Revenue Recognition

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Revenues [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

8. Revenue Recognition

Revenues are comprised of sales of natural gas, oil and natural gas liquids (“NGLs”), along with the revenue generated from the Company’s ownership interest in the gas gathering system in the Auburn field in Northeastern Pennsylvania.

Overall, product sales revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual delivery obligations are satisfied, which occurs when control is transferred to the Company’s customers at delivery points based on contractual terms and conditions. In addition, gathering and compression revenue generally is recorded in the month when contractual service obligations are satisfied, which occurs as control of those services is transferred to the Company’s customers. Gathering System revenues derived from Epsilon’s production, which have been eliminated from total gathering system revenues (“elimination entry”), amounted to $0.4 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 ($0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024).

The following table details revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

	Three months ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
Operating revenue
Natural gas	$	4,758,578	$	1,903,946	$	22,282,495	$	6,828,155
Natural gas liquids		267,019		335,271		799,289		1,096,678
Oil and condensate		2,510,651		3,964,736		8,504,982		10,193,535
Gathering and compression fees (1)		1,445,211		1,083,988		5,182,566		4,464,134
Total operating revenue	$	8,981,459	$	7,287,941	$	36,769,332	$	22,582,502

(1) Net of the elimination entry

Product Sales Revenue

The Company enters into contracts with third party purchasers to sell its natural gas, oil, NGLs and condensate production. Under these product sales arrangements, the sale of each unit of product represents a distinct performance obligation. Product sales revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the product transfers to the purchaser based on contractual terms which reflect prevailing commodity market prices. To the extent that marketing costs are incurred by the Company prior to the transfer of control of the product, those costs are included in lease operating expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income.

Settlement statements for product sales, and the related cash consideration, are generally received from the purchaser within 30 days. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production delivered to the customer and the consideration that will ultimately be received for sale of the natural gas, oil, NGLs, or condensate. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets until payment is received.

Gas Gathering and Compression Revenue

The Company also provides natural gas gathering and compression services through its ownership interest in the Auburn gas gathering system in Pennsylvania. For the provision of gas gathering and compression services, the Company collects its share of the gathering and compression fees per unit of gas serviced and recognizes gathering revenue over time using an output method based on units of gas gathered.

The settlement statement from the operator of the Auburn GGS is received two months after transmission and compression has occurred. As a result, the Company must estimate the amount of production that was transmitted and compressed within the system. Estimated revenue due to the Company is recorded within the receivables line item on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets until payment is received.

Current Expected Credit Losses

Under ASU 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, estimated losses on financial assets are provided through an allowance for credit losses. The majority of our financial assets are held in cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The accounts receivable are primarily from purchasers of oil and natural gas, counterparties to our financial instruments, and revenues earned for compression and gathering services. Our oil, gas, and natural gas liquids accounts receivable are generally collected within 30 days after the end of the month. Compression and gathering receivables are generally collected within 60 days after the end of the month. We assess collectability through various procedures, including review of our trade receivable balances by counterparty, assessing economic events and conditions, our historical experience with counterparties, the counterparty’s financial condition and the amount and age of past due accounts. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we determined that our allowance for credit loss was nil.

	September 30,		December 31,		December 31,
	2025		2024		2023
Accounts receivable
Natural gas and oil sales	$	3,224,441	$	4,888,294	$	4,327,886
Joint interest billing		—		—		17,476
Gathering and compression fees		1,071,634		918,471		1,543,239
Commodity contract		219,124		36,957		72,075
Interest		—		—		54,772
Total accounts receivable	$	4,515,199	$	5,843,722	$	6,015,448