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Income taxes - Reconciliation between the income taxes expense (benefit) computed by applying the PRC tax rate and the actual provision for income taxes (Details)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
CNY (¥)
Dec. 31, 2022
USD ($)
Dec. 31, 2021
CNY (¥)
Dec. 31, 2020
CNY (¥)
Income taxes        
Income tax rate (as a percent) 25.00% 25.00%    
Expected income tax at PRC income tax rate ¥ 305,864,072 $ 44,346,122 ¥ 297,700,096 ¥ (400,383,534)
Other expenses not deductible for income tax purposes 4,399,168 637,819 24,325,078 26,628,325
Share based compensation expense not deductible for income tax purposes 13,384,454 1,940,563 22,108,693 20,035,035
Effect of tax holiday and preferential tax rate (15,977,099) (2,316,462) (25,716,398) 2,160,562
Effect of different tax rate of subsidiary operation in other jurisdictions 319,679 46,349 1,535,280 3,712,755
Effect of change in tax rate       (1,547,465)
Research and development tax deduction (16,996,590) (2,464,274) (14,040,027)  
Unrecognized tax benefits for prior years' transfer pricing arrangement     (22,239,451) 32,092,388
Change in valuation allowance 101,490,352 14,714,718 99,384,200 9,155,075
Others (3,126,423) (453,287) (14,321,770) 8,268,224
Total income tax expense (benefit) ¥ 389,357,613 $ 56,451,548 ¥ 368,735,701 ¥ (299,878,635)