<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0306</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>4</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2020-03-06</periodOfReport>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0000874977</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>State Auto Financial CORP</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>STFC</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001721409</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Berkey Jason Earl</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>518 E. BROAD STREET</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>COLUMBUS</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>OH</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>43215</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>0</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>1</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>0</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>0</isOther>
            <officerTitle>Senior Vice President</officerTitle>
            <otherText></otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <nonDerivativeTable>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Shares without par value</value>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2020-03-06</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>A</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>1929</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>31.02</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>A</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>12821.122</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F2"/>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>D</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
    </nonDerivativeTable>

    <derivativeTable></derivativeTable>

    <footnotes>
        <footnote id="F1">Represents common shares acquired by the reporting person incident to a prior Performance Stock Unit Award issued on 3/3/17, which has a three-year performance period vesting on 12/31/19. Prior thereto, such disposition to the issuer had been approved by the STFC Compensation Committee pursuant to Rule 16b-3(e) and is therefore exempt from the provisions of Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The price per share of $31.02 represents the closing price of STFC's common shares on December 31, 2019..</footnote>
        <footnote id="F2">Includes the following acquisitions: 10.212 shares acquired in 2018 and 13.746 shares acquired in 2019 as a dividend; 847.357 shares acqiured in 2018 and 724.725 shares acquired in 2019 through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan; and  8.244 shares acquired in 2018 and .187 shares acquired in 2019 through restricted dividend reinvestment  Also includes 39.959 shares in a DRIP Account..</footnote>
    </footnotes>

    <remarks></remarks>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>/s/Jason Earl Berkey by Melissa A. Centers, attorney in fact pursuant to POA filed with the Commission 11/13/17.</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2020-03-09</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
