Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income taxes

The income tax provision or benefit for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into consideration in the relevant period. Each quarter, we update the estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated tax rate changes, we record a cumulative adjustment to the provision or benefit.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 ("OBBBA") was enacted on July 4, 2025. The OBBBA contains several changes to corporate taxation, including permanent repeal of the requirement to capitalize domestic research and experimental expenditures for federal income tax purposes for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2024. The OBBBA does not materially impact the Company's effective tax rate or cash flows in the current fiscal year.

We did not record a provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 because of forecasted full year net operating losses ("NOLs"), which consider the timing of recognition of deferred revenue for tax purposes and the effects of the option to capitalize and amortize U.S. R&D expenses as allowed by the OBBBA. The effective tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory tax rate primarily due to the valuation allowances on our deferred tax assets and state income taxes.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we have provided a valuation allowance against U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. We continue to evaluate the realizability of deferred tax assets and the related valuation allowance. If our assessment of the deferred tax assets or the corresponding valuation allowance were to change, we would record the related adjustment to income during the period in which we make the determination.

We recognize interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax benefits as part of the income tax provision. To date, we have not recognized any interest and penalties, nor have we accrued for or made payments for interest and penalties.

We have not been audited by the Internal Revenue Service, any state, or foreign tax authority. We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and in Australia. Due to NOLs and research credit carryforwards, all of our tax years, from 2015 to 2024, remain open to U.S. federal and California state tax examinations. In addition, our fiscal years from 2020 to 2024 are open to examination in Australia.