10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

☐   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-38770

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Alberta, Canada	98-1476367
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S Employer Identification No.)

500 Dallas Street, Suite 1250

Houston, Texas 77002

(281) 670-0002

(Address of principal executive offices including zip code and

telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, no par value	EPSN	NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ⌧ No ◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ◻ Accelerated filer ◻ Non-accelerated filer ⌧ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Yes ☐ No ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ⌧

As of May 9, 2023, there were 22,926,444 Common Shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

Contents
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		4
PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION		5
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets		5
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)		6
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity		7
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows		8
Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
1.	Description of Business	9
2.	Basis of Preparation	9
	Interim Financial Statements	9
	Principles of Consolidation	9
	Use of Estimates	9
	Reclassification	9
	Recently Issued Accounting Standards	9
3.	Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	10
4.	Short Term Investments	10
5.	Property and Equipment	11
	Property Impairment	11
6.	Revolving Line of Credit	11
7.	Shareholders’ Equity	12
8.	Revenue Recognition	16
9.	Income Taxes	17
10.	Commitments and Contingencies	17
	Litigation	17
11.	Leases	18
12.	Net Income Per Share	19
13.	Operating Segments	20
14.	Commodity Risk Management Activities	22
	Commodity Price Risks	22
	Commodity Derivative Contracts	22
15.	Asset Retirement Obligations	23
16.	Fair Value Measurements	23
17.	Current Expected Credit Loss	24
18.	Subsequent Events	24
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		25
	Overview	25
	Business Strategy	25
	Operational Highlights	25
	Non-GAAP Financial Measures-Adjusted EBITDA	26
	Net Operating Revenues	27
	Operating Costs	28
	Depletion, Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion	28

	General and Administrative	29
	Loss on Derivative Contracts	29
	Capital Resources and Liquidity	29
	Cash Flow	29
	Credit Agreement	30
	Repurchase Transactions	30
	Derivative Transactions	31
	Contractual Obligations	31
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK		31
	Gathering System Revenue Risk	31
	Interest Rate Risk	32
	Derivative Contracts	32
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES		32
	Disclosure Controls and Procedures	32
	Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	32
	Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls	32
PART II OTHER INFORMATION		33
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS		33
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS		33
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALE OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS		33
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES		34
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES		34
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION		34
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS		35
SIGNATURES		35

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this report constitute forward-looking statements. The use of any of the words ‘‘anticipate,’’ ‘‘continue,’’ ‘‘estimate,’’ ‘‘expect,’’ ‘‘may,’’ ‘‘will,’’ ‘‘project,’’ ‘‘should,’’ ‘‘believe,’’ and similar expressions and statements relating to matters that are not historical facts constitute ‘‘forward looking information’’ within the meaning of applicable securities laws. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated. Such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct and the forward-looking statements included in this report should not be unduly relied upon. These statements are made only as of the date of this report. All statements that address operating performance, events or developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future — including statements relating to natural gas and oil production rates, commodity prices for crude oil or natural gas, supply and demand for natural gas and oil; the estimated quantity of natural gas and oil reserves, including reserve life; future development and production costs, and statements expressing general views about future operating results — are forward-looking statements. Management believes that these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made. However, caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements because such statements speak only as of the date when made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our present expectations or projections. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and those described from time to time in our future reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You should consider carefully the statements under Item 1A. Risk Factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 is available on our website at www.epsilonenergyltd.com.

4

PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,110,225	$	45,236,584
Accounts receivable		4,805,320		7,201,386
Short term investments		30,138,743		—
Fair value of derivatives		1,927,450		1,222,090
Prepaid income taxes		—		1,140,094
Other current assets		496,731		632,154
Operating lease right-of-use assets		—		31,383
Total current assets		56,478,469		55,463,691
Non-current assets
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties		149,323,372		148,326,265
Unproved properties		18,275,226		18,169,157
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(109,194,701)		(107,729,293)
Total oil and gas properties, net		58,403,897		58,766,129
Gathering system		42,660,626		42,639,001
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(34,778,321)		(34,500,740)
Total gathering system, net		7,882,305		8,138,261
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		318,805		286,035
Total property and equipment, net		67,242,771		67,828,189
Other assets:
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		532,013		—
Restricted cash		571,324		570,363
Total non-current assets		68,346,108		68,398,552
Total assets	$	124,824,577	$	123,862,243
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities
Accounts payable trade	$	1,900,847	$	1,695,353
Gathering fees payable		867,533		935,012
Royalties payable		1,898,177		2,223,043
Income taxes payable		196,131		—
Accrued capital expenditures		348,135		41,694
Accrued compensation		233,172		598,351
Other accrued liabilities		257,788		690,655
Operating lease liabilities		2,756		35,299
Total current liabilities		5,704,539		6,219,407
Non-current liabilities
Asset retirement obligations		2,801,056		2,780,237
Deferred income taxes		10,605,286		10,617,394
Operating lease liabilities, long term		541,396		—
Total non-current liabilities		13,947,738		13,397,631
Total liabilities		19,652,277		19,617,038
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Shareholders' equity
Preferred shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, none issued or outstanding		—		—
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized and 22,926,444 shares issued and 22,879,224 shares outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 23,117,144 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022		122,789,659		123,904,965
Treasury shares, at cost, 47,220 at March 31, 2023 and 0 at December 31, 2022		(252,119)		—
Additional paid-in capital		10,035,977		9,856,229
Accumulated deficit		(37,173,168)		(39,290,540)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		9,771,951		9,774,551
Total shareholders' equity		105,172,300		104,245,205
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	124,824,577	$	123,862,243

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

5

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Gas, oil, NGL, and condensate revenue	$	6,969,581	$	11,479,325
Gas gathering and compression revenue		2,386,695		2,120,773
Total revenue		9,356,276		13,600,098
Operating costs and expenses:
Lease operating expenses		1,404,279		1,405,490
Gathering system operating expenses		651,341		524,375
Development geological and geophysical expenses		—		2,386
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion		1,773,006		1,389,219
General and administrative expenses:
Stock based compensation expense		179,748		142,302
Other general and administrative expenses		2,023,773		1,171,132
Total operating costs and expenses		6,032,147		4,634,904
Operating income		3,324,129		8,965,194
Other income (expense):
Interest income		490,762		15,221
Interest expense		(28,437)		(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		1,068,660		(971,904)
Other income (expense)		1,635		(5,406)
Other income (expense), net		1,532,620		(977,408)
Net income before income tax expense		4,856,749		7,987,786
Income tax expense		1,326,922		2,181,898
NET INCOME	$	3,529,827	$	5,805,888
Currency translation adjustments		(2,600)		5,402
NET COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	3,527,227	$	5,811,290
Net income per share, basic	$	0.15	$	0.25
Net income per share, diluted	$	0.15	$	0.24
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic		22,990,893		23,677,842
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted		23,027,684		23,862,428

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

6

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

									Accumulated
									Other				Total
	Common Shares Issued			Treasury Shares			Additional		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Shareholders'
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		paid-in Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2023	23,117,144	$	123,904,965	—	$	—	$	9,856,229	$	9,774,551	$	(39,290,540)	$	104,245,205
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		—		3,529,827		3,529,827
Dividends paid	—		—	—		—		—		—		(1,412,455)		(1,412,455)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		179,748		—		—		179,748
Buyback of common shares	—		—	(237,920)		(1,367,425)		—		—		—		(1,367,425)
Retirement of treasury shares	(190,700)		(1,115,306)	190,700		1,115,306		—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive loss	—		—	—		—		—		(2,600)		—		(2,600)
Balance at March 31, 2023	22,926,444	$	122,789,659	(47,220)	$	(252,119)	$	10,035,977	$	9,771,951	$	(37,173,168)	$	105,172,300

									Accumulated
									Other				Total
	Common Shares Issued			Treasury Shares			Additional		Comprehensive		Accumulated		Shareholders'
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		paid-in Capital		Income		Deficit		Equity
Balance at January 1, 2022	24,202,218	$	131,815,739	(534,015)	$	(2,423,007)	$	8,835,203	$	9,818,605	$	(68,783,207)	$	79,263,333
Net income	—		—	—		—		—		—		5,805,888		5,805,888
Dividends paid	—		—	—		—		—		—		(1,483,027)		(1,483,027)
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—	—		—		142,302		—		—		142,302
Exercise of stock options	38,750		209,312	—		—		—		—		—		209,312
Retirement of treasury shares	(534,015)		(2,423,007)	534,015		2,423,007		—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive income	—		—	—		—		—		5,402		—		5,402
Balance at March 31, 2022	23,706,953	$	129,602,044	—	$	—	$	8,977,505	$	9,824,007	$	(64,460,346)	$	83,943,210

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

7

EPSILON ENERGY LTD.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	3,529,827	$	5,805,888
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion		1,773,006		1,389,219
(Gain) loss on derivative contracts		(1,068,660)		971,904
Settlement received (paid) on derivative contracts		363,300		(1,211,728)
Settlement of asset retirement obligation		—		(73,998)
Stock-based compensation expense		179,748		142,302
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		(12,108)		22,686
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		2,396,066		(1,871,330)
Other assets and liabilities		143,646		104,177
Accounts payable, royalties payable and other accrued liabilities		(1,062,898)		267,058
Income taxes payable		1,336,225		2,157,292
Net cash provided by operating activities		7,578,152		7,703,470
Cash flows from investing activities:
Additions to unproved oil and gas properties		(106,069)		(92,600)
Additions to proved oil and gas properties		(621,132)		(2,771,925)
(Additions) disposals to gathering system properties		(12,423)		3,612
Additions to land, buildings and property and equipment		(42,703)		—
Purchases of short term investments		(30,138,743)		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(30,921,070)		(2,860,913)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Buyback of common shares		(1,367,425)		—
Exercise of stock options		—		209,312
Dividends paid		(1,412,455)		(1,483,027)
Net cash used in financing activities		(2,779,880)		(1,273,715)
Effect of currency rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(2,600)		5,402
(Decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(26,125,398)		3,574,244
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period		45,806,947		27,065,423
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period	$	19,681,549	$	30,639,667
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid	$	17,216	$	17,501
Non-cash investing activities:
Change in proved properties accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	375,242	$	(253,632)
Change in gathering system accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	9,201	$	19,005
Asset retirement obligation asset additions and adjustments	$	736	$	6,684

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

8

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Description of Business

Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Company” or “Epsilon” or “we”) was incorporated under the laws of the Province of Alberta, Canada on March 14, 2005. On October 24, 2007, the Company became a publicly traded entity trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) in Canada. On February 14, 2019, Epsilon’s registration statement on Form 10 was declared effective by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and on February 19, 2019, we began trading in the United States on the NASDAQ Global Market under the trading symbol “EPSN.” Effective as of the close of trading on March 15, 2019, Epsilon voluntarily delisted its common shares from the TSX. Epsilon is a North American on-shore focused independent natural gas and oil company engaged in the acquisition, development, gathering and production of natural gas and oil reserves.

2. Basis of Preparation

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the appropriate rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented have been included. The interim financial information and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Epsilon Midstream, LLC, Dewey Energy GP, LLC, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC, Epsilon Operating, LLC, and Altolisa Holdings, LLC. With regard to the gathering system, in which Epsilon owns an undivided interest in the asset, proportionate consolidation accounting is used. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved natural gas and oil reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of natural gas and oil, and gathering system properties, asset retirement obligations, accrued natural gas and oil revenues and operating expenses, accrued gathering system revenues and operating expenses, as well as the valuation of commodity derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassification

The consolidated financial statements for the prior periods include certain reclassifications that were made to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications have no impact on previously reported consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company, an emerging growth company (“EGC”), has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period provided for in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

9

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

accounting standards which allows the Company to defer adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance removes all recognition thresholds and requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the Company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. Epsilon has adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which, for a limited period of time, adds ASC 848 to the Codification providing entities with certain practical expedients and exceptions from applying modification accounting if certain criteria are met. The amendments are designed to reduce operational challenges that entities will face in applying modification accounting to all contracts that will be revised due to reference rate reform. The guidance in ASC 848 was triggered by the pending discontinuation of certain benchmark reference rates and, in some cases, their replacement by new rates that are more observable or transaction-based and, therefore, less susceptible to manipulation, than certain interest-rate benchmark reference rates commonly used today, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). This process of reference rate reform will require entities to modify certain contracts by removing the discontinued rates and including new rates. Epsilon has adopted ASU 2020-04 as of January 1, 2023.

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and short term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Restricted cash consists of amounts deposited to back bonds or letters of credit for potential well liabilities. The Company presents restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of March 31, 2023 and December, 31 2022:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,110,225	$	45,236,584
Restricted cash included in other assets		571,324		570,363
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$	19,681,549	$	45,806,947

4. Short Term Investments

Short term investments are highly liquid investments with original maturities between three and twelve months. The Company’s short term investments consist of US Treasury Notes. These investments are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost with the intent to be held to maturity. Interest on these investments is presented as interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

As of March 31, 2023, there was $30.1 million in short term investments, $29.9 million of adjusted cost basis and $0.2 million in unrecognized gains.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

10

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5.  Property and Equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$	149,323,372	$	148,326,265
Unproved properties		18,275,226		18,169,157
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(109,194,701)		(107,729,293)
Total oil and gas properties, net		58,403,897		58,766,129
Gathering system		42,660,626		42,639,001
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(34,778,321)		(34,500,740)
Total gathering system, net		7,882,305		8,138,261
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		318,805		286,035
Total property and equipment, net	$	67,242,771	$	67,828,189

Property Impairment

We perform a quantitative impairment test whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group's carrying amount may not be recoverable, over proved properties using the published NYMEX forward prices, timing, methods and other assumptions consistent with historical periods. When indicators of impairment are present, GAAP requires that the Company first compare expected future undiscounted cash flows by asset group to their respective carrying values. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, a reduction of the carrying amount of the natural gas properties to their estimated fair values is required. Additionally, if an exploratory well is determined not to have found proved reserves, the costs incurred, net of any salvage value, should be charged to expense.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, no impairment was recorded.

6. Revolving Line of Credit

The Company has a senior secured credit facility which includes a total commitment of up to $100 million. The effective borrowing base is $30 million, which is subject to semi-annual redetermination. There are currently no borrowings under the facility. If we decide to access the facility, depending on the level of borrowing, we might need to increase our hedging activity. Hedging requirements were amended to be between 0%-62.5% of the 24-month projected production volumes, based on percentage utilization on the facility. Borrowings from the Facility may be used for the acquisition and development of oil and gas properties, investments in cash flow generating assets complimentary to the production of oil and gas, and for letters of credit and other general corporate purposes. Upon each advance, interest is charged at the highest of a) the Prime Rate, or b) the sum of the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, plus an applicable margin (0.25%-1.25%, based on percentage utilization on the facility). The facility matures on March 1, 2024.

On February 10, 2023, Epsilon Energy USA entered into the Ninth Amendment of the Credit Agreement. The borrowing base was increased to $30 million. Per ASC 848, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, LIBOR was removed as a reference option in the calculation of interest. Hedging requirements were amended to be between 0%-62.5% of the 24-month projected production volumes, based on percentage utilization on the facility. Also, cash distributions to the parent company (Epsilon Energy Ltd.) were allowed if the facility is < 80% utilized and the leverage ratio (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts) is less than 2 to 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

11

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The bank has a first priority security interest in the tangible and intangible assets of Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. to secure any outstanding amounts under the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company must maintain the following covenants:

● Interest coverage ratio greater than 3 to 1 (income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts / cash interest expense)

● Current ratio greater than 1 to 1 (current assets / current liabilities)

● Leverage ratio less than 3.5 to 1 (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts)

We were in compliance with the financial covenants of the agreement as of March 31, 2023.

7. Shareholders’ Equity

(a)Authorized shares

The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares with no par value and an unlimited number of Preferred Shares with no par value.

(b)Purchases of Equity Shares

Normal Course Issuer Bid

On March 9, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to 2,292,644 common shares, representing 10% of the outstanding common shares of Epsilon, for an aggregate purchase price of not more than US $15.0 million. The program is pursuant to a normal course issuer bid and will be conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The program commenced on March 27, 2023 and will end on March 26, 2024, unless the maximum amount of common shares is purchased before then or Epsilon provides earlier notice of termination. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased 47,220 common shares at an average price of $5.32 per share (excluding commissions).

Commencing on March 8, 2022, we implemented a plan to repurchase our issued and outstanding common shares and to return capital to our shareholders. We used cash on hand to fund these repurchases. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 982,500 common shares of the maximum of 1,183,410 authorized for repurchase and spent $6,234,879 under the plan. The repurchased stock had an average price of $6.32 per share (excluding commissions) and was subsequently retired during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Under the same plan, in 2023, we repurchased and retired 190,700 common shares at an average price of $5.82 per share (excluding commissions) before the plan terminated on March 7, 2023.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

12

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table contains activity relating to our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 8, 2022 (1)					1,183,410
January 2023	125,200	$	5.96
February 2023	65,500	$	5.63
Total as of March 7, 2023	190,700	$	5.82		10,210
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (2)					2,292,644
March 2023	47,220	$	5.32
Total as of March 31, 2023	47,220	$	5.32		2,245,424

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2022-2023 share repurchase program that commenced on March 8, 2022 and terminated on March 7, 2023, as described above.

(2) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023, as described above.

(c)Equity Incentive Plan

Epsilon’s board of directors (the “Board”) adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) on July 22, 2020 subject to approval by Epsilon’s shareholders at Epsilon’s 2020 Annual General and Special Meeting of Shareholders, which occurred on September 1, 2020 (the “Meeting”). Shareholders approved the 2020 Plan at the Meeting. Following Epsilon’s listing on the NASDAQ Global Market, the Board determined that it is in the best interest of the shareholders to approve a new incentive plan that is compliant with U.S. public company equity plan rules and practices that would replace Epsilon’s Amended and Restated 2017 Stock Option Plan (including its predecessors) and the Share Compensation Plan (collectively referred to as the “Predecessor Plans”). No further awards will be granted under the Predecessor Plans.

The 2020 Plan provides for incentive compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, performance shares and units, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards. Under the 2020 Plan, Epsilon will be authorized to issue up to 2,000,000 Common Shares.

Restricted Stock Awards

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, no shares of Restricted Stock were awarded to the Company’s board of directors and employees. For the year ended December 31, 2022, 289,231 common shares of Restricted Stock with a weighted average market price at the grant date of $6.28 were awarded to the Company’s officers, employees, and board of directors. These shares vest over a three or four-year period, with an equal number of shares being issued per period on the anniversary of the award resolution. The vesting of the shares is contingent on the individuals’ continued employment or service. The Company determined the fair value of the granted Restricted Stock-based on the market price of the common shares of the Company on the date of grant.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

13

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table summarizes Restricted Stock activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Restricted	Average	Restricted	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period	298,210	1.74	166,002	1.38
Granted	—	—	289,231	1.86
Vested	—	—	(157,023)	—
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period	298,210	1.49	298,210	1.74

Stock compensation expense for the granted Restricted Stock is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $165,064 and $95,112, respectively.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation related to these shares of $1,503,501 to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years (at December 31, 2022: $1,668,564 over 1.55 years).

Performance Share Unit Awards (“PSU”)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, no PSUs vested and were issued. For the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of 135,667 common shares vested and were issued. The Company grants PSUs, which are paid in stock, to certain key employees. The PSUs will vest on the last day of the performance period. The number of PSUs that will ultimately vest is based on two performance targets as follows:

● The targets for the PSUs are based on (i) the relative total stockholder return (“TSR”) percentile ranking and (ii) the relative cash flow per debt adjusted share – growth (“CFDAS Growth”) percentile ranking of the Company, each as compared to the Company’s Performance Peer Group during the applicable one-year performance period ending on December 31.

● Cash Flow per Debt Adjusted Share (“CFDAS”) is defined as EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) divided by the sum of the 1) the total debt plus the value of preferred stock minus cash and the amount of dividends paid for the year divided by the share price at the end of the year; and 2) the actual share count at year end.

● The vesting of each PSU Award will be based 50% on TSR performance and 50% based on CFDAS Growth performance.

● The recipient of the award must be employed with the Company at the time of vesting.

The number of shares ultimately issued under these awards can range from zero to 200% of target award amounts at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

14

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table summarizes PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Performance	Average	Performance	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested PSUs at beginning of period	15,833	1.00	151,500	3.84
Vested	—	—	(135,667)	—
Balance non-vested PSUs at end of period	15,833	0.75	15,833	1.00

Stock compensation expense for the granted PSUs is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 related to PSUs was $14,684 and $47,190, respectively.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation related to these shares of $44,053 to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.50 years (at December 31, 2022: $63,328 over 0.63 years).

Stock Options

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding stock options covering 70,000 Common Shares at an overall average exercise price of $5.03 per Common Share to directors, officers, and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. These 70,000 options have a weighted average expected remaining term of approximately 0.80 years.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
		Weighted				Weighted
	Number of	Average		Number of		Average
	Options	Exercise		Options		Exercise
Exercise price in US$	Outstanding	Price		Outstanding		Price (1)
Balance at beginning of period	70,000	$	5.03		218,750	$	5.28
Exercised	—	$	—		(138,750)	$	5.38
Expired/Forfeited	—	$	—		(10,000)	$	5.51
Balance at period-end	70,000	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03
Exercisable at period-end	70,000	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03

At March 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation, related to these options, of nil (at December 31, 2022: nil). The aggregate intrinsic value at March 31, 2023 was $21,700 (at December 31, 2022: $112,000).

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company awarded no stock options.

(d) Dividends

On March 3, 2023, the Board declared quarterly dividends of $0.0625 per common share (annualized $0.25 per common share) totaling in aggregate an amount of approximately $1.41 million that was paid on March 31, 2023.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

15

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

8. Revenue Recognition

Revenues are comprised of sales of natural gas, oil and NGLs, along with the revenue generated from the Company’s ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

Overall, product sales revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual delivery obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the Company’s customers at delivery points based on contractual terms and conditions. In addition, gathering and compression revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual service obligations are satisfied, which occurs as control of those services is transferred to the Company’s customers.

The following table details revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids		196,295		314,428
Oil and condensate		517,108		461,813
Gathering and compression fees		2,386,695		2,120,773
Total operating revenue	$	9,356,276	$	13,600,098

Product Sales Revenue

The Company enters into contracts with third party purchasers to sell its natural gas, oil, NGLs and condensate production. Under these product sales arrangements, the sale of each unit of product represents a distinct performance obligation. Product sales revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the purchaser based on contractual terms which reflect prevailing commodity market prices. To the extent that marketing costs are incurred by the Company prior to the transfer of control of the product, those costs are included in lease operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Settlement statements for product sales, and the related cash consideration, are generally received from the purchaser within 30 days. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production delivered to the customer and the consideration that will ultimately be received for sale of the natural gas, oil, NGLs, or condensate. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Gas Gathering and Compression Revenue

The Company also provides natural gas gathering and compression services through its ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field. For the provision of gas gathering and compression services, the Company collects its share of the gathering and compression fees per unit of gas serviced and recognizes gathering revenue over time using an output method based on units of gas gathered.

The settlement statement from the operator of the Auburn GGS is received two months after gathering and compression has occurred. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production that was gathered and compressed within the system. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on a case-by-case basis once there is evidence that collection is not probable. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no accounts for which collection was not probable.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

16

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table details accounts receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	2,593,604	$	5,696,419
Joint interest billing		17,476		20,454
Gathering and compression fees		1,765,871		1,483,956
Other		428,369		557
Total accounts receivable	$	4,805,320	$	7,201,386

9. Income Taxes

Income tax provisions for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Current:
Federal	$	960,508	$	1,466,896
State		378,522		692,316
Total current income tax expense		1,339,030		2,159,212
Deferred:
Federal		(17,278)		22,015
State		5,170		671
Total deferred tax expense		(12,108)		22,686
Income tax expense	$	1,326,922	$	2,181,898

The Company files federal income tax returns in the United States and Canada, and various returns in state and local jurisdictions.

The Company believes it has no uncertain income tax positions. The Company's tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ending December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2022. To the extent we utilize net operating losses generated in earlier years, such earlier years may also be subject to audit.

Our effective tax rate will typically differ from the statutory federal rate primarily as a result of state income taxes and the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the statutory federal rate as a result of the state income taxes and the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss.

10. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company enters into commitments for capital expenditures in advance of the expenditures being made. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had commitments of $0.2 million for capital expenditures.

Litigation

On March 10, 2021, Epsilon filed a complaint against Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC (“Chesapeake”) in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Scranton, Pennsylvania (“Middle District”). Epsilon claims that Chesapeake has breached a settlement agreement and several operating agreements (“JOAs”) to which Epsilon and Chesapeake are parties. Epsilon asserts that Chesapeake has failed to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts to develop resources in the Auburn Development, located in Northeast Pennsylvania, as required under both the settlement agreement and JOAs.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

17

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Epsilon requested a preliminary injunction but was unsuccessful in obtaining that injunction.  Epsilon filed a motion to amend its original Complaint. Chesapeake opposed. The Court ruled in Epsilon’s favor and allowed Epsilon’s amendment. Chesapeake moved to dismiss the amended Complaint. The Court granted the motion to dismiss without prejudice to Epsilon’s right to file a new lawsuit based on new proposals made after the Court’s decision. Epsilon filed a motion for reconsideration of that decision, but the court denied the motion for reconsideration on January 18, 2022.

Epsilon filed a notice of appeal on February 15, 2022 challenging both the motion to dismiss and motion for reconsideration decisions.  Chesapeake filed a cross-appeal on March 1, 2022.  A briefing schedule was set and briefing closed October 14, 2022.  Oral argument was held in January 2023.  A decision on the appeal is not expected until mid-2023.

Epsilon re-filed a complaint against Chesapeake in the Middle District on May 9, 2022.  Epsilon generally asserts similar claims as in the previous suit, pursuing declaratory judgment claims regarding Chesapeake’s obligation to Epsilon to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts in the Auburn Development and regarding Chesapeake’s obstruction of Epsilon’s efforts with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection permitting process but not based on specific well proposals.  Chesapeake filed a motion to stay pending a decision on the Third Circuit appeal, which was granted.  The matter is stayed pending a decision from the Third Circuit.  

11. Leases

Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company recognized an operating lease related to its corporate office as of March 31, 2023 summarized in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Asset
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	-	$	31,383
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		532,013		-
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	$	532,013	$	31,383
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	$	2,756	$	35,299
Operating lease liabilities, long term		541,396		-
Total operating lease liabilities	$	544,152	$	35,299
Operating lease costs	$	35,233	$	32,097
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	27,010	$	106,798
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating lease		3.39		0.33
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) - operating lease		8.25%		8.09%

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

18

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company had one office lease that expired in April 2023.  On March 1, 2023, the Company commenced a new office lease with a 70 month lease term and future lease payments estimated to be approximately $0.85 million. There are no other pending leases, and no lease arrangements in which the Company is the lessor. Lease expense for operating leases was $0.04 million and $0.03 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. This lease expense is presented in other general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2023	$	—
2024		134,750
2025		173,550
2026		177,021
2027		180,492
Thereafter		183,963
Total minimum lease payments		849,776
Less: imputed interest		(305,624)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		544,152
Less: current obligations under leases		(2,756)
Long-term lease obligations	$	541,396

12.    Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the assumed issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive securities.

The net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,529,827	$	5,805,888

In calculating the net income per share, basic and diluted, the following weighted-average shares were used:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	22,990,893	23,677,842
Dilutive stock options	8,512	16,728
Unvested time-based restricted shares	21,415	65,395
Unvested performance-based restricted shares	6,864	102,463
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	23,027,684	23,862,428

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

19

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company excluded the following shares from the diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Anti-dilutive options	61,488	163,272
Anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted shares	276,795	100,607
Anti-dilutive unvested performance-based restricted shares	8,969	49,037
Total Anti-dilutive shares	347,252	312,916

13. Operating Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as executive management. Segment performance is evaluated based on operating income (loss) as shown in the table below. Interest income and expense, and income taxes are managed separately on a group basis. As of March 31, 2023, general and administrative costs and interest income were moved to the Corporate segment because they are entirely comprised of corporate expenses and are not allocated to the Upstream and Gas Gathering segments. To be consistent with this current presentation, the general administrative costs of $1.3 million and interest income of $0.02 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 has been reclassed as well.

The Company’s reportable segments are as follows:

a. The Upstream segment activities include acquisition, development and production of oil, natural gas, and other liquid reserves on properties within the United States;

b. The Gas Gathering segment partners with two other companies to operate a natural gas gathering system; and

c. The Corporate segment activities include general and administrative costs, interest income, and corporate listing and governance functions of the Company.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

20

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Segment activity as of, and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	Upstream		Gas Gathering		Corporate		Elimination		Consolidated
For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		196,295		—		—		—		196,295
Oil and condensate		517,108		—		—		—		517,108
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		2,386,695
Total operating revenue (1)		6,969,581		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		9,356,276
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,768,087		651,371		2,203,491		(363,808)		4,259,141
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,493,755		279,251		—		—		1,773,006
Operating income		3,707,739		1,819,881		(2,203,491)		—		3,324,129
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		490,762		—		490,762
Interest expense		(28,437)		—		—		—		(28,437)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		1,068,660		—		—		—		1,068,660
Other (expense) income		652		—		983		—		1,635
Other income (expense), net		1,040,875		—		491,745		—		1,532,620
Net income before income tax expense	$	4,748,614	$	1,819,881	$	(1,711,746)	$	—	$	4,856,749
Capital expenditures (2)	$	1,145,146	$	21,624	$	—	$	—	$	1,166,770
For the three months ended March 31, 2022
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	10,703,084	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids		314,428		—		—		—		314,428
Oil and condensate		461,813		—		—		—		461,813
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,485,937		—		(365,164)		2,120,773
Total operating revenue (1)		11,479,325		2,485,937		—		(365,164)		13,600,098
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,773,040		524,375		1,313,434		(365,164)		3,245,685
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,104,497		284,722		—		—		1,389,219
Operating income		8,601,788		1,676,840		(1,313,434)		—		8,965,194
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		15,221		—		15,221
Interest expense		(15,319)		—		—		—		(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		(971,904)		—		—		—		(971,904)
Other (expense) income		—		—		(5,406)		—		(5,406)
Other income (expense), net		(987,223)		—		9,815		—		(977,408)
Net income before income tax expense	$	7,614,565	$	1,676,840	$	(1,303,619)	$	—	$	7,987,786
Capital expenditures (2)	$	2,610,894	$	15,393	$	—	$	—	$	2,626,287

(1) Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon sold natural gas to 27 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 13%, 12%, and 11% of total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, Epsilon sold natural gas to 12 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 37%, 13% and 12% of total revenue.

(2) Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion and completion of the gathering and compression facility.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

21

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

14. Commodity Risk Management Activities

Commodity Price Risks

Epsilon engages in price risk management activities from time to time. These activities are intended to manage Epsilon’s exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices for natural gas by securing derivative contracts for a portion of expected sales volumes.

Inherent in the Company’s fixed price contracts, are certain business risks, including market risk and credit risk. Market risk is the risk that the price of oil and natural gas will change, either favorably or unfavorably, in response to changing market conditions. Credit risk is the risk of loss from nonperformance by the Company’s counterparty to a contract. The Company does not currently require collateral from any of its counterparties nor does its counterparties require collateral from the Company.

The Company enters into certain commodity derivative instruments to mitigate commodity price risk associated with a portion of its future natural gas production and related cash flows. The natural gas revenues and cash flows are affected by changes in commodity product prices, which are volatile and cannot be accurately predicted. The objective for holding these commodity derivatives is to protect the operating revenues and cash flows related to a portion of the future natural gas sales from the risk of significant declines in commodity prices, which helps ensure the Company’s ability to fund the capital budget.

Epsilon has historically elected not to designate any of its financial commodity derivative contracts as accounting hedges and, accordingly, accounts for these financial commodity derivative contracts using the mark-to-market accounting method. Under this accounting method, changes in the fair value of outstanding financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses in the period of change and are recorded as loss (gain) on derivative contracts on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The related cash flow impact is reflected in cash flows from operating activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon recognized gains on commodity derivative contracts of $1,068,660. This amount included cash received on settlements on these contracts of $363,300. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, Epsilon recognized losses on commodity derivative contracts of $971,904. This amount included cash paid on settlements on these contracts of $1,211,728.

Commodity Derivative Contracts

At March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding NYMEX HH swaps totaling 0.92 Bcf and Tennessee Z4 basis swaps totaling 0.92 Bcf outstanding.

	Fair Value of Derivative  Assets
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	2,373,200	$	1,219,865
Tennessee Z4 basis swap		—		181,775
	$	2,373,200	$	1,401,640

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

22

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

	Fair Value of Derivative  Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Current
Tennessee Z4 basis swap	$	(445,750)	$	(179,550)
	$	(445,750)	$	(179,550)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$	1,927,450	$	1,222,090

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of Epsilon’s commodity derivatives for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$	1,222,090	$	(239,824)
Gains (losses) on derivative contracts included in earnings		1,068,660		(971,904)
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts		(363,300)		1,211,728
Fair value of asset (liability), end of the period	$	1,927,450	$	—

15. Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations are estimated by management based on Epsilon’s net ownership interest in all wells and the gathering system, estimated costs to reclaim and abandon such assets and the estimated timing of the costs to be incurred in future periods, and the forecast risk free cost of capital. Epsilon has estimated the value of its total asset retirement obligations to be $2.8 million as of March 31, 2023 ($2.8 million at December 31, 2022) based on a total net future undiscounted liability of approximately $7.5 million ($7.4 million at December 31, 2022). Each year we review, and to the extent necessary, revise our asset retirement obligations estimates.

The following tables summarize the changes in asset retirement obligations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended		Year ended
		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance beginning of period	$	2,780,237	$	2,833,656
Liabilities acquired		736		12,053
Liabilities disposed of		—		(25,835)
Wells plugged and abandoned		—		(118,260)
Accretion		20,083		78,623
Balance end of period	$	2,801,056	$	2,780,237

16. Fair Value Measurements

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

23

Epsilon Energy Ltd.

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The methodologies used to determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023 were the same as those used at December 31, 2022.

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company’s revolving line of credit has a recorded value that approximates its fair value since its variable interest rate is tied to current market rates and the applicable margins represent market rates.

The Company has investments in U.S. Treasury Notes, some of which mature over a period greater than 90 days and are classified as short term investments. The U.S. Treasury Notes are carried at amortized cost. The carrying values are adjusted for accretion of discounts over the remaining life of the investment. The U.S. Treasury Notes are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2023, there was $30.1 million in short term investments, $29.9 million of adjusted cost basis and $0.2 million in unrecognized gains.

Commodity derivative instruments consist of NYMEX Henry Hub swap and basis swap contracts for natural gas. The Company’s derivative contracts are valued based on a marked to market approach. These assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the contract, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace, and are therefore designated as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy. The Company utilizes its counterparties’ valuations to assess the reasonableness of its own valuations.

17. Current Expected Credit Loss

Under ASU 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, estimated losses on financial assets are provided through an allowance for credit losses. The majority of our financial assets are invested in U.S. Treasury Notes. We also have accounts receivable which are primarily from purchasers of oil and natural gas, counterparties to our financial instruments, and revenues earned for compression and gathering services. Our oil, gas, and natural gas liquids accounts receivables are generally collected within 30 days after the end of the month. Compression and gathering receivables are generally collected within 60 days after the end of the month. We assess collectability through various procedures, including review of our trade receivable balances by counterparty, assessing economic events and conditions, our historical experience with counterparties, the counterparty’s financial condition and the amount and age of past due accounts. As of the three months ended March 31, 2023, we determined that our allowance for credit loss was nil.

18. Subsequent Events

Effective April 13, 2023, Dewey Energy Holding, LLC divested two operated wells in the State of Oklahoma along with 1,298 net acres of leasehold. Subsequently, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC now owns 7,228 net acres of leasehold in Oklahoma.

On May 9, 2023, Epsilon entered into definitive agreements to acquire 10% interest in two wellbores (located in Eddy Co, NM) from a private operator. The wells are currently on flow-back. Total capital expenditures (net to Epsilon) are estimated at $2.1 million.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

24

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion is intended to assist in the understanding of trends and significant changes in or results of operations and the financial condition of Epsilon Energy Ltd. and its subsidiaries for the periods presented. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto presented in this report, including the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the three months then ended together with accompanying notes, as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The following discussion contains “forward-looking statements” that reflect our future plans, estimates, beliefs, and expected performance. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward- looking statements due to a number of factors. See “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Company”) is a North American onshore focused independent natural gas and oil company engaged in the acquisition, development, gathering and production of natural gas and oil reserves. Our areas of operations are the Marcellus shale section of the Appalachian basin in Pennsylvania and the NW Anadarko basin in Oklahoma. In Pennsylvania, we hold 5,098 net acres producing 25 MMcf/d net to our revenue interest. In Oklahoma, we hold 7,228 net acres producing 2.7 MMcfe/d net to our revenue interest.  

In Pennsylvania, the Company owns a 35% interest in the 52 mile Auburn Gas Gathering System (“Auburn GGS") which is operated by a subsidiary of Williams Partners, LP.

Our common shares trade on the NASDAQ Global Market under the ticker symbol “EPSN.”

Business Strategy

The Company is focused on high rate of return capital investments in onshore North American natural gas and oil basins. We are committed to disciplined capital allocation which should include shareholder returns in the form of dividends and share buybacks. We expect that our strong balance sheet and large liquidity position will allow us to opportunistically invest in both our existing project areas and potential new projects.     

To date, our investments have been focused in our position in the prolific Marcellus unconventional reservoir in Pennsylvania (“PA”). Our PA assets are supported by our 35% ownership in the Auburn GGS. We have a substantial remaining drillable location inventory within our existing leaseholds.

The Company is actively seeking new opportunities in several other onshore North American natural gas and oil basins.

Three months ended March 31, 2023 Highlights

Operational Highlights

Marcellus Shale – Pennsylvania

● During the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon’s realized natural gas price was $2.56 per Mcf compared to $4.47 per Mcf over the same period in 2022, a 43% decrease.

● During the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon’s natural gas production was 2.5 Bcf compared to 2.4 Bcf during the same period in 2022, a 0.8% increase.

● Gathered and delivered 16.2 Bcf gross (5.7 Bcf net to Epsilon’s interest) during the three months ended March 31, 2023, or 180 MMcf/d through the Auburn Gas Gathering System.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

25

Anadarko, NW Stack Trend – Oklahoma

● During the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon’s realized price for all Oklahoma production was $6.44 per Mcfe compared to $7.71 per Mcfe over the same period in 2022, a 17% decrease.  

● Total production for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included natural gas, natural gas liquids, and oil and condensate and was 0.17 Bcfe, as compared to 0.17 Bcfe during the same period in 2022.

● At March 31, 2023, the Company had 1 gross (.11 net) well waiting on completion.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures-Adjusted EBITDA

Epsilon defines Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before (1) net interest expense, (2) taxes, (3) depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense, (4) impairments of natural gas and oil properties, (5) non-cash stock compensation expense, (6) gain or loss on derivative contracts net of cash received or paid on settlement, and (7) other income. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure of financial performance as determined under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered in isolation from or as a substitute for net income or cash flow measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of profitability or liquidity.

Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. Epsilon has included Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental disclosure because its management believes that EBITDA provides useful information regarding its ability to service debt and to fund capital expenditures. It further provides investors a helpful measure for comparing operating performance on a normalized or recurring basis with the performance of other companies, without giving effect to certain non-cash expenses and other items. This provides management, investors and analysts with comparative information for evaluating the Company in relation to other natural gas and oil companies providing corresponding non-U.S. GAAP financial measures or that have different financing and capital structures or tax rates. These non-U.S. GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, measures for financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, which is the most directly comparable measure of financial performance calculated under U.S. GAAP and should be reviewed carefully.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,529,827	$	5,805,888
Add Back:
Interest (income) expense, net		(462,325)		98
Income tax expense		1,326,922		2,181,898
Depreciation, depletion, amortization, and accretion		1,773,006		1,389,219
Stock based compensation expense		179,748		142,302
Gain on derivative contracts net of cash received or paid on settlement		(705,360)		(239,824)
Foreign currency translation loss		(983)		5,402
Adjusted EBITDA	$	5,640,835	$	9,284,983

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

26

Results of Operations

Net Operating Revenues

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 revenues decreased $4.2 million, or 31%, to $9.4 million from $13.6 million during the same period of 2022.

Revenue and volume statistics for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenues
Pennsylvania
Natural gas revenue	$	5,852,725	$	10,131,015
Volume (MMcf)		2,286		2,265
Avg. Price ($/Mcf)	$	2.56	$	4.47
Gathering system revenue	$	2,386,695	$	2,120,773
Total PA Revenues	$	8,239,420	$	12,251,788
Oklahoma
Natural gas revenue	$	403,453	$	572,069
Volume (MMcf)		96		86
Avg. Price ($/Mcf)	$	4.20	$	6.68
Natural liquids revenue	$	196,295	$	314,428
Volume (MBO)		6.1		9.8
Avg. Price ($/Bbl)	$	32.29	$	32.19
Oil and condensate revenue	$	517,108	$	461,813
Volume (MBO)		6.8		5.1
Avg. Price ($/Bbl)	$	76.15	$	90.62
Total OK Revenues	$	1,116,856	$	1,348,310
Total Revenues	$	9,356,276	$	13,600,098

Upstream natural gas revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $4.4 million, or 42%, over the same period in 2022. A decrease of $4.6 million was due to lower natural gas prices partially offset by an increase of $0.2 million due to higher sales volumes.

Upstream natural gas liquids revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $0.1 million, or 38% over the same period in 2022.  This was a result of decreased NGL production.

Upstream oil and condensate revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $0.1 million, or 12% over the same period in 2022.  An increase of $0.2 million was due to higher volumes offset by a decrease of $0.1 million due to lower prices.

Gathering system revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $0.3 million, or 13% over the same period in 2022. This was the result of anchor shipper volumes, which pay the full gathering rate, increasing from 62% to 88% of total throughput. Revenues derived from transporting and compressing our production, which have been eliminated from gathering system revenues amounted to $0.4 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

27

Operating Costs

The following table presents total cost and cost per unit of production (Mcfe), including ad valorem, severance, and production taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Lease operating costs	$	1,404,279	$	1,405,490
Gathering system operating costs		651,341		524,375
	$	2,055,620	$	1,929,865
Upstream operating costs—Total $/Mcfe		0.57		0.58
Gathering system operating costs $/Mcf		0.18		0.12

Operating costs include the effects of elimination entries to remove the gathering fees paid to Epsilon’s ownership in the gathering system.

Upstream operating costs consist of lease operating expenses necessary to extract natural gas and oil, including gathering and treating the natural gas and oil to ready it for sale. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, upstream operating costs remained consistent.

Gathering system operating costs consist primarily of rental payments for the natural gas fueled compression units and overhead fees due to the system’s operator. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, gathering system operating costs increased by $0.1 million, or 24% from the same period in 2022. This increase is due to a higher mix of anchor shipper volumes and a CPI-U adjusted increase to the G&A fee on these volumes.

Depletion, Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion (“DD&A”)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion	$	1,773,006	$	1,389,219

Natural gas and oil and gathering system assets are depleted and depreciated using the units of production method aggregating properties on a field basis. For leasehold acquisition costs and the cost to acquire proved and unproved properties, the reserve base used to calculate depreciation and depletion is total proved reserves. At this time, the Company has only minimal leasehold acquisition costs. For natural gas and oil development and gathering system costs, the reserve base used to calculate depletion and depreciation is proved developed reserves. A reserve report is prepared as of December 31, each year.

Depreciation expense includes amounts pertaining to our office furniture and fixtures, leasehold improvements, computer hardware. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from 3 to 7 years. Also included in depreciation expense is an amount pertaining to buildings owned by the Company. Depreciation for the buildings is calculated using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of 30 years.

Accretion expense is related to the asset retirement costs.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, DD&A expense was generally consistent compared to the same period in 2022, increasing by $0.2 million, or 12%.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

28

General and Administrative (“G&A”)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
General and administrative	$	2,203,521	$	1,313,434

G&A expenses consist of general corporate expenses such as compensation, legal, accounting and professional fees, consulting services, travel and other related corporate costs such as stock options granted and restricted shares of stock granted and the related non-cash compensation.

G&A expenses increased by $0.9 million, or 68%, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 from 2022. This was primarily due to $0.4 million in compensation associated with management transition, $0.1 million in legal fees related to the complaint filed against Chesapeake, $0.2 million in other service fees, and $0.2 million in other miscellaneous G&A.

Loss on Derivative Contracts

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	$	1,068,660	$	(971,904)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, Epsilon was entered into NYMEX Henry Hub (“HH”) Natural Gas Futures swaps and Tennessee basis swap derivative contracts for the purpose of hedging its physical natural gas sales revenue. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we received net cash settlements of $363,300. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we paid net cash settlements of $1,211,728.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, realized gains on derivative contracts increased as the NYMEX Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures prices decreased further from the prices at which the Company sold the Henry Hub swaps. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had no derivative contracts beyond December 31, 2023.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

Cash Flow

The primary source of cash for Epsilon during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was funds generated from operations. The primary uses of cash for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were development of natural gas properties, investment in U.S. Treasury Notes, the repurchase of shares of common stock, and the distribution of dividends. The primary uses of cash for the three months ended March 31, 2022 were development of natural gas properties and the distribution of dividends.

At March 31, 2023, we had a working capital surplus of $50.8 million, an increase of $1.6 million over the $49.2 million surplus at December 31, 2022. The Company anticipates its current cash balance, cash flows from operations, and available sources of liquidity to be sufficient to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months and beyond.

Three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to 2022

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, $7.6 million was provided by the Company’s operating activities, compared to $7.7 million provided during the same period in 2022, a $0.1 million, and 2% decrease.

The Company used $30.9 million and $2.9 million of cash for investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company invested $30,1 million in U.S Treasury Notes and $0.8 million on leasehold and development costs targeting increasing production in Pennsylvania and Oklahoma.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

29

The Company used $2.8 million of cash for financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023.  This was spent primarily on dividend payments and the repurchase of shares of common stock. The Company used $1.3 million of cash for financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022. This cash was spent on dividend payments.

Credit Agreement

The Company has a senior secured credit facility which includes a total commitment of up to $100 million. The effective borrowing base is $30 million, which is subject to semi-annual redetermination. There are currently no borrowings under the facility. If we decide to access the facility, depending on the level of borrowing, we might need to increase our hedging activity. Hedging requirements were amended to be between 0%-62.5% of the 24-month projected production volumes, based on percentage utilization on the facility. Borrowings from the Facility may be used for the acquisition and development of oil and gas properties, investments in cash flow generating assets complimentary to the production of oil and gas, and for letters of credit and other general corporate purposes. Upon each advance, interest is charged at the highest of a) the Prime Rate, or b) the sum of the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, plus an applicable margin (0.25%-1.25%, based on percentage utilization on the facility). The facility matures on March 1, 2024.

On February 10, 2023, Epsilon Energy USA entered into the Ninth Amendment of the Credit Agreement. The borrowing base was increased to $30 million. Per ASC 848, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, LIBOR was removed as a reference option in the calculation of interest. Hedging requirements were amended to be between 0%-62.5% of the 24-month projected production volumes, based on percentage utilization on the facility. Also, cash distributions to the parent company (Epsilon Energy Ltd.) were allowed if the facility is < 80% utilized and the leverage ratio (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts) is less than 2 to 1.

The bank has a first priority security interest in the tangible and intangible assets of Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. to secure any outstanding amounts under the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company must maintain the following covenants:

● Interest coverage ratio greater than 3 to 1 (income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts / cash interest expense)

● Current ratio greater than 1 to 1 (current assets / current liabilities)

● Leverage ratio less than 3.5 to 1 (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts)

We were in compliance with the financial covenants of the agreement as of March 31, 2023 and expect to be in compliance for the next 12 months. We currently have no borrowings under the facility.

Repurchase Transactions

On March 9, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to 2,292,644 common shares, representing 10% of the outstanding common shares of Epsilon, for an aggregate purchase price of not more than US $15.0 million. The program is pursuant to a normal course issuer bid and will be conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The program commenced on March 27, 2023 and will end on March 26, 2024, unless the maximum amount of common shares is purchased before then or Epsilon provides earlier notice of termination. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased 47,220 common shares at an average price of $5.32 per share (excluding commissions).

Commencing on March 8, 2022, we implemented a plan to repurchase our issued and outstanding common shares and to return capital to our shareholders. We used cash on hand to fund these repurchases. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 982,500 common shares of the maximum of 1,183,410 authorized for repurchase and spent

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

30

$6,234,879 under the plan. The repurchased stock had an average price of $6.32 per share (excluding commissions) and was subsequently retired during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Under the same plan, in 2023, we repurchased and retired 190,700 common shares at an average price of $5.82 per share (excluding commissions) before the plan terminated on March 7, 2023.

Derivative Transactions

The Company has entered into hedging arrangements to reduce the impact of natural gas price volatility on operations. By reducing the price volatility from a significant portion of natural gas production, the potential effects of changing prices on operating cash flows have been mitigated, but not eliminated. While mitigating the negative effects of falling commodity prices, these derivative contracts also limit the benefits we might otherwise receive from increases in commodity prices.

At March 31, 2023, Epsilon’s outstanding natural gas commodity contracts consisted of the following:

		Weighted Average Price ($/MMbtu)
	Volume			Basis		Fair Value of Asset
Derivative Type	(MMbtu)	Swaps		Differential		March 31, 2023
2023
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	920,000	$	5.21	$	—	$	2,373,200
Tennessee Z4 basis swap	920,000	$	—	$	(1.25)		(445,750)
	1,840,000					$	1,927,450

Contractual Obligations

The Company enters into commitments for capital expenditures in advance of the expenditures being made. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had short term commitments of $0.2 million for capital expenditures and long term commitments of $7.4 million for asset retirement obligations.

Based on current natural gas prices and anticipated levels of production, we believe that the estimated net cash generated from operations, together with cash on hand and amounts available under our credit agreement, will be adequate to meet liquidity needs for the next 12 months and beyond, including satisfying our financial obligations and funding our operating and development activities.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our earnings and cash flow are significantly affected by changes in the market price of commodities. The prices of natural gas and oil can fluctuate widely and are influenced by numerous factors such as demand, production levels, world political and economic events, and the strength of the US dollar relative to other currencies. Should the price of natural gas and oil decline substantially, the value of our assets could fall dramatically, impacting our future operations and exploration and development activities, along with our gas gathering system revenues. In addition, our operations are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business, including interest rate and certain exposure as well as risks relating to changes in the general economic conditions in the United States.

Gathering System Revenue Risk

The Auburn Gas Gathering System lies within the Marcellus Basin with historically high levels of recoverable reserves and low cost of production. We believe that a short-term low commodity price environment will not significantly impact the reserves produced and thus the revenue of our gas gathering system.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

31

Interest Rate Risk

Market risk is estimated as the change in fair value resulting from a hypothetical 100 basis point change in the interest rate on the outstanding balance under our credit agreement. The credit agreement allows us to fix the interest rate for all or a portion of the principal balance for a period up to three months. To the extent that the interest rate is fixed, interest rate changes affect the instrument’s fair market value but do not affect results of operations or cash flows. Conversely, for the portion of the credit agreement that has a floating interest rate, interest rate changes will not affect the fair market value but will affect future results of operations and cash flows.

At March 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding principal balance under the credit agreement was nil.

Derivative Contracts

The Company’s financial results and condition depend on the prices received for natural gas production. Natural gas prices have fluctuated widely and are determined by economic and political factors. Supply and demand factors, including weather, general economic conditions, the ability to transport the gas to other regions, as well as conditions in other natural gas regions, impact prices. Epsilon has established a hedging strategy and may manage the risk associated with changes in commodity prices by entering into various derivative financial instrument agreements and physical contracts. Although these commodity price risk management activities could expose Epsilon to losses or gains, entering into these contracts helps to stabilize cash flows and support the Company’s capital spending program.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this 10-Q. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our current disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023 at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting can also be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that of limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, the risk.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

32

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On March 10, 2021, Epsilon filed a complaint against Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC (“Chesapeake”) in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Scranton, Pennsylvania (“Middle District”). Epsilon claims that Chesapeake has breached a settlement agreement and several operating agreements (“JOAs”) to which Epsilon and Chesapeake are parties. Epsilon asserts that Chesapeake has failed to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts to develop resources in the Auburn Development, located in Northeast Pennsylvania, as required under both the settlement agreement and JOAs.

Epsilon requested a preliminary injunction but was unsuccessful in obtaining that injunction.  Epsilon filed a motion to amend its original Complaint.  Chesapeake opposed.  The Court ruled in Epsilon’s favor and allowed Epsilon’s amendment. Chesapeake moved to dismiss the amended Complaint.  The Court granted the motion to dismiss on a narrow issue without prejudice to Epsilon’s right to file a new lawsuit based on new proposals made after the Court’s decision.  Epsilon filed a motion for reconsideration of that decision, but the court denied the motion for reconsideration on January 18, 2022.

Epsilon filed a notice of appeal on February 15, 2022 challenging both the motion to dismiss and motion for reconsideration decisions.  Chesapeake filed a cross-appeal on March 1, 2022.  A briefing schedule was set and briefing closed October 14, 2022.  Oral argument was held in January 2023.  A decision on the appeal is not expected until mid-2023.

Epsilon re-filed a complaint against Chesapeake in the Middle District on May 9, 2022.  Epsilon generally asserts similar claims as in the previous suit, pursuing declaratory judgment claims regarding Chesapeake’s obligation to Epsilon to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts in the Auburn Development and regarding Chesapeake’s obstruction of Epsilon’s efforts with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection permitting process but not based on specific well proposals.  Chesapeake filed a motion to stay pending a decision on the Third Circuit appeal, which was granted.  The matter is stayed pending a decision from the Third Circuit.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. Risk Factors of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALE OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(c) Purchases of Equity Securities by Epsilon Energy Ltd.

The following table contains information about our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 8, 2022 (1)					1,183,410
January 2023	125,200	$	5.96
February 2023	65,500	$	5.63
Total as of March 7, 2023	190,700	$	5.82		10,210
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (2)					2,292,644
March 2023	47,220	$	5.32
Total as of March 31, 2023	47,220	$	5.32		2,245,424

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

33

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2022-2023 share repurchase program that commenced on March 8, 2022 and terminated on March 7, 2023.

(2) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

Not applicable.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

34

ITEM 6. —EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibit
31.1	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 certification of Principal Executive Officer.
31.2	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302 certification of Principal Financial Officer.
32.1	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906 certification of Principal Executive Officer.
32.2	Sarbanes-Oxley Section 906 certification of Principal Financial Officer.
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Schema Document.
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Labels Linkbase Document.
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document.
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Epsilon Energy Ltd.
(Registrant)
Date: May 10, 2023	By:	/s/ J. Andrew Williamson
		J. Andrew Williamson
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

35

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Jason Stabell, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; and

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2023

/s/ Jason Stabell

Jason Stabell

Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, J. Andrew Williamson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “registrant”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; and

b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

c) evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 10, 2023

/s/ J. Andrew Williamson

J. Andrew Williamson

Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Corporation”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Corporation.

Date: May 10, 2023

/s/ Jason Stabell

Jason Stabell

Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Corporation”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Corporation.

Date: May 10, 2023

/s/ J. Andrew Williamson

J. Andrew Williamson

Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	May 09, 2023
Document and Entity Information
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Entity File Number	001-38770
Entity Registrant Name	EPSILON ENERGY LTD.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	CA
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1476367
Entity Address, Address Line One	500 Dallas Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 1250
Entity Address, City or Town	Houston
Entity Address, State or Province	TX
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	77002
City Area Code	281
Local Phone Number	670-0002
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Shares, no par value
Trading Symbol	EPSN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		22,926,444
Entity Central Index Key	0001726126
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 19,110,225	$ 45,236,584
Accounts receivable	4,805,320	7,201,386
Short term investments	30,138,743	0
Fair value of derivatives	1,927,450	1,222,090
Prepaid income taxes	0	1,140,094
Other current assets	496,731	632,154
Operating lease right-of-use-assets		31,383
Total current assets	56,478,469	55,463,691
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	149,323,372	148,326,265
Unproved properties	18,275,226	18,169,157
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(109,194,701)	(107,729,293)
Total oil and gas properties, net	58,403,897	58,766,129
Gathering system	42,660,626	42,639,001
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(34,778,321)	(34,500,740)
Total gathering system, net	7,882,305	8,138,261
Land	637,764	637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net	318,805	286,035
Total property and equipment, net	67,242,771	67,828,189
Other assets:
Operating lease right-of-use-assets, LT	532,013	0
Operating lease right-of-use-assets	532,013	31,383
Restricted cash	571,324	570,363
Total non-current assets	68,346,108	68,398,552
Total assets	124,824,577	123,862,243
Current liabilities
Accounts payable trade	1,900,847	1,695,353
Gathering fees payable	867,533	935,012
Royalties payable	1,898,177	2,223,043
Income taxes payable	196,131	0
Accrued capital expenditures	348,135	41,694
Accrued compensation	233,172	598,351
Other accrued liabilities	257,788	690,655
Operating lease liabilities	2,756	35,299
Total current liabilities	5,704,539	6,219,407
Non-current liabilities
Asset retirement obligations	2,801,056	2,780,237
Deferred income taxes	10,605,286	10,617,394
Operating lease liabilities, LT	541,396	0
Total non-current liabilities	13,947,738	13,397,631
Total liabilities	19,652,277	19,617,038
Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)
Shareholders' equity
Preferred shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized, none issued or outstanding	0	0
Common shares, no par value, unlimited shares authorized and 22,926,444 shares issued and 22,879,224 shares outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 23,117,144 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022	122,789,659	123,904,965
Treasury shares, at cost, 47,220 at March 31, 2023 and 0 at December 31, 2022	(252,119)	0
Additional paid-in capital	10,035,977	9,856,229
Accumulated deficit	(37,173,168)	(39,290,540)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	9,771,951	9,774,551
Total shareholders' equity	105,172,300	104,245,205
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$ 124,824,577	$ 123,862,243

XML

Unaudited Condensed Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
Preferred shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Preferred shares issued	0	0
Preferred shares outstanding	0	0
Common shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Common shares issued	22,926,444	23,117,144
Common shares outstanding	22,879,224	23,117,144
Treasury shares	47,220	0

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Total revenue	$ 9,356,276	$ 13,600,098
Operating costs and expenses:
Lease operating expenses	1,404,279	1,405,490
Gathering system operating expenses	651,341	524,375
Development geological and geophysical expenses		2,386
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	1,773,006	1,389,219
Impairment expense	0	0
General and administrative expenses:
Stock based compensation expense	179,748	142,302
Other general and administrative expenses	2,023,773	1,171,132
Total operating costs and expenses	6,032,147	4,634,904
Operating income	3,324,129	8,965,194
Other income (expense):
Interest income	490,762	15,221
Interest expense	(28,437)	(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	1,068,660	(971,904)
Other income (expense)	1,635	(5,406)
Other income (expense), net	1,532,620	(977,408)
Net income before income tax expense	4,856,749	7,987,786
Income tax expense	1,326,922	2,181,898
NET INCOME	3,529,827	5,805,888
Currency translation adjustments	(2,600)	5,402
NET COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$ 3,527,227	$ 5,811,290
Net income per share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.15	$ 0.25
Net income per share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.15	$ 0.24
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	22,990,893	23,677,842
Weighted average number of shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	23,027,684	23,862,428
Gas, oil, NGL and condensate revenue
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Total revenue	$ 6,969,581	$ 11,479,325
Gas gathering and compression revenue
Revenues from contracts with customers:
Total revenue	$ 2,386,695	$ 2,120,773

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity - USD ($)	Common Shares	Treasury Shares	Additional paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	Accumulated Deficit	Total
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 131,815,739	$ (2,423,007)	$ 8,835,203	$ 9,818,605	$ (68,783,207)	$ 79,263,333
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	24,202,218	(534,015)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income					5,805,888	5,805,888
Dividends					(1,483,027)	(1,483,027)
Stock-based compensation expenses			142,302			142,302
Exercise of stock options	$ 209,312					209,312
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	38,750
Retirement of treasury shares	$ (2,423,007)	$ 2,423,007
Retirement of treasury shares (in shares)	(534,015)	534,015
Other comprehensive income				5,402		5,402
Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 129,602,044		8,977,505	9,824,007	(64,460,346)	83,943,210
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	23,706,953
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 131,815,739	$ (2,423,007)	8,835,203	9,818,605	(68,783,207)	79,263,333
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	24,202,218	(534,015)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 123,904,965		9,856,229	9,774,551	(39,290,540)	104,245,205
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	23,117,144
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income					3,529,827	3,529,827
Dividends					(1,412,455)	(1,412,455)
Stock-based compensation expenses			179,748			179,748
Exercise of stock options		$ (1,367,425)				(1,367,425)
Exercise of stock options (in shares)		(237,920)
Retirement of treasury shares	$ (1,115,306)	$ 1,115,306
Retirement of treasury shares (in shares)	(190,700)	190,700
Other comprehensive income				(2,600)		(2,600)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 122,789,659	$ (252,119)	$ 10,035,977	$ 9,771,951	$ (37,173,168)	$ 105,172,300
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	22,926,444	(47,220)

XML

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 3,529,827	$ 5,805,888
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	1,773,006	1,389,219
Impairment expense	0	0
Loss (gain) on derivative contracts	(1,068,660)	971,904
Settlement (paid) received on derivative contracts	363,300	(1,211,728)
Settlement of asset retirement obligation	0	(73,998)
Stock-based compensation expense	179,748	142,302
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	(12,108)	22,686
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	2,396,066	(1,871,330)
Other current assets	143,646	104,177
Accounts payable, royalties payable and other accrued liabilities	(1,062,898)	267,058
Income taxes payable	1,336,225	2,157,292
Net cash provided by operating activities	7,578,152	7,703,470
Cash flows from investing activities:
Additions to unproved oil and gas properties	(106,069)	(92,600)
Additions to proved oil and gas properties	(621,132)	(2,771,925)
Additions to gathering system properties	(12,423)	3,612
Additions to land, buildings and property and equipment	(42,703)	0
Purchases of short term investments	(30,138,743)	0
Net cash used in investing activities	(30,921,070)	(2,860,913)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Buyback of common shares	(1,367,425)	0
Exercise of stock options	0	209,312
Dividends	(1,412,455)	(1,483,027)
Net cash used in financing activities	(2,779,880)	(1,273,715)
Effect of currency rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,600)	5,402
Increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(26,125,398)	3,574,244
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	45,806,947	27,065,423
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	19,681,549	30,639,667
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid	17,216	17,501
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Change in proved properties accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	375,242	(253,632)
Change in gathering system accrued in accounts payable and accrued liabilities	9,201	19,005
Asset retirement obligation asset additions and adjustments	$ 736	$ 6,684

XML

Description of Business

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Description of Business

Description of Business

1. Description of Business

Epsilon Energy Ltd. (the “Company” or “Epsilon” or “we”) was incorporated under the laws of the Province of Alberta, Canada on March 14, 2005. On October 24, 2007, the Company became a publicly traded entity trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) in Canada. On February 14, 2019, Epsilon’s registration statement on Form 10 was declared effective by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and on February 19, 2019, we began trading in the United States on the NASDAQ Global Market under the trading symbol “EPSN.” Effective as of the close of trading on March 15, 2019, Epsilon voluntarily delisted its common shares from the TSX. Epsilon is a North American on-shore focused independent natural gas and oil company engaged in the acquisition, development, gathering and production of natural gas and oil reserves.

XML

Basis of Preparation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Basis of Preparation

Basis of Preparation

2. Basis of Preparation

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the appropriate rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented have been included. The interim financial information and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Epsilon Midstream, LLC, Dewey Energy GP, LLC, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC, Epsilon Operating, LLC, and Altolisa Holdings, LLC. With regard to the gathering system, in which Epsilon owns an undivided interest in the asset, proportionate consolidation accounting is used. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved natural gas and oil reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of natural gas and oil, and gathering system properties, asset retirement obligations, accrued natural gas and oil revenues and operating expenses, accrued gathering system revenues and operating expenses, as well as the valuation of commodity derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassification

The consolidated financial statements for the prior periods include certain reclassifications that were made to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications have no impact on previously reported consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company, an emerging growth company (“EGC”), has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period provided for in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised

accounting standards which allows the Company to defer adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance removes all recognition thresholds and requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the Company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. Epsilon has adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which, for a limited period of time, adds ASC 848 to the Codification providing entities with certain practical expedients and exceptions from applying modification accounting if certain criteria are met. The amendments are designed to reduce operational challenges that entities will face in applying modification accounting to all contracts that will be revised due to reference rate reform. The guidance in ASC 848 was triggered by the pending discontinuation of certain benchmark reference rates and, in some cases, their replacement by new rates that are more observable or transaction-based and, therefore, less susceptible to manipulation, than certain interest-rate benchmark reference rates commonly used today, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). This process of reference rate reform will require entities to modify certain contracts by removing the discontinued rates and including new rates. Epsilon has adopted ASU 2020-04 as of January 1, 2023.

XML

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and short term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Restricted cash consists of amounts deposited to back bonds or letters of credit for potential well liabilities. The Company presents restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of March 31, 2023 and December, 31 2022:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,110,225	$	45,236,584
Restricted cash included in other assets		571,324		570,363
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$	19,681,549	$	45,806,947

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Short Term Investments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Short Term Investments

4. Short Term Investments

Short term investments are highly liquid investments with original maturities between three and twelve months. The Company’s short term investments consist of US Treasury Notes. These investments are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost with the intent to be held to maturity. Interest on these investments is presented as interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

As of March 31, 2023, there was $30.1 million in short term investments, $29.9 million of adjusted cost basis and $0.2 million in unrecognized gains.

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Property and Equipment

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Property and Equipment

Property and Equipment

5.  Property and Equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$	149,323,372	$	148,326,265
Unproved properties		18,275,226		18,169,157
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(109,194,701)		(107,729,293)
Total oil and gas properties, net		58,403,897		58,766,129
Gathering system		42,660,626		42,639,001
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(34,778,321)		(34,500,740)
Total gathering system, net		7,882,305		8,138,261
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		318,805		286,035
Total property and equipment, net	$	67,242,771	$	67,828,189

Property Impairment

We perform a quantitative impairment test whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset group's carrying amount may not be recoverable, over proved properties using the published NYMEX forward prices, timing, methods and other assumptions consistent with historical periods. When indicators of impairment are present, GAAP requires that the Company first compare expected future undiscounted cash flows by asset group to their respective carrying values. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, a reduction of the carrying amount of the natural gas properties to their estimated fair values is required. Additionally, if an exploratory well is determined not to have found proved reserves, the costs incurred, net of any salvage value, should be charged to expense.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, no impairment was recorded.

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Revolving Line of Credit

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revolving Line of Credit

Revolving Line of Credit

6. Revolving Line of Credit

The Company has a senior secured credit facility which includes a total commitment of up to $100 million. The effective borrowing base is $30 million, which is subject to semi-annual redetermination. There are currently no borrowings under the facility. If we decide to access the facility, depending on the level of borrowing, we might need to increase our hedging activity. Hedging requirements were amended to be between 0%-62.5% of the 24-month projected production volumes, based on percentage utilization on the facility. Borrowings from the Facility may be used for the acquisition and development of oil and gas properties, investments in cash flow generating assets complimentary to the production of oil and gas, and for letters of credit and other general corporate purposes. Upon each advance, interest is charged at the highest of a) the Prime Rate, or b) the sum of the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5%, plus an applicable margin (0.25%-1.25%, based on percentage utilization on the facility). The facility matures on March 1, 2024.

On February 10, 2023, Epsilon Energy USA entered into the Ninth Amendment of the Credit Agreement. The borrowing base was increased to $30 million. Per ASC 848, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, LIBOR was removed as a reference option in the calculation of interest. Hedging requirements were amended to be between 0%-62.5% of the 24-month projected production volumes, based on percentage utilization on the facility. Also, cash distributions to the parent company (Epsilon Energy Ltd.) were allowed if the facility is < 80% utilized and the leverage ratio (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts) is less than 2 to 1.

The bank has a first priority security interest in the tangible and intangible assets of Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. to secure any outstanding amounts under the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company must maintain the following covenants:

● Interest coverage ratio greater than 3 to 1 (income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts / cash interest expense)

● Current ratio greater than 1 to 1 (current assets / current liabilities)

● Leverage ratio less than 3.5 to 1 (total debt / income adjusted for interest, taxes and non-cash amounts)

We were in compliance with the financial covenants of the agreement as of March 31, 2023.

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Shareholders' Equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Shareholders' Equity

Shareholders' Equity

7. Shareholders’ Equity

(a)Authorized shares

The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares with no par value and an unlimited number of Preferred Shares with no par value.

(b)Purchases of Equity Shares

Normal Course Issuer Bid

On March 9, 2023, the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to 2,292,644 common shares, representing 10% of the outstanding common shares of Epsilon, for an aggregate purchase price of not more than US $15.0 million. The program is pursuant to a normal course issuer bid and will be conducted in accordance with Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The program commenced on March 27, 2023 and will end on March 26, 2024, unless the maximum amount of common shares is purchased before then or Epsilon provides earlier notice of termination. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we repurchased 47,220 common shares at an average price of $5.32 per share (excluding commissions).

Commencing on March 8, 2022, we implemented a plan to repurchase our issued and outstanding common shares and to return capital to our shareholders. We used cash on hand to fund these repurchases. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 982,500 common shares of the maximum of 1,183,410 authorized for repurchase and spent $6,234,879 under the plan. The repurchased stock had an average price of $6.32 per share (excluding commissions) and was subsequently retired during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Under the same plan, in 2023, we repurchased and retired 190,700 common shares at an average price of $5.82 per share (excluding commissions) before the plan terminated on March 7, 2023.

The following table contains activity relating to our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 8, 2022 (1)					1,183,410
January 2023	125,200	$	5.96
February 2023	65,500	$	5.63
Total as of March 7, 2023	190,700	$	5.82		10,210
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (2)					2,292,644
March 2023	47,220	$	5.32
Total as of March 31, 2023	47,220	$	5.32		2,245,424

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2022-2023 share repurchase program that commenced on March 8, 2022 and terminated on March 7, 2023, as described above.

(2) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023, as described above.

(c)Equity Incentive Plan

Epsilon’s board of directors (the “Board”) adopted the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) on July 22, 2020 subject to approval by Epsilon’s shareholders at Epsilon’s 2020 Annual General and Special Meeting of Shareholders, which occurred on September 1, 2020 (the “Meeting”). Shareholders approved the 2020 Plan at the Meeting. Following Epsilon’s listing on the NASDAQ Global Market, the Board determined that it is in the best interest of the shareholders to approve a new incentive plan that is compliant with U.S. public company equity plan rules and practices that would replace Epsilon’s Amended and Restated 2017 Stock Option Plan (including its predecessors) and the Share Compensation Plan (collectively referred to as the “Predecessor Plans”). No further awards will be granted under the Predecessor Plans.

The 2020 Plan provides for incentive compensation in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, performance shares and units, other stock-based awards and cash-based awards. Under the 2020 Plan, Epsilon will be authorized to issue up to 2,000,000 Common Shares.

Restricted Stock Awards

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, no shares of Restricted Stock were awarded to the Company’s board of directors and employees. For the year ended December 31, 2022, 289,231 common shares of Restricted Stock with a weighted average market price at the grant date of $6.28 were awarded to the Company’s officers, employees, and board of directors. These shares vest over a three or four-year period, with an equal number of shares being issued per period on the anniversary of the award resolution. The vesting of the shares is contingent on the individuals’ continued employment or service. The Company determined the fair value of the granted Restricted Stock-based on the market price of the common shares of the Company on the date of grant.

The following table summarizes Restricted Stock activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Restricted	Average	Restricted	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period	298,210	1.74	166,002	1.38
Granted	—	—	289,231	1.86
Vested	—	—	(157,023)	—
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period	298,210	1.49	298,210	1.74

Stock compensation expense for the granted Restricted Stock is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $165,064 and $95,112, respectively.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation related to these shares of $1,503,501 to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years (at December 31, 2022: $1,668,564 over 1.55 years).

Performance Share Unit Awards (“PSU”)

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, no PSUs vested and were issued. For the year ended December 31, 2022, a total of 135,667 common shares vested and were issued. The Company grants PSUs, which are paid in stock, to certain key employees. The PSUs will vest on the last day of the performance period. The number of PSUs that will ultimately vest is based on two performance targets as follows:

● The targets for the PSUs are based on (i) the relative total stockholder return (“TSR”) percentile ranking and (ii) the relative cash flow per debt adjusted share – growth (“CFDAS Growth”) percentile ranking of the Company, each as compared to the Company’s Performance Peer Group during the applicable one-year performance period ending on December 31.

● Cash Flow per Debt Adjusted Share (“CFDAS”) is defined as EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) divided by the sum of the 1) the total debt plus the value of preferred stock minus cash and the amount of dividends paid for the year divided by the share price at the end of the year; and 2) the actual share count at year end.

● The vesting of each PSU Award will be based 50% on TSR performance and 50% based on CFDAS Growth performance.

● The recipient of the award must be employed with the Company at the time of vesting.

The number of shares ultimately issued under these awards can range from zero to 200% of target award amounts at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.

The following table summarizes PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Performance	Average	Performance	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested PSUs at beginning of period	15,833	1.00	151,500	3.84
Vested	—	—	(135,667)	—
Balance non-vested PSUs at end of period	15,833	0.75	15,833	1.00

Stock compensation expense for the granted PSUs is recognized over the vesting period. Stock compensation expense recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 related to PSUs was $14,684 and $47,190, respectively.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation related to these shares of $44,053 to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.50 years (at December 31, 2022: $63,328 over 0.63 years).

Stock Options

As of March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding stock options covering 70,000 Common Shares at an overall average exercise price of $5.03 per Common Share to directors, officers, and employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. These 70,000 options have a weighted average expected remaining term of approximately 0.80 years.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
		Weighted				Weighted
	Number of	Average		Number of		Average
	Options	Exercise		Options		Exercise
Exercise price in US$	Outstanding	Price		Outstanding		Price (1)
Balance at beginning of period	70,000	$	5.03		218,750	$	5.28
Exercised	—	$	—		(138,750)	$	5.38
Expired/Forfeited	—	$	—		(10,000)	$	5.51
Balance at period-end	70,000	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03
Exercisable at period-end	70,000	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03

At March 31, 2023, the Company had unrecognized stock-based compensation, related to these options, of nil (at December 31, 2022: nil). The aggregate intrinsic value at March 31, 2023 was $21,700 (at December 31, 2022: $112,000).

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company awarded no stock options.

(d) Dividends

On March 3, 2023, the Board declared quarterly dividends of $0.0625 per common share (annualized $0.25 per common share) totaling in aggregate an amount of approximately $1.41 million that was paid on March 31, 2023.

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Revenue Recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

8. Revenue Recognition

Revenues are comprised of sales of natural gas, oil and NGLs, along with the revenue generated from the Company’s ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

Overall, product sales revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual delivery obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the Company’s customers at delivery points based on contractual terms and conditions. In addition, gathering and compression revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual service obligations are satisfied, which occurs as control of those services is transferred to the Company’s customers.

The following table details revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids		196,295		314,428
Oil and condensate		517,108		461,813
Gathering and compression fees		2,386,695		2,120,773
Total operating revenue	$	9,356,276	$	13,600,098

Product Sales Revenue

The Company enters into contracts with third party purchasers to sell its natural gas, oil, NGLs and condensate production. Under these product sales arrangements, the sale of each unit of product represents a distinct performance obligation. Product sales revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the purchaser based on contractual terms which reflect prevailing commodity market prices. To the extent that marketing costs are incurred by the Company prior to the transfer of control of the product, those costs are included in lease operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

Settlement statements for product sales, and the related cash consideration, are generally received from the purchaser within 30 days. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production delivered to the customer and the consideration that will ultimately be received for sale of the natural gas, oil, NGLs, or condensate. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Gas Gathering and Compression Revenue

The Company also provides natural gas gathering and compression services through its ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field. For the provision of gas gathering and compression services, the Company collects its share of the gathering and compression fees per unit of gas serviced and recognizes gathering revenue over time using an output method based on units of gas gathered.

The settlement statement from the operator of the Auburn GGS is received two months after gathering and compression has occurred. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production that was gathered and compressed within the system. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until payment is received.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company records an allowance for credit losses on a case-by-case basis once there is evidence that collection is not probable. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no accounts for which collection was not probable.

The following table details accounts receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	2,593,604	$	5,696,419
Joint interest billing		17,476		20,454
Gathering and compression fees		1,765,871		1,483,956
Other		428,369		557
Total accounts receivable	$	4,805,320	$	7,201,386

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

Income tax provisions for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Current:
Federal	$	960,508	$	1,466,896
State		378,522		692,316
Total current income tax expense		1,339,030		2,159,212
Deferred:
Federal		(17,278)		22,015
State		5,170		671
Total deferred tax expense		(12,108)		22,686
Income tax expense	$	1,326,922	$	2,181,898

The Company files federal income tax returns in the United States and Canada, and various returns in state and local jurisdictions.

The Company believes it has no uncertain income tax positions. The Company's tax returns are open to audit under the statute of limitations for the years ending December 31, 2019 through December 31, 2022. To the extent we utilize net operating losses generated in earlier years, such earlier years may also be subject to audit.

Our effective tax rate will typically differ from the statutory federal rate primarily as a result of state income taxes and the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the statutory federal rate as a result of the state income taxes and the valuation allowance against the Canadian net operating loss.

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Commitments and Contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

10. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company enters into commitments for capital expenditures in advance of the expenditures being made. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had commitments of $0.2 million for capital expenditures.

Litigation

On March 10, 2021, Epsilon filed a complaint against Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC (“Chesapeake”) in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Scranton, Pennsylvania (“Middle District”). Epsilon claims that Chesapeake has breached a settlement agreement and several operating agreements (“JOAs”) to which Epsilon and Chesapeake are parties. Epsilon asserts that Chesapeake has failed to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts to develop resources in the Auburn Development, located in Northeast Pennsylvania, as required under both the settlement agreement and JOAs.

Epsilon requested a preliminary injunction but was unsuccessful in obtaining that injunction.  Epsilon filed a motion to amend its original Complaint. Chesapeake opposed. The Court ruled in Epsilon’s favor and allowed Epsilon’s amendment. Chesapeake moved to dismiss the amended Complaint. The Court granted the motion to dismiss without prejudice to Epsilon’s right to file a new lawsuit based on new proposals made after the Court’s decision. Epsilon filed a motion for reconsideration of that decision, but the court denied the motion for reconsideration on January 18, 2022.

Epsilon filed a notice of appeal on February 15, 2022 challenging both the motion to dismiss and motion for reconsideration decisions.  Chesapeake filed a cross-appeal on March 1, 2022.  A briefing schedule was set and briefing closed October 14, 2022.  Oral argument was held in January 2023.  A decision on the appeal is not expected until mid-2023.

Epsilon re-filed a complaint against Chesapeake in the Middle District on May 9, 2022.  Epsilon generally asserts similar claims as in the previous suit, pursuing declaratory judgment claims regarding Chesapeake’s obligation to Epsilon to cooperate with Epsilon’s efforts in the Auburn Development and regarding Chesapeake’s obstruction of Epsilon’s efforts with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection permitting process but not based on specific well proposals.  Chesapeake filed a motion to stay pending a decision on the Third Circuit appeal, which was granted.  The matter is stayed pending a decision from the Third Circuit.  

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Leases

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

11. Leases

Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company recognized an operating lease related to its corporate office as of March 31, 2023 summarized in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Asset
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	-	$	31,383
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		532,013		-
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	$	532,013	$	31,383
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	$	2,756	$	35,299
Operating lease liabilities, long term		541,396		-
Total operating lease liabilities	$	544,152	$	35,299
Operating lease costs	$	35,233	$	32,097
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	27,010	$	106,798
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating lease		3.39		0.33
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) - operating lease		8.25%		8.09%

The Company had one office lease that expired in April 2023.  On March 1, 2023, the Company commenced a new office lease with a 70 month lease term and future lease payments estimated to be approximately $0.85 million. There are no other pending leases, and no lease arrangements in which the Company is the lessor. Lease expense for operating leases was $0.04 million and $0.03 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. This lease expense is presented in other general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2023	$	—
2024		134,750
2025		173,550
2026		177,021
2027		180,492
Thereafter		183,963
Total minimum lease payments		849,776
Less: imputed interest		(305,624)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		544,152
Less: current obligations under leases		(2,756)
Long-term lease obligations	$	541,396

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Net Income Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Net Income Per Share

Net Income Per Share

12.    Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the assumed issuance of common shares for all potentially dilutive securities.

The net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,529,827	$	5,805,888

In calculating the net income per share, basic and diluted, the following weighted-average shares were used:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	22,990,893	23,677,842
Dilutive stock options	8,512	16,728
Unvested time-based restricted shares	21,415	65,395
Unvested performance-based restricted shares	6,864	102,463
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	23,027,684	23,862,428

The Company excluded the following shares from the diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Anti-dilutive options	61,488	163,272
Anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted shares	276,795	100,607
Anti-dilutive unvested performance-based restricted shares	8,969	49,037
Total Anti-dilutive shares	347,252	312,916

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Operating Segments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Operating Segments.

Operating Segments

13. Operating Segments

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker. The chief operating decision-maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as executive management. Segment performance is evaluated based on operating income (loss) as shown in the table below. Interest income and expense, and income taxes are managed separately on a group basis. As of March 31, 2023, general and administrative costs and interest income were moved to the Corporate segment because they are entirely comprised of corporate expenses and are not allocated to the Upstream and Gas Gathering segments. To be consistent with this current presentation, the general administrative costs of $1.3 million and interest income of $0.02 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 has been reclassed as well.

The Company’s reportable segments are as follows:

a. The Upstream segment activities include acquisition, development and production of oil, natural gas, and other liquid reserves on properties within the United States;

b. The Gas Gathering segment partners with two other companies to operate a natural gas gathering system; and

c. The Corporate segment activities include general and administrative costs, interest income, and corporate listing and governance functions of the Company.

Segment activity as of, and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	Upstream		Gas Gathering		Corporate		Elimination		Consolidated
For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		196,295		—		—		—		196,295
Oil and condensate		517,108		—		—		—		517,108
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		2,386,695
Total operating revenue (1)		6,969,581		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		9,356,276
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,768,087		651,371		2,203,491		(363,808)		4,259,141
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,493,755		279,251		—		—		1,773,006
Operating income		3,707,739		1,819,881		(2,203,491)		—		3,324,129
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		490,762		—		490,762
Interest expense		(28,437)		—		—		—		(28,437)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		1,068,660		—		—		—		1,068,660
Other (expense) income		652		—		983		—		1,635
Other income (expense), net		1,040,875		—		491,745		—		1,532,620
Net income before income tax expense	$	4,748,614	$	1,819,881	$	(1,711,746)	$	—	$	4,856,749
Capital expenditures (2)	$	1,145,146	$	21,624	$	—	$	—	$	1,166,770
For the three months ended March 31, 2022
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	10,703,084	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids		314,428		—		—		—		314,428
Oil and condensate		461,813		—		—		—		461,813
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,485,937		—		(365,164)		2,120,773
Total operating revenue (1)		11,479,325		2,485,937		—		(365,164)		13,600,098
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,773,040		524,375		1,313,434		(365,164)		3,245,685
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,104,497		284,722		—		—		1,389,219
Operating income		8,601,788		1,676,840		(1,313,434)		—		8,965,194
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		15,221		—		15,221
Interest expense		(15,319)		—		—		—		(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		(971,904)		—		—		—		(971,904)
Other (expense) income		—		—		(5,406)		—		(5,406)
Other income (expense), net		(987,223)		—		9,815		—		(977,408)
Net income before income tax expense	$	7,614,565	$	1,676,840	$	(1,303,619)	$	—	$	7,987,786
Capital expenditures (2)	$	2,610,894	$	15,393	$	—	$	—	$	2,626,287

(1) Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon sold natural gas to 27 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 13%, 12%, and 11% of total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, Epsilon sold natural gas to 12 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 37%, 13% and 12% of total revenue.

(2) Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion and completion of the gathering and compression facility.

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Commodity Risk Management Activities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commodity Risk Management Activities

Commodity Risk Management Activities

14. Commodity Risk Management Activities

Commodity Price Risks

Epsilon engages in price risk management activities from time to time. These activities are intended to manage Epsilon’s exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices for natural gas by securing derivative contracts for a portion of expected sales volumes.

Inherent in the Company’s fixed price contracts, are certain business risks, including market risk and credit risk. Market risk is the risk that the price of oil and natural gas will change, either favorably or unfavorably, in response to changing market conditions. Credit risk is the risk of loss from nonperformance by the Company’s counterparty to a contract. The Company does not currently require collateral from any of its counterparties nor does its counterparties require collateral from the Company.

The Company enters into certain commodity derivative instruments to mitigate commodity price risk associated with a portion of its future natural gas production and related cash flows. The natural gas revenues and cash flows are affected by changes in commodity product prices, which are volatile and cannot be accurately predicted. The objective for holding these commodity derivatives is to protect the operating revenues and cash flows related to a portion of the future natural gas sales from the risk of significant declines in commodity prices, which helps ensure the Company’s ability to fund the capital budget.

Epsilon has historically elected not to designate any of its financial commodity derivative contracts as accounting hedges and, accordingly, accounts for these financial commodity derivative contracts using the mark-to-market accounting method. Under this accounting method, changes in the fair value of outstanding financial instruments are recognized as gains or losses in the period of change and are recorded as loss (gain) on derivative contracts on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The related cash flow impact is reflected in cash flows from operating activities. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon recognized gains on commodity derivative contracts of $1,068,660. This amount included cash received on settlements on these contracts of $363,300. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, Epsilon recognized losses on commodity derivative contracts of $971,904. This amount included cash paid on settlements on these contracts of $1,211,728.

Commodity Derivative Contracts

At March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding NYMEX HH swaps totaling 0.92 Bcf and Tennessee Z4 basis swaps totaling 0.92 Bcf outstanding.

	Fair Value of Derivative  Assets
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	2,373,200	$	1,219,865
Tennessee Z4 basis swap		—		181,775
	$	2,373,200	$	1,401,640

	Fair Value of Derivative  Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Current
Tennessee Z4 basis swap	$	(445,750)	$	(179,550)
	$	(445,750)	$	(179,550)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$	1,927,450	$	1,222,090

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of Epsilon’s commodity derivatives for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$	1,222,090	$	(239,824)
Gains (losses) on derivative contracts included in earnings		1,068,660		(971,904)
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts		(363,300)		1,211,728
Fair value of asset (liability), end of the period	$	1,927,450	$	—

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Asset Retirement Obligations

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset Retirement Obligations

15. Asset Retirement Obligations

Asset retirement obligations are estimated by management based on Epsilon’s net ownership interest in all wells and the gathering system, estimated costs to reclaim and abandon such assets and the estimated timing of the costs to be incurred in future periods, and the forecast risk free cost of capital. Epsilon has estimated the value of its total asset retirement obligations to be $2.8 million as of March 31, 2023 ($2.8 million at December 31, 2022) based on a total net future undiscounted liability of approximately $7.5 million ($7.4 million at December 31, 2022). Each year we review, and to the extent necessary, revise our asset retirement obligations estimates.

The following tables summarize the changes in asset retirement obligations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended		Year ended
		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance beginning of period	$	2,780,237	$	2,833,656
Liabilities acquired		736		12,053
Liabilities disposed of		—		(25,835)
Wells plugged and abandoned		—		(118,260)
Accretion		20,083		78,623
Balance end of period	$	2,801,056	$	2,780,237

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Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

16. Fair Value Measurements

The methodologies used to determine the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023 were the same as those used at December 31, 2022.

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and accounts payable are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company’s revolving line of credit has a recorded value that approximates its fair value since its variable interest rate is tied to current market rates and the applicable margins represent market rates.

The Company has investments in U.S. Treasury Notes, some of which mature over a period greater than 90 days and are classified as short term investments. The U.S. Treasury Notes are carried at amortized cost. The carrying values are adjusted for accretion of discounts over the remaining life of the investment. The U.S. Treasury Notes are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. As of March 31, 2023, there was $30.1 million in short term investments, $29.9 million of adjusted cost basis and $0.2 million in unrecognized gains.

Commodity derivative instruments consist of NYMEX Henry Hub swap and basis swap contracts for natural gas. The Company’s derivative contracts are valued based on a marked to market approach. These assumptions are observable in the marketplace throughout the full term of the contract, can be derived from observable data or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace, and are therefore designated as Level 2 within the valuation hierarchy. The Company utilizes its counterparties’ valuations to assess the reasonableness of its own valuations.

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Current Expected Credit Loss

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Current Expected Credit Loss

17. Current Expected Credit Loss

Under ASU 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, estimated losses on financial assets are provided through an allowance for credit losses. The majority of our financial assets are invested in U.S. Treasury Notes. We also have accounts receivable which are primarily from purchasers of oil and natural gas, counterparties to our financial instruments, and revenues earned for compression and gathering services. Our oil, gas, and natural gas liquids accounts receivables are generally collected within 30 days after the end of the month. Compression and gathering receivables are generally collected within 60 days after the end of the month. We assess collectability through various procedures, including review of our trade receivable balances by counterparty, assessing economic events and conditions, our historical experience with counterparties, the counterparty’s financial condition and the amount and age of past due accounts. As of the three months ended March 31, 2023, we determined that our allowance for credit loss was nil.

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

18. Subsequent Events

Effective April 13, 2023, Dewey Energy Holding, LLC divested two operated wells in the State of Oklahoma along with 1,298 net acres of leasehold. Subsequently, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC now owns 7,228 net acres of leasehold in Oklahoma.

On May 9, 2023, Epsilon entered into definitive agreements to acquire 10% interest in two wellbores (located in Eddy Co, NM) from a private operator. The wells are currently on flow-back. Total capital expenditures (net to Epsilon) are estimated at $2.1 million.

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Basis of Preparation (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Basis of Preparation

Interim Financial Statements

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the appropriate rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and results of operations for the interim periods presented have been included. The interim financial information and notes hereto should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Epsilon Energy USA, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Epsilon Midstream, LLC, Dewey Energy GP, LLC, Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC, Epsilon Operating, LLC, and Altolisa Holdings, LLC. With regard to the gathering system, in which Epsilon owns an undivided interest in the asset, proportionate consolidation accounting is used. All inter-company transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates pertain to proved natural gas and oil reserves and related cash flow estimates used in impairment tests of natural gas and oil, and gathering system properties, asset retirement obligations, accrued natural gas and oil revenues and operating expenses, accrued gathering system revenues and operating expenses, as well as the valuation of commodity derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassification

Reclassification

The consolidated financial statements for the prior periods include certain reclassifications that were made to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications have no impact on previously reported consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company, an emerging growth company (“EGC”), has elected to take advantage of the benefits of the extended transition period provided for in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised

accounting standards which allows the Company to defer adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

In June 2016 the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. Under current U.S. GAAP, companies generally recognize credit losses when it is probable that the loss has been incurred. The revised guidance removes all recognition thresholds and requires companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the Company expects to collect over the instrument’s contractual life. Epsilon has adopted ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023. There was no impact from the adoption of this ASU.

In 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which, for a limited period of time, adds ASC 848 to the Codification providing entities with certain practical expedients and exceptions from applying modification accounting if certain criteria are met. The amendments are designed to reduce operational challenges that entities will face in applying modification accounting to all contracts that will be revised due to reference rate reform. The guidance in ASC 848 was triggered by the pending discontinuation of certain benchmark reference rates and, in some cases, their replacement by new rates that are more observable or transaction-based and, therefore, less susceptible to manipulation, than certain interest-rate benchmark reference rates commonly used today, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). This process of reference rate reform will require entities to modify certain contracts by removing the discontinued rates and including new rates. Epsilon has adopted ASU 2020-04 as of January 1, 2023.

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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Schedule of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets to the total of the amounts in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as of March 31, 2023 and December, 31 2022:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19,110,225	$	45,236,584
Restricted cash included in other assets		571,324		570,363
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$	19,681,549	$	45,806,947

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Property and Equipment (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Property and Equipment

Schedule of property and equipment

The following table summarizes the Company’s property and equipment as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Property and equipment:
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$	149,323,372	$	148,326,265
Unproved properties		18,275,226		18,169,157
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(109,194,701)		(107,729,293)
Total oil and gas properties, net		58,403,897		58,766,129
Gathering system		42,660,626		42,639,001
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment		(34,778,321)		(34,500,740)
Total gathering system, net		7,882,305		8,138,261
Land		637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net		318,805		286,035
Total property and equipment, net	$	67,242,771	$	67,828,189

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Shareholders' Equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Shareholders' Equity

Schedule of purchases of equity Shares

The following table contains activity relating to our acquisition of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

				Maximum number
				of shares
	Total number	Average price		remaining to be
	of shares	paid per		purchased under
	purchased	share		the program
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 8, 2022 (1)					1,183,410
January 2023	125,200	$	5.96
February 2023	65,500	$	5.63
Total as of March 7, 2023	190,700	$	5.82		10,210
Beginning of normal-course issuer bid, March 27, 2023 (2)					2,292,644
March 2023	47,220	$	5.32
Total as of March 31, 2023	47,220	$	5.32		2,245,424

(1) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2022-2023 share repurchase program that commenced on March 8, 2022 and terminated on March 7, 2023, as described above.

(2) Epsilon repurchased these shares under its 2023-2024 share repurchase program that commenced on March 27, 2023, as described above.

Schedule of restricted stock activity

The following table summarizes Restricted Stock activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Restricted	Average	Restricted	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period	298,210	1.74	166,002	1.38
Granted	—	—	289,231	1.86
Vested	—	—	(157,023)	—
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period	298,210	1.49	298,210	1.74

Schedule of PSU activity

The following table summarizes PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended		Year ended
	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Number of	Weighted	Number of	Weighted
	Performance	Average	Performance	Average
	Shares	Remaining Life	Shares	Remaining Life
	Outstanding	(years)	Outstanding	(years)
Balance non-vested PSUs at beginning of period	15,833	1.00	151,500	3.84
Vested	—	—	(135,667)	—
Balance non-vested PSUs at end of period	15,833	0.75	15,833	1.00

Summary of stock option activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022:

	Three months ended			Year ended
	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
		Weighted				Weighted
	Number of	Average		Number of		Average
	Options	Exercise		Options		Exercise
Exercise price in US$	Outstanding	Price		Outstanding		Price (1)
Balance at beginning of period	70,000	$	5.03		218,750	$	5.28
Exercised	—	$	—		(138,750)	$	5.38
Expired/Forfeited	—	$	—		(10,000)	$	5.51
Balance at period-end	70,000	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03
Exercisable at period-end	70,000	$	5.03		70,000	$	5.03

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Revenue Recognition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue Recognition

Summary of revenue

The following table details revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids		196,295		314,428
Oil and condensate		517,108		461,813
Gathering and compression fees		2,386,695		2,120,773
Total operating revenue	$	9,356,276	$	13,600,098

Schedule of accounts receivable net of allowance for doubtful accounts

The following table details accounts receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	2,593,604	$	5,696,419
Joint interest billing		17,476		20,454
Gathering and compression fees		1,765,871		1,483,956
Other		428,369		557
Total accounts receivable	$	4,805,320	$	7,201,386

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Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Taxes

Schedule of current and deferred tax expense (benefit)

Income tax provisions for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Current:
Federal	$	960,508	$	1,466,896
State		378,522		692,316
Total current income tax expense		1,339,030		2,159,212
Deferred:
Federal		(17,278)		22,015
State		5,170		671
Total deferred tax expense		(12,108)		22,686
Income tax expense	$	1,326,922	$	2,181,898

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Leases (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of operating lease

Under ASC 842, Leases, the Company recognized an operating lease related to its corporate office as of March 31, 2023 summarized in the following table:

	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Asset
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	-	$	31,383
Operating lease right-of-use assets, long term		532,013		-
Total operating lease right-of-use assets	$	532,013	$	31,383
Liabilities
Operating lease liabilities	$	2,756	$	35,299
Operating lease liabilities, long term		541,396		-
Total operating lease liabilities	$	544,152	$	35,299
Operating lease costs	$	35,233	$	32,097
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	27,010	$	106,798
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) - operating lease		3.39		0.33
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) - operating lease		8.25%		8.09%

Schedule of future minimum lease commitments

Future minimum lease payments as of March 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Operating Leases
2023	$	—
2024		134,750
2025		173,550
2026		177,021
2027		180,492
Thereafter		183,963
Total minimum lease payments		849,776
Less: imputed interest		(305,624)
Present value of future minimum lease payments		544,152
Less: current obligations under leases		(2,756)
Long-term lease obligations	$	541,396

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Net Income Per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Net Income Per Share

Schedule of net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share

The net income used in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,529,827	$	5,805,888

Schedule of weighted-average shares used in calculation of net income per share

In calculating the net income per share, basic and diluted, the following weighted-average shares were used:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	22,990,893	23,677,842
Dilutive stock options	8,512	16,728
Unvested time-based restricted shares	21,415	65,395
Unvested performance-based restricted shares	6,864	102,463
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	23,027,684	23,862,428

Schedule of anti-dilutive shares

The Company excluded the following shares from the diluted EPS because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Anti-dilutive options	61,488	163,272
Anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted shares	276,795	100,607
Anti-dilutive unvested performance-based restricted shares	8,969	49,037
Total Anti-dilutive shares	347,252	312,916

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Operating Segments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Operating Segments.

Schedule of segment financial information

Segment activity as of, and for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	Upstream		Gas Gathering		Corporate		Elimination		Consolidated
For the three months ended March 31, 2023
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	6,256,178	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,256,178
Natural gas liquids		196,295		—		—		—		196,295
Oil and condensate		517,108		—		—		—		517,108
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		2,386,695
Total operating revenue (1)		6,969,581		2,750,503		—		(363,808)		9,356,276
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,768,087		651,371		2,203,491		(363,808)		4,259,141
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,493,755		279,251		—		—		1,773,006
Operating income		3,707,739		1,819,881		(2,203,491)		—		3,324,129
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		490,762		—		490,762
Interest expense		(28,437)		—		—		—		(28,437)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		1,068,660		—		—		—		1,068,660
Other (expense) income		652		—		983		—		1,635
Other income (expense), net		1,040,875		—		491,745		—		1,532,620
Net income before income tax expense	$	4,748,614	$	1,819,881	$	(1,711,746)	$	—	$	4,856,749
Capital expenditures (2)	$	1,145,146	$	21,624	$	—	$	—	$	1,166,770
For the three months ended March 31, 2022
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	10,703,084	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids		314,428		—		—		—		314,428
Oil and condensate		461,813		—		—		—		461,813
Gathering and compression fees		—		2,485,937		—		(365,164)		2,120,773
Total operating revenue (1)		11,479,325		2,485,937		—		(365,164)		13,600,098
Operating costs
Operating costs		1,773,040		524,375		1,313,434		(365,164)		3,245,685
Depletion, depreciation, amortization and accretion		1,104,497		284,722		—		—		1,389,219
Operating income		8,601,788		1,676,840		(1,313,434)		—		8,965,194
Other income (expense)
Interest income		—		—		15,221		—		15,221
Interest expense		(15,319)		—		—		—		(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts		(971,904)		—		—		—		(971,904)
Other (expense) income		—		—		(5,406)		—		(5,406)
Other income (expense), net		(987,223)		—		9,815		—		(977,408)
Net income before income tax expense	$	7,614,565	$	1,676,840	$	(1,303,619)	$	—	$	7,987,786
Capital expenditures (2)	$	2,610,894	$	15,393	$	—	$	—	$	2,626,287

(1) Segment operating revenue represents revenues generated from the operations of the segment. Inter-segment sales during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 have been eliminated upon consolidation. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, Epsilon sold natural gas to 27 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 13%, 12%, and 11% of total revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, Epsilon sold natural gas to 12 unique customers. The three customers over 10% comprised 37%, 13% and 12% of total revenue.

(2) Capital expenditures for the Upstream segment consist primarily of the acquisition of properties, and the drilling and completing of wells while Gas Gathering consists of expenditures relating to the expansion and completion of the gathering and compression facility.

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Commodity Risk Management Activities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commodity Risk Management Activities

Schedule of fair value of derivatives

	Fair Value of Derivative  Assets
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Current
NYMEX Henry Hub swap	$	2,373,200	$	1,219,865
Tennessee Z4 basis swap		—		181,775
	$	2,373,200	$	1,401,640

	Fair Value of Derivative  Liabilities
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Current
Tennessee Z4 basis swap	$	(445,750)	$	(179,550)
	$	(445,750)	$	(179,550)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$	1,927,450	$	1,222,090

Schedule of fair value of derivatives rollforward

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of Epsilon’s commodity derivatives for the periods indicated:

	Three months ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$	1,222,090	$	(239,824)
Gains (losses) on derivative contracts included in earnings		1,068,660		(971,904)
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts		(363,300)		1,211,728
Fair value of asset (liability), end of the period	$	1,927,450	$	—

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Asset Retirement Obligations (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Asset Retirement Obligations

Schedule of activity in asset retirement obligations

The following tables summarize the changes in asset retirement obligations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended		Year ended
		March 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Balance beginning of period	$	2,780,237	$	2,833,656
Liabilities acquired		736		12,053
Liabilities disposed of		—		(25,835)
Wells plugged and abandoned		—		(118,260)
Accretion		20,083		78,623
Balance end of period	$	2,801,056	$	2,780,237

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Basis of Preparation (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Immaterial Error Correction
Operating income	$ 3,324,129	$ 8,965,194
Decreasing net cash provided by operating activities	7,578,152	7,703,470
Decreasing net cash used in investing activities	$ (30,921,070)	$ (2,860,913)

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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash - Reconciliation of Cash (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 19,110,225	$ 45,236,584
Restricted cash included in other assets	571,324	570,363
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows	$ 19,681,549	$ 45,806,947	$ 30,639,667	$ 27,065,423

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Short Term Investments (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Short term investments	$ 30,138,743	$ 0	$ 30,100,000
Short term investments, adjusted cost basis	29,900,000		29,900,000
Short term investments, unrecognized gains	$ 200,000		$ 200,000

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Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Oil and gas properties, successful efforts method
Proved properties	$ 149,323,372		$ 148,326,265
Unproved properties	18,275,226		18,169,157
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(109,194,701)		(107,729,293)
Total oil and gas properties, net	58,403,897		58,766,129
Gathering system	42,660,626		42,639,001
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment	(34,778,321)		(34,500,740)
Total gathering system, net	7,882,305		8,138,261
Land	637,764		637,764
Buildings and other property and equipment, net	318,805		286,035
Total property and equipment, net	67,242,771		$ 67,828,189
Impairment expense	0	$ 0
Impairment of Oil and Gas Properties	$ 0	$ 0

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Revolving Line of Credit (Details) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Feb. 10, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Revolving Credit Facility
Revolving Credit Facility
Cash distributions percentage		80.00%
Total commitments		$ 100
Current borrowing base	$ 30	$ 30
Minimum | Revolving Credit Facility
Revolving Credit Facility
Projected production volume		0.00%
Maximum | Revolving Credit Facility
Revolving Credit Facility
Projected production volume		62.50%
Leverage ratio	2	3.5
Federal Funds Rate
Revolving Credit Facility
Margin added to variable interest rate		0.50%
Federal Funds Rate | Minimum
Revolving Credit Facility
Margin added to variable interest rate		0.25%
Federal Funds Rate | Maximum
Revolving Credit Facility
Margin added to variable interest rate		1.25%

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Revolving Line of Credit - Ratios (Details) - Revolving Credit Facility $ in Millions		3 Months Ended
	Feb. 10, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Revolving Credit Facility
Current borrowing base	$ 30	$ 30
Minimum
Revolving Credit Facility
Interest coverage ratio		3
Current ratio		1
Maximum
Revolving Credit Facility
Leverage ratio	2	3.5

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Shareholders' Equity - Share Capital (Details) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Components of share capital:
Common shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Common shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited
Preferred shares, no par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred shares, unlimited authorized	Unlimited	Unlimited

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Shareholders' Equity - Purchases of Equity Shares (Details) - USD ($)				1 Months Ended			2 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 27, 2023	Mar. 07, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Feb. 28, 2023	Jan. 31, 2023	Mar. 07, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 08, 2022
Shareholders' Equity
Authorized shares to be repurchased	2,245,424	2,292,644	10,210	2,245,424			10,210	2,245,424	1,183,410	1,183,410
Shares repurchased as a percentage of outstanding common shares		10.00%
Number of shares purchased			190,700	47,220	65,500	125,200	190,700	47,220	982,500
Authorized amount repurchase		$ 15,000,000.0
Shares purchased								47,220
Consideration for shares repurchased									$ 6,234,879
Average price paid per share	$ 5.32		$ 5.82	$ 5.32	$ 5.63	$ 5.96	$ 5.82	$ 5.32	$ 6.32

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Shareholders' Equity - Equity Incentive Plan (Details)	Mar. 31, 2023 shares
Shareholders' Equity
Number of shares authorized to be issued	2,000,000

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Shareholders' Equity - Restricted Stock (Details) - USD ($)			3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Share Compensation Plan
Stock based compensation expense				$ 95,112
Restricted stock awards
Share Compensation Plan
Grant date fair value (in dollars per share)					$ 6.28
Stock based compensation expense			$ 165,064
Compensation cost not yet recognized	$ 1,668,564		$ 1,503,501		$ 1,668,564
Weighted average period for recognition			1 year 4 months 24 days		1 year 6 months 18 days
Number outstanding
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period (in shares)			298,210	166,002	166,002
Granted (in shares)			0		289,231
Vested (in shares)			0		(157,023)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period (in shares)	298,210	166,002	298,210		298,210
Weighted Average Remaining Life
Granted (in years)					1 year 10 months 9 days
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period (in years)	1 year 8 months 26 days	1 year 4 months 17 days	1 year 5 months 26 days		1 year 8 months 26 days

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Shareholders' Equity - Performance Stock Units Assumptions (Details) - Performance stock units	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 item shares	Dec. 31, 2022 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of performance targets | item	2
Vested (in shares)		135,667
Granted (in shares)	0
CFDAS
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting percentage	50.00%
TSR performance
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Performance period	1 year
Vesting percentage	50.00%
Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of number of shares issued on target award amounts	0.00%
Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of number of shares issued on target award amounts	200.00%

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Shareholders' Equity - Performance Stock Units (Details) - USD ($)			3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Share Compensation Plan
Stock based compensation expense				$ 95,112
Performance stock units
Share Compensation Plan
Stock based compensation expense			$ 14,684	$ 47,190
Compensation cost not yet recognized	$ 63,328		$ 44,053		$ 63,328
Weighted average period for recognition			6 months		7 months 17 days
Number outstanding
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at beginning of period (in shares)			15,833	151,500	151,500
Granted (in shares)			0
Vested (in shares)					(135,667)
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period (in shares)	15,833	151,500	15,833		15,833
Weighted Average Remaining Life
Balance non-vested Restricted Stock at end of period (in years)	1 year	3 years 10 months 2 days	9 months		1 year

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Shareholders' Equity - Stock Option Activity (Details) - Stock option - $ / shares	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Number of Options Outstanding
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	70,000	218,750
Exercised (in shares)		(138,750)
Expired/Forfeited (in shares)		(10,000)
Balance at period-end (in shares)	70,000	70,000
Exercisable at period-end (in shares)	70,000	70,000
Weighted average exercise price
Balance at beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 5.03	$ 5.28
Exercised (in dollars per share)		5.38
Expired/Forfeited (in dollars per share)		5.51
Balance at period-end (in dollars per share)	5.03	5.03
Exercisable at period-end (in dollars per share)	$ 5.03	$ 5.03
Additional disclosures
Weighted average expected remaining term	9 months 18 days

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Shareholders' Equity - Stock Option Activity, Narrative (Details) - Stock option - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share Compensation Plan
Unrecognized stock based compensation to be recognized over a period			$ 0	$ 0
Aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding			$ 21,700	$ 112,000
Granted (in shares)	0	0

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Shareholders' Equity - Stock Options Outstanding (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Shareholders' Equity
Stock based compensation expense	$ 95,112

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Shareholders' Equity - Dividends (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended
	Feb. 25, 2022	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Shareholders' Equity
Cash dividend of common stock (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0625
Annual dividend (in dollars per share)	$ 0.25
Payment of aggregate amount of dividend		$ 1,412,455	$ 1,483,027

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Revenue Recognition - Summary of revenue (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	$ 9,356,276	$ 13,600,098
Natural gas
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	6,256,178	10,703,084
Natural gas liquids
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	196,295	314,428
Oil and condensate
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	517,108	461,813
Gas gathering and compression revenue
Revenue recognition
Total operating revenue	$ 2,386,695	$ 2,120,773

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Revenue Recognition - Additional Information (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) customer	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) customer
Revenue recognition
Bad debt expense | $	$ 0	$ 0
Number of customers	27	12
Customer Concentration risk
Revenue recognition
Number of customers	3	3

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Revenue Recognition - Accounts receivable (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	$ 4,805,320	$ 7,201,386
Natural gas and oil sales
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	2,593,604	5,696,419
Joint interest billing
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	17,476	20,454
Gas gathering and compression revenue
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	1,765,871	1,483,956
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Accounts receivable	$ 428,369	$ 557

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Income Taxes - Current and Deferred Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Current:
Federal	$ 960,508	$ 1,466,896
State	378,522	692,316
Total current income tax expense	1,339,030	2,159,212
Deferred:
Federal	(17,278)	22,015
State	5,170	671
Total deferred tax expense	(12,108)	22,686
Income tax expense	$ 1,326,922	$ 2,181,898

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Income Taxes - Income before income taxes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income (loss) before income taxes
Net income before income tax expense	$ 4,856,749	$ 7,987,786

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Income taxes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) between statutory tax rate and effective tax rate
Income tax expense	$ 1,326,922	$ 2,181,898

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Income Taxes - Net Deferred Tax Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Net deferred tax liabilities
Net deferred tax liability	$ (10,605,286)	$ (10,617,394)

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments for capital expenditures	$ 200

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Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Leases
Other general and administrative expenses	$ 2,023,773	$ 1,171,132
Rent expense for operating leases	40,000.00	$ 30,000.00
Future lease payments estimated	$ 849,776
New office lease
Leases
Lease term	70 months
Future lease payments estimated	$ 850,000

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Leases - Lease Commitment (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Operating lease right-of-use-assets		$ 31,383
Operating lease right-of-use-assets, LT	$ 532,013	0
Total operating lease right-of-use-assets	532,013	31,383
Operating lease liabilities	2,756	35,299
Operating lease liabilities, LT	541,396	0
Total operating lease liabilities	544,152	35,299
Operating lease costs	35,233	32,097
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 27,010	$ 106,798
Weighted average remaining lease term	3 years 4 months 20 days	3 months 29 days
Weighted average discount rate	8.25%	8.09%

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Leases - Future Minimum Lease Commitments (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Future Minimum Lease Commitments
2024	$ 134,750
2025	173,550
2026	177,021
2027	180,492
Thereafter, year four	183,963
Total minimum lease payments	849,776
Less: imputed interest	(305,624)
Total operating lease liabilities	544,152	$ 35,299
Less: current obligations under leases	(2,756)	(35,299)
Long-term lease obligations	$ 541,396	$ 0

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Net Income Per Share (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Net income available to shareholders	$ 3,529,827	$ 5,805,888
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Basic weighted-average number of shares outstanding	22,990,893	23,677,842
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	23,027,684	23,862,428
Total Anti-dilutive shares	347,252	312,916
Stock option
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Incremental common shares	8,512	16,728
Total Anti-dilutive shares	61,488	163,272
Time-based restricted shares
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Incremental common shares	21,415	65,395
Total Anti-dilutive shares	276,795	100,607
Performance stock units
Weighted average number of shares - basic and diluted
Incremental common shares	6,864	102,463
Total Anti-dilutive shares	8,969	49,037

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Operating Segments - Segments (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) segment	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 9,356,276	$ 13,600,098
Net earnings (loss) for the period	3,529,827	5,805,888
Operating costs	4,259,141	3,245,685
Operating income	3,324,129	8,965,194
Interest income	490,762	15,221
Interest expense	(28,437)	(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	1,068,660	(971,904)
Other income (expense)	1,635	(5,406)
Other income (expense), net	1,532,620	(977,408)
Net income before income tax expense	4,856,749	7,987,786
Development geological and geophysical expenses		2,386
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	1,773,006	1,389,219
Capital expenditures	1,166,770	2,626,287
Unproved properties (net)	18,275,226		$ 18,169,157
Gathering system (net)	7,882,305		8,138,261
Operating lease right-of-use-assets	532,013		$ 31,383
Restatement Adjustment
Segment information
Operating costs		1,300,000
Interest income		20,000.00
Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue		0
Operating costs	2,203,491	1,313,434
Operating income	(2,203,491)	(1,313,434)
Interest income	490,762	15,221
Interest expense	0	0
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	0	0
Other income (expense)	983	(5,406)
Other income (expense), net	491,745	9,815
Net income before income tax expense	(1,711,746)	(1,303,619)
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	0	0
Capital expenditures	0	0
Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	(363,808)	(365,164)
Operating costs	(363,808)	(365,164)
Operating income	0	0
Interest income	0	0
Interest expense	0	0
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	0	0
Other income (expense)	0	0
Other income (expense), net	0	0
Net income before income tax expense	0	0
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	0	0
Capital expenditures	0	0
Natural gas
Segment information
Total operating revenue	6,256,178	10,703,084
Natural gas | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Natural gas | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Natural gas liquids
Segment information
Total operating revenue	196,295	314,428
Natural gas liquids | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Natural gas liquids | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Oil and condensate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	517,108	461,813
Oil and condensate | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Oil and condensate | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas gathering and compression revenue
Segment information
Total operating revenue	2,386,695	2,120,773
Gas gathering and compression revenue | Corporate
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas gathering and compression revenue | Elimination
Segment information
Total operating revenue	(363,808)	(365,164)
Upstream | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	6,969,581	11,479,325
Operating costs	1,768,087	1,773,040
Operating income	3,707,739	8,601,788
Interest income	0	0
Interest expense	(28,437)	(15,319)
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	1,068,660	(971,904)
Other income (expense)	652	0
Other income (expense), net	1,040,875	(987,223)
Net income before income tax expense	4,748,614	7,614,565
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	1,493,755	1,104,497
Capital expenditures	1,145,146	2,610,894
Upstream | Natural gas | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	6,256,178	10,703,084
Upstream | Natural gas liquids | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	196,295	314,428
Upstream | Oil and condensate | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	517,108	461,813
Upstream | Gas gathering and compression revenue | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 0	0
Gas Gathering | Operating Segments
Operating Segments
Number of companies partnered to operate natural gas gathering system | segment	2
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 2,750,503	2,485,937
Operating costs	651,371	524,375
Operating income	1,819,881	1,676,840
Interest income	0	0
Interest expense	0	0
Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	0	0
Other income (expense)	0	0
Other income (expense), net	0	0
Net income before income tax expense	1,819,881	1,676,840
Depletion, depreciation, amortization, and accretion	279,251	284,722
Capital expenditures	21,624	15,393
Gas Gathering | Natural gas | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas Gathering | Natural gas liquids | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas Gathering | Oil and condensate | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	0	0
Gas Gathering | Gas gathering and compression revenue | Operating Segments
Segment information
Total operating revenue	$ 2,750,503	$ 2,485,937

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Operating Segments - Customers (Details) - customer	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Concentration risk
Number of customers	27	12
Customer Concentration risk
Concentration risk
Number of customers	3	3
Threshold concentration risk for reporting (as a percent)	10.00%	10.00%
Total Revenue | Customer Concentration risk | Customer One
Concentration risk
Concentration risk (as a percent)	13.00%	37.00%
Total Revenue | Customer Concentration risk | Customer Two
Concentration risk
Concentration risk (as a percent)	12.00%	13.00%
Total Revenue | Customer Concentration risk | Customer Three
Concentration risk
Concentration risk (as a percent)	11.00%	12.00%

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Fair Value of Derivative Instruments (Details)	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Risk Management Activities
Fair Value of Derivative Assets	$ 2,373,200	$ 1,401,640
Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities	(445,750)	(179,550)
Net Fair Value of Derivatives	$ 1,927,450	1,222,090
NYMEX Henry Hub swap
Risk Management Activities
Nonmonetary notional amount	0.92
Fair Value of Derivative Assets	$ 2,373,200	1,219,865
Tennessee Z4 basis swap
Risk Management Activities
Nonmonetary notional amount	0.92
Fair Value of Derivative Assets	$ 0	181,775
Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities	$ (445,750)	$ (179,550)

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Commodity Price Risks (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Commodity Risk Management Activities
Recognized gains (losses) on financial commodity derivative contracts	$ 1,068,660	$ (971,904)
Cash (paid) received from settlements of derivative contracts	$ 363,300	$ (1,211,728)

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Commodity Derivative Contracts (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Commodity Risk Management Activities
Fair Value	$ 1,927,450	$ 1,222,090

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Commodity Risk Management Activities - Fair value of asset (liability) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Commodity Risk Management Activities
Fair value of asset (liability), beginning of the period	$ 1,222,090	$ (239,824)
Gains (losses) on derivative contracts included in earnings	$ 1,068,660	$ (971,904)
Gains (losses) on derivative contracts included in earnings, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income	Gain (loss) on derivative contracts	Gain (loss) on derivative contracts
Settlement of commodity derivative contracts	$ (363,300)	$ 1,211,728
Fair value of asset (liability), end of the period	$ 1,927,450	$ 0

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Asset Retirement Obligations (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Asset Retirement Obligations
Net present value of asset retirement obligation	$ 2,800,000	$ 2,800,000
Total net future undiscounted liability	7,500,000	7,400,000
Reconciliation of provision for asset retirement obligations
Balance beginning of period	2,780,237	2,833,656
Liabilities acquired	736	12,053
Liabilities disposed of		(25,835)
Wells plugged and abandoned		(118,260)
Accretion	20,083	78,623
Balance end of period	$ 2,801,056	$ 2,780,237

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurements
Short term investments	$ 30,138,743	$ 0	$ 30,100,000
Short term investments, adjusted cost basis	29,900,000		29,900,000
Short term investments, unrecognized gains	$ 200,000		$ 200,000

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Current Expected Credit Loss (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Receivables [Abstract]
Allowance for Credit Loss	$ 0

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Subsequent Events (Details) - Subsequent Event $ in Millions	May 09, 2023 USD ($)	Apr. 13, 2023 item
Epsilon Energy Ltd. | NEW MEXICO
Subsequent events
Capital Expenditures, Net | $	$ 2.1
Dewey Energy Holdings, LLC | OKLAHOMA
Subsequent events
Oil, Productive Well, Number of Wells, Divested | item		2