stabell

Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Corporation”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Corporation.

Date: May 8, 2024

/s/ J. Andrew Williamson

J. Andrew Williamson

Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	May 08, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Entity File Number	001-38770
Entity Registrant Name	EPSILON ENERGY LTD.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	CA
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1476367
Entity Address, Address Line One	500 Dallas Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 1250
Entity Address, City or Town	Houston
Entity Address, State or Province	TX
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	77002
City Area Code	281
Local Phone Number	670-0002
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, no par value
Trading Symbol	EPSN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		21,921,850
Entity Central Index Key	0001726126
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 2,308,633	$ 13,403,628
Accounts receivable	5,061,734	6,015,448
Short term investments	12,238,177	18,775,106
Fair value of derivatives	1,347,512	1,219,025
Prepaid income taxes	1,020,702	952,301
Other current assets	619,542	763,288
Total current assets	22,596,300	41,128,796
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	180,452,860	160,263,511
Unproved properties	28,593,071	25,504,873
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(115,782,946)	(113,708,210)
Total oil and gas properties, net	93,262,985	72,060,174
Gathering system	42,757,299	42,738,273
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(35,788,907)	(35,539,996)
Total gathering system, net	6,968,392	7,198,277
Land	637,764	637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net	287,524	291,807
Total property and equipment, net	101,156,665	80,188,022
Other assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term	417,268	441,987
Restricted cash	900,000	470,000
Prepaid drilling costs	0	1,813,808
Total non-current assets	102,473,933	82,913,817
Total assets	125,070,233	124,042,613
Current liabilities
Accounts payable trade	3,215,137	3,236,871
Gathering fees payable	667,014	1,136,237
Royalties payable	1,201,478	1,422,898
Accrued capital expenditures	2,706,951	696,761
Accrued compensation	212,892	636,295
Other accrued liabilities	732,593	561,537
Fair value of derivatives	836,268	118,770
Operating lease liabilities	95,170	86,473
Total current liabilities	9,667,503	7,895,842
Non-current liabilities
Asset retirement obligations	3,562,486	3,502,952
Deferred income taxes	11,530,950	11,553,943
Operating lease liabilities, long term	446,226	476,911
Total non-current liabilities	15,539,662	15,533,806
Total liabilities	25,207,165	23,429,648
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Shareholders' equity
Preferred shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, none issued or outstanding	0	0
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized and 21,913,202 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2024 and 22,222,722 issued and 22,151,848 shares outstanding at December 31, 2023	116,708,531	118,272,565
Treasury shares, at cost, 0 at March 31, 2024 and 70,874 at December 31, 2023		(360,326)
Additional paid-in capital	11,196,060	10,874,491
Accumulated deficit	(37,809,555)	(37,946,042)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	9,768,032	9,772,277
Total shareholders' equity	99,863,068	100,612,965
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 125,070,233	$ 124,042,613

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Stockholders' Equity, Number of Shares, Par Value and Other Disclosure [Abstract]
Preferred shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Preferred shares issued	0	0
Preferred shares outstanding	0	0
Common shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Common shares issued	21,913,202	22,222,722
Common shares outstanding	21,913,202	22,151,848
Treasury shares	0	70,874

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Total revenue	$ 7,986,743	$ 9,356,276
Operating costs and expenses:
Lease operating expenses	1,768,462	1,404,279
Gathering system operating expenses	552,570	651,341
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	2,380,426	1,773,006
Impairment expense	0	0
General and administrative expenses:
Stock based compensation expense	321,569	179,748
Other general and administrative expenses	1,559,023	2,023,773
Total operating costs and expenses	6,582,050	6,032,147
Operating income	1,404,693	3,324,129
Other income (expense):
Interest income	266,272	490,762
Interest expense	(8,760)	(28,437)
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	(100,726)	1,068,660
Other income (expense), net	(533)	1,635
Other income, net	156,253	1,532,620
Net income before income tax expense	1,560,946	4,856,749
Income tax expense	54,050	1,326,922
NET INCOME	1,506,896	3,529,827
Currency translation adjustments	364	(2,600)
Unrealized loss on securities	(4,609)	0
NET COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$ 1,502,651	$ 3,527,227
Net income per share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.07	$ 0.15
Net income per share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.07	$ 0.15
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	21,994,207	22,990,893
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	21,994,207	23,027,684
Gas, oil, NGL and condensate revenue
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Total revenue	$ 6,051,045	$ 6,969,581
Gathering and Compression fees
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Total revenue	$ 1,935,698	$ 2,386,695

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($)	Common Shares	Treasury Shares	Additional paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 123,904,965		$ 9,856,229	$ 9,774,551	$ (39,290,540)	$ 104,245,205
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	23,117,144
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income					3,529,827	3,529,827
Dividends paid					(1,412,455)	(1,412,455)
Stock-based compensation expense			179,748			179,748
Buyback of common shares		$ (1,367,425)				(1,367,425)
Buyback of common shares (in shares)		(237,920)
Retirement of treasury shares	$ (1,115,306)	$ 1,115,306
Retirement of treasury shares (in shares)	(190,700)	190,700
Other comprehensive income (loss)				(2,600)		(2,600)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 122,789,659	$ (252,119)	10,035,977	9,771,951	(37,173,168)	105,172,300
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	22,926,444	(47,220)
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 123,904,965		9,856,229	9,774,551	(39,290,540)	104,245,205
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	23,117,144
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 118,272,565	$ (360,326)	10,874,491	9,772,277	(37,946,042)	100,612,965
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023	22,222,722	(70,874)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income					1,506,896	1,506,896
Dividends paid					(1,370,409)	(1,370,409)
Stock-based compensation expense			321,569			321,569
Buyback of common shares		$ (1,203,708)				(1,203,708)
Buyback of common shares (in shares)		(248,700)
Retirement of treasury shares	$ (1,564,034)	$ 1,564,034
Retirement of treasury shares (in shares)	(319,574)	319,574
Vesting of shares of restricted stock	10,054
Other comprehensive income (loss)				(4,245)		(4,245)
Balance at end of period at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 116,708,531		$ 11,196,060	$ 9,768,032	$ (37,809,555)	$ 99,863,068
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024	21,913,202

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 1,506,896	$ 3,529,827
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	2,380,426	1,773,006
Accretion of discount on available for sale securities	(216,180)	0
Loss (gain) on derivative contracts	100,726	(1,068,660)
Settlement received on derivative contracts	488,285	363,300
Settlement of asset retirement obligation	(1,653)	0
Stock-based compensation expense	321,569	179,748
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	(22,993)	(12,108)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	953,714	2,396,066
Prepaid income taxes	(68,401)	0
Other assets and liabilities	146,477	143,646
Accounts payable, royalties payable and other accrued liabilities	(1,897,438)	(1,062,898)
Income taxes payable	0	1,336,225
Net cash provided by operating activities	3,691,428	7,578,152
Cash flows from investing activities:
Additions to unproved oil and gas properties	(3,088,198)	(106,069)
Additions to proved oil and gas properties	(17,226,449)	(621,132)
Additions to gathering system properties	(22,650)	(12,423)
Additions to land, buildings and property and equipment	(7,681)	(42,703)
Purchases of short term investments - available for sale	(4,045,785)	(30,138,743)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of short term investments	10,794,285	0
Prepaid drilling costs	1,813,808	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(11,782,670)	(30,921,070)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Buyback of common shares	(1,203,708)	(1,367,425)
Dividends paid	(1,370,409)	(1,412,455)
Net cash used in financing activities	(2,574,117)	(2,779,880)
Effect of currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	364	(2,600)
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(10,664,995)	(26,125,398)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period	13,873,628	45,806,947
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	3,208,633	19,681,549
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid		17,216
Non-cash investing activities:
Change in proved properties accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	2,946,528	375,242
Change in gathering system accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(3,624)	9,201
Asset retirement obligation asset additions and adjustments	$ 16,372	$ 736

XML

Description of Business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Description of Business

1. Description of Business

Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Company” or “Epsilon” or “we”) was incorporated under the laws of the Province of Alberta, Canada on March 14, 2005, pursuant to the ABCA. Epsilon is a North American on-shore focused independent natural gas and oil company engaged in the acquisition, development, gathering and production of natural gas and oil reserves. On February 14, 2019, Epsilon’s registration statement on Form 10 was declared effective by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and on February 19, 2019, we began trading in the United States on the NASDAQ Global Market under the trading symbol “EPSN.”

XML

Basis of Preparation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Preparation

2.    Basis of Preparation

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the appropriate rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented have been included. The interim financial information and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Epsilon Midstream, LLC, Dewey Energy GP, LLC, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC, Epsilon Operating, LLC, and Altolisa Holdings, LLC. With regard to the gathering system, in which Epsilon owns an undivided interest in the asset, proportionate consolidation accounting is used. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved natural gas and oil reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of natural gas and oil, and gathering system properties, asset retirement obligations, accrued natural gas and oil revenues and operating expenses, accrued gathering system revenues and operating expenses, as well as the valuation of commodity derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company, an emerging growth company (“EGC”), has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period provided for in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards which allows the Company to defer adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance removes all recognition thresholds and requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the

Company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. Epsilon adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which, for a limited period of time, adds ASC 848 to the Codification providing entities with certain practical expedients and exceptions from applying modification accounting if certain criteria are met. The amendments are designed to reduce operational challenges that entities will face in applying modification accounting to all contracts that will be revised due to reference rate reform. The guidance in ASC 848 was triggered by the pending discontinuation of certain benchmark reference rates and, in some cases, their replacement by new rates that are more observable or transaction-based and, therefore, less susceptible to manipulation, than certain interest-rate benchmark reference rates commonly used today, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). This process of reference rate reform will require entities to modify certain contracts by removing the discontinued rates and including new rates. Epsilon adopted ASU 2020-04 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In July 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-03 to amend various SEC paragraphs in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) to primarily reflect the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120. ASU No. 2023-03, “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120 (“SAB 120”), SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock.” ASU 2023-03 amends the ASC for SEC updates pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120; SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting; and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 – General Revision of Regulation S-X; Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. SAB 120 provides guidance on the measurement and disclosure of share-based awards shortly before announcing material nonpublic information. These updates were immediately effective and did not have any impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU required disclosure of incremental segment information, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and amounts for each reportable segment on an annual and interim basis. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the potential effects of the standard.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires public entities, on an annual basis, to disclose disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts for specific standardized categories, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential effects of this standard.

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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and short term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Restricted cash consists of amounts deposited to back bonds or letters of credit for potential well liabilities. The Company presents restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of March 31, 2024 and December, 31 2023:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,308,633	$	13,403,628
Restricted cash included in other assets		900,000		470,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$	3,208,633	$	13,873,628

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company was in the process of transitioning financial institutions for its Letters of Credit (“LOCs”) tied to various bonds associated with Pennsylvania and New York operatorship. The transition caused a temporary increase in restricted cash until the new LOCs are deemed effective and until the previous LOCs can be cancelled.  

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Short Term Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Short Term Investments

4. Short Term Investments

Short term investments are highly liquid investments with original maturities between three and twelve months. The Company’s short term investments consist of US Treasury Bills. These investments are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale short term investments are reported at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

The following table summarizes the available-for-sale short term investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Amortized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Losses		Value		Cost		Gains		Value
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	12,241,187	$	(3,010)	$	12,238,177	$	18,773,508	$	1,598	$	18,775,106

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company sold securities with a carrying amount of $7,003,123 for total proceeds of $7,159,285. The realized gains on these sales were $156,162. An additional $3,635,000 of securities reached maturity with total realized gains of $135,034. The realized gains are included in other income in the consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

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Property and Equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Oil and Gas Property, Successful Effort Method, Gross [Abstract]

Property and Equipment

5.  Property and Equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$	180,452,860	$	160,263,511
Unproved properties		28,593,071		25,504,873
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(115,782,946)		(113,708,210)
Total oil and gas properties, net		93,262,985		72,060,174
Gathering system		42,757,299		42,738,273
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(35,788,907)		(35,539,996)
Total gathering system, net		6,968,392		7,198,277
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		287,524		291,807
Total property and equipment, net	$	101,156,665	$	80,188,022

Asset Acquisitions

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon acquired assets that included the following:

● a 25% working interest in three producing wells located in Ector County, Texas.

● a 25% working interest in 3,246 gross undeveloped acres in Ector County, Texas.

● total consideration paid of $14.8 million consisting of

(i) $12.1 million for the producing wells and

(ii) $2.7 million for the undeveloped acreage.

Management determined that substantially all the fair value of the assets acquired was concentrated in a group of similar identifiable assets. Based on this determination, the acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition. There were no acquisitions during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Property Impairment

We perform a quantitative impairment test whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group's carrying amount may not be recoverable, over proved properties using the published NYMEX forward prices, basis differentials, timing, methods and other assumptions consistent with historical periods. When indicators of impairment are present, GAAP requires that the Company first compare expected future undiscounted cash flows by asset group to their respective carrying values. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, a reduction of the carrying amount of the natural gas properties to their estimated fair values is required. Additionally, if an exploratory well is determined not to have found proved reserves, the costs incurred, net of any salvage value, should be charged to expense.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, no impairment was recorded.

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Revolving Line of Credit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Revolving Line of Credit

6. Revolving Line of Credit

The Company closed a senior secured reserve based revolving credit facility on June 28, 2023, with Frost Bank as issuing bank and sole lender. The current commitment and borrowing base is $35 million, supported by the Company’s upstream assets in Pennsylvania and subject to semi-annual redeterminations with a maturity date of the earlier of June 28, 2027 or the date that the commitments are terminated. Interest will be charged at the Daily Simple SOFR rate plus a margin

of 3.25%. The facility is secured by the assets of the Company’s Epsilon Energy USA subsidiary (Borrower) and guaranteed by the Company and the other wholly owned subsidiaries. There are currently no borrowings under the facility.

Under the terms of the facility, the Company must adhere to the following financial covenants:

● Current ratio of 1.0 to 1.0 (current assets / current liabilities)

● Leverage ratio of less than 2.5 to 1.0 (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts)

Additionally, if the Leverage ratio is greater than 1.0 to 1.0, or the borrowing base utilization is greater than 50%, the Company is required to hedge 50% of the anticipated production from PDP reserves for a rolling 24 month period.

We were in compliance with the financial covenants of the agreement as of March 31, 2024.

	Balance at		Balance at
	March 31,		December 31,		Current
	2024		2023		Borrowing Base		Interest Rate
Revolving line of credit	$	—	$	—	$	35,000,000		SOFR + 3.25%

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Shareholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity

7. Shareholders’ Equity

(a)Authorized shares

The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares with no par value and an unlimited number of Preferred Shares with no par value.

(b)Purchases of Equity Shares

Normal Course Issuer Bid

On March 20, 2024, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to 2,191,320 common shares, representing 10% of the outstanding common shares of Epsilon, for an aggregate purchase price of not more than US $12.0 million. The program is pursuant to a normal course issuer bid and will be conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The program commenced on March 27, 2024 and will end on March 26, 2025, unless the maximum amount of common shares is purchased before then or Epsilon provides earlier notice of termination.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no shares have been repurchased under the new program.

The previous share repurchase program commenced on March 27, 2023 and ended on March 26, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 968,149 common shares at an average price of $5.08 per share (excluding commissions) under the previous plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repurchased 248,700 shares at a price of $4.82 per share (excluding commissions) under the previous plan.  

The following table contains activity relating to our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (1)					1,324,495
January 2024	248,700	$	4.82
Total as of March 31, 2024	248,700	$	4.82		1,075,795

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023 and terminated on March 26, 2024, as described above.

(c)Equity Incentive Plan

Epsilon’s board of directors (the “Board”) adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) on July 22, 2020 and  Epsilon’s shareholders approved the 2020 Plan at Epsilon’s 2020 Annual General and Special Meeting of Shareholders, which occurred on September 1, 2020 (the “Meeting”).

The 2020 Plan provides for incentive compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, performance shares and units, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards. Under the 2020 Plan, Epsilon will be authorized to issue up to 2,000,000 Common Shares.

Restricted Stock Awards

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, 63,980 restricted stock units with a weighted average price at the grant date of $5.08 were awarded to the Company’s board of directors. For the year ended December 31, 2023, 358,546 restricted stock units with a weighted average price at the grant date of $5.42 were awarded to the Company’s management, employees, and board of directors. These units vest over a three-year period, with an equal number of common shares being issued per period on the anniversary of the award resolution. The vesting of the units ( and corresponding issuance of shares) is contingent on the individuals’ continued employment or service. The Company determined the fair value of the granted restricted stock units based on the market price of the common shares of the Company on the date of grant.

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Restricted	Average	Restricted	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period	491,536	1.74	298,210	1.74
Granted	63,980	1.87	358,546	1.90
Vested	(10,064)	—	(165,220)	—
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period	545,452	1.53	491,536	1.74

Stock compensation expense for the granted restricted stock units is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $321,569 and $165,064, respectively.

At March 31, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation related to the restricted stock units of $2,655,308 to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.33 years (at December 31, 2023: $2,651,858 over 1.42 years).

Performance Share Unit Awards (“PSU”)

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, there were no outstanding PSUs . For the year ended December 31, 2023, a total of 15,833 common shares vested and were issued.

The following table summarizes PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Performance	Average	Performance	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested PSUs at beginning of period	—	—	15,833	1.00
Vested	—	—	(15,833)	—
Balance non-vested PSUs at end of period	—	—	—	—

Stock compensation expense for the granted PSUs is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 related to PSUs was $0 and $14,684, respectively.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no unrecognized stock-based compensation related to PSUs.

Stock Options

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had no outstanding stock options. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company awarded no stock options.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
		Weighted				Weighted
	Number of	Average		Number of		Average
	Options	Exercise		Options		Exercise
Exercise price in US$	Outstanding	Price		Outstanding		Price (1)
Balance at beginning of period	57,500	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03
Exercised	—	$	—		(12,500)	$	5.03
Expired	(57,500)	$	—		—	$	—
Balance at period-end	—	$	—		57,500	$	5.03
Exercisable at period-end	—	$	—		57,500	$	5.03

At March 31, 2024, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation, related to these options, of nil (at December 31, 2023: nil). The aggregate intrinsic value at March 31, 2024 was nil (at December 31, 2023: $5,500).

(d) Dividends

On March 1, 2024, the Board declared quarterly a dividend of $0.0625 per common share (annualized $0.25 per common share) totaling in aggregate an amount of approximately $1.4 million that has been paid for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

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Revenue Recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenues [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

8. Revenue Recognition

Revenues are comprised of sales of natural gas, oil and NGLs, along with the revenue generated from the Company’s ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

Overall, product sales revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual delivery obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the Company’s customers at delivery points based on contractual terms and conditions. In addition, gathering and compression revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual service obligations are satisfied, which occurs as control of those services is transferred to the Company’s customers. Gathering System revenues derived from Epsilon’s production, which have been eliminated from total gathering system revenues (“elimination entry”), amounted to $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table details revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	2,962,979	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		372,984		196,295
Oil and condensate		2,715,082		517,108
Gathering and compression fees (1)		1,935,698		2,386,695
Total operating revenue	$	7,986,743	$	9,356,276

(1) Net of the elimination entry

Product Sales Revenue

The Company enters into contracts with third party purchasers to sell its natural gas, oil, NGLs and condensate production. Under these product sales arrangements, the sale of each unit of product represents a distinct performance obligation. Product sales revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the purchaser based on contractual terms which reflect prevailing commodity market prices. To the extent that marketing costs are incurred by the Company prior to the transfer of control of the product, those costs are included in lease operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Settlement statements for product sales, and the related cash consideration, are generally received from the purchaser within 30 days. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production delivered to the customer and the consideration that will ultimately be received for sale of the natural gas, oil, NGLs, or condensate. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Gas Gathering and Compression Revenue

The Company also provides natural gas gathering and compression services through its ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field. For the provision of gas gathering and compression services, the Company collects its share of the gathering and compression fees per unit of gas serviced and recognizes gathering revenue over time using an output method based on units of gas gathered.

The settlement statement from the operator of the Auburn GGS is received two months after gathering and compression has occurred. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production that was gathered and compressed within the system. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on a case-by-case basis once there is evidence that collection is not probable. For the three ended March 31, 2024, there were no accounts for which collection was not probable.

The following table details accounts receivable as of March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	3,637,018	$	4,327,886	$	5,696,419
Joint interest billing		14,349		17,476		20,454
Gathering and compression fees		1,281,742		1,543,239		1,483,956
Commodity contract		128,625		72,075		—
Interest		—		54,772		557
Total accounts receivable	$	5,061,734	$	6,015,448	$	7,201,386

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

Income tax provisions for the three ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Current:
Foreign	$	66,268	$	—
Federal		—		960,508
State		10,775		378,522
Total current income tax expense		77,043		1,339,030
Deferred:
Federal		377,599		(17,278)
State		(400,592)		5,170
Total deferred tax expense		(22,993)		(12,108)
Income tax expense	$	54,050	$	1,326,922

The Company files federal income tax returns in the United States and Canada, and various returns in state and local jurisdictions.

The Company believes it has no uncertain income tax positions. The Company's tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ending December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2023. To the extent we utilize net operating losses generated in earlier years, such earlier years may also be subject to audit.

Starting in 2023, distributions of Epsilon Energy USA Inc. earnings to Epsilon Energy Ltd. incur a 5% U.S. dividend withholding tax, provided the Company is eligible for benefits under the U.S. / Canada income treaty.

Our effective tax rate will typically differ from the statutory federal rate primarily as a result of state income taxes and the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was lower than the statutory federal rate as a result of state income taxes partially offset by the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss.

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

10. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company enters into commitments for capital expenditures in advance of the expenditures being made. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had commitments of $3.6 million for capital expenditures.

Litigation

On March 10, 2021, Epsilon filed a complaint against Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC (“Chesapeake”) in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Scranton, Pennsylvania (“Middle District”). Epsilon claimed that Chesapeake has breached a settlement agreement and several operating agreements (“JOAs”) to which Epsilon and Chesapeake are parties. Epsilon asserted that Chesapeake failed to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts to develop resources in the Auburn Development, located in North-Central Pennsylvania, as required under both the settlement agreement and JOAs.

Epsilon requested a preliminary injunction but was unsuccessful in obtaining that injunction.  Epsilon filed a motion to amend its original Complaint.  Chesapeake opposed.  The Court ruled in Epsilon’s favor and allowed Epsilon’s amendment. Chesapeake moved to dismiss the amended Complaint.  The Court granted the motion to dismiss on a narrow issue without prejudice to Epsilon’s right to file a new lawsuit based on new proposals made after the Court’s decision.  Epsilon filed a motion for reconsideration of that decision, but the court denied the motion for reconsideration on January 18, 2022.

Epsilon filed a notice of appeal on February 15, 2022 challenging the District Court's rulings in the case. Following the Third Circuit's ruling to remand the case back to District court, Epsilon has sought and was granted a dismissal of the case without prejudice in September 2023.

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

11. Leases

Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company recognized an operating lease related to its corporate office as of March 31, 2024 summarized in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Asset
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		417,268		441,987
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	$	417,268	$	441,987
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	$	95,170	$	86,473
Operating lease liabilities, long term		446,226		476,911
Total operating lease liabilities	$	541,396	$	563,384
Operating lease costs	$	58,670	$	144,490
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	63,267	$	27,010
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	-	$	535,149
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating lease		2.89		3.00
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) - operating lease		8.25%		8.25%

The Company had one office lease that expired in April 2023.  On March 1, 2023, the Company commenced a new office lease with a 70 month lease term and future lease payments estimated to be approximately $0.85 million. There are no other pending leases, and no lease arrangements in which the Company is the lessor. Lease expense for operating leases was $0.06 million and $0.14 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. This lease expense is presented in other general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2024 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2024	$	101,062
2025		173,550
2026		177,021
2027		180,492
2028		183,963
Total minimum lease payments		816,088
Less: imputed interest		(274,692)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		541,396
Less: current obligations under leases		(95,170)
Long-term lease obligations	$	446,226

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Net Income Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income Per Share

12.    Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the assumed issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive securities.

The net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	1,506,896	$	3,529,827

In calculating the net income per share, basic and diluted, the following weighted-average shares were used:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024	2023
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	21,994,207	22,990,893
Dilutive stock options	—	8,512
Unvested time-based restricted shares	—	21,415
Unvested performance-based restricted shares	—	6,864
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	21,994,207	23,027,684

The Company excluded the following shares from the diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024	2023
Anti-dilutive options	—	61,488
Anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted shares	546,245	276,795
Anti-dilutive unvested performance-based restricted shares	—	8,969
Total Anti-dilutive shares	546,245	347,252

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Operating Segments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Operating Segments

13. Operating Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as executive management. Segment performance is evaluated based on operating income (loss) as shown in the table below. Interest income and expense, and income taxes are managed separately on a group basis.

The Company’s reportable segments are as follows:

a. The Upstream segment activities include acquisition, development and production of oil, natural gas, and other liquid reserves on properties within the United States;

b. The Gas Gathering segment partners with two other companies to operate a natural gas gathering system; and

c. The Corporate segment activities include corporate listing and governance functions of the Company.

Segment activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

	Upstream		Gas Gathering		Corporate		Elimination		Consolidated
For the three months ended March 31, 2024
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	2,962,979	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,962,979
Natural gas liquids		372,984		—		—		—		372,984
Oil and condensate		2,715,082		—		—		—		2,715,082
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,250,096		—		(314,398)		1,935,698
Total operating revenue (1)		6,051,045		2,250,096		—		(314,398)		7,986,743
Operating costs
Operating costs		2,082,860		552,570		1,880,592		(314,398)		4,201,624
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		2,129,709		250,717		—		—		2,380,426
Operating income (loss)		1,838,476		1,446,809		(1,880,592)		—		1,404,693
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		266,272		—		266,272
Interest expense		(8,760)		—		—		—		(8,760)
Loss on derivative contracts		(100,726)		—		—		—		(100,726)
Other income		37		—		(570)		—		(533)
Other income (expense), net		(109,449)		—		265,702		—		156,253
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	$	1,729,027	$	1,446,809	$	(1,614,890)	$	—	$	1,560,946
Capital expenditures (2)	$	23,268,856	$	19,026	$	—	$	—	$	23,287,882
For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		196,295		—		—		—		196,295
Oil and condensate		517,108		—		—		—		517,108
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		2,386,695
Total operating revenue (1)		6,969,581		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		9,356,276
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,768,087		651,371		2,203,491		(363,808)		4,259,141
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,493,755		279,251		—		—		1,773,006
Operating income (loss)		3,707,739		1,819,881		(2,203,491)		—		3,324,129
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		490,762		—		490,762
Interest expense		(28,437)		—		—		—		(28,437)
Loss on derivative contracts		1,068,660		—		—		—		1,068,660
Other (expense) income		652		—		983		—		1,635
Other income (expense), net		1,040,875		—		491,745		—		1,532,620
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	$	4,748,614	$	1,819,881	$	(1,711,746)	$	—	$	4,856,749
Capital expenditures (2)	$	1,145,146	$	21,624	$	—	$	—	$	1,166,770

(1) Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon sold natural gas to 23 unique customers. The two customers over 10% comprised 25% and 12% of total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon sold natural gas to 27 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 12%, 13%, and 11% of total revenue.

(2) Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion, completion, and maintenance of the gathering and compression facility.

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Commodity Risk Management Activities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Commodity Risk Management Activities

14. Commodity Risk Management Activities

Commodity Price Risks

Epsilon engages in price risk management activities from time to time. These activities are intended to manage Epsilon’s exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices for natural gas and oil by securing derivative contracts for a portion of expected sales volumes.

Inherent in the Company’s fixed price contracts, are certain business risks, including market risk and credit risk. Market risk is the risk that the price of oil and natural gas will change, either favorably or unfavorably, in response to changing market conditions. Credit risk is the risk of loss from nonperformance by the Company’s counterparty to a contract. The Company does not currently require collateral from any of its counterparties nor do its counterparties currently require collateral from the Company.

The Company enters into certain commodity derivative instruments to mitigate commodity price risk associated with a portion of its future natural gas and oil production and related cash flows. The natural gas revenues and cash flows are affected by changes in commodity product prices, which are volatile and cannot be accurately predicted. The objective for holding these commodity derivatives is to protect the operating revenues and cash flows related to a portion of the future natural gas and oil sales from the risk of significant declines in commodity prices, which helps ensure the Company’s ability to fund the capital budget.

Epsilon has historically elected not to designate any of its financial commodity derivative contracts as accounting hedges and, accordingly, accounts for these financial commodity derivative contracts using the mark-to-market accounting method. Under this accounting method, changes in the fair value of outstanding financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses in the period of change and are recorded as gain (loss) on derivative contracts on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The related cash flow impact is reflected in cash flows from operating activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon recognized losses on commodity derivative contracts of $100,727. This amount included cash received on settlements on these contracts of $488,285. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon recognized gains on commodity derivative contracts of $1,068,660. This amount included cash received on settlements on these contracts of $363,300.

Commodity Derivative Contracts

At March 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding natural gas NYMEX Henry Hub (“HH”) swaps totaling 1.84 Bcf, natural gas Tennessee Z4 basis swaps totaling 1.69 Bcf, and crude oil NYMEX WTI CMA swaps totaling 58 MBbls.

	Fair Value of Derivative  Assets
	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	1,416,662	$	1,353,668
Tennessee Z4 basis swap		7,638		112,719
	$	1,424,300	$	1,466,386

	Fair Value of Derivative  Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	(47,585)	$	—
Tennessee Z4 Basis swap		(528,944)		(366,131)
Crude Oil NYMEX WTI CMA		(336,527)		—
	$	(913,056)	$	(366,131)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$	511,244	$	1,100,255

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of Epsilon’s commodity derivatives for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$	1,100,255	$	1,222,090
Gains on derivative contracts included in earnings		(100,726)		1,068,660
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts		(488,285)		(363,300)
Fair value of asset, end of the period	$	511,244	$	1,927,450

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Asset Retirement Obligations

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Asset Retirement Obligation Disclosure [Abstract]

Asset Retirement Obligations

15. Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations are estimated by management based on Epsilon’s net ownership interest in all wells and the gathering system, estimated costs to reclaim and abandon such assets and the estimated timing of the costs to be incurred in future periods, and the forecast risk free cost of capital. Epsilon has estimated the value of its total asset retirement obligations to be $3.6 million as of March 31, 2024 ($3.5 million at December 31, 2023). Each year we review, and to the extent necessary, revise our asset retirement obligations estimates in accordance with recent activity and current service costs.

The following tables summarize the changes in asset retirement obligations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended		Year ended
		March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Balance beginning of period	$	3,502,952	$	2,780,237
Liabilities acquired		16,373		12,437
Liabilities disposed of		—		(46,961)
Wells plugged and abandoned		(1,654)		(509,802)
Change in estimates		—		1,178,142
Accretion		44,815		88,899
Balance end of period	$	3,562,486	$	3,502,952

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

16. Fair Value Measurements

The methodologies used to determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2024 were the same as those used at December 31, 2023.

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company’s revolving line of credit has a recorded value that approximates its fair value since its variable interest rate is tied to current market rates and the applicable margins represent market rates. The revolving line of credit is classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company has investments in U.S. Treasury Bills, all of which mature over a period of 3 and 12 months and are classified as short term investments. The U.S. Treasury Bills are carried at fair value. The U.S. Treasury Bills are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Commodity derivative instruments consist of NYMEX HH swap and Tennessee Z4 basis swap contracts for natural gas, and NYMEX WTI CMA swap contracts for crude oil. The Company’s derivative contracts are valued based on a marked to market approach. These assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the contract, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace, and are therefore designated as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy. The Company utilizes its counterparties’ valuations to assess the reasonableness of its own valuations.

	March 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Effect of Netting		Net Fair Value
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	1,347,512	$	—	$	—	$	1,347,512
Cash equivalents	$	452,642	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	452,642
Short term investments	$	12,238,177	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12,238,177
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	76,788	$	—	$	(913,056)	$	(836,268)

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Effect of Netting		Net Fair Value
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	1,219,025	$	—	$	—	$	1,219,025
Cash equivalents	$	195,669	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	195,669
Short term investments	$	18,775,106	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	18,775,106
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	247,361	$	—	$	(366,131)	$	(118,770)

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Current Expected Credit Loss

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Receivables [Abstract]

Current Expected Credit Loss

17. Current Expected Credit Loss

Under ASU 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, estimated losses on financial assets are provided through an allowance for credit losses. The majority of our financial assets are invested in U.S. Treasury Bills. We also have accounts receivable which are primarily from purchasers of oil and natural gas, counterparties to our financial instruments, and revenues earned for compression and gathering services. Our oil, gas, and natural gas liquids accounts receivables are generally collected within 30 days after the end of the month. Compression and gathering receivables are generally collected within 60 days after the end of the month. We assess collectability through various procedures, including review of our trade receivable balances by counterparty, assessing economic events and conditions, our historical experience with counterparties, the counterparty’s financial condition and the amount and age of past due accounts. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we determined that our allowance for credit loss was nil.

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Basis of Preparation (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Interim Financial Statements

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the appropriate rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented have been included. The interim financial information and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Epsilon Midstream, LLC, Dewey Energy GP, LLC, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC, Epsilon Operating, LLC, and Altolisa Holdings, LLC. With regard to the gathering system, in which Epsilon owns an undivided interest in the asset, proportionate consolidation accounting is used. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved natural gas and oil reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of natural gas and oil, and gathering system properties, asset retirement obligations, accrued natural gas and oil revenues and operating expenses, accrued gathering system revenues and operating expenses, as well as the valuation of commodity derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company, an emerging growth company (“EGC”), has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period provided for in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards which allows the Company to defer adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance removes all recognition thresholds and requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the

Company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. Epsilon adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which, for a limited period of time, adds ASC 848 to the Codification providing entities with certain practical expedients and exceptions from applying modification accounting if certain criteria are met. The amendments are designed to reduce operational challenges that entities will face in applying modification accounting to all contracts that will be revised due to reference rate reform. The guidance in ASC 848 was triggered by the pending discontinuation of certain benchmark reference rates and, in some cases, their replacement by new rates that are more observable or transaction-based and, therefore, less susceptible to manipulation, than certain interest-rate benchmark reference rates commonly used today, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). This process of reference rate reform will require entities to modify certain contracts by removing the discontinued rates and including new rates. Epsilon adopted ASU 2020-04 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In July 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-03 to amend various SEC paragraphs in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) to primarily reflect the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120. ASU No. 2023-03, “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120 (“SAB 120”), SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 - General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock.” ASU 2023-03 amends the ASC for SEC updates pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120; SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting; and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280 – General Revision of Regulation S-X; Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. SAB 120 provides guidance on the measurement and disclosure of share-based awards shortly before announcing material nonpublic information. These updates were immediately effective and did not have any impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative, to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU required disclosure of incremental segment information, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and amounts for each reportable segment on an annual and interim basis. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the potential effects of the standard.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires public entities, on an annual basis, to disclose disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and reporting currency amounts for specific standardized categories, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential effects of this standard.

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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of March 31, 2024 and December, 31 2023:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,308,633	$	13,403,628
Restricted cash included in other assets		900,000		470,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$	3,208,633	$	13,873,628

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Short Term Investments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Summary of available-for-sale short term investments

The following table summarizes the available-for-sale short term investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Amortized		Unrealized		Fair		Amortized		Unrealized		Fair
	Cost		Losses		Value		Cost		Gains		Value
U.S. Treasury Bills	$	12,241,187	$	(3,010)	$	12,238,177	$	18,773,508	$	1,598	$	18,775,106

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Oil and Gas Property, Successful Effort Method, Gross [Abstract]

Schedule of property and equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$	180,452,860	$	160,263,511
Unproved properties		28,593,071		25,504,873
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(115,782,946)		(113,708,210)
Total oil and gas properties, net		93,262,985		72,060,174
Gathering system		42,757,299		42,738,273
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(35,788,907)		(35,539,996)
Total gathering system, net		6,968,392		7,198,277
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		287,524		291,807
Total property and equipment, net	$	101,156,665	$	80,188,022

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Revolving Line of Credit (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of revolving line of credit

	Balance at		Balance at
	March 31,		December 31,		Current
	2024		2023		Borrowing Base		Interest Rate
Revolving line of credit	$	—	$	—	$	35,000,000		SOFR + 3.25%

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Shareholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of purchases of equity Shares

The following table contains activity relating to our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2024:

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (1)					1,324,495
January 2024	248,700	$	4.82
Total as of March 31, 2024	248,700	$	4.82		1,075,795

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023 and terminated on March 26, 2024, as described above.

Schedule of restricted stock activity

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Restricted	Average	Restricted	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period	491,536	1.74	298,210	1.74
Granted	63,980	1.87	358,546	1.90
Vested	(10,064)	—	(165,220)	—
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period	545,452	1.53	491,536	1.74

Schedule of PSU activity

The following table summarizes PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Performance	Average	Performance	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested PSUs at beginning of period	—	—	15,833	1.00
Vested	—	—	(15,833)	—
Balance non-vested PSUs at end of period	—	—	—	—

Summary of stock option activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
		Weighted				Weighted
	Number of	Average		Number of		Average
	Options	Exercise		Options		Exercise
Exercise price in US$	Outstanding	Price		Outstanding		Price (1)
Balance at beginning of period	57,500	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03
Exercised	—	$	—		(12,500)	$	5.03
Expired	(57,500)	$	—		—	$	—
Balance at period-end	—	$	—		57,500	$	5.03
Exercisable at period-end	—	$	—		57,500	$	5.03

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Revenues [Abstract]

Summary of revenue

The following table details revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	2,962,979	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		372,984		196,295
Oil and condensate		2,715,082		517,108
Gathering and compression fees (1)		1,935,698		2,386,695
Total operating revenue	$	7,986,743	$	9,356,276

(1) Net of the elimination entry

Schedule of accounts receivable net of allowance for doubtful accounts

The following table details accounts receivable as of March 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	3,637,018	$	4,327,886	$	5,696,419
Joint interest billing		14,349		17,476		20,454
Gathering and compression fees		1,281,742		1,543,239		1,483,956
Commodity contract		128,625		72,075		—
Interest		—		54,772		557
Total accounts receivable	$	5,061,734	$	6,015,448	$	7,201,386

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Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of current and deferred tax expense (benefit)

Income tax provisions for the three ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Current:
Foreign	$	66,268	$	—
Federal		—		960,508
State		10,775		378,522
Total current income tax expense		77,043		1,339,030
Deferred:
Federal		377,599		(17,278)
State		(400,592)		5,170
Total deferred tax expense		(22,993)		(12,108)
Income tax expense	$	54,050	$	1,326,922

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Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of operating lease

Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company recognized an operating lease related to its corporate office as of March 31, 2024 summarized in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Asset
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		417,268		441,987
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	$	417,268	$	441,987
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	$	95,170	$	86,473
Operating lease liabilities, long term		446,226		476,911
Total operating lease liabilities	$	541,396	$	563,384
Operating lease costs	$	58,670	$	144,490
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	63,267	$	27,010
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	-	$	535,149
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating lease		2.89		3.00
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) - operating lease		8.25%		8.25%

Schedule of maturity analysis of operating lease liability

Future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2024 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2024	$	101,062
2025		173,550
2026		177,021
2027		180,492
2028		183,963
Total minimum lease payments		816,088
Less: imputed interest		(274,692)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		541,396
Less: current obligations under leases		(95,170)
Long-term lease obligations	$	446,226

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Net Income Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share

The net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	1,506,896	$	3,529,827

Schedule of weighted-average shares used in calculation of net income per share

In calculating the net income per share, basic and diluted, the following weighted-average shares were used:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024	2023
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	21,994,207	22,990,893
Dilutive stock options	—	8,512
Unvested time-based restricted shares	—	21,415
Unvested performance-based restricted shares	—	6,864
Diluted weighted-average shares outstanding	21,994,207	23,027,684

Schedule of anti-dilutive shares

The Company excluded the following shares from the diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024	2023
Anti-dilutive options	—	61,488
Anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted shares	546,245	276,795
Anti-dilutive unvested performance-based restricted shares	—	8,969
Total Anti-dilutive shares	546,245	347,252

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Operating Segments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of segment financial information

	Upstream		Gas Gathering		Corporate		Elimination		Consolidated
For the three months ended March 31, 2024
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	2,962,979	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,962,979
Natural gas liquids		372,984		—		—		—		372,984
Oil and condensate		2,715,082		—		—		—		2,715,082
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,250,096		—		(314,398)		1,935,698
Total operating revenue (1)		6,051,045		2,250,096		—		(314,398)		7,986,743
Operating costs
Operating costs		2,082,860		552,570		1,880,592		(314,398)		4,201,624
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		2,129,709		250,717		—		—		2,380,426
Operating income (loss)		1,838,476		1,446,809		(1,880,592)		—		1,404,693
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		266,272		—		266,272
Interest expense		(8,760)		—		—		—		(8,760)
Loss on derivative contracts		(100,726)		—		—		—		(100,726)
Other income		37		—		(570)		—		(533)
Other income (expense), net		(109,449)		—		265,702		—		156,253
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	$	1,729,027	$	1,446,809	$	(1,614,890)	$	—	$	1,560,946
Capital expenditures (2)	$	23,268,856	$	19,026	$	—	$	—	$	23,287,882
For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		196,295		—		—		—		196,295
Oil and condensate		517,108		—		—		—		517,108
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		2,386,695
Total operating revenue (1)		6,969,581		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		9,356,276
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,768,087		651,371		2,203,491		(363,808)		4,259,141
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,493,755		279,251		—		—		1,773,006
Operating income (loss)		3,707,739		1,819,881		(2,203,491)		—		3,324,129
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		490,762		—		490,762
Interest expense		(28,437)		—		—		—		(28,437)
Loss on derivative contracts		1,068,660		—		—		—		1,068,660
Other (expense) income		652		—		983		—		1,635
Other income (expense), net		1,040,875		—		491,745		—		1,532,620
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	$	4,748,614	$	1,819,881	$	(1,711,746)	$	—	$	4,856,749
Capital expenditures (2)	$	1,145,146	$	21,624	$	—	$	—	$	1,166,770

(1) Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Epsilon sold natural gas to 23 unique customers. The two customers over 10% comprised 25% and 12% of total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon sold natural gas to 27 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 12%, 13%, and 11% of total revenue.

(2) Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion, completion, and maintenance of the gathering and compression facility.

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Commodity Risk Management Activities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of fair value of derivatives

	Fair Value of Derivative  Assets
	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	1,416,662	$	1,353,668
Tennessee Z4 basis swap		7,638		112,719
	$	1,424,300	$	1,466,386

	Fair Value of Derivative  Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	(47,585)	$	—
Tennessee Z4 Basis swap		(528,944)		(366,131)
Crude Oil NYMEX WTI CMA		(336,527)		—
	$	(913,056)	$	(366,131)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$	511,244	$	1,100,255

Schedule of fair value of derivatives rollforward

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of Epsilon’s commodity derivatives for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$	1,100,255	$	1,222,090
Gains on derivative contracts included in earnings		(100,726)		1,068,660
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts		(488,285)		(363,300)
Fair value of asset, end of the period	$	511,244	$	1,927,450

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Asset Retirement Obligations (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Asset Retirement Obligation Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of activity in asset retirement obligations

The following tables summarize the changes in asset retirement obligations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended		Year ended
		March 31,		December 31,
	2024		2023
Balance beginning of period	$	3,502,952	$	2,780,237
Liabilities acquired		16,373		12,437
Liabilities disposed of		—		(46,961)
Wells plugged and abandoned		(1,654)		(509,802)
Change in estimates		—		1,178,142
Accretion		44,815		88,899
Balance end of period	$	3,562,486	$	3,502,952

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Instruments

	March 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Effect of Netting		Net Fair Value
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	1,347,512	$	—	$	—	$	1,347,512
Cash equivalents	$	452,642	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	452,642
Short term investments	$	12,238,177	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12,238,177
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	76,788	$	—	$	(913,056)	$	(836,268)

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Effect of Netting		Net Fair Value
Assets
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	1,219,025	$	—	$	—	$	1,219,025
Cash equivalents	$	195,669	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	195,669
Short term investments	$	18,775,106	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	18,775,106
Liabilities
Derivative contracts	$	—	$	247,361	$	—	$	(366,131)	$	(118,770)

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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash - Reconciliation of Cash (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 2,308,633	$ 13,403,628
Restricted cash included in other assets	900,000	470,000
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$ 3,208,633	$ 13,873,628	$ 19,681,549	$ 45,806,947

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Short Term Investments (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Held-to-Maturity Securities [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 12,238,177	$ 18,775,106
US Treasury Securities
Schedule of Held-to-Maturity Securities [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	12,241,187	18,773,508
Unrealized Gains/(Losses)	(3,010)	1,598
Fair Value	$ 12,238,177	$ 18,775,106

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Short Term Investments - Narratives (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Securities Sold Prior To Maturity Date
Schedule of Held-to-Maturity Securities [Line Items]
Carrying amount of available for sale debt securities sold	$ 7,003,123
Total Proceeds for available for sale securities	7,159,285
Realized gains on available for sale securities	156,162
Securities Sold After Maturity Date
Schedule of Held-to-Maturity Securities [Line Items]
Realized gains on available for sale securities	135,034
Securities that reached maturity	$ 3,635,000

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Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$ 180,452,860	$ 160,263,511
Unproved properties	28,593,071	25,504,873
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(115,782,946)	(113,708,210)
Total oil and gas properties, net	93,262,985	72,060,174
Gathering system	42,757,299	42,738,273
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(35,788,907)	(35,539,996)
Total gathering system, net	6,968,392	7,198,277
Land	637,764	637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net	287,524	291,807
Total property and equipment, net	$ 101,156,665	$ 80,188,022

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Property and Equipment - Property Acquisition and Sale (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) a item	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) item
Property and equipment Acquisition and Sale
Number of asset acquisitions | item		0
Impairment expense	$ 0	$ 0
Asset Acquisition One | Texas | Ector County
Property and equipment Acquisition and Sale
Asset acquisition, number of wellbores acquired | item	3
Asset acquisition, percentage of interests acquired	25.00%
Asset Acquisition Two | Texas | Ector County
Property and equipment Acquisition and Sale
Asset acquisition, percentage of interests acquired	25.00%
Acres of land acquired | a	3,246
Asset Acquisition Three | Texas | Ector County
Property and equipment Acquisition and Sale
Asset acquisition, consideration	$ 14,800,000
Asset Acquisition Three, Producing Wells | Texas | Ector County
Property and equipment Acquisition and Sale
Asset acquisition, consideration	12,100,000
Asset Acquisition Three, Undeveloped Acreage | Texas | Ector County
Property and equipment Acquisition and Sale
Asset acquisition, consideration	$ 2,700,000

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Revolving Line of Credit (Details) - Revolving Credit Facility	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Revolving Credit Facility
Current borrowing base	$ 35,000,000
SOFR
Revolving Credit Facility
Margin added to variable interest rate	3.25%

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Revolving Line of Credit - Ratios (Details) - Revolving Credit Facility	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Revolving Credit Facility
Current ratio	1.0
Line of credit	$ 0	$ 0
Percentage of Utilization of Borrowing Base	50.00%
Percentage of Hedging Anticipated Production from PDP Reserves	50.00%
Rolling Term for Calculation of Anticipated Production from PDP Reserves	24 months
Minimum
Revolving Credit Facility
Leverage ratio	1.0
Maximum
Revolving Credit Facility
Leverage ratio	2.5

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Shareholders' Equity - Share Capital (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Components of share capital:
Common shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Preferred shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited

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Shareholders' Equity - Purchases of Equity Shares (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Mar. 20, 2024	Jan. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 26, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 27, 2024	Mar. 27, 2023
NCIB Program 3/27/2023-3/26/2024
Shares purchased
Authorized shares to be repurchased				1,075,795			1,324,495
Number of shares purchased		248,700		248,700
Shares repurchased			248,700		968,149
Average price paid per share		$ 4.82	$ 4.82	$ 4.82	$ 5.08
NCIB Program 3/27/2024-3/26/2025
Shares purchased
Authorized shares to be repurchased	2,191,320
Shares repurchased as a percentage of outstanding common shares	10.00%
Shares repurchased			0
NCIB Program 3/27/2024-3/26/2025 | Maximum
Shares purchased
Authorized amount repurchase						$ 12.0

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Shareholders' Equity - Equity Incentive Plan (Details)	Mar. 31, 2024 shares
Equity [Abstract]
Number of shares authorized to be issued	2,000,000

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Shareholders' Equity - Restricted Stock (Details) - USD ($)			3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Restricted Stock Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock based compensation expense			$ 321,569	$ 165,064
Compensation cost not yet recognized	$ 2,651,858		$ 2,655,308		$ 2,651,858
Weighted average period for recognition			1 year 3 months 29 days		1 year 5 months 1 day
Number outstanding
Balance non-vested Stock at beginning of period (in shares)			491,536	298,210	298,210
Granted (in shares)			63,980		358,546
Vested (in shares)			(10,064)		(165,220)
Balance non-vested Stock at end of period (in shares)	491,536	298,210	545,452		491,536
Weighted Average Remaining Life
Granted (in years)			1 year 10 months 13 days		1 year 10 months 24 days
Balance non-vested Stock at end of period (in years)	1 year 8 months 26 days	1 year 8 months 26 days	1 year 6 months 10 days		1 year 8 months 26 days
Performance Shares
Number outstanding
Vested (in shares)					(15,833)
Board of Directors | Restricted Stock Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average market price at grant date (in dollars per share)			$ 5.08
Number outstanding
Granted (in shares)			63,980
Management, Employees, and Board Of Directors | Restricted Stock Awards
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted average market price at grant date (in dollars per share)					$ 5.42
Number outstanding
Granted (in shares)					358,546

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Shareholders' Equity - Performance Stock Units Assumptions (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Performance stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vested (in shares)	0	15,833

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Shareholders' Equity - Performance Stock Units (Details) - Performance stock units - USD ($)		3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock based compensation expense		$ 0	$ 14,684
Compensation cost not yet recognized		$ 0
Number outstanding
Balance non-vested Stock at beginning of period (in shares)		0	15,833	15,833
Vested (in shares)		0		(15,833)
Balance non-vested Stock at end of period (in shares)	15,833	0		0
Weighted Average Remaining Life
Balance non-vested Stock at end of period (in years)	1 year

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Shareholders' Equity - Stock Option Activity (Details) - Employee Stock Option [Member] - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Number of Options Outstanding
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	57,500	70,000
Exercised (in shares)	0	(12,500)
Expired (in shares)	(57,500)	0
Balance at period-end (in shares)	0	57,500
Exercisable at period-end (in shares)	0	57,500
Weighted average exercise price
Balance at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 5.03	$ 5.03
Exercised (in dollars per share)	0	5.03
Expired/Forfeited (in dollars per share)	0	0
Balance at period-end (in dollars per share)	0	5.03
Exercisable at period-end (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 5.03

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Shareholders' Equity - Stock Option Activity, Narrative (Details) - Employee Stock Option [Member] - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Compensation cost not yet recognized	$ 0
Unrecognized stock based compensation to be recognized over a period	0	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding	$ 0	$ 5,500
Granted (in shares)	0	0

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Shareholders' Equity - Dividends (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 01, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Cash dividend of common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0625
Annual dividend (in dollars per share)	$ 0.25
Payment of aggregate amount of dividend	$ 1,400,000	$ 1,370,409	$ 1,412,455

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Revenue Recognition - Summary of revenue (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	$ 7,986,743	$ 9,356,276
Natural Gas [Member]
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	2,962,979	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	372,984	196,295
Oil and condensate
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	2,715,082	517,108
Gathering and Compression fees
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	1,935,698	2,386,695
Gathering and Compression fees | Intersubsegment Eliminations
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	$ 300,000	$ 400,000

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Revenue Recognition - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Revenue recognition
Bad debt expense	$ 0
Gas Oil Ngls And Condensate [Member]
Revenue recognition
Period settlement statement received	30 days
Gathering and Compression fees | Auburn Gas Gathering System
Revenue recognition
Period settlement statement received	2 months

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Revenue Recognition - Accounts receivable (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	$ 5,061,734	$ 6,015,448	$ 7,201,386
Natural gas and oil sales
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	3,637,018	4,327,886	5,696,419
Joint interest billing
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	14,349	17,476	20,454
Gathering and Compression fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	1,281,742	1,543,239	1,483,956
Commodity contract
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	128,625	72,075	0
Interest
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	$ 0	$ 54,772	$ 557

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Income Taxes - Current and Deferred Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Current:
Foreign	$ 66,268	$ 0
Federal	0	960,508
State	10,775	378,522
Total current income tax expense	77,043	1,339,030
Deferred:
Federal	377,599	(17,278)
State	(400,592)	5,170
Total deferred tax expense	(22,993)	(12,108)
Income tax expense	$ 54,050	$ 1,326,922

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments for capital expenditures	$ 3.6

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Leases - Lease Commitment (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term	$ 417,268	$ 441,987
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	417,268	441,987
Operating lease liabilities	95,170	86,473
Operating lease liabilities, long term	446,226	476,911
Total operating lease liabilities	541,396	563,384
Operating lease costs	58,670	144,490
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	63,267	27,010
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$ 0	$ 535,149
Weighted average remaining lease term	2 years 10 months 20 days	3 years
Weighted average discount rate	8.25%	8.25%

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Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 01, 2023
Leases
Future lease payments estimated	$ 816,088
Rent expense for operating leases	$ 60,000.00	$ 140,000
New office lease
Leases
Lease term			70 months
Future lease payments estimated			$ 850,000

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Leases - Future Minimum Lease Commitments (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Future Minimum Lease Commitments
2024	$ 101,062
2025	173,550
2026	177,021
2027	180,492
2028	183,963
Total minimum lease payments	816,088
Less: imputed interest	(274,692)
Total operating lease liabilities	541,396	$ 563,384
Less: current obligations under leases	(95,170)	(86,473)
Long-term lease obligations	$ 446,226	$ 476,911

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Net Income Per Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Net income available to shareholders	$ 1,506,896	$ 3,529,827
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	21,994,207	22,990,893
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	21,994,207	23,027,684
Total Anti-dilutive shares	546,245	347,252
Employee Stock Option
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Incremental common shares	0	8,512
Total Anti-dilutive shares	0	61,488
Time-based restricted shares
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Incremental common shares	0	21,415
Total Anti-dilutive shares	546,245	276,795
Performance stock units
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Incremental common shares	0	6,864
Total Anti-dilutive shares	0	8,969

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Operating Segments - Segments (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 7,986,743	$ 9,356,276
Net earnings (loss) for the period	1,506,896	3,529,827
Operating costs	4,201,624	4,259,141
Operating income	1,404,693	3,324,129
Interest income	266,272	490,762
Interest expense	(8,760)	(28,437)
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	(100,726)	1,068,660
Other income (expense), net	(533)	1,635
Other income, net	156,253	1,532,620
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	1,560,946	4,856,749
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	2,380,426	1,773,006
Unproved properties	28,593,071		$ 25,504,873
Gathering system	6,968,392		7,198,277
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term	417,268		$ 441,987
Capital expenditures	23,287,882	1,166,770
Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Operating costs	1,880,592	2,203,491
Operating income	(1,880,592)	(2,203,491)
Interest income	266,272	490,762
Interest expense	0	0
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	0	0
Other income (expense), net	(570)	983
Other income, net	265,702	491,745
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	(1,614,890)	(1,711,746)
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	0	0
Capital expenditures	0	0
Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	(314,398)	(363,808)
Operating costs	(314,398)	(363,808)
Operating income	0	0
Interest income	0	0
Interest expense	0	0
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	0	0
Other income (expense), net	0	0
Other income, net	0	0
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	0	0
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	0	0
Capital expenditures	0	0
Natural Gas [Member]
Segment information
Total operating revenue	2,962,979	6,256,178
Natural Gas [Member] | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Natural Gas [Member] | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Natural gas liquids
Segment information
Total operating revenue	372,984	196,295
Natural gas liquids | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Natural gas liquids | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Oil and condensate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	2,715,082	517,108
Oil and condensate | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Oil and condensate | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gathering and Compression fees
Segment information
Total operating revenue	1,935,698	2,386,695
Gathering and Compression fees | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gathering and Compression fees | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	(314,398)	(363,808)
Upstream | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	6,051,045	6,969,581
Operating costs	2,082,860	1,768,087
Operating income	1,838,476	3,707,739
Interest income	0	0
Interest expense	(8,760)	(28,437)
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	(100,726)	1,068,660
Other income (expense), net	37	652
Other income, net	(109,449)	1,040,875
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	1,729,027	4,748,614
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	2,129,709	1,493,755
Capital expenditures	23,268,856	1,145,146
Upstream | Natural Gas [Member] | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	2,962,979	6,256,178
Upstream | Natural gas liquids | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	372,984	196,295
Upstream | Oil and condensate | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	2,715,082	517,108
Upstream | Gathering and Compression fees | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 0	0
Gas Gathering | Operating Segments
Operating Segments
Number of companies partnered to operate natural gas gathering system | segment	2
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 2,250,096	2,750,503
Operating costs	552,570	651,371
Operating income	1,446,809	1,819,881
Interest income	0	0
Interest expense	0	0
(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	0	0
Other income (expense), net	0	0
Other income, net	0	0
Net income (loss) before income tax expense	1,446,809	1,819,881
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	250,717	279,251
Capital expenditures	19,026	21,624
Gas Gathering | Natural Gas [Member] | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas Gathering | Natural gas liquids | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas Gathering | Oil and condensate | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas Gathering | Gathering and Compression fees | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 2,250,096	$ 2,750,503

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Operating Segments - Customers (Details) - customer	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Natural Gas [Member]
Concentration risk
Number of customers	23	27
Customer Concentration risk
Concentration risk
Number of customers	2	3
Threshold concentration risk for reporting (as a percent)	10.00%	10.00%
Total Revenue | Customer Concentration risk | Customer One
Concentration risk
Concentration risk (as a percent)	25.00%	12.00%
Total Revenue | Customer Concentration risk | Customer Two
Concentration risk
Concentration risk (as a percent)	12.00%	13.00%
Total Revenue | Customer Concentration risk | Customer Three
Concentration risk
Concentration risk (as a percent)		11.00%

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Commodity Price Risks (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Recognized gains (losses) on financial commodity derivative contracts	$ 100,727	$ 1,068,660
Cash (paid) received from settlements of derivative contracts	$ 488,285	$ 363,300

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Fair Value of Derivative Instruments (Details) - Commodity Derivative Contracts	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($) MBbls Bcf	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Risk Management Activities
Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities, Gross, Current	$ (913,056)	$ (366,131)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	511,244	1,100,255
Natural Gas
Risk Management Activities
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	$ 1,424,300	1,466,386
NYMEX Henry Hub swap | Natural Gas
Risk Management Activities
Nonmonetary notional amount | Bcf	1.84
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	$ 1,416,662	1,353,668
Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities, Gross, Current	$ (47,585)	0
Tennessee Z4 basis swap | Natural Gas
Risk Management Activities
Nonmonetary notional amount | Bcf	1.69
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	$ 7,638	112,719
Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities, Gross, Current	$ (528,944)	(366,131)
Crude Oil NYMEX WTI CMA | Crude Oil
Risk Management Activities
Nonmonetary notional amount | MBbls	58
Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities, Gross, Current	$ (336,527)	$ 0

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Fair Value of Asset (Liability) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$ 1,100,255	$ 1,222,090
Gains on derivative contracts included in earnings	$ (100,726)	$ 1,068,660
(Losses) gains on derivative contracts included in earnings, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income	(Loss) gain on derivative contracts	(Loss) gain on derivative contracts
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts	$ (488,285)	$ (363,300)
Fair value of (liability) asset, end of the period	$ 511,244	$ 1,927,450

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Asset Retirement Obligations (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Asset Retirement Obligation Disclosure [Abstract]
Net present value of asset retirement obligation	$ 3,600,000	$ 3,500,000
Reconciliation of provision for asset retirement obligations
Balance beginning of period	3,502,952	2,780,237
Liabilities acquired	16,373	12,437
Liabilities disposed of	0	(46,961)
Wells plugged and abandoned	(1,654)	(509,802)
Change in estimates	0	1,178,142
Accretion	44,815	88,899
Balance end of period	$ 3,562,486	$ 3,502,952

XML

Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Derivative contracts, Liabilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Effect of Netting, Asset	$ (913,056)
Effect of Netting, Liability		$ (366,131)
Net Fair Value, Liability	(836,268)	(118,770)
Derivative contracts, Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Effect of Netting, Asset	0	0
Net Fair Value, Liability	1,347,512	1,219,025
Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Effect of Netting, Asset	0	0
Net Fair Value, Asset	452,642
Net Fair Value, Liability		195,669
Short term investments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Effect of Netting, Asset	0	0
Net Fair Value, Asset	12,238,177
Net Fair Value, Liability		18,775,106
Level 1 | Derivative contracts, Liabilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0
Fair value, Liability gross		0
Level 1 | Derivative contracts, Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0	0
Level 1 | Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	452,642	195,669
Level 1 | Short term investments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	12,238,177	18,775,106
Level 2 | Derivative contracts, Liabilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	76,788
Fair value, Liability gross		247,361
Level 2 | Derivative contracts, Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	1,347,512	1,219,025
Level 2 | Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0	0
Level 2 | Short term investments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0	0
Level 3 | Derivative contracts, Liabilities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0
Fair value, Liability gross		0
Level 3 | Derivative contracts, Assets
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0	0
Level 3 | Cash equivalents
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	0	0
Level 3 | Short term investments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value of Derivative Assets, Gross, Current	$ 0	$ 0

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Current Expected Credit Loss (Details)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Receivables [Abstract]
Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 0

XML

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ 1,506,896	$ 3,529,827

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false