2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The accounting policies we follow are set forth in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to Ceridian’s audited consolidated financial statements, included in our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017 (our “2017 Annual Report”), included within our prospectus dated April 25, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on April 26, 2018, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (File No. 333-223905) (the “Prospectus”). The following notes should be read in conjunction with such policies and other disclosures in our 2017 Annual Report and Prospectus.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained herein reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, except as set forth in these notes to condensed consolidated financial statements) necessary to present fairly in all material aspects the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, and cash flows from all periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

Reverse Stock Split

On April 10, 2018, we effected a 1-for-2 reverse stock split of our common stock. All of the common stock and per share information referenced throughout this report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect this reverse stock split.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates that could significantly affect our results of operations or financial condition involve the assignment of fair values to goodwill and other intangible assets, the testing of impairment of long-lived assets, the determination of our liability for pensions and postretirement benefits, the determination of fair value of stock options granted, and the resolution of tax matters and legal contingencies. Please refer to our 2017 Annual Report for a further discussion of these estimates.

Internally Developed Software Costs

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, we capitalize costs associated with software developed or obtained for internal use when both the preliminary project stage is completed and our management has authorized further funding for the project, which it deems probable of completion. Capitalized software costs include only: (1) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining the software; (2) payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to the project; and (3) interest costs incurred while developing the software. Capitalization of these costs ceases no later than the point at which the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. We do not include general and administrative costs and overhead costs in capitalizable costs. We charge research and development costs and other software maintenance costs related to software development to earnings as incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

We have international operations whereby the local currencies serve as functional currencies. We translate foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at the end-of-period exchange rates and foreign currency denominated statements of operations at the weighted-average exchange rates for each period. We report the effect of changes in the U.S. dollar carrying values of assets and liabilities of our international operations that are due to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and their functional currency as foreign currency translation within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses from transactions and translation of assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the international operation are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations within other expense, net.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which replaced all existing revenue guidance created by ASC Topic 606, including prescriptive industry-specific guidance. This standard’s core principle is that an entity will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Entities will need to apply more judgment and make more estimates than under the previous guidance. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date for all entities by one year, making the guidance for non-public companies effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption was permitted to the original effective date of December 15, 2016 (including interim reporting periods within that reporting period). The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. Section 107 of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “Jobs Act”) provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. An emerging growth company can, therefore, delay adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Management has chosen to take advantage of this extended transition period to adopt ASU No. 2014-09 beginning in the first quarter of 2019. Management anticipates using the retrospective method for adoption.

In preparation for this planned adoption, we have been evaluating the impact of the new standard to our financial statements and accompanying disclosures in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. Our assessment of the impact includes an evaluation of the five-step process set forth in the new standard along with the enhancement of disclosures that will be required. To date, we have developed our initial plan for implementing the standard, which includes identifying customer contracts within the scope of the new standard, identifying performance obligations within those customer contracts, and evaluating the impact of incremental variable consideration paid to obtain those customer contracts. We have also undertaken a comprehensive review of all contracts that fall under the scope of the new standard; and, as of the date of this report, we have substantially completed our review of in-scope contracts.

Based on analysis performed to date, we expect that adoption of the new standard will result in changes to the classification and timing of our revenue recognition. Specifically, we expect an increase in revenue classified as professional services and other revenue and a reduction in revenue classified as recurring services revenue under the new standard, as compared to current U.S. GAAP. Further, we expect that the new standard will result in changes to the timing of our revenue recognition compared to current U.S. GAAP. In compliance with the new standard, a contractual asset will be reflected on the consolidated balance sheets and will be amortized over the customers’ period of benefit, which is generally three years. We also expect changes to the timing of certain incremental selling, general, and administrative expenses, as the new standard will also require capitalizing and amortizing certain selling expenses, such as commissions and bonuses paid to the sales force. These sales expenses will be amortized over the customer’s period of benefit, generally five years.

In periods of revenue growth, the changes above are expected to result in higher overall earnings before income taxes and net income, on an annual basis, when compared to current U.S. GAAP. We have not yet determined the impact of the disclosure requirements.

The following table presents the anticipated impacts that the adoption of ASC 606 would have for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Under ASC 606		Impact
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	157.2	$	149.4	$	(7.8	)
Professional services and other		22.4		28.8		6.4
Total revenue	$	179.6	$	178.2	$	(1.4	)
Operating profit	$	15.3	$	15.1	$	(0.2	)

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
	As Reported		Under ASC 606		Impact
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	145.6	$	139.7	$	(5.9	)
Professional services and other		17.9		26.4		8.5
Total revenue	$	163.5	$	166.1	$	2.6
Operating profit	$	5.1	$	9.0	$	3.9

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Under ASC 606		Impact
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	480.8	$	460.4	$	(20.4	)
Professional services and other		65.3		85.5		20.2
Total revenue	$	546.1	$	545.9	$	(0.2	)
Operating profit	$	31.3	$	36.9	$	5.6

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
	As Reported		Under ASC 606		Impact
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	438.2	$	419.8	$	(18.4	)
Professional services and other		50.2		72.7		22.5
Total revenue	$	488.4	$	492.5	$	4.1
Operating profit	$	16.9	$	25.7	$	8.8

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases,” which is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This standard requires balance sheet recognition for both finance leases and operating leases. This guidance is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and for non-public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The guidance is required to be adopted using a modified retrospective approach. An entity will, in effect, continue to account for leases that commence before the effective date in accordance with previous U.S. GAAP unless the lease is modified, except that lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all operating leases at each reporting date based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments that were tracked and disclosed under previous U.S. GAAP.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows—Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments”, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice of certain cash receipts and cash payments. This guidance is effective for non-public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. We have chosen to early adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2018, and have applied this guidance to the presentation of our debt refinancing transactions that occurred during 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income,” which is in response to a narrow-scope financial reporting issue that arose because of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The amendment in this update allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This amendment is intended to improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users by requiring certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The amendment in this update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard. Please refer to Note 13, “Income Taxes,” for further discussion of this new guidance.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, “Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases” and 2018-11, “Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements”. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-10 affect narrow aspects of the guidance issued in ASU No. 2016-02. For non-early adopters, this amendment is effective under the same timelines as ASU No. 2016-02. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-11 provide entities with an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new lease requirements. Under the additional transition method, entities may initially apply the requirements by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The amendments in this update also provide lessors with a practical alternative to separate non-lease components from the associated lease component. Under this alternative, lessors may account for those components as a single component if the non-lease components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue guidance (Topic 606) and certain other criteria are met. For entities that have not adopted Topic 842 before the issuance of this update, the effective date and transition requirements are the same as the effective date and transition requirements in ASU No. 2016-02. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard.