l

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
OR
☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from                       to                        

Commission file number 001-38198

BEST Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

2nd Floor, Block A, Huaxing Modern Industry Park
No. 18 Tangmiao Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou
Zhejiang Province 310013
People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Ms. Gloria Fan, Chief Financial Officer
Telephone: +86-571-88995656
Email: ir@best-inc.com
2nd Floor, Block A, Huaxing Modern Industry Park
No. 18 Tangmiao Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou
Zhejiang Province 310013
People’s Republic of China

* (Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per share*
American Depositary Shares, each representing one Class A ordinary share	BEST	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

*        Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares representing such Class A ordinary shares pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

250,648,452 Class A ordinary shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2019 (including 3,039,783 Class A ordinary shares issued to the depositary bank of the Issuer and reserved for future issuances of ADSs upon exercise or vesting of awards granted under the Issuer’s share incentive plans)

94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2019

47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares were outstanding as of December 31, 2019

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☒ Yes   ☐ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

◻ Yes   ⌧ No

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

⌧ Yes   ◻ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

⌧ Yes   ◻ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ⌧ Accelerated filer ◻ Non-accelerated filer ◻ Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ⌧ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued
by the International Accounting Standards Board ◻ Other ◻

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

◻ Item 17   ◻ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes   ⌧ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

◻ Yes   ◻ No

BEST INC.

FORM 20-F ANNUAL REPORT

FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019

		Page
PART I		6
Item 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	6
Item 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	6
Item 3.	KEY INFORMATION	6
Item 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	47
Item 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	86
Item 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	86
Item 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	114
Item 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	126
Item 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	127
Item 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	128
Item 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	128
Item 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	135
Item 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	136
PART II		138
Item 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	138
Item 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	139
Item 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	139
Item 16A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT	140
Item 16B.	CODE OF ETHICS	140
Item 16C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	140
Item 16D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	140
Item 16E.	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS	141
Item 16F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	141
Item 16G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	141
Item 16H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE	141
PART III		141
Item 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	141
Item 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	141
Item 19.	EXHIBITS	141

3

Conventions that Apply to this Annual Report on Form 20-F

In this annual report, unless otherwise indicated:

●             “2008 equity and performance incentive plan” are to our equity and performance incentive plan adopted in 2008, as amended;

●             “2017 equity incentive plan” are to BEST Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan adopted in September 2017;

●             “ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts, which, if issued, evidence our ADSs;

●             “ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents one Class A ordinary share;

●             “AGVs” are to automated guided vehicles;

●             “Alibaba” are to Alibaba Group Holding Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliated consolidated entities, two of which (Alibaba Investment Limited and Cainiao Smart Logistics Investment Limited) are record shareholders of us;

●             “B2B” are to business-to-business, or commercial transactions between businesses;

●             “B2C” are to business-to-consumers, or commercial transactions between businesses and consumers;

●             “Cainiao Network” are to Cainiao Smart Logistics Network Limited, in which Alibaba Group Holding Limited owned an appropriately 63% equity interest as of November 8, 2019 as disclosed in the current report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC by Alibaba Group Holding Limited on November 8, 2019, and its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliated consolidated entities, one of which (Cainiao Smart Logistics Investment Limited) is a record shareholder of us;

●             “China” and the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this annual report only, Taiwan, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region;

●             “Cloud OFC” or “OFC” are to our cloud-based order fulfillment centers through which we take full responsibility for the optimal allocation of our customers’ inventory;

●             “franchisee partners” are to our direct business partners that operate our Cloud OFCs for BEST Supply Chain Management or service stations on our supply chain service network for BEST Express and BEST Freight and provide related services under our brands;

●             “freight” are to full-truckload and less-than-truckload road transportation services;

●             “freight volume” in any given period are to the tonnage of freight cargo collected by us or our franchisee partners using our waybills in that period;

●             “FTL” are to full-truckload freight services;

●             “hubs” are to large logistics facilities located in major cities in the PRC that are connected by line-haul transportation to most of our other hubs;

●             “LTL” are to less-than-truckload freight services;

●             “membership stores” as of any date are to convenience stores that have registered on our B2B platform Dianjia.com as of that date;

●             “New Retail” are to the seamless integration of online and offline retail to offer a consumer-centric, omni-channel and global shopping experience through digitization and just-in-time delivery;

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●             “orders fulfilled” in any given period are to the number of orders processed by our self-operated or franchised OFCs, as applicable, which were delivered to intended recipients in that period;

●             “ordinary shares” are to, collectively, our Class A ordinary shares, Class B ordinary shares and Class C ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share;

●             “parcel volume” in any given period are to the number of parcels collected by us or our franchisee partners using our waybills in that period;

●             “RMB” or “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of the PRC;

●             “Smart Supply Chain” are to a supply chain built upon a technology infrastructure that is designed to analyze massive amounts of data to provide the customization, productivity and efficiency needed in the New Retail era, which can be defined by characteristics including data and information visibility to all participants, timely predictions and real-time responses, flexibility, efficiency and integration of supply chain services;

●             “SMEs” are to small and medium enterprises;

●             “sortation centers” are to generally smaller-scale logistics facilities compared to hubs, primarily connected to nearby hubs and other sortation centers by feeder services;

●             “store orders fulfilled” in any given period are to the number of orders placed through Dianjia.com and fulfilled in that period;

●             “swap bodies” are to standard freight containers that can be conveniently mounted on tractors for road transportation;

●             “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” or “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

●             “U.S. GAAP” are to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States;

●             “variable interest entities” or “VIEs” are to Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., or Hangzhou BEST Network, and Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd.), or Hangzhou BEST IT, which are PRC entities owned by PRC legal persons, and are consolidated into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP as if they were our wholly-owned subsidiaries;

●             “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our” and “BEST” are to BEST Inc., our Cayman Islands holding company, and its subsidiaries and variable interest entities, as the context requires; and

●             “WOWO” are to Sichuan Wowo Supermarket Chain Co., Ltd., which we acquired in May 2017.

This annual report includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

Our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “BEST.” Before February 19, 2019, our ADSs were listed on the same stock exchange under the symbol “BSTI.”

5

PART I

ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not required.

ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not required.

ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION

A.Selected Financial Data

The selected consolidated financial data shown below should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and the financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016 and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 have been derived from our audited financial statements not included in this annual report. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future period.

6

	For the year ended December 31,
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands, except number of shares and per share data)
Selected Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data
Revenue(1)
Express	3,710,292	5,388,833	12,786,279	17,702,869	21,807,598	3,132,465
Freight	675,881	1,604,573	3,178,044	4,102,610	5,224,355	750,432
Supply chain management	828,431	1,241,356	1,600,952	2,074,414	2,190,414	314,633
Store+	9,700	560,226	2,226,034	2,845,002	2,817,202	404,666
Others	32,023	49,149	198,253	1,236,084	3,136,320	450,504
Total revenue	5,256,327	8,844,137	19,989,562	27,960,979	35,175,889	5,052,700
Cost of revenue
Express	(4,035,300)	(5,671,356)	(12,435,550)	(16,915,801)	(20,779,992)	(2,984,859)
Freight	(923,011)	(1,906,930)	(3,362,652)	(3,946,032)	(4,934,937)	(708,859)
Supply chain management	(795,099)	(1,183,245)	(1,502,570)	(1,970,105)	(2,052,006)	(294,752)
Store+	(9,714)	(569,557)	(2,072,912)	(2,589,883)	(2,495,503)	(358,457)
Others	(27,584)	(45,479)	(130,327)	(1,098,021)	(2,954,425)	(424,377)
Total cost of revenue	(5,790,708)	(9,376,567)	(19,504,011)	(26,519,842)	(33,216,863)	(4,771,304)
Gross (loss)/profit	(534,381)	(532,430)	485,551	1,441,137	1,959,026	281,396
Selling expenses	(188,455)	(370,017)	(694,852)	(893,859)	(931,914)	(133,861)
General and administrative expenses	(380,864)	(521,237)	(928,188)	(1,020,671)	(1,109,545)	(159,376)
Research and development expenses	(46,177)	(80,326)	(139,009)	(184,581)	(243,392)	(34,961)
Other operating income	61,877	104,047	—	—	—	—
Total operating expenses	(553,619)	(867,533)	(1,762,049)	(2,099,111)	(2,284,851)	(328,198)
Loss from operations	(1,088,000)	(1,399,963)	(1,276,498)	(657,974)	(325,825)	(46,802)
Interest income	3,727	24,386	75,056	102,821	95,440	13,709
Interest expense	(10,439)	(21,379)	(47,154)	(75,060)	(79,486)	(11,417)
Foreign exchange gain/(loss)	5,808	(1,864)	(6,320)	(6,533)	(6,420)	(922)
Other income	31,247	44,409	56,035	171,370	152,305	21,877
Other expense	(1,774)	(8,542)	(18,507)	(30,672)	(36,437)	(5,234)
Loss before income tax and share of net (loss)/income of equity investees	(1,059,431)	(1,362,953)	(1,217,388)	(496,048)	(200,423)	(28,789)
Income tax expense	—	(570)	(9,856)	(11,887)	(18,290)	(2,627)
Loss before share of net (loss)/income of equity investees	(1,059,431)	(1,363,523)	(1,227,244)	(507,935)	(218,713)	(31,416)
Share of net (loss)/income of equity investees	(12)	43	(816)	(456)	(355)	(51)
Net loss	(1,059,443)	(1,363,480)	(1,228,060)	(508,391)	(219,068)	(31,467)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	—	—	(167)	(403)	(16,652)	(2,392)
Net loss attributable to BEST Inc.	(1,059,443)	(1,363,480)	(1,227,893)	(507,988)	(202,416)	(29,075)
Accretion to redemption value of redeemable convertible preferred shares	(3,996,288)	(3,661,975)	—	—	—	—
Deemed dividend-Repurchase of redeemable convertible preferred shares	—	(160,891)	—	—	—	—
Deemed dividend-Modification of redeemable convertible preferred shares	—	(423,979)	—	—	—	—
Deemed dividend-Extinguishment loss of Series D redeemable convertible preferred shares	(296,677)	—	—	—	—	—
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	(5,352,408)	(5,610,325)	(1,227,893)	(507,988)	(202,416)	(29,075)
Net loss per ordinary share:
Basic	(89.21)	(93.51)	(8.28)	(1.32)	(0.52)	(0.07)
Diluted	(89.21)	(93.51)	(8.28)	(1.32)	(0.52)	(0.07)
Shares used in net loss per share computation:
Ordinary shares:
Basic	60,000,000	60,000,000	—	—	—
Diluted	60,000,000	60,000,000	—	—	—
Class A ordinary shares:
Basic	—	—	73,900,022	242,542,728	246,614,615
Diluted	—	—	148,237,982	384,408,675	388,480,562
Class B ordinary shares:
Basic	—	—	26,547,262	94,075,249	94,075,249
Diluted	—	—	26,547,262	94,075,249	94,075,249
Class C ordinary shares:
Basic	—	—	47,790,698	47,790,698	47,790,698
Diluted	—	—	47,790,698	47,790,698	47,790,698

(1) On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606") and elected to apply the modified retrospective approach to contracts that had not been completed as of this date. The cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 resulted in an increase to opening accumulated deficit of RMB25.0 million, which has been recognized on the day of initial application and prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. The consolidated statement of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 presented above have been prepared in accordance with ASC 606, while the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 presented above have been prepared in accordance with ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition ("ASC 605").

7

	As of December 31,
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
Cash and cash equivalents	291,064	2,927,581	1,240,431	1,630,444	1,994,683	286,518
Restricted cash (current portion)	135,342	374,363	1,652,653	1,278,326	1,786,832	256,662
Short-term investments	—	62,000	2,353,663	1,007,329	1,057,598	151,914
Lease rental receivables (current portion)	—	23,292	193,703	613,439	650,912	93,498
Operating lease right-of-use assets(1)	—	—	—	—	4,378,804	628,976
Property and equipment, net	625,535	947,505	1,307,470	2,064,657	2,939,379	422,215
Intangible assets, net	5,366	13,516	158,556	143,810	121,587	17,465
Long-term investments	10,288	24,081	37,167	214,339	230,855	33,160
Goodwill	239,564	247,203	448,584	469,076	490,986	70,526
Restricted cash (non-current portion)	55,060	78,588	89,745	90,638	175,700	25,238
Lease rental receivables (non-current portion)	—	87,551	749,243	1,431,441	1,077,776	154,813
Other non-current assets	20,843	87,395	62,314	45,531	262,129	37,652
Total assets	2,286,578	6,295,853	10,878,529	12,366,282	19,492,856	2,799,974
Short-term bank loans	338,000	458,000	1,216,384	1,782,900	2,510,500	360,611
Operating lease liabilities (current portion) (1)	—	—	—	—	1,035,252	148,705
Convertible senior notes	—	—	—	—	1,360,208	195,382
Operating lease liabilities (non-current portion) (1)	—	—	—	—	3,482,634	500,249
Total liabilities	2,728,113	3,961,748	6,486,034	8,226,124	15,577,572	2,237,578
Total mezzanine equity	7,585,550	15,842,210	—	—	—	—
Total shareholders’ (deficit)/equity	(8,027,085)	(13,508,105)	4,392,495	4,140,158	3,915,284	562,396
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and shareholders’ (deficit)/equity	2,286,578	6,295,853	10,878,529	12,366,282	19,492,856	2,799,974

(1) We adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No.2016-02: Leases on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method. Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities (including current and non-current) for operating leases are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2019, while the consolidated balance sheet data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 have been prepared in accordance with ASC topic 840 ("ASC 840"), Accounting for Leases.

Non-GAAP Measures

We use EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, non-GAAP financial measures, in the evaluation of our operating results and in our financial and operational decision-making. We believe that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA help us to identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be distorted by the effect of certain expenses and income that we include in net loss. We believe that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA provide useful information about our operating results, enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allow for greater visibility with respect to key metrics used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making.

EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or construed as an alternative to net loss or any other measure of performance or as an indicator of our operating performance. Investors are encouraged to review the historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA presented here may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Other companies may calculate similarly titled measures differently, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures to our data. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

EBITDA represents net loss plus depreciation, amortization, interest expense and income tax expense and minus interest income.

Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA before share-based compensation expenses and fair value change of equity investments.

8

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our net loss to EBITDA for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Net loss	(1,059,443)	(1,363,480)	(1,228,060)	(508,391)	(219,068)	(31,467)
Add:
Depreciation and amortization	147,283	246,311	363,909	461,612	492,778	70,783
Interest expense	10,439	21,379	47,154	75,060	79,486	11,417
Income tax expense	—	570	9,856	11,887	18,290	2,627
Subtract:
Interest income	3,727	24,386	75,056	102,821	95,440	13,709
EBITDA	(905,448)	(1,119,606)	(882,197)	(62,653)	276,046	39,651
Add
Share-based compensation expenses	—	—	298,963	109,107	98,504	14,149
Subtract:
Fair value change of equity investments	—	—	—	(64,628)	(14,155)	(2,033)
Adjusted EBITDA	(905,448)	(1,119,606)	(583,234)	(18,174)	360,395	51,767

Selected Operating Data

The table below sets forth the selected operating data for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
BEST Supply Chain Management
Number of orders fulfilled by self-operated Cloud OFCs (in thousands)(1)	44,997	88,063	132,245	164,441	198,914
Number of orders fulfilled by franchised Cloud OFCs (in thousands)	8,826	32,602	48,232	82,276	157,990
BEST Express
Parcel volume (in thousands)(1)	1,402,101	2,165,521	3,769,385	5,470,092	7,576,204
BEST Freight
Freight volume (tonnage in thousands)(1)	1,507	2,982	4,316	5,430	6,980
BEST Store+
Number of store orders fulfilled	10,151	687,692	2,403,538	3,091,269	2,919,568

(1) Includes services performed for external customers both directly and indirectly through our other segments. For discussion of our total segment revenue, which includes both external revenue and intersegment revenue, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Segment Financial Information.”

Currency Translation and Exchange Rate

We have translated certain Renminbi, or RMB, amounts included in this annual report into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the readers. The rate we used for the translations was RMB6.9618 = US$1.00, which was the noon buying rate on December 31, 2019 in New York for cable transfers in Renminbi as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. The translation does not mean that RMB could actually be converted into U.S. dollars at that rate.

B.           Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not required.

C.          Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not required.

9

D.           Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We are highly reliant on our proprietary technology infrastructure in our business operations, and failure to continue to improve and effectively utilize our technology infrastructure or successfully develop new technologies could harm our business operations, reputation and prospects.

Technology is critical to our integrated solutions, connecting our systems with those of our ecosystem participants. While we have continuously enhanced our proprietary technology infrastructure, we may not be able to continue to improve our technology infrastructure and develop new technologies to meet the future needs of our business. If we are unable to maintain, improve and effectively utilize our technology infrastructure or to realize the expected results from our technology investments, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as our reputation, could be materially and adversely affected. Any problem with the functionality and effectiveness of our software or platforms could also result in unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, impaired user experiences, delays in reporting accurate operating and financial information and inefficient management of our systems. In addition, enhancing our technology infrastructure requires significant investments of time and financial and managerial resources, including recruiting and training new technology personnel, adding new hardware and updating software and strengthening research and development. If our technology investments are unsuccessful, our business could suffer and we may be unable to recover the resources we commit to such initiatives.

We may not be able to maintain and enhance our ecosystem, which could negatively affect our business and prospects.

Our ability to maintain a healthy and rich ecosystem that creates strong network effects among our ecosystem participants is critical to our success. While our ecosystem provides synergies and economies of scale across service lines and among our ecosystem participants, the extent to which we are able to maintain and strengthen the attractiveness of our ecosystem depends on our ability to offer a mutually beneficial platform for all participants, maintain the quality of our services and solutions, develop attractive services and solutions that meet the evolving needs of our ecosystem participants, reinforce the scope and scale of our ecosystem, and retain our participants. We must also provide sufficient geographic coverage to cement the effectiveness of our service network, continue to utilize data to improve service quality and operational efficiency of all ecosystem participants and maintain and improve our technology infrastructure as part of our single interoperable system to ensure seamless operations.

In addition, our ecosystem participants may compete with one another, which may complicate the management of our ecosystem. Further, changes made to enhance our ecosystem or balance the interests of participants may be viewed positively by one participant but may have negative effects upon another. If we fail to balance the interests of all participants in our ecosystem, we may fail to further attract and retain additional ecosystem participants, which could adversely impact our business and financial condition.

If we are unable to continue to innovate, meet evolving market trends, adapt to changing customer demands and maintain our culture of innovation, our ability to sustain and grow our business may suffer.

The ongoing success of our business depends on our ability to continue to introduce innovative solutions and services to meet evolving market trends and satisfy changing customer demands. We must continue to adapt by continuing innovation, improving our services and modifying our strategies, which could cause us to incur substantial costs. We may not be able to continue to innovate or adapt to changing market and customer needs in a timely and cost-effective manner, if at all. This could adversely impact our ability to embrace the changes brought by the New Retail era, expand our ecosystem and grow our business. Failure to develop new services to meet evolving market demands through innovation could cause us to lose current and potential customers and harm our operating results and financial condition.

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In addition, we may not be able to maintain our culture of innovation, which has been critical to our success and has helped us create value for our shareholders, succeed as a leader in our industry and attract, retain and motivate employees and other ecosystem participants. Among other challenges, we may not be able to identify and promote people in leadership positions who share our culture and can always focus on technology and innovation. Competitive pressure may also cause us to move in directions that may divert us from our mission, vision and values. If we cannot maintain our culture of innovation, our long-term business prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

We operate in a competitive industry, and if we fail to compete effectively, our business could suffer.

We compete with total supply chain solution providers. As our operations encompass a broad range of areas, certain service lines may also face competition from other service providers in China, including supply chain management service providers, express delivery and freight service providers, B2B platforms for convenience stores, SaaS software service providers and logistics brokers. In addition to established players, we face competition from new market entrants. Increased competition may lead to a loss of market share, increasing difficulty in launching new service offerings, reduction in revenue or increase in loss, any one of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our competitors may have a broader service or network coverage, more advanced technology infrastructure, stronger brand recognition and greater capital resources than we do. In addition, our competitors may reduce their rates to gain business, especially during times of reduced economic growth, and such reductions may limit our ability to maintain or increase our rates, maintain our operating margins or achieve growth in our business. For example, due to intense competition in rates for express services, average revenue per parcel for BEST Express in decreased by 11.3% to RMB2.74 from RMB3.09 in 2018. There historically have been and continue to be declines in fee rates for express services across our industry, and we continue to experience a decline in average selling price per parcel for BEST Express. We expect that this trend of intense competition and declining fee rates is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain, or prevent further decreases, in these rates going forward. To the extent positive effects of economies of scale, network optimization, as well as increased operational efficiency are unable to offset further decreases in rates for express services, even if we continue to grow our parcel volume, BEST Express may not be able to achieve desired growth in revenue, or maintain its operating margins, and our results of operations and business may be materially and adversely affected.

The establishment by our competitors of cooperative relationships or competing networks to increase their ability to address the needs of our customers and other ecosystem participants could also negatively impact us. We may not be able to successfully compete against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business and growth are significantly affected by the emergence of New Retail, the continued development of e-commerce in China and elsewhere and related demand for integrated supply chain solutions.

We serve merchants that conduct business in the retail industry in China, and these merchants rely on our services to fulfill orders placed by consumers. As we focus on providing integrated supply chain solutions for the New Retail era, our future business opportunities depend upon the continued integration of online and offline retail channels and the adoption of the New Retail paradigm by an increasing number of merchants in China and elsewhere, both in terms of large platforms and brands as well as small and medium enterprises, or SMEs, and micro-merchants.

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The future development and landscape of the retail industry in China and elsewhere are affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include the consumption power and disposable income of consumers, as well as changes in demographics and consumer preferences. The development of the retail industry is also subject to the selection, price and popularity of products offered through online and offline retail channels of original brand manufacturers and changes in the availability, reliability and security of such channels. Further, the emergence of alternative channels or business models that better suit the needs of consumers and the development of online-to-offline supply chain integration by retailers can also affect the development of the retail industry. Another important factor is the development of fulfillment, payment and other ancillary services associated with the retail industry. Macroeconomic conditions, particularly as retail spending tends to decline during recessions and other economic factors affecting consumer confidence, including inflation and deflation, fluctuation of currency exchange rates, volatility of stock and property markets, interest rates, tax rates and changes in unemployment rates, can also impact the development of the retail industry in China and elsewhere. Finally, other factors, such as changes in government policies, laws and regulations, in particular those that govern the retail industry, as well as changes in domestic and international politics, including military conflicts, economic disputes, political turmoil and social instability, can also influence the development of the retail industry in China and elsewhere. It is difficult to predict how market forces, or China or U.S. government policy, in particular, the outbreak of a trade war between China and the U.S. and the imposition in 2018 and 2019 of additional tariffs on bilateral imports, may continue to impact China’s economy, the retail industry, e-commerce in China and the U.S., as well as related demand for integrated supply chain solutions going forward. If New Retail, the e-commerce industry in China and their respective demand for integrated supply chain solutions fail to develop as we expect, our business and growth could be harmed.

We have a history of net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities, which may occur again in the future.

We incurred net losses of RMB1,228.1 million, RMB508.4 million and RMB219.1 million (US$31.5 million) in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. In addition, net cash used in operating activities was RMB623.4 million in 2016, although we generated net cash from operating activities in the amounts of RMB25.6 million, RMB637.2 million and RMB852.8 million (US$122.5 million) in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. We expect our costs and expenses to increase in absolute amounts due to (i) the continued expansion of our operations, which will cause us to incur increased costs and expenses associated with third-party transportation, labor, leasing property for the operation of our Cloud OFCs, hubs and sortation centers; (ii) the continued investment in our technology infrastructure and network; and (iii) the launch of new and additional value-added services, which may incur start-up costs, have different revenue and cost structures, and take time to achieve profitability.

Our ability to achieve and maintain profitability depends on our ability to enhance our market position, maintain competitive pricing, leverage technology and business model innovation to expand and enhance our service offerings, and increase our operational efficiency. Our ability to achieve and maintain profitability are also affected by many factors which may be beyond our control, such as the overall demand for supply chain services and general economic conditions, including levels of consumption, as well as global pandemics such as the outbreak of novel coronavirus, later named COVID-19, that started in late 2019. Like other companies, our operations in China have been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak in the first quarter of 2020, and as of the date of this annual report we are unable to reasonably estimate the magnitude of the outbreak’s impact on our operations, financial position and business prospects. As of the date of this annual report, in China, where we conduct most of our operations, travel restrictions have been mostly eased, and our operations have fully recovered. However, as the COVID-19 outbreak has further spread outside China and it is uncertain as to whether the outbreak will continue to be contained in China, we are uncertain as to the extent the COVID-19 outbreak may have on our operations. As the outbreak continues to evolve, we cannot assure you that our operations will not be adversely impacted again or that we will be able to maintain our financial position or to achieve profitability. If we are unable to achieve profitability, we may have to cut down the scale of our operation, which may impact our business growth and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Our historical growth rates may not be indicative of our future growth, and if we are unable to manage our growth or execute our strategies effectively, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We have experienced significant growth in recent years. Our total revenue increased from RMB20.0 billion in 2017 to RMB28.0 billion in 2018 and further to RMB35.2 billion (US$5.1 billion) in 2019. However, our past growth rates may not be indicative of future growth and our planned growth initiatives may not be successful.

Our rapid growth has placed, and will continue to place significant demands on our management and our technology infrastructure, as well as our administrative, operational and financial systems. We intend to achieve growth by continuing innovation, expanding market share, growing BEST Store⁺ and other service lines, broadening value-added services, expanding global reach, enhancing operational efficiency and quality, as well as growing through mergers, acquisitions and strategic alliances. There can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively manage our growth. If our growth initiatives fail, our businesses and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We are affected by seasonality experienced in the consumer retail and logistics and supply chain industries.

Our businesses are affected by seasonality experienced in the consumer retail and logistics and supply chain industries. We typically experience a seasonal surge in sales, especially in our express operations, during the fourth quarter of each year as a result of stronger sales in connection with the Singles’ Day and December 12 promotions, which may impose challenging resource and capacity demands on our business operations. Activity levels across our business lines are typically lower around Chinese national holidays, including Chinese New Year in the first quarter of each year, as consumer spending levels and shipment levels tend to be weaker.

Seasonality also makes it challenging to forecast demand for our services, as the express, freight, supply chain management and store sales volumes can vary significantly and unexpectedly. We make planning and spending decisions, including capacity expansion, procurement commitments, personnel needs and other resource requirements based on our estimates of demand. Failure to meet demand associated with the seasonality in a timely manner may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our success depends to a substantial degree upon our senior management, including Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou and other key personnel, and our business operations would be negatively affected if we fail to attract and retain highly competent senior management.

We depend to a significant degree on the continued service of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, our experienced senior management and other key personnel. If members of our senior management team or other key personnel resign, join a competitor or form a competing company, it could negatively impact our business operations and create uncertainty as we search for and integrate a replacement and could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have entered into employment and confidentiality agreements with our senior management and other key personnel. However, these employment and confidentiality agreements do not ensure the continued service of these senior management and key personnel, and we may not be able to enforce these agreements. In addition, we do not maintain key man life insurance for any of the senior members of our management team or other key personnel.

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We utilize franchisee partners to conduct certain aspects of our business, and face risks associated with these relationships, their employees and other personnel.

We utilize franchisee partners to conduct certain aspects of our business. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 9,807 franchisee partners in China. We also have franchisee partners in certain Southeast Asian countries where we operate local express delivery networks, such as Thailand and Vietnam. Many of our franchisee partners sub-contract part of their businesses to sub-franchisees. Our control over franchisee partners and their sub-franchisees may not be as effective as if we had directly owned these partners’ businesses, which could potentially make it difficult for us to manage them. Particularly, as we do not enter into agreements with sub-franchisees of our franchisee partners, we are unable to exert a significant degree of influence over them.

Our franchisee partners, sub-franchisees and their employees directly interact with merchants and consumers in our ecosystem, and their performance directly affects our reputation and brand image. If our service personnel or those of our franchisee partners or sub-franchisees fail to satisfy the needs of our ecosystem participants, respond effectively to their complaints, which we have received from time to time, or provide services in a reliable, safe and secure manner, our reputation and the loyalty of our ecosystem participants could be negatively affected. As a result, we may lose ecosystem participants or experience a decrease in our business volume, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not directly supervise the services provided by our franchisee partners and may not be able to successfully maintain and improve the quality of their services. Our franchisee partners may also fail to implement sufficient control over the pick-up and delivery personnel who work at the service stations in connection with their conduct, such as proper collection and handling of the items we transport and delivery service fees, adherence to privacy standards and timely delivery. As a result, we may suffer financial losses, incur liabilities and suffer reputational damages in the event of theft or late delivery of the items we ship, embezzlement of delivery service fees or mishandling of private information. In addition, while violation of laws and regulations by franchisee partners had not led to any material claim against us in the past, we cannot assure you that such claim will not arise in the future which may harm our brand or reputation or have other adverse impacts.

Further, suspension or termination of a franchisee partner’s services in a particular geographic area may cause interruption to or failure in our services in the corresponding geographic area. A franchisee partner may suspend or terminate its services voluntarily or involuntarily due to various reasons, including disagreement or dispute with us, failure to make a profit, failure to maintain requisite approvals, licenses or permits or to comply with other governmental regulations, and events beyond our or its control, such as inclement weather, natural disasters, epidemics, transportation interruptions or labor unrest or shortage. Due to the intense competition in the logistics and supply chain industry in China and Southeast Asian countries, our existing franchisee partners may also choose to discontinue their cooperation with us and work with our competitors instead. We may not be able to promptly replace our franchisee partners or find alternative ways to provide services in a timely, reliable and cost-effective manner, or at all. As a result of any service disruptions associated with our franchisee partners, satisfaction, brand, reputation, operations and financial performance of our ecosystem participants may be materially and adversely affected.

Our BEST Store⁺, BEST UCargo and BEST Global service lines have limited operating histories.

We have a limited history in providing BEST Store⁺, BEST UCargo and BEST Global services, which were launched or significantly expanded in the last few years. While these service lines have experienced rapid expansion, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continue their expansion or successfully address any future problems or issues, nor can we assure you that they will ultimately become profitable. We expect to continue to adjust our existing operating model and explore new operating models for these service lines which may subject us to further uncertainties and negative effects on our overall business and results of operations. As we intend to grow the scale of these service lines, we may incur significant ramp-up costs to support such growth, which may negatively affect our profitability, particularly if we are unable to achieve economies of scale. We may not be able to recoup all or any of our investments made in these businesses. In addition to organically growing these service lines, we may seek to expand them through strategic acquisitions, which would subject us to additional risks. See “—Any difficulties in identifying, consummating and integrating acquisitions, investments or alliances may expose us to potential risks and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.”

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Specifically, with respect to BEST Store⁺, membership stores may not utilize Dianjia.com to procure merchandise to the extent we expect. We also face risks related to management of the merchandise inventories sold through Dianjia.com, and we depend on our demand forecasts for various kinds of products to make procurement decisions and to manage our inventories. We are also subject to risks that membership and branded stores fail to integrate with our service network as expected. We may also face challenges with the implementation of value-added services and last-mile delivery from convenience stores in our network. This may impact our ability to expand the number of membership stores in the network or retain or increase the activities of existing membership stores. For example, the number of store orders fulfilled in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 decreased by 5.6% compared to 2018, and we continue to experience a decline in the number of store orders fulfilled due to ongoing efforts to improve order quality and margins. Fewer orders fulfilled for membership stores was the primary reason our BEST Store⁺ service revenue remained relatively stable at RMB2,817.2 million (US$404.7 million) in 2019 and RMB2,845.0 million in 2018. There can be no assurance that our efforts to improve the quality and margins of orders fulfilled for membership stores will be successful. We, as well as our membership BEST Store⁺ operators, compete with numerous other convenience store chains, independent convenience stores, supermarkets, drugstores, motor fuel service stations, mass merchants, fast food operators and other similar retail outlets, who may have more experience than us, and may use promotional pricing or other discounts to encourage their in-store merchandise sales. Such competition may put pressure on us and our membership BEST Store⁺ operators, and the results of operations of our BEST Store⁺ service line may be materially and adversely affected.

Macroeconomic and other factors that reduce demand for supply chain services, in China or globally, could have a material adverse impact on our business.

The global logistics and supply chain industry has historically experienced cyclical fluctuations in financial performance due to economic recessions, reductions in per capita disposable income and levels of consumer spending, downturns in the business cycles of customers, interest rate fluctuations and economic factors beyond our control. During economic downturns, whether in China or globally, reduced overall demand for supply chain services will likely reduce demand for our services and solutions and exert downward pressures on our rates and margins. As we focus on providing integrated supply chain solutions in the New Retail era, if the online and offline retail channel integration trend or any other trend required for the emergence of New Retail does not develop as we expect, our business prospect may be adversely affected. In periods of strong economic growth, demand for limited transportation resources can also result in increased network congestion and operating inefficiencies. In addition, any deterioration in the economic environment subjects our business to various risks that may have a material impact on our operating results and future prospects. For instance, some of our customers may face economic difficulties due to events such as COVID-19 outbreak and may not be able to pay us, and some may go out of business. These customers may not complete their payments as quickly as they have in the past, causing our working capital needs to increase.

In an economic downturn, we may not be able to appropriately adjust our expenses to changing market demands and it may be more difficult to match our staffing levels to our business needs. In addition, we have certain significant fixed expenses and other variable expenses that are fixed for a period of time, which we may not be able to adequately adjust in a period of rapid change in market demand.

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We have started to recognize a substantial amount of share-based compensation expense upon the completion of our initial public offering, which will have a significant impact on our results of operations.

We adopted our 2008 equity and performance incentive plan in June 2008 pursuant to which we may grant options to purchase up to 20,934,684 of our ordinary shares, and our 2017 equity incentive plan in September 2017 pursuant to which we may grant equity-based awards representing initially 10,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, which number automatically increases by a maximum of 2% of our total outstanding shares at the end of preceding calendar year on January 1, 2019 and on every January 1 thereafter for eight years (subject to certain limitations). As of February 29, 2020, we had in aggregate outstanding options with respect to 4,246,560 ordinary shares and restricted share units with respect to 6,815,989 ordinary shares that have been granted to our employees, directors and consultants under the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan and the 2017 equity incentive plan. We are required to account for share options and restricted share units granted to our employees, directors and consultants in accordance with Codification of Accounting Standards, or ASC 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation” and ASC 505-50, “Equity, Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” prior to 2018 and we early adopted ASU 2018-07: Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting in fiscal 2018. We classify share options and restricted share units granted to our employees, directors and consultants as equity awards and recognize share-based compensation expense based on the fair value of such share options and restricted share units, with the share-based compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. Because the exercisability of the share options granted by us before our initial public offering was conditional upon completion of our initial public offering or, in case we had waived such restriction, our obligation to issue ordinary shares pursuant to any exercise of the options was conditional upon the completion of our initial public offering, we did not recognize any share-based compensation expense relating to these share options granted by us before the completion of our initial public offering. Upon the completion of our initial public offering in September 2017, we immediately recognized a substantial amount of share-based compensation expense associated with vested option awards.

We will incur additional share-based compensation expenses in the future as we continue to grant share-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. We believe the granting of share-based awards is important for us to attract and retain talented employees, directors and consultants. As a result, our expense associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. For further information on our share incentive plans and information on our recognition of related expenses, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Components of Results of Operations—Share-Based Compensation” and “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.”

We currently derive a significant portion of our revenue from consumer activity on a limited number of prominent e-commerce platforms, and a reduction of demand from these platforms may negatively affect our business.

A significant portion of our revenue is derived from a number of major e-commerce platforms in China, such as Taobao Marketplace and Tmall. If these platforms are to suffer a decline in their usage or if our relationships with them are to be harmed, it could materially and negatively impact our business and operating results and financial condition. We generally do not have long-term contractual relationships with e-commerce platforms, and instead individual merchants on such platforms select us as their shipping and other supply chain service provider. If we are unable to remain a preferred service provider for the merchants on these e-commerce platforms, our business volume may decrease significantly, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If our customers are able to reduce their logistics and supply chain costs or increase utilization of their internal solutions, our business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

A major driver for merchants and other customers to use third-party logistics and supply chain service providers is the high cost and degree of difficulty associated with developing in-house logistics and supply chain expertise and operational efficiencies. If, however, our customers are able to develop their own logistics and supply chain solutions, increase utilization of their in-house supply chain, reduce their logistics spending, or otherwise choose to terminate our services, our logistics and supply chain management business and operating results may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, certain of our major e-commerce platform partners may develop their own logistics capabilities, which could reduce the scope of services we provide to users on their platforms.

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Decreased availability or increased costs of key logistics and supply chain inputs, including third-party transportation, equipment and materials could impact our cost of operations and our profitability across business lines.

We depend on reliable access to third-party transportation, supplies of equipment, including vehicles and the sorting machines, conveyor systems and Automated Guided Vehicles, or AGVs, used at our Cloud OFCs and other network facilities, replacement parts and materials such as packing. The supplier base providing logistics equipment is relatively consolidated, which has resulted in a limited number of suppliers for certain types of equipment and supplies. Conversely, the market for third-party transportation services is fragmented with a large number of service providers, and it can be difficult to find reliable partners whose performance and reliability meet our standards at the scale our operations require. Any significant reduction in availability or increase in cost of any logistics and supply chain inputs could adversely affect our operations and increase our costs, which could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.

Overall tightening of the labor market, increases in labor costs or any labor unrest, including strikes, may affect our business as we operate in a labor-intensive industry.

Our business requires a substantial number of personnel, and labor costs comprised 14.6%, 11.0% and 10.0% of our total cost of revenue in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Any failure to retain stable and dedicated labor by us, our franchisee partners or service providers may lead to disruptions to or delays in our services. We, our franchisee partners and service providers often hire additional or temporary workers to handle the significant increase in express and freight volumes during peak periods of e-commerce activities. We have observed an overall tightening labor market. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increases in labor costs due to increases in salaries, social benefits and employee headcounts and we may also face seasonal labor shortages. We, our franchisee partners and service providers compete with other companies for labor, and we may not be able to offer competitive salaries and benefits compared to them.

We, our franchisee partners and service providers have been subject to labor disputes from time to time in the ordinary course of business, although none of them, individually or in the aggregate, has had a material adverse impact on us. We expect to continue to be subject to various legal or administrative proceedings related to labor disputes in the ordinary course of our business, due to the magnitude of the labor force involved in our service network. Any labor unrest or strikes directed against us, our franchisee partners or service providers could directly or indirectly prevent or hinder our normal operating activities, and if not resolved in a timely manner, lead to delays in fulfilling our customer orders. We, our franchisee partners and service providers are not able to predict or control any labor unrest, especially those involving labor not directly employed by us. Further, labor unrest may affect general labor market conditions or result in changes to labor laws, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We engage outsourcing firms to provide outsourced personnel for our operations and have limited control over these personnel and may be liable for violations of applicable PRC labor laws and regulations.

We engage outsourcing firms who send large numbers of their employees to work at our network facilities. As of December 31, 2019, over 31,600 outsourced personnel were active in our operations. We enter into agreements with the outsourcing firms only and do not have any contractual relationship with these outsourced workers. Since these outsourced personnel are not directly employed by us, our control over them is more limited as compared to our own employees. If any outsourced personnel fail to operate in accordance with our instructions, policies and business guidelines, our market reputation, brand image and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our agreements with the outsourcing firms provide that we are not liable to the outsourced personnel if the outsourcing firms fail to fulfill their duties to these personnel. However, if the outsourcing firms violate any relevant requirements under the applicable PRC labor laws, regulations or their employment agreements with the personnel, such personnel may claim compensation from us as they provide their services at our network facilities. As a result, we may incur legal liability, and our market reputation, brand image as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Our business depends on our reputation and brand image, and any damage to them or any failure to effectively adjust our branding strategy in our international expansion could adversely impact our business.

Our brand name in Chinese, “百世,” means hundreds of generations. We believe that our BEST brand name and our other brands stand for long-term commitment, comprehensive and high-quality service, reliability and efficiency, and are part of our most important and valuable assets. We have registered our major trademarks critical to our business in Chinese with the relevant PRC authorities, including “百世” (BEST), “百世物流” (BEST Logistics), “百世供应链” (BEST Supply Chain), “百世快递” (BEST Express), “百世快运” (BEST Freight), “百世国际” (BEST Global), “百世金融” (BEST Capital), “百世优货” (BEST UCargo) and “店” (Store). We have also used and registered our various trademarks in other jurisdictions. Our brands and reputation are significant sales and marketing tools, and we devote substantial resources to promoting and protecting them. Adverse publicity (whether or not justified) such as accidents, customer service mishaps or noncompliance with laws relating to activities by our franchisee partners, service providers, contractors or agents, could tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. With the increased use of social media outlets, adverse publicity can be disseminated quickly and broadly, making it increasingly difficult for us to effectively respond.

As we continue our international expansion, we may need to adjust our branding strategy in new countries and regions that we enter into. For example, our existing brands may be viewed as similar to brands used by existing players in the local markets that provide similar services. As such, we may need to adopt a new brand name in these markets and our efforts in establishing the reputation of the new brand in a new market may not be successful and could lead to brand disruption and harm our operations in these markets. Existing players in the local markets may also claim that our brands are similar to theirs and thereby bring claims against us for infringement upon their brand names or trademark rights, which may cause harm to our reputation and disrupt our branding strategy in the relevant local market. Damage to our reputation and loss of brand equity could reduce demand for our services and thus have an adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our reputation and restore the value of our brand.

We may not be able to attract and retain the qualified and skilled employees needed to support our business.

We believe our success depends on the efforts, effectiveness and talent of our employees, including research and development, supply chain management, operations, engineering, risk management, and sales and marketing personnel. Our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain qualified and skilled employees. Competition for highly skilled personnel is extremely intense. We may not be able to hire and retain these personnel at compensation levels consistent with our existing compensation and salary structure. Some of the companies with which we compete for experienced employees have greater resources than we have and may be able to offer more attractive terms of employment.

In addition, we invest significant time and resources in training our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training their replacements, and the quality of our services and our ability to serve our customers could diminish, resulting in a material adverse effect to our business.

A significant system disruption could adversely affect the operations of us and our ecosystem participants, which could severely impact our business and prospects.

We rely on our technology infrastructure to process, transmit and store digital information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities. In addition, the provision of service to our customers and the operation of our service network infrastructure involves the storage and transmission of proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including business and personal information of our ecosystem participants, who are reliant on the use of our technology infrastructure to manage their business processes and activities. Our technology infrastructures and those of our customers and our franchisee partners are connected through various interfaces. Some of these infrastructures are managed by third parties and are susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, malicious insiders, telecommunication failures, user errors or other catastrophic events. Hackers, acting individually or in coordinated groups, may also launch distributed denial of service attacks or other coordinated attacks that may cause service outages or other interruptions in our business.

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The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently, may be difficult to detect and often are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. If our systems were to suffer an operational failure, it could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data, and improper handling of or unauthorized access to such data may adversely affect our business.

We face risks related to complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, disclosure and security of personal information, as well as any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to such data.

The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection has continued to evolve. There are uncertainties on how certain laws and regulations will be implemented in practice. PRC regulators have been increasingly focused on regulating data security and data protection. We expect that these areas will receive greater attention from regulators, as well as attract public scrutiny and attention going forward. This greater attention, scrutiny and enforcement, including more frequent inspections, could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. For further details please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulatory Matters—Regulations Relating to Internet Security.”

We also grant limited access to specified data on our technology platform to certain other ecosystem participants. These third parties face the same challenges and risks inherent in handling and protecting large volumes of data. Any system failure or security breach or lapse on our part or on the part of any of such third parties that results in the release of user data could harm our reputation and brand and, consequently, our business, in addition to exposing us to potential legal liability.

In addition, we are subject to additional laws in other jurisdictions in which we operate and where our ecosystem participants are located. The laws, rules and regulations of other jurisdictions, such as the U.S., Europe and Southeast Asian countries, may impose more stringent or conflicting requirements and penalties than those in China, compliance with which could require significant resources and costs. Our policies and practices concerning the collection, use and disclosure of user data are posted on our websites. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any regulatory requirements or privacy protection-related laws, rules and regulations could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others. These proceedings or actions could subject us to significant penalties and negative publicity, require us to change our business practices, increase our costs and severely disrupt our business.

We face risks associated with the items we deliver and the contents of shipments and inventories handled through our service network.

We handle a large volume of shipments and inventories across our service network, and face challenges with respect to the protection and control of these items. Shipments and inventories in our service network may be stolen, damaged or lost for various reasons, and we, our franchisee partners and service providers may be perceived or found to be liable for such incidents. In addition, we may fail to screen shipments and inventories and detect unsafe or prohibited/restricted items. Unsafe items, such as flammables and explosives, toxic or corrosive items and radioactive materials, may damage other items or facilities in our service network, injure recipients and harm our personnel and assets or those of our franchisee partners and service providers. Furthermore, if we fail to prevent prohibited or restricted items from entering into our service network and if we participate in the transport and delivery of such items, we may be subject to administrative or even criminal penalties, and if any personal injury or property damage is concurrently caused, we may be further liable for civil compensation.

Our delivery operations also involve inherent risks. We constantly have a large number of vehicles and personnel in transportation and a large number of items in storage facilities that we rent, and are therefore subject to risks associated with storage and transportation safety. The insurance maintained by us may not fully cover the damages caused by transportation-related injuries or loss. From time to time, our vehicles and personnel may be involved in accidents, and the items they transport may be lost or damaged. In addition, frictions or disputes may occasionally arise from the personal interactions between our pick-up and delivery personnel and senders or recipients and those of our franchisees partners and service providers. Personal injury or property damage may occur in connection with such incidents.

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Any of the foregoing could disrupt our services, cause us to incur substantial expenses and divert the time and attention of our management. We, our franchisee partners and service providers may face claims and incur significant liabilities if found liable or partially liable for any injuries, damages or losses. Claims against us may exceed the amount of our insurance coverage, or may not be covered by insurance at all. Governmental authorities may also impose significant fines on us or require us to adopt costly preventive measures. Furthermore, if our services are perceived to be insecure or unsafe by our ecosystem participants, our business volume may be significantly reduced, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited ability to protect our intellectual property rights, including our brand and our proprietary information technology platform, and unauthorized parties may infringe upon or misappropriate our intellectual property.

Our success depends in part upon our proprietary technology infrastructure, including certain methodologies, practices, tools and technical expertise we utilize in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining applications and processes used in providing our services. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, trade secrets and other intellectual property protections, confidentiality agreements with our key personnel, customers and other relevant persons and other measures to protect our intellectual property, including our brand and our proprietary technology infrastructure. Nevertheless, it may be possible for third parties to obtain and use our intellectual property without authorization. The unauthorized use of intellectual property is common in China and certain Southeast Asian countries and enforcement of intellectual property rights by regulatory agencies may not be as consistent as in more developed countries. As a result, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and resources, and could disrupt our business, as well as have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. There is no guarantee that we would be able to halt any unauthorized use of our intellectual property through litigation.

We may be accused of infringing the intellectual property rights of others.

Our success depends in part on the use of our proprietary intellectual property and the intellectual property of other ecosystem participants, including technology, software products, business policies, plans, and trade secrets. Many of our contracts with third parties require us not to engage in the unauthorized use of such intellectual property or information, and to indemnify such third parties for any resulting loss. The steps taken by us in this regard may not be adequate to safeguard such intellectual property and confidential information. Moreover, most of our contracts do not include any limitation on our liability with respect to our infringement or breach of our obligation to keep confidential the intellectual property or confidential information. In addition, we may not always be aware of intellectual property registrations or applications relating to trademarks, source codes, software products or other intellectual property of such third parties, whether in China or other jurisdictions. As a result, if the proprietary rights of our ecosystem participants or other third parties are misappropriated by us or our employees, we may be liable for damages or other compensation.

Assertions of infringement of intellectual property or misappropriation of confidential information against us, if successful, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Protracted litigation could divert our management’s attention and our resources and also result in existing or potential customers deferring or limiting their procurement or use of our services until the resolution of such litigation. Even if such assertions against us are unsuccessful, they may cause us to lose existing and future business and incur reputational harm and substantial legal fees.

Any difficulties in identifying, consummating and integrating acquisitions, investments or alliances may expose us to potential risks and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We have in the past made and may in the future seek to make acquisitions and investments and enter into strategic alliances to further expand our business. We acquired a local express delivery company in Vietnam in July 2019 and a local express delivery company in Malaysia in April 2020. If we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may acquire additional businesses, services, resources, or assets, including supply chain service providers and transport solution providers that are accretive to our core business. We cannot assure you that we will always be able to complete such acquisitions successfully or on terms acceptable to us. Integration of entities or assets we acquire into our business may not be successful and may prevent us from expanding into new services, customer segments or operating locations. This could significantly affect the expected benefits of these acquisitions. Moreover, the integration of any acquired entities or assets into our operations could require significant attention from our management. The diversion of our management’s attention and any difficulties encountered in any integration process could have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our business.

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Our possible future acquisitions, investments or strategic alliances may also expose us to other potential risks, including risks associated with unforeseen or hidden liabilities, the diversion of resources from our existing businesses and technologies, our inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset the costs, expenses of acquisitions and potential loss of, or harm to, relationships with employees and customers as a result of our integration of new businesses. In addition, we may recognize impairment losses on goodwill arising from our acquisitions. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to manage our business, our financial condition and our results of operations.

Our international expansion exposes us to significant risks.

We provide inbound and outbound cross-border supply chain management services and plan to continue to expand our footprint internationally as part of our growth strategy. In addition to China, we currently operate warehouses in the U.S. and Thailand, and have coverage in Vietnam, Australia, France, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Italy, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, New Zealand, Kuwait, Laos, Russia and the United Arab Emirates through partners, and expect to open additional foreign facilities and hire employees to work at these offices in order to reach new customers and expand the reach of our service network. We started to provide local express delivery services in Thailand in late 2018, Vietnam in July 2019 and Malaysia in April 2020. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks in addition to those we already face in China. Because of our limited experience with international operations as well as developing and managing operations in international markets, our international expansion efforts may not produce the results we expect.

In addition, we will face risks in doing business internationally that could adversely affect our business. For instance, we face difficulties managing and staffing international operations and the increased operating, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with international business. We must comply with laws and regulations in foreign jurisdictions, particularly in the areas of data privacy and customs. We must also comply with technical and environmental standards in these jurisdictions. In addition, we must offer customer service in various languages, adapt and localize our service offerings for specific countries, appropriately price our products and services and work with overseas merchants, partners and other third parties, such as local transportation service providers. We are also subject to general risks inherent in international operations, such as fluctuations in exchange rates, changes in trade policies, tariff regulations, embargoes and customer clearances, or other trade restrictions, as well political or social unrest or economic instability in regions in which we operate.

Our failure to manage any of these risks successfully could harm our international operations, and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient capital to fund our business expansion.

Our business expansion requires a substantial amount of capital. In 2017, 2018 and 2019, we incurred capital expenditures of RMB749.7 million, RMB1,077.8 million and RMB1,497.7 million (US$215.1 million), respectively, representing purchases of property and equipment. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur substantial costs to launch and ramp-up new service offerings as well as to expand geographically and we may only be able to recover such costs over the long term. The continued improvement and upgrade of our supply chain service network may also require a substantial amount of capital investments, such as purchasing equipment, funding leasehold improvements at our hubs, sortation centers and Cloud OFCs and expanding our BEST Store⁺ network. Further, we may encounter development delays and excess development costs.

We have historically funded our operations by issuance of equity or equity-linked securities (including convertible senior notes), redeemable convertible preferred shares, asset backed securities and short-term bank borrowings. There can be no assurance that we will be able to generate sufficient cash from our operations to fund our capital requirements or raise additional funds through equity or debt financings on satisfactory terms or at all, in which case we may be required to prioritize projects or curtail capital expenditures, and our results of operations could be adversely affected. On the other hand, if we raise funds through debt financings, we may also become subject to restrictive covenants that could limit our future capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters. If we raise funds through further issuances of equity or equity-linked securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution in their percentage ownership of our company.

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We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to repurchase our convertible senior notes on the repurchase date or upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon required repurchase or redemption of the notes.

Holders of our 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 will have the right to require us to repurchase their notes on September 30, 2022, and upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, in each case at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of notes surrendered therefor or redeem the notes. In addition, our ability to repurchase or redeem the notes may be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements governing our current or future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase notes or pay the tax redemption price at a time when the repurchase or such payment is required by the indenture governing the notes would constitute a default under the indenture governing the notes. A default under the indenture governing the notes or the fundamental change itself would also lead to a default under agreements governing our existing indebtedness and could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. If the repayment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness and repurchase or redeem the notes.

Failure of us or our franchisee partners to obtain, maintain or update necessary licenses and permits may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and our franchisee partners are required to hold a number of licenses and permits in connection with our business operation including, but not limited to, with respect to our China businesses, the courier service operation permit, road transportation operation permit and the value-added telecommunication service license concerning Internet information service, or the ICP license.

Under PRC laws, an enterprise that operates and provides express delivery services must obtain a courier service operation permit listing out all the regions it and its branches are allowed to operate in. Such enterprise needs to make a filing with the relevant postal authority to update its courier service operation permit to include any additional regions it plans to expand into. All of our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs and their subsidiaries engaging in express delivery services have obtained courier service operation permits required for our operations. However, some local branches of our VIEs and their subsidiaries have not made timely filings with the relevant postal authority to update their courier service operation permits. While we have not received any government order or penalty resulting from such failure, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to orders to rectify, fines of up to RMB50,000 or business suspension of such branches.

In addition, an enterprise engaging in road freight transportation is required to obtain a road transportation operation permit from the relevant county-level road transportation administrative bureau, unless such enterprise is engaging in general cargo transportation with a general cargo vehicle weighing 4,500 kilograms or less. If an enterprise engaging in road freight transportation intends to establish a branch, it is required to make a filing with the local road transportation administrative bureau where the branch is to be established. While all of our PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs and their subsidiaries engaging in road freight transportation have obtained their road transportation operation permits, we are in the process of renewing the filings for some of the branches, and if we cannot complete the renewal in a timely manner, these branches may be subject to business suspension and other penalties.

Our franchisee partners also need to obtain necessary licenses and permits and make necessary filings to provide express delivery services. Some of our franchisee partners providing express delivery services do not currently possess all necessary licenses and permits. While we have urged them to obtain such licenses and permits, we can provide no assurance that all of our franchisee partners will be able to obtain all of the licenses and permits and make all of the filings necessary for their business. Failure to obtain such licenses and permits and make such filings may result in suspension of operation, fines or other penalties on our franchisee partners by government authorities. In addition, if any of our franchisee partners providing express delivery services fails to obtain required licenses and permits, we may also be subject to an order to rectify and a fine ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000 for each such failure.

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New laws and regulations that are enforced from time to time may require additional licenses and permits other than those we and our franchisee partners currently have. If the PRC government considers us or our franchisee partners to be operating without the proper approvals, licenses or permits or promulgates new laws and regulations that require additional approvals or licenses, it has the authority, among other things, to levy fines, confiscate our income, revoke our business licenses, and require us to discontinue our relevant business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions by the PRC government may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations.

Failure to comply with PRC laws and regulations by us or our franchisee partners may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to governmental supervision and regulation by the relevant PRC governmental authorities, including but not limited to the State Post Bureau and the Ministry of Transport. Together, these governmental authorities promulgate and enforce regulations that cover many aspects of our day-to-day operations, and we may fail to fully comply with these regulations. For example, the PRC Postal Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China, which became effective on October 1, 2009 and was amended in 2015, indicates that express delivery companies cannot engage in “posting and mail delivery business exclusively operated by postal enterprises.” However, PRC laws do not provide a definition for “posting and mail delivery business exclusively operated by postal enterprises.” If the authorities define such term in the future and if the items that we or our franchisee partners deliver fall into the defined category, we may be considered in violation of such regulation, and as a result, it might have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

According to the Administrative Measures for Express Delivery Market, or the Express Delivery Regulations, promulgated by the Ministry of Transport on January 11, 2013, when engaging in express delivery business through franchising arrangements, a franchisor is required to execute written agreements with its franchisees to set forth their respective rights and obligations with respect to their franchising arrangement and clearly delineate their respective liabilities to consumers in case of any infringement of their lawful rights. Failure to enter into such a written agreement with any franchisee may subject a franchisor to an order to rectify and a fine ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000. While it is not clearly provided in the Express Delivery Regulations, national government authorities have imposed that certain specific forms be used in connection with the execution of the written agreements required under the Express Delivery Regulations. While the majority of our agreements with franchisee partners for express delivery service have satisfied such form requirements, our other agreements with such franchisee partners may be found non-compliant by relevant authorities. Although we have proactively taken measures to ensure that our agreements with franchisee partners will comply with such requirements, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to fines and penalties due to any past or future non-compliances.

Pursuant to the Administrative Regulations on Commercial Franchising Operation promulgated by the State Council in February 2007 and Provisions on Administration of the Record Filing of Commercial Franchises issued by MOFCOM in December 2011, or collectively the Regulations and Provisions on Commercial Franchising, commercial franchising refers to the business activities where an enterprise that possesses the registered trademarks, enterprise logos, patents, proprietary technology or any other business resources allows such business resources to be used by another business operator through a contract and the business operator follows the uniform business model to conduct business operations and pay franchising fees according to the contract. Therefore, if the relationship between us and our franchisee partners and other ecosystem participants constitute such regulated commercial franchising, we will be subject to these regulations and will be required to file such franchising arrangements with MOFCOM or its local counterparts and update the filings when there are changes to relevant information. While we had completed such filings with respect to our BEST Express, BEST Freight and Cloud OFC services as of December 31, 2019, we cannot assure you that we can update such filings in a timely manner or our relationships with other existing and future ecosystem participants will not be found to constitute such regulated commercial franchising in the future. As of December 31, 2019, we had not received any request from any governmental authorities to make any of such filings. If relevant authorities determine that we failed to make any filing with respect to any regulated commercial franchising activity in the future, we may be subject to an order to rectify or fines ranging from RMB10,000 to RMB50,000, and if we fail to rectify within the rectification period determined by competent government authorities, we may be subject to an additional fine ranging from RMB50,000 and RMB100,000 as well as public reprimand.

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In addition, our franchisee partners have full discretion over their daily operations and make localized decisions with respect to their facilities, vehicles and hiring and pricing strategies. Their operations are regulated by various PRC laws and regulations, including local administrative rulings, orders and policies that are pertinent to their localized freight, express delivery business and retail business. For example, local regulations may specify the models or types of vehicles to be used in pickup and delivery services or require the franchisee partners to implement heightened safety screening procedures, which could materially drive up the operating costs and impact the delivery efficiency of the pickup and delivery outlets.

We are also subject to a number of retail industry regulations including, but not limited to, regulations relating to pricing, consumer protection, product quality, food safety and public safety. Local regulatory authorities conduct periodic inspections, examinations and inquiries in respect of our compliance with relevant regulatory requirements. If we, or our membership stores, fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we or our membership stores may be exposed to penalties, fines, the suspension or revocation of our or our membership stores’ licenses or permits to conduct business, administrative proceedings and litigation.

New laws and regulations may be enforced from time to time and substantial uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC laws and regulations applicable to our businesses. If the PRC government promulgates new laws and regulations that impose additional restrictions on our daily operations, it has the authority, among other things, to levy fines, confiscate income, revoke business licenses, and require us to discontinue our relevant business or impose restrictions on the affected portion of our business. Any of these actions by the PRC government may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. If our franchisee partners are found to be in violation of any applicable law or regulation then in effect, such franchisee partners may be subject to similar penalties or administrative orders and may not be able to continue to deliver satisfactory services or at all. As a result, our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We face risks related to the termination and renewal of leases on which we rely for our operations.

Substantially all of our Cloud OFCs, hubs and sortation centers are located in properties for which we have entered into long-term operating leases. In some instances, we may negotiate an option to renew the lease according to the terms and conditions under the relevant lease agreements. However, upon the expiration of such leases, we may not be able to renew these leases on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Under certain lease agreements, the lessor may terminate the agreement by giving prior notice and paying default penalties to us. Such default penalties nonetheless may not be sufficient to cover our losses. Even though the lessors for most of our Cloud OFCs, hubs and sortation centers do not have the right of unilateral early termination unless they provide the required notice, the lease may nonetheless be terminated early if we are in material breach of the lease agreements. We may assert claims for compensation against the landlords if they elect to terminate a lease agreement early and without due cause. If the leases for our Cloud OFCs, hubs or sortation centers were terminated prior to their expiration dates, notwithstanding any compensation we may receive for early termination of such leases, or if we are not able to renew such leases, we may have to incur significant cost related to relocation.

Our use of certain leased properties could be challenged by third parties or governmental authorities, which may cause interruptions to our business operations.

As of December 31, 2019, lessors of approximately 0.8% of the total gross floor area of our leased properties in China have not provided us with their property ownership certificates or any other documentation proving their right to lease those properties to us. If our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the relevant governmental authorities, our leases could be invalidated. If this occurs, we may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or other parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us. Although we may seek damages from such lessors, such leases may be void and we may be forced to relocate. Any relocation would require us to locate and secure additional facilities, expenditures of additional funds in connection with the relocation and preparation of replacement facilities. This could affect our ability to provide uninterrupted services to our customers and harm our reputation. As of December 31, 2019, we had not incurred expenditures associated with the relocation and preparation of replacement facilities. In addition, a substantial portion of our leasehold interests in leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC governmental authorities as required by relevant PRC laws. The failure to register leasehold interests may expose us to potential warnings and penalties.

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In addition, some of our leased properties in China may not have filed the fire-control registration as required by relevant PRC laws and as a result, our use of the leased property may be affected. In the event that our use of properties is successfully challenged by the regulators or due to fire incidents, we may be forced to relocate from the affected operations.

Our failure or alleged failure to comply with China’s anti-corruption laws or the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could result in penalties, which could harm our reputation and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to PRC laws and regulations related to anti-corruption, which prohibit bribery to government agencies, state or government-owned or controlled enterprises or entities, to government officials or officials that work for state or government-owned enterprises or entities, as well as bribery to non-government entities or individuals. As a U.S. public company, we are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which generally prohibits companies and any individuals or entities acting on their behalf from offering or making improper payments or providing benefits to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business, along with various other anti-corruption laws. Our existing policies prohibit any such conduct and we continually refine and update our policies and procedures to keep up with business and regulatory developments. We also provide ongoing training to our employees, franchisee partners and other third parties in order to ensure that we comply with PRC anti-corruption laws and regulations, the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws to which we are subject. There is, however, no assurance that such policies or procedures will work effectively all the time or protect us against liability under the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws. There is no assurance that our employees, franchisee partners and other third parties would always obey our policies and procedures. Further, there is uncertainty in connection with the implementation of PRC anti-corruption laws. We could be held liable for actions taken by our employees, franchisee partners and other third parties with respect to our business or any businesses that we may acquire. In addition to the PRC, we also operate warehouses in the U.S. and Thailand, and have coverage in Vietnam, Australia, France, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Italy, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, New Zealand, Kuwait, Laos, Russia and the United Arab Emirates through partners. We also provide local express delivery services in Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. This puts us in frequent contact with persons who may be considered “foreign officials” under the FCPA, resulting in an elevated risk of potential FCPA violations. If we are found not to be in compliance with PRC anti-corruption laws, the FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws, we may be subject to criminal, administrative, and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws by the U.S. or foreign authorities, including Chinese authorities, could adversely impact our reputation, cause us to lose customer relationships and lead to other adverse impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to various claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of business, and increases in the amount or severity of these claims and lawsuits could adversely affect us.

We are exposed to various claims and litigation related to commercial disputes, personal injury, property damage, labor disputes and other matters in the ordinary course of our business. Developments in regulatory, legislative or judicial standards, material changes to litigation trends, or a catastrophic accident or series of accidents, including accidents that affect our franchisee partners or service providers, involving any or all of commercial disputes, property damage, personal injury, and labor disputes could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition and reputation.

We may not have sufficient insurance coverage.

We maintain various insurance policies to safeguard against risks and unexpected events. We have purchased certain life insurance, such as group accident insurance; property loss insurance, such as cargo transportation insurance and all-risk property insurance; and liability insurance, such as non-motor vehicle liability insurance, public liability insurance and logistics liability insurance. Some of our insurance also covers fire or other damages. We also provide social security insurance, including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and medical insurance for our full-time employees. We are not legally required to maintain insurance for the items we ship. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain key-man life insurance. We cannot assure you that our insurance coverage is sufficient to prevent us from any losses or that we will be able to successfully claim for losses under our current insurance policies on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur losses that are not covered by our insurance policies, or if the amount reimbursed is significantly less than our actual losses, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have in the past raised significant funds in U.S. dollars and have received net proceeds in U.S. dollars from our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering. We have historically incurred substantial short-term borrowings in Renminbi to fund our working capital requirement in the PRC while holding significant U.S. dollar balances. As such, any appreciation in the value of Renminbi against U.S. dollar and other currencies would have a negative impact on our financial position and results of operations. In addition, while we currently incur only a small portion of our expenses and generate only a small portion of our revenue in currencies other than Renminbi, we may incur more of such expenses and generate more of such revenues in the future as we continue our international expansion. As a result, we may be subject to increased foreign exchange rate risk in the future.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC and other governments. Specifically in the PRC, on July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. From December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2016, the Renminbi depreciated approximately 6.7% against the U.S. dollar. In 2017, however, the RMB appreciated approximately 6.7% against the U.S. dollar; and in 2018 and 2019, the RMB depreciated approximately 5.7% and 1.5%, respectively, against the U.S. dollar. It remains unclear what further fluctuations may occur or what impact this will have on our results of operations.

It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC, U.S. or other government policies may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi, U.S. dollar and other currencies in the future. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in greater fluctuation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar. Substantially all of our revenue and costs are currently denominated in Renminbi, and a large portion of our financial assets are denominated in U.S. dollars. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount we would receive. We cannot predict the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and foreign currency fluctuations in the future may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We face risks related to natural disasters, extreme weather conditions, health epidemics and other catastrophic incidents, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

China has in the past experienced significant natural disasters, including earthquakes in Western and Southwestern China, extreme weather conditions, as well as health scares related to epidemic diseases, and any similar event could materially impact our business in the future. Most recently, beginning in January 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak that resulted in travel restrictions and quarantines in China has negatively affected our operations in the country and caused lower productivity from late January to early March 2020. Our total revenue declined for January and February 2020 on a year-over-year basis. By the end of March 2020, we had fully recovered our services across China, including all hubs and warehouses for express services, freight services and supply chain management services. However, as COVID-19 outbreak has further spread outside China and it is uncertain as to whether the COVID-19 outbreak will continue to be contained in China, we are still in the process of evaluating the magnitude of COVID- 19’s impact on our operations and we are unable to quantify the ensuing financial impact at this time. As a result of the on-going COVID-19, our operations may again slow down or be suspended. Our business could be materially and adversely affected in the event that the slowdown or suspension continues for a prolonged period. If any of our employees are suspected of having contracted a contagious disease, we may be required to apply quarantines or suspend our operations. Furthermore, any continuing outbreak may restrict economic activities in affected regions, resulting in reduced business volume, temporary closure of our business permises or otherwise disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business could also be affected by other public health epidemics, such as the outbreak of avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, Zika virus, Ebola virus or other diseases. If a disaster or other disruption were to occur in the future that affects the regions where we have or are developing Cloud OFCs or hubs and sortation centers, our operations could be materially and adversely affected due to loss of personnel and damages to property. Even if we are not directly affected, such a disaster or disruption could affect the operations or financial condition of our ecosystem participants, which could harm our results of operations.

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If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired.

As a U.S. public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report, which concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective in all material aspects as of December 31, 2019. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”

However, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. This will require that we incur substantial additional professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts. In addition, the trading price of our ADSs could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the New York Stock Exchange, SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating certain of our operations in China do not comply with PRC regulations relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Under current PRC laws and regulations, foreign enterprises or individuals may not invest in or operate domestic mail delivery services and foreign ownership of Internet information services is subject to restrictions. According to the Special Administrative Measures for Entrance of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2019 Version), or the Negative List 2019, which was promulgated jointly by the MOFCOM and the NDRC on June 30, 2019 and became effective on July 30, 2019, foreign investment is prohibited in the establishment of any postal enterprise and in domestic express delivery of mail. Postal enterprises refer to the China Post Group and its wholly-owned enterprises or controlled enterprises providing postal services, as well as other services including but not limited to mail delivery, postal remittances, savings and issuance of stamps and production and sale of philatelic products. In addition, according to the Interim Measures for the Operation and Administration of Road Freight Transport based on Internet Platforms promulgated by the Ministry of Transport and the State Taxation Administration in 2019, enterprises that operate an internet platform for road freight transport, such as our entities that operate our BEST UCargo business, must satisfy legal requirements regarding operational internet information service such as obtaining their own ICP licenses. Foreign investors are generally not permitted to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a value-added telecommunication service provider (other than business of e-commerce, domestic multiparty communication, store-and-forward business and call center). Any such foreign investor must also have experience and a good track record in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas.

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We are a Cayman Islands company and our PRC subsidiaries wholly owned by us are considered wholly-foreign owned enterprises. Accordingly, none of these subsidiaries are eligible to operate domestic mail delivery services and value-added telecommunications business in China, including operation of an internet platform for road freight transport in connection with our BEST UCargo business. It is also practically and economically not possible to separate the delivery of mail from the delivery of non-mail items in our day-to-day services. To ensure compliance with the PRC laws and regulations, we conduct such domestic mail delivery services and value-added telecommunications business (other than those in connection with BEST UCargo) through Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Ltd., our VIE, and its subsidiaries, and our BEST UCargo business through Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd., also our VIE, and its subsidiaries. Our company and Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd., or Zhejiang BEST, our wholly-owned subsidiary in China, have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Ltd. and its shareholders, and our company and BEST Logistics Technology (China) Co., Ltd., or BEST Logistics China, our wholly-owned subsidiary in China, have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd. and its shareholders, which enable us to (i) exercise effective control over the VIEs, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIEs and are also obligated to absorb the expected losses of the VIEs, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests and assets in the VIEs when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have control over and are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs and hence consolidate their financial results as our VIEs under U.S. GAAP.

If the PRC government finds that our contractual arrangements do not comply with its restrictions on foreign investment in domestic express delivery services of mail or value-added telecommunications business, or if the PRC government otherwise finds that we, our VIEs, or any of its subsidiaries are in violation of PRC laws or regulations or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate our business, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations or failures, including, without limitation: (i) revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of these entities; (ii) discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operation through any transactions between our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs; (iii) imposing fines, confiscating the income from our PRC subsidiaries or VIEs, or imposing other requirements with which such entities may not be able to comply; (iv) requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with our VIEs and deregistering the equity pledges of our VIEs, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or exert effective control over our VIEs; or (v) restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds of our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering to finance our business and operations in China.

Any of these actions would cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, new PRC laws, rules and regulations may be introduced to impose additional requirements that may impose additional challenges to our corporate structure and contractual arrangements. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of our VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from our VIEs, we may not be able to consolidate the entities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Our contractual arrangements with our VIEs may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that our contractual arrangements with our VIEs were not made on an arm’s length basis and adjust our income and expenses for PRC tax purposes by requiring a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by (i) increasing the tax liabilities of our VIEs without reducing the tax liability of our PRC subsidiaries, which could further result in late payment fees and other penalties to our VIEs for underpaid taxes; or (ii) limiting the ability of our VIEs to obtain or maintain preferential tax treatments and other financial incentives.

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We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders for our China operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control and otherwise have a material adverse effect as to our business.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIEs and their shareholders to operate our business in China. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Variable Interest Entity Contractual Arrangements.” In 2017, 2018 and 2019, 66%, 66% and 66% of our total revenue, respectively, was attributed to our VIEs. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our VIEs. If our VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend significant resources to enforce such arrangements in reliance on legal remedies under PRC law as we will only have indirect recourse to the assets held by our VIEs. These remedies may not always be effective, particularly in light of uncertainties in the PRC legal system. Furthermore, in connection with litigation, arbitration or other judicial or dispute resolution proceedings, assets under the name of any of the record holders of equity interest in our VIEs, including such equity interest, may be put under court custody. As a consequence, we cannot be certain that the equity interest will be disposed of pursuant to the contractual arrangements or ownership by the record holder of the equity interest.

All of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through litigation in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the U.S. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In the event that we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant time delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, it would be very difficult to exert effective control over our VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China—There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.”

The shareholders of our VIEs may have conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

In connection with our operations in China, we rely on the shareholders of our VIEs to abide by the obligations under such contractual arrangements. Hangzhou BEST Network, one of our VIEs, is 36.285% owned by Wei Chen, a PRC individual who is a relative of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, 36.285% owned by Lili He, another PRC individual who is a relative of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou and 27.43% owned by Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., a PRC domestic company and a consolidated entity of Alibaba. Hangzhou BEST IT, another VIE of ours, is 50% owned by Wei Chen and 50% owned by Lili He. The interests of Wei Chen, Lili He and Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd. in their own capacities as the shareholders of our VIEs, as applicable, may differ from the interests of our company as a whole, as what is in the best interests of our VIEs, including matters such as whether to distribute dividends or to make other distributions to fund our offshore requirement, may not be in the best interests of our company. There can be no assurance that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company, or that conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. In addition, these shareholders may breach or cause our VIEs to breach or refuse to renew the existing contractual arrangements with us.

We currently do not have arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest the shareholders of our VIEs may encounter. We believe that we can, at all times, exercise our option under the exclusive call option agreement to cause these shareholders of our VIEs to transfer all of their equity ownership in our VIEs to a PRC entity or individual designated by us as permitted by then applicable PRC laws.

In addition, if such conflicts of interest arise, we could also, in the capacity of attorney-in-fact of the then-existing shareholders of the VIEs as provided under the shareholder voting rights proxy agreement, directly appoint new directors of our VIEs. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the shareholders of our VIEs, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

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We may lose the ability to use, or otherwise benefit from, the licenses, approvals and assets held by our VIEs, which could severely disrupt our business, render us unable to conduct some or all of our business operations and constrain our growth.

As part of our contractual arrangements with our VIEs, our VIEs and their subsidiaries hold certain assets, licenses and permits that are material to our business operations, including courier service operation permits, ICP licenses and road transportation operation permits. The contractual arrangements contain terms that specifically obligate VIE equity holders to ensure the valid existence of the VIEs and restrict the disposal of material assets of the VIEs. However, in the event the VIE equity holders breach the terms of these contractual arrangements and voluntarily liquidate our VIEs, or our VIEs declare bankruptcy and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to conduct some or all of our business operations or otherwise benefit from the assets held by the VIEs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if our VIEs undergo a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its equity holders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of the assets of the VIEs, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business as well as constrain our growth.

Our corporate actions are significantly influenced by our principal shareholders, including our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, and Alibaba (including Cainiao Network), which have the ability to exert significant influence over important corporate matters that require approval of shareholders, which may deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your ADSs and materially reduce the value of your investment.

Our outstanding share capital consists of Class A ordinary shares, Class B ordinary shares and Class C ordinary shares. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 15 votes, and each Class C ordinary share is entitled to 30 votes at general meetings of our shareholders. As of February 29, 2020, Alibaba (including Cainiao Network) beneficially owned, in aggregate, 9.2% of our Class A ordinary shares and 100% of our Class B ordinary shares, representing approximately 46.2% of the aggregate voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital, and Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou beneficially owned 100% of the Class C ordinary shares issued and outstanding, representing approximately 46.4% of the aggregate voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital. Our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that are currently in effect also provide that all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval should be decided by a special resolution, which requires at least two-thirds of the votes cast by shareholders who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting of our company, unless a greater majority is required. Therefore, our shareholders will not be able to pass any resolution without the affirmative votes of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou or Alibaba (including Cainiao Network) if one or more of them continue to hold more than one-third of the aggregate voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital. In addition, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou has nominated two directors to our board of directors; Alibaba (including Cainiao Network) has nominated two directors to our board of directors; and they generally have the right to appoint replacements of these directors unless they do not hold any of our shares.

This concentration of ownership and the protective provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the dual effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and reducing the price of the ADSs. As a result of the foregoing, the value of your investment could be materially reduced.

If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions that our business relies on are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation.

The chops of our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are generally held by the relevant entities so that documents can be executed locally. Although we usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise.

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In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to the designated key employees of our legal, administrative or finance departments. Although we have approval procedures in place and monitor our key employees, including the designated legal representatives of our PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our key employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding our PRC subsidiaries and our VIEs with contracts against our interests, as we would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we would need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal action to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop with the relevant authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains and misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations, and our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress of China approved the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. Since it is relatively new, uncertainties exist with respect to its interpretation and implementation. The Foreign Investment Law does not specify whether VIEs that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign-invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under its definition of “foreign investment” that includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council. As such, there is still leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over our VIEs through contractual arrangements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future.

The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either “restricted” or “prohibited” to foreign investment in a “negative list”. On June 30, 2019, the MOFCOM and the NDRC jointly promulgated the Negative List 2019. If, in the future, our control over our VIEs through contractual arrangements were deemed as foreign investment, and if our VIEs are engaged in any business which is “restricted” or “prohibited” to foreign investment under the then-effective “negative list”, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over our VIEs may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operations.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Any failure on our part to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China

Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and may result in our inability to sustain our growth and expansion strategies.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC and substantially all of our revenue is sourced from the PRC. Accordingly, our financial condition and results of operations are affected to a significant extent by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC.

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The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the extent of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, and control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, the PRC government has implemented in the past certain measures to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our services and consequently have a material adverse effect on our businesses, financial condition and results of operations.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the PRC, and are governed by PRC laws, rules and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to laws, rules and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws, rules and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws, rules and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China or may be subject to significant degrees of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding nature of such decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation.

Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business operations are extensively impacted by the policies and regulations of the PRC government. Any policy or regulatory change may cause us to incur significant compliance costs.

We are subject to extensive national, provincial and local governmental regulations, policies and controls. Central governmental authorities and provincial and local authorities and agencies regulate many aspects of Chinese industries, including, among others and in addition to specific industry-related regulations, the following aspects: (i) operation of logistics and supply chain services; (ii) traffic and transport-related services; (iii) provision of supply chain solutions, transport services, financial services, retail services and operation of high technology businesses; (iv) environmental laws and regulations; (v) security laws and regulations; (vi) establishment of or changes in shareholder of foreign investment enterprises; (vii) foreign exchange; (viii) taxes, duties and fees; (ix) customs; and (x) land planning and land use rights, including establishment of urban transformation initiatives.

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The liabilities, costs, obligations and requirements associated with these laws and regulations may cause interruptions to our operations or impact our financial position and results of operations. Failure to comply with the relevant laws and regulations in our operations may result in various penalties, including, among others the suspension of our operations and thus adversely and materially affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, there can be no assurance that the relevant government agencies will not change such laws or regulations or impose additional or more stringent laws or regulations. Compliance with such laws or regulations may require us to incur material capital expenditures or other obligations or liabilities.

The successful operation of our business depends upon the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure in China and other countries in which we operate.

Our business depends on the performance and reliability of the Internet infrastructure in China and other countries in which we operate. Almost all access to the Internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. In addition, the national networks in China are connected to the Internet through state-owned international gateways, which are the only channels through which a domestic user can connect to the Internet outside of China. We may not have access to alternative networks in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with the Internet infrastructure in China or elsewhere. In addition, the Internet infrastructure in the countries in which we operate may not support the demands associated with continued growth in Internet usage.

The failure of telecommunications network operators to provide us with the requisite bandwidth could also interfere with the speed and availability of our websites. We have no control over the costs of the services provided by the telecommunications operators. If the prices that we pay for telecommunications and Internet services rise significantly, our gross margins could be adversely affected. In addition, if Internet access fees or other charges to Internet users increase, activities in our ecosystem may decrease, which in turn may significantly decrease our revenue.

Certain PRC regulations establish more complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by foreign investors that could make it more difficult for us to grow through acquisitions.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the MOFCOM, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, or the SASAC, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the predecessor of the State Administration for Market Regulation, the CSRC, and the SAFE, jointly adopted the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which came into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities in a PRC company obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles.

While the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear, we believe, based on the advice of our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, that the CSRC approval is not required in the context of our initial public offering because (i) our PRC subsidiaries were incorporated as foreign-invested enterprises by means of foreign direct investments at the time of their incorporation, and (ii) we did not acquire any equity interests or assets of a PRC company owned by its controlling shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC companies or individuals, as such terms are defined under the M&A Rules. There can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC’s approval for our initial public offering or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules before our listing that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals for our initial public offering, we may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our initial public offering into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects.

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The new regulations also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that the approval from the MOFCOM be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. We may grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Complying with the requirements of the new regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulatory Matters—Regulations Relating to M&A Rules and Overseas Listing.”

PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits.

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75” promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by SAFE, qualified local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015.

We have notified our substantial beneficial owners who we know are PRC residents of their obligations of applications, filings and amendments as required under SAFE Circular 37 and other related rules. Nevertheless, we may not be aware of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and there can be no assurance that all of our PRC-resident beneficial owners will comply with SAFE Circular 37, its implementation rules and other applicable foreign exchange rules, and there is no assurance that the registration under SAFE Circular 37 and any amendment will be completed in a timely manner, or will be completed at all. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to register or amend their foreign exchange registrations in a timely manner pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, its implementation rules and other applicable foreign exchange rules, or the failure of future beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents to comply with these registration requirements, may subject such beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions. Failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to our company, or we may be penalized by SAFE. These risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries, our VIEs and their subsidiaries. Any funds we transfer to our PRC subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, or FIEs, in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the filing with the MOFCOM or its local branches and registration with other governmental authorities in China. In addition, (i) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiaries is required to be registered with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, or its local branches, and (ii) each of our PRC subsidiaries may not procure loans which exceed the difference between its registered capital and its total investment amount as approved. Any medium or long term loan to be provided by us to our VIEs must be filed with the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and the SAFE or its local branches in advance. We may not obtain these governmental approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registrations, our ability to use the proceeds of our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In 2008, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142. SAFE Circular 142 regulates the conversion by FIEs of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. SAFE Circular 142 provides that any Renminbi capital converted from registered capitals in foreign currency of FIEs may only be used for purposes within the business scopes approved by PRC governmental authority and such Renminbi capital may not be used for equity investments within China unless otherwise permitted by the PRC law. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the Renminbi capital converted from registered capital in foreign currency of FIEs. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been utilized. As a result, we are required to apply Renminbi funds converted from the net proceeds we received from our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering within the business scopes of our PRC subsidiaries. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and superseded SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises.

Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering, to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer to and use in China the net proceeds from our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, the Notice for Further Advancing the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the SAFE Circular 28, was promulgated by the SAFE on October 23, 2019. SAFE Circular 28, among other things, allows FIEs to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in China so long as the equity investment complies with the then-effective Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) and is genuine and legitimate. However, since the SAFE Circular 28 is newly promulgated, it remains uncertain how the SAFE and competent banks will implement this circular.

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In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries or our VIEs. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we receive from our initial public offering and convertible senior notes offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding our employee share incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employees of the PRC subsidiaries of the overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents or who are non-PRC residents residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to limited exceptions, and who have been granted options may follow SAFE Circular 37 to apply for the foreign exchange registration before our company becomes an overseas listed company. As a U.S. public company, we and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents and who have been granted options are subject to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, or SAFE Circular 7, issued by SAFE in February 2012, according to which, employees, directors, supervisors and other management members participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company who are PRC residents or who are non-PRC residents residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to limited exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company, and complete certain other procedures. We are making efforts to comply with these requirements. However, there can be no assurance that they can successfully register with SAFE in full compliance with the rules. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit the ability to make payment under our share incentive plans or receive dividends or sales proceeds related thereto, or our ability to contribute additional capital into our wholly-foreign owned enterprises in China and limit our wholly-foreign owned enterprises’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional share incentive plans for our directors and employees under PRC law.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law, and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may increase our labor costs and limit our flexibility to use labor. Our failure to comply with PRC labor-related laws may expose us to penalties.

On June 29, 2007, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China enacted the PRC Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on December 28, 2012. The PRC Labor Contract Law introduces specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probation, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining, which together represent enhanced enforcement of labor laws and regulations. According to the PRC Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unfixed-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for 10 consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unfixed term, with certain exceptions. The employer must pay economic compensation to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires in accordance with the PRC Labor Contract Law, except for certain situations which are specifically regulated. As a result, our ability to terminate employees is significantly restricted. In addition, the government has issued various labor-related regulations to further protect the rights of employees. According to such laws and regulations, employees are entitled to annual leave ranging from five to 15 days and are able to be compensated for any untaken annual leave days in the amount of three times their daily salary, subject to certain exceptions. In the event that we decide to change our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may also limit our ability to effect those changes in a manner that we believe to be cost-effective. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these new regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may not be at all times deemed in compliance with the new regulations. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations, our business and financial conditions may be adversely affected.

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Companies operating in China are required to participate in various government sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of their employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. The requirement to maintain employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by local governments in China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. We did not pay, or were not able to pay, certain past social security and housing fund contributions in strict compliance with the relevant PRC regulations for and on behalf of our employees due to differences in local regulations and inconsistent implementation or interpretation by local authorities in the PRC and varying levels of acceptance of the housing fund system by our employees. We may be subject to fines and penalties for our failure to make payments in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. We may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. We have not made any accruals for the interest on underpayments and penalties that may be imposed by the relevant PRC government authorities in the financial statements. If we are subject to penalties, late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our operating subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse impact on our ability to operate our business.

We are a holding company and rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries and on remittances from our VIEs, for our offshore cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, fund inter-company loans, service any debt and interest we may incur outside of China and pay our expenses. When our principal operating subsidiaries or our VIEs incur additional debt, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions or remittances to us. Furthermore, the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our PRC subsidiaries and certain other subsidiaries permit payments of dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with applicable accounting standards and regulations.

Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, each of our subsidiaries incorporated in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its net income each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not distributable as cash dividends. As a result of these laws, rules and regulations, our subsidiaries incorporated in China are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to their shareholders as dividends, loans or advances.

In response to the persistent capital outflow in China and RMB’s depreciation against U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the PBOC and the SAFE have implemented a series of capital control measures over recent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. For instance, on January 26, 2017, SAFE issued the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Review of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control, or the SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and more restrictions and substantial vetting process may be put in place by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. Limitations on the ability of VIEs to make remittances to wholly-foreign owned enterprises and on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities, including to make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends to our shareholders, service debt and interest, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

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We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside of China with “de facto management bodies” located in China may be considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes and may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their global income. “De facto management body” refers to a managing body that exercises substantive and overall management and control over the production and business, personnel, accounting books and assets of an enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, on April 22, 2009. SAT Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Although SAT Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals, the determining criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. If we were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the Enterprise Income Tax Law. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

Dividends payable to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by our foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax , subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions, is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, and any gain realized from the transfer of our Class A ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and would as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties or under applicable tax arrangements between jurisdictions. If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends payable to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within the PRC and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may decline significantly.

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We and our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises, assets attributed to a PRC establishment of a non-Chinese company, or real property located in China owned by non-Chinese companies.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, which was recently amended on December 29, 2017. Pursuant to this Bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be recharacterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment or place of business in China, real properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the foreign income tax liabilities arising from the indirect transfer of PRC taxable assets; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment or place of business, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the real properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payor fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or Bulletin 37, which, among others, repeals certain rules related to treatment of situations where a payor has failed to timely withhold tax as stipulated in Bulletin 7. In particular, Bulletin 37 provides that when a payor as the withholding agent fails to or is unable to perform its withholding duty, on the condition that the relevant non-PRC resident enterprise voluntarily makes payment before being ordered to do so in a timely manner or within a time limit prescribed by relevant tax authorities, the tax shall be deemed as having been timely paid. The Bulletin 37 further specifies and clarifies tax withholding methods applicable to income of non-PRC resident enterprises.

There is uncertainty as to the application of Bulletin 7. Especially as Bulletin 7 is lately promulgated, it is not clear how it will be implemented. Bulletin 7 may be determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to our offshore restructuring transactions or sale of our ordinary shares or preferred shares, or those of our offshore subsidiaries, where non-resident enterprises, being the transferors, were involved. We thereby may be subject to the tax filing and withholding or tax payment obligation, while our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing. Furthermore, we, our non-resident enterprises and PRC subsidiaries may be required to spend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 7 or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under Bulletin 7, for our previous and future restructuring or disposal of shares of our offshore subsidiaries, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Bulletin 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. If the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Bulletin 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions or disposals could increase, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize our cash effectively.

Substantially all of our revenue is denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from or for our onshore subsidiaries or our VIEs. Currently, certain of our PRC subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Since a significant amount of our future revenue will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs, and may limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiaries and our VIEs.

The audit report included in this annual report is prepared by an auditor who has not been inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, our investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in this annual report, as auditors of companies that are traded publicly in the U.S. and a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is required by the laws of the U.S. to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the U.S. and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in the PRC, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to fully conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditors have not been inspected by the PCAOB.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors in our company do not have the benefits of PCAOB inspections. Further, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections.

If additional remedial measures are imposed on the “big four” China-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in administrative proceedings brought by the SEC alleging such firms’ failure to meet specific criteria set by the SEC with respect to requests for the production of documents, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC instituted proceedings under Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) of the SEC’s Rules of Practice against five China-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated the U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ work papers related to their audits of certain China-based companies that are publicly traded in the U.S. Rule 102(e)(1)(iii) grants the SEC the authority to deny to any person, temporarily or permanently, the ability to practice before the SEC who is found by the SEC, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, to have willfully violated any such laws or rules and regulations. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. Four of these China-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision and, on February 6, 2015, each of the four China-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC. The firms’ ability to continue to serve all their respective clients is not affected by the settlement. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the China Securities Regulatory Commission. If the firms do not follow these procedures, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings. The settlement did not require the firms to admit to any violation of law and preserves the firms’ legal defenses in the event the administrative proceeding is restarted.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, companies listed in the U.S. with major Chinese operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in China, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the trading price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

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In December 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement on regulatory access to audit and other information internationally that cites the ongoing challenges faced by them in overseeing the financial reporting of companies listed in the United States with operations in China, the absence of satisfactory progress in discussions on these issues with Chinese authorities and the potential for remedial action if significant information barriers persist. If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delay or abandonment of our initial public offering, delisting of the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares from the New York Stock Exchange or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the U.S.

As part of a continued regulatory focus in the United States on access to audit and other information currently protected by national law, in particular China's, in June 2019, a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced bills in both houses of Congress that would require the SEC to maintain a list of issuers for which the PCAOB is not able to inspect or investigate an auditor report issued by a foreign public accounting firm. The Ensuring Quality Information and Transparency for Abroad-Based Listings on our Exchanges (EQUITABLE) Act prescribes increased disclosure requirements for such issuers and, beginning in 2025, the delisting from national securities exchanges of issuers included for three consecutive years on the SEC's list. Enactment of this legislation or other efforts to increase US regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the trading price of our ADSs could be adversely affected. It is unclear if this proposed legislation would be enacted.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you.

The trading prices of our ADSs are likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, such as global and China’s economic conditions, as well as the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed companies based in China. The securities of some of the listed companies based in China have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings, including Internet and e-commerce companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the U.S., which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance, such as the large decline in share prices in the U.S., China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009, the second half of 2011 and in 2015, which may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of our ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, such as announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures, capital raisings or capital commitments, additions or departures by our senior management and by actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results. The trading price and volume of our ADSs may also be affected by studies and reports relating to the quality of our service offerings or those of our competitors and reports by securities research analysts. Other factors include regulatory developments affecting us or our industry, customers or suppliers, as well as changes in the market for our services and the economic performance or market valuations of other companies offering supply chain services may affect trading in our ADSs. Further, the trading price and volume of our ADSs may also be influenced by fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar, or restrictions on our outstanding shares or ADSs and sales or perceived potential sales of additional Class A ordinary shares or ADSs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

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Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market.

Public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions.

It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations and stockholders equity, and any investment in our ADSs could be greatly reduced or rendered worthless.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy and Distributions.” Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Substantial sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline significantly. As of February 29, 2020, we had 392,514,399 ordinary shares outstanding, comprising 250,648,452 Class A ordinary shares (including 2,864,587 Class A ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank and reserved for future issuances of ADSs upon exercise or vesting of awards granted under the our share incentive plans), 94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares and 47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares, including 155,036,855 Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs (including 2,864,587 ADSs held by our depositary bank for our account and reserved for future issuances of ADSs upon exercise or vesting of awards granted under the our share incentive plans). All ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares are freely transferable by persons other than our “affiliates” without restriction or additional registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. All of the other Class A ordinary shares outstanding are available for sale in the public market subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.

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Certain major holders of our ordinary shares have the right to cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline significantly.

We have adopted share incentive plans under which we have the discretion to grant a broad range of equity-based awards to eligible participants. We have registered all ordinary shares that we may issue under these share incentive plans. Since these ordinary shares have been registered, they can be freely sold in the public market in the form of ADSs upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates. If a large number of our ordinary shares or securities convertible into our ordinary shares are sold in the public market in the form of ADSs after they become eligible for sale, the sales could reduce the trading price of our ADSs and impede our ability to raise future capital. In addition, any ordinary shares that we issue under our share incentive plans would dilute the percentage ownership held by our investors.

Any conversion of our convertible senior notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing ordinary shareholders and holders of our ADSs, including holders who have previously converted their notes.

The conversion of some or all of the US$200 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 will dilute the ownership interests of existing ordinary shareholders and holders of the ADSs. Any sales of the ADSs issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing trading prices of the ADSs. In addition, the anticipated conversion of the notes into ADSs could depress the trading price of the ADSs. While we entered into the capped call transactions in order to reduce the potential dilution with respect to our ADSs upon such conversion, such strategy with respect to the capped call transactions is subject to risks. Furthermore, if the trading price per share of our ADSs, as measured under the terms of the capped call transactions, exceeds the cap price of the capped call transactions, there would nevertheless be dilution upon conversion of the notes to the extent that such market price exceeds the cap price of the capped call transactions.

As a holder of ADSs, you have fewer rights than holders of our ordinary shares and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which attach to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with your instructions. You will not be able to exercise directly any right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our ninth amended and restated articles of association currently in effect, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our registered shareholders to convene a general meeting will be 10 calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of the meeting to enable you to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting or to cast your vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our ninth amended and restated articles of association currently in effect, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, we will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to notify you of the upcoming vote and to deliver our voting materials to you in a timely manner, but there can be no assurance that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted, and you may lack recourse if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

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Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the U.S. unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive cash dividends if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary will pay cash dividends on the ADSs only to the extent that we decide to distribute dividends on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities, and we do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy and Distributions.” To the extent that our company pays any cash dividends or other distributions to our shareholders, we will pay such distributions which are payable in respect of our Class A ordinary shares (or other deposited securities) represented by ADSs to the depositary of our ADSs or the custodian (as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities), and the depositary has agreed to pay the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses, to the holders of the ADSs. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the U.S. In addition, all of our directors and executive officers and the experts named in this annual report reside outside the U.S., and most of their assets are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against them in the U.S. in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands, China or other relevant jurisdiction may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2020 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the U.S. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the U.S. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the U.S.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our ninth amended and restated articles of association currently in effect to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the U.S.

Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares, including Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs, at a premium. The fundamental change repurchase feature of our convertible senior notes may delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover attempt of our company.

Our ninth amended and restated articles of association currently in effect contain provisions that limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction.

Furthermore, the indenture governing our 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 will require us to repurchase the notes for cash upon the occurrence of a fundamental change and, in certain circumstances, to increase the conversion rate for a holder that converts its notes in connection with a make-whole fundamental change. A takeover of our company may trigger the requirement that we purchase the notes and/or increase the conversion rate, which could make it more costly for a potential acquirer to engage in a combinatory transaction with us. Such additional costs may have the effect of delaying or preventing a takeover of our company that would otherwise be beneficial to investors.

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We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the U.S. that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: (i) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (iii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iv) the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain practices of our home country, the Cayman Islands, in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards; these practices afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards.

Our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual permits a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards.

For instance, we are not required to: (i) have a majority of the board be independent; (ii) have a compensation committee or a corporate governance and nominating committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or (iii) have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. We rely on some of these exemptions. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.

We may become a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, which could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to U.S. investors.

Based on the past and projected composition of our income and assets, and the valuation of our assets, including goodwill, we do not believe we were a PFIC for our most recent taxable year and we do not expect to become one in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether or not we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and will depend on the composition of our income and assets from time to time. Specifically, for any taxable year, we will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (i) 75% or more of our gross income in that taxable year is passive income or (ii) the average percentage of our assets (which includes cash) by value in that taxable year which produce, or are held for the production of, passive income is at least 50%. The calculation of the value of our assets will be based, in part, on the quarterly market value of our ADSs, which is subject to change. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

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In addition, there is uncertainty as to the treatment of our corporate structure and ownership of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we consider ourselves to own the stock of our VIEs. If it is determined, contrary to our view, that we do not own the stock of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes (for instance, because the relevant Chinese authorities do not respect these arrangements), we may be treated as a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, our PFIC status could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to you if you are a U.S. Holder, as defined under “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.” For example, if we are or become a PFIC, you may become subject to increased tax liabilities under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations, and will become subject to burdensome reporting requirements. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company.” There can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for 2020 or any future taxable year.

We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

As a U.S. public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we have increased the number of independent directors and adopted policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will continue to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.

In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.History and Development of the Company

Our founder established Eight Hundred Logistics Technologies Corporation, or BEST BVI, a British Virgin Islands company, and its wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, BEST Logistics Technologies Limited, or BEST HK, in May 2007. In March 2008, BEST Logistics Technologies Limited was established under the laws of the Cayman Islands, which became our current ultimate holding company. In June 2017, the name of BEST Logistics Technologies Limited was changed to BEST Inc. In December 2017, we established BEST Capital Inc., a Cayman Islands company, and its wholly owned subsidiaries, namely BEST Capital Holding Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, and BEST Capital Management Limited, a Hong Kong company. In March 2018, Xinyuan Financial Leasing (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd., which operates our BEST Capital business, was transferred from BEST Logistics Technologies Limited to BEST Capital Management Limited. We conduct our businesses mainly through our wholly-foreign owned enterprises and the VIEs in China. See “—C. Organizational Structure — Contractual Arrangements with Our Affiliated Consolidated Entities.”

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We have a track record of successful organic growth and strategic acquisitions, as evidenced by the following corporate milestones:

●            In 2007, BEST was founded in Hangzhou;

●            In 2008, we launched BEST Supply Chain Management;

●            In 2010, we launched BEST Express through the acquisition of Huitong Express;

●            In 2012, we launched BEST Freight through the acquisition of Quanjitong;

●            In 2013, we launched BEST Capital;

●            In 2015, we launched BEST Global and BEST Store⁺; and

●            In 2016, we launched BEST UCargo.

Each of these service lines serves to expand the scope and scale of our supply chain service network while harnessing our technology infrastructure and service network to provide integrated solutions.

On September 20, 2017, our ADSs began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “BSTI.” Our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “BSTI” to BEST” effective at the start of trading on February 19, 2019.

Principal Offices

Our principal executive offices are located at 2nd Floor, Block A, Huaxing Modern Industry Park, No. 18 Tangmiao Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is +86-571­88995656. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc., located at 801 2nd Avenue, Suite 403, New York, New York 10017.

Issuance of Convertible Senior Notes

On September 17, 2019, we completed our offering of US$200 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 (including full exercise of the initial purchasers' option to purchase additional notes), raising US$194.5 million in net proceeds to us after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.

Share Repurchase Program

In November 2019, we announced the adoption of a share repurchase program in an aggregate amount of up to US$100 million worth of our outstanding ADSs from time to time over a period of 18 months, or the 2019 Share Repurchase Program. We did not repurchase any ADS in 2019, being the period covered by this annual report. See "Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers."

B.Business Overview

We are a leading integrated Smart Supply Chain service provider in China. Our multi-sided platform combines integrated logistics and supply chain services, last-mile services, value-added services and proprietary technology infrastructure. Our integrated logistics and supply chain services encompass B2B and B2C supply chain management, express and less-than-truckload delivery, cross-border supply chain management and a real-time bidding platform to source truckload capacity. Our last­-mile services include online merchandise sourcing and store management for convenience stores as well as B2C services. In addition, we provide value-added services to support our ecosystem participants and help them grow. BEST Cloud, our proprietary technology platform that seamlessly connects our systems with those of our ecosystem participants, is the backbone that powers our integrated services and solutions.

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We believe we are well positioned to transform the logistics and supply chain industry in China and capture growth opportunities in the New Retail era, which is the seamless integration of online and offline retail to offer a consumer-centric, omni-channel and global shopping experience through digitization and just-in-time delivery.

Our Integrated Logistics and Supply Chain Services and Solutions

BEST Express: We have one of the most extensive express service networks covering 100% of China's provinces and cities, and 100% of China's districts and counties as of December 31, 2019. All service stations in our express service networks are franchised while all critical nodes in our network including 100% of hubs and sorting centers are self-operated.

BEST Freight: We achieved a 64% CAGR in freight volume between 2012 and 2019. Our nationwide freight network covers 100% of China's provinces and 98.8% of China's cities as of December 31, 2019.

BEST Supply Chain Management: We offer integrated services and solutions across the supply chain, including warehouse management, order fulfillment, express delivery, freight and other services. As of December 31, 2019, we served over 890 corporate customers, including multinationals and large Chinese corporates such as 3M, Li Ning, Hotwind and Cainiao Network, and numerous small and medium enterprises, or SMEs.

BEST Global: We offer door-to-door integrated cross-border supply chain services to and from China, including international express, LTL, fulfillment and freight forwarding through our own network and global transportation and warehouse partners. We operate warehouses in the U.S. and Thailand, and have coverage in Vietnam, Australia, France, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Italy, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, New Zealand, Kuwait, Laos, Russia and the United Arab Emirates through partners.We also provide local express delivery services in Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia.

BEST UCargo: We have built a real-time bidding platform to source truckload capacity from independent transportation service providers and agents. As of December 31, 2019, over 5,100 transportation service providers and agents were registered on our BEST UCargo platform, providing access to over 327,000 trucks covering 30 provinces in China.

Our Last-mile Services

BEST Store⁺ was created in 2015 to address pain points in the traditional retail industry such as high channel costs and inefficient supply chain management. It offers online merchandise sourcing and store management services for convenience stores. It streamlines their supply chain by enabling merchandise procurement directly through us, and outsourcing logistics needs to BEST Supply Chain Management, rather than through multiple layers of distributors. We also started to leverage our BEST Store⁺ network to provide last-mile B2C services, such as parcel pick-up and drop-off and bill payment. As of December 31, 2019, we had 414,136 membership stores.

Our Value-Added Services

BEST Capital utilizes data insights and close relationships with our ecosystem participants to provide various value-added services, including customized financial services, such as fleet and equipment lease services, to support their operations and growth, and centralized sourcing of products and services, such as bulk procurement of trucks and accessories, to help them obtain group discounts and reduce costs.

Our Technology Infrastructure

BEST Cloud is our proprietary technology platform. It enables our ecosystem participants to operate their businesses effectively through a diverse range of SaaS-based applications. We utilize big data analytics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or AI, and mobile technologies to efficiently design, manage and operate complex supply chain services and solutions for our ecosystem. We apply our technologies to a diverse range of applications, such as network and route optimization, swap bodies, sorting line automation, smart warehouses and store management to enhance operational efficiency and service quality.

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Our Asset-Light Business Model

We operate an asset-light business model. We lease premises for our network facilities and outsource all of our transportation needs to third-party service providers. In addition, we franchise almost all of our service stations in our express and freight network and the majority of our Cloud OFCs. Our franchisee partners are responsible for investing in their own operations and have strong local expertise and proximity to customers, which allows us to expand our network rapidly while optimizing our level of capital investment. As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 9,807 franchisee partners in China who operate over 60,100 service stations in our express and freight network and 293 franchised Cloud OFCs in China.

We have established a flat franchise network that minimizes the number of tiers of franchisees in order to maintain flexibility and control. We self-operate all critical nodes in our network including 100% of hubs and sortation centers. This model ensures consistent service quality and mitigates risk of service disruption. For BEST Supply Chain Management, we self-operate large-scale Cloud OFCs for key account customers in tier 1 and tier 2 cities, and franchise Cloud OFCs in lower-tier cities in China.

Our Ecosystem

Merchants, consumers, franchisee partners, transportation service providers and other suppliers are participants in our ecosystem, which is strategically designed to benefit from its inherent network effect. As our platform grows and our suite of solutions and services expands, our ecosystem will continue to attract new participants. The growing number of participants in our ecosystem enlarges our scale and extends our reach, which drives network density and improves its overall efficiency.

Our Technology Infrastructure

BEST Cloud, our proprietary technology platform, is the backbone that powers our integrated solutions. It seamlessly connects our systems with those of our ecosystem participants. We utilize big data analytics, machine learning, AI, and mobile technologies to efficiently design, manage and operate complex supply chain systems for our ecosystem. Our technology allows us to provide end-to-end support for our customers and enables our ecosystem participants to grow and prosper. We have also built a large and experienced technology team of over 870 professionals including software engineers and other technology specialists.

We believe BEST Cloud and our strong technology team are key advantages distinguishing us from our competitors.

Fundamental System Architecture

The system architecture of BEST Cloud differs from traditional information systems. While traditional information systems focus on monitoring, controlling and coordinating business processes individually, BEST Cloud focuses on connecting all endpoints in our ecosystem, including those of our own service lines, facilities, equipment and employees and those of our customers and business partners. We believe this offers the following advantages:

●            We are able to weave together services from different networks to create new solutions for our customers.

●            We are able to rapidly develop and launch new applications which can be deployed across the network.

●            Our network users benefit from technology improvements instantly as they all have access to our centrally hosted systems.

Single Interoperable System

BEST Cloud connects all of our ecosystem participants by establishing millions of interlinkages among endpoints in our network. These endpoints include human interfaces, such as web portals and mobile apps, our customers’ information systems and our own smart devices and logistics equipment.

We plan to continue to increase the scale of our endpoints through development of more software and application interfaces and expand the scope of our service offerings and attract more participants into our ecosystem. This will allow us to collect and analyze an increasing amount and variety of data to provide better, more innovative services.

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Big Data Analytics

We view the data collected through BEST Cloud’s millions of endpoints as one of our most valuable assets. Through our big data analytics engines, optimization engines and machine learning tools, we analyze this data to identify correlations and derive insights. These data insights enable us to develop and improve our services and solutions, improve operating efficiency and reduce operating costs for us and our ecosystem participants.

We help merchants manage inventory, optimize their procurement and select merchandise with our big data analytics. We also apply big data analytics to optimize operations of our express and freight service networks, including analysis of delayed deliveries and targeted service improvements, load rate, and sort operations. Our big data analytics systems also aid in the calculation of labor costs in our hubs and sortation centers based on processing volumes, which has been important in controlling our costs. Our hubs and sortation centers use this information in planning their daily operations. We expect to utilize big data analytics in the development of new value-added services and to manage our financial and operating risks. We have also internally developed XingNG, a data bus that can support billions of data exchanges between system components on a daily basis.

These technologies allow us to process data more rapidly to support our operations in real-time and facilitate the growth of our technology infrastructure in line with the growth of our service lines.

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

We have deployed AI and machine learning technology to produce valuable insights using the massive amount of data collected by BEST Cloud. The following examples illustrate the role AI and machine learning play in our business:

●            Sorting operations.   Our internally developed, patented smart sorting technology is able to learn to recognize nonstandard addresses and maps express parcels to appropriate service stations at an accuracy rate of over 99.9% and at a rate of two milliseconds per address. Traditionally, mapping of these non-standard addresses required manual processing and extensive local knowledge.

●            Station monitoring.   Using machine learning technology, we are able to generate a station performance index for BEST Express and BEST Freight franchisee partners using operating data in our system. With this index, we are able to identify at-risk service stations, address related issues and maintain the stability and service quality of our network.

●            Inventory planning.   Based on predicted order volume and inventory operational cost, our AI technology calculates estimated replacement volumes of goods needed at our Cloud OFCs to increase operational efficiency.

●            Shipment planning.   Based on the dimensions, weights, destinations and shipping times entered into our system, AI-powered planning technology can automatically assign vehicles and routes to reduce delivery costs.

●            Performance tracking.   By applying machine learning technology to data from the thousands of routes in our network, we are able to evaluate driver performance and estimate vehicle arrival times to optimize transportation resource allocation.

Data and Service Integration

BEST Cloud weaves information collected through the millions of endpoints and from our application and technology layers with the capabilities available across our ecosystem to create smart solutions. For example, data collected from our Thunder () routing engine is used to optimize route planning for BEST Express and BEST Freight which allows them to provide on-time delivery while reducing costs. When transportation service providers operating on our BEST Express network complete their deliveries, they are able to use the BEST UCargo mobile application to bid on truckload jobs, which may be sourced from our BEST Freight franchisee partners, for the return route.

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Red Sun (), Big Dipper () and Thunder () are our proprietary big data analytics applications that respectively power our automated sorting, provide service station mapping and optimize routes on our service network. We have also developed a number of mobile applications for use by various ecosystem participants. For instance, Rulai Shenzhang () is an application used by BEST Express delivery workers for route navigation, parcel tracking and payment management. The Zhanggui () application is used by BEST Freight service station management to provide instant dispatch monitoring, account settlement, reporting and customer relationship management.

Asset-Light Business Model

We are an asset-light company. We lease facilities used in our operations and outsource all of our transportation needs to third-party service providers. We have established a flat franchise network that minimizes the number of tiers of franchisees in order to maintain flexibility and control. For BEST Supply Chain Management, we operate large scale Cloud OFCs in tier 1 and tier 2 cities and franchise the rest. For BEST Express and BEST Freight, we directly operate all of the hubs and sortation centers at provincial, city and district levels, as well as certain strategic service stations at street levels and franchise the majority of service stations. As of December 31, 2019, our franchisee partners operated 73.1% of our Cloud OFCs, 100% of our service stations for BEST Express, and 99.1% of our service stations for BEST Freight.

Our asset-light business model allows us to optimize levels of self-operated and franchised operations to ensure the right balance of scalability and control, and helps us expand our network in a cost-effective manner. By directly operating the critical parts of the network and providing key services, we are able to achieve standardization, ensure technology integration and data visibility. Direct operation of the hubs and sortation centers also gives us the flexibility to dynamically reconfigure and optimize our network, including consolidating sortation centers and route optimization to improve operating efficiency and reduce costs. For instance, when volume generated by a service station reaches critical mass, we may route its feeder service directly to hubs and bypass sortation centers with which it was previously connected. We spent approximately RMB650 million from 2010 to 2016 to buy back the operational rights of 247 former franchisee partners in 191 cities in order to expand our network and achieve synergies. Our franchisee partners are responsible for investing in their own operations, thus allowing us to optimize the level of our capital investment. We train and provide our franchisee partners with best business practices. Through BEST Cloud, we connect their systems to ours for performance monitoring and data transparency. As a result, we can achieve scalability and growth while capitalizing on the franchisee partners’ strong local expertise and proximity to customers. Our flat franchise network minimizes the number of tiers of franchisees, which ensures consistent service quality and mitigates risk of service disruption.

Relationship with Our Franchisee Partners

As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately 9,807 franchisee partners in China. We believe our relationships with franchisee partners are mutually beneficial. Our technology infrastructure and supply chain service network empower our franchisee partners to increase operating efficiency and improve their service quality. Our franchisee partners are also our marketing champions for customer acquisition, which significantly reduces the need for a large centralized sales force. The success of our franchisee partners in turn contributes to the success of our network, allowing us to provide a broader range of services, and attracts more participants to our ecosystem.

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We carefully evaluate potential franchisee partners before they are allowed to join our network. Once approved, we enter into agreements to govern our relationships with franchisee partners. Pursuant to these agreements:

●            We grant franchisee partners the right to provide service under our brand name in a specific geographic region during the term of the agreements. We support franchisee partners with technology infrastructure, facilitating their integration into our broader ecosystem. Franchisee partners are not allowed to provide similar services under their own names or the brand names of other parties and are not allowed to assign their rights under the agreement to any third party without our consent.

●            Franchisee partners are required to provide services that meet our quality standards as stipulated in our comprehensive operating manual which covers every aspect of their operations. We also regularly provide training to the franchisee partners’ employees. We have the right to inspect their service quality, demand correction, impose fines on them, or unilaterally terminate the contract if their service quality cannot satisfy our standards within a remedial period.

●            Our franchisee partners are required to pay a one-off fee as well as a performance deposit. The performance deposit may be forfeited if they breach the agreement such as when their service quality does not meet our standards. We also provide them with guidelines on the various fees they will pay us for use of our network.

As of December 31, 2019, we had a team of 363 local managers based across China, directly interacting with our franchisee partners on a daily basis to ensure that our quality standards are followed and to help our franchisee partners solve problems and improve and expand their services.

Our Service Offerings

Through our leading proprietary technology infrastructure and extensive supply chain service network, we offer comprehensive services and solutions that include the following major categories:

Service Line	Description
●     BEST Express	Express delivery of parcels under 15 kg
●     BEST Freight	Door-to-door, LTL and FTL freight services
●     BEST Supply Chain Management	Integrated, customizable supply chain management services
●     BEST Store+	Online merchandise sourcing and store management services for convenience stores and last-mile B2C services
●     BEST Global	International supply chain, cross-border logistics services and local express delivery services in Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia
●     BEST Capital	Financial services to support our ecosystem participants
●     BEST UCargo	Real-time truckload capacity bidding platform with value-added services
●     BEST Cloud	Proprietary technology powering our services and solutions

BEST Express

Our total parcel volume increased from 3,769.4 million pieces in 2017 to 7,576.2 million pieces in 2019, representing a CAGR of 41.8%. We have one of the most extensive express service networks, covering 100% of China’s provinces and cities and 100% of China’s districts and counties as of December 31, 2019. Our market share in China’s express delivery market, as measured by parcel volume, also increased steadily from 9.4% in 2017, to 10.8% in 2018 and further to 11.9% in 2019. Our peak daily parcel volume, which has historically occurred during the Singles’ Day promotion, increased from 37.6 million in 2017 to 65.2 million in 2019.

BEST Express services

Through our network and together with our franchisee partners, we provide express delivery of parcels typically weighing less than 15 kg with expected delivery time generally ranging from 24 to 72 hours.

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In addition, we offer customized delivery services such as COD facilitation, declared value insurance coverage, proof of delivery and rush delivery. The principal types of parcels transported by us include items ordered on e-commerce platforms, such as Taobao Marketplace and Tmall, and shipments by other merchants and consumers. We also provide packaging services specially designed for micro-merchants. BEST Express also provides express services that support BEST Supply Chain Management’s fulfillment operations.

Express delivery service process

Senders either drop off parcels at our service stations or request pick up service. A waybill carrying a unique tracking number and corresponding barcode is assigned to each parcel, allowing us to track its status throughout the entire delivery process. The pick­up service station may perform preliminary sorting of the parcels before sending them to our sortation centers and/or hubs covering its region. Service stations typically make deliveries to sortation centers on a daily basis. Upon receipt of parcels sent from service stations, the sortation center and/or hub further sorts, packs and dispatches the parcels to the destination sortation center and/or hub. The destination sortation center and/or hub unloads and sorts the parcels, which are then delivered to the recipients by our service stations performing the last-mile delivery. Once the recipient signs on the waybill to confirm receipt, a full cycle is completed.

Express delivery service pricing

When sending a package, senders make payment to the relevant pick-up service station. We set pricing guidelines, but our franchisee partners have flexibility on pricing to effectively respond to local competitive dynamics based on business volume and long-term prospects of each sender. We believe this model leverages our franchisee partners’ entrepreneurship and their insights into the local market.

Fee structure

Our express delivery service revenue from franchisee partners is mainly generated from an integrated fee that is comprised of (i) a fixed-amount waybill fee for each parcel processed through our network, and (ii) a delivery service fee based on parcel weight, route and the scope of our services and responsibilities.

Prior to 2017, we were not responsible for last-mile delivery of parcels unless we directly operated the destination service stations and, therefore, pick-up service stations were directly liable to destination service stations for their delivery service charges. In the event of loss or damage, the pick-up service station was responsible for working with the delivery service station to resolve the issue. Starting in 2017, in order to enhance the parcel delivery experience and our control over service quality throughout our network, we revised our arrangements with franchisee partners and the scope of our service. As a result, we became the principal that is directly responsible for last-mile delivery of all parcels processed through our network, and we are liable to senders for damage to or loss of parcels in connection with last-mile delivery. In consideration of such expanded service scope and increased responsibilities, we increased the fee that we charge to pick-up franchised service stations. We provide the last-mile delivery service through franchised service stations under our supervision and are responsible for paying service fees to the destination franchised service stations for the provision of last-mile delivery services.

We determine and periodically evaluate and adjust our fee levels based on prevailing market conditions, our operating costs and service quality.

Express delivery service capacity

The maximum capacity of our express delivery service has been continuously increasing as we expand our network, increase line-haul connections within our network and utilize technology to optimize our operations and increase efficiency. Our network has been designed to ensure performance under extreme volumes and periodic fluctuations. During the Singles’ Day promotion period in 2017, 2018 and 2019, our network processed 37.6 million, 50.0 million and 65.2 million parcels, respectively.

BEST Freight

Our total freight volume increased from 4,316 thousand tonnes in 2017 to 6,980 thousand tonnes in 2019, representing a CAGR of 27.2%. Our nationwide freight network covers 98.8% of China’s cities as of December 31, 2019.

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BEST Freight services

BEST Freight’s core business involves LTL transportation. Through BEST Freight’s comprehensive network across China spanning pick-up, distribution, transportation and delivery, we transport parcels and other goods generally weighing 15 kg or more.

BEST Freight provides door-to-door freight services for B2B and B2C shippers. Historically, the majority of items transported by BEST Freight were shipped by B2B sellers to other businesses. As online sales of large consumer products, such as home appliances and furniture, have significantly increased in recent years, shipments of these large consumer products directly to consumers from online and offline B2C sellers comprise a greater proportion of the items we ship. In addition, BEST Freight provides value-added services including pre-shipment inspection, cargo insurance, oversized item delivery, COD facilitation, evidence of delivery, and upstairs delivery services. BEST Freight also provides freight services that support BEST Supply Chain Management’s fulfillment operations. We believe that consumption upgrade and increased sales of large items through e-commerce will accelerate the development of LTL market, which is currently the focus of development for BEST Freight.

BEST Freight started to offer FTL transportation services in 2017 by leveraging our BEST UCargo platform to better serve the needs of brands and large online and offline retailers.

Freight service process

The service process of BEST Freight is very similar to that of BEST Express. While the goods shipped through BEST Freight are larger and heavier and thereby require different equipment, facilities and vehicles to sort and deliver, the major steps in the transportation process are essentially the same. In addition, as we do not directly operate endpoint service stations for freight services, operations before the goods are sent to our sortation centers and/or hubs and after the goods have left the destination sortation centers and/or hubs are normally provided by our franchisee partners. However, BEST Freight also has certain direct merchant customers for which we directly provide door-to-door services that include first-mile pick-up and last-mile delivery.

Freight service pricing

Substantially all of our endpoint service stations for freight services are operated by franchisee partners and we derive the vast majority of our freight service revenue from franchisee partners that operate our service stations. The components of our freight service revenue are similar to that of our express service revenue. As with our express service revenue, starting in 2017, in order to enhance the freight delivery experience and our control over service quality throughout our network, we revised our arrangements with franchisee partners and the scope of our service. As a result, we became the principal that is directly responsible for last-mile delivery of all goods sent through our network, and we are liable to senders for damage to or loss of goods in connection with last-mile delivery. In consideration of such expanded service scope and increased responsibilities, we increased the fee that we charge to pick-up franchised service stations. We provide the last-mile delivery service mainly through destination franchised service stations under our supervision and are responsible for paying service fees to them for the provision of last-mile delivery services.

We determine and periodically evaluate and adjust our fee levels based on prevailing market conditions, our operating costs and service quality.

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BEST Supply Chain Management

The table below sets forth information regarding the scale of our supply chain management services in China as of and for the periods indicated:

	As of and for the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
Number of Cloud OFCs:
Self-Operated	99	115	108
Franchised	228	237	293
Total	327	352	401
GFA of Cloud OFCs (‘000 sq m)	2,384	2,809	3,253
Number of total orders fulfilled (‘000)(1)	180,477	246,717	356,905
Number of orders fulfilled during Singles’ Day promotion period (‘000)(1)	14,420	21,488	28,524

(1) Includes orders fulfilled by franchised Cloud OFCs.

BEST Supply Chain Management services

BEST Supply Chain Management provides one-stop, customizable supply chain management services to both online and offline businesses. Leveraging our strong technology infrastructure and extensive supply chain service network, we provide comprehensive integrated solutions including warehouse management, in-warehouse processing, order fulfillment, transportation services and value-added services.

BEST Supply Chain Management services include the following categories:

●            Cloud OFCs.   We offer warehouse management, in-warehouse processing and order fulfillment services to our customers to optimize their inventory management and delivery process. We also provide and arrange transportation services and coordinate shipments from merchants to our Cloud OFCs and from our Cloud OFCs to customers or consumers or other locations designated by our customers as part of our order fulfillment services.

We created the concept of “cloud-based order fulfillment centers,” or Cloud OFCs, which differ from traditional warehouses in that they can support direct order fulfillment and dispatch operations in addition to storage functions. They are “cloud-based” because we take full responsibility for the optimal allocation of our customers’ inventory into different Cloud OFCs and save our customers from the hassle of day-to-day operations, and therefore, from our customers’ point of view, these Cloud OFCs are “in the cloud.” We use big data analytics and advanced algorithms to set optimal inventory levels across our Cloud OFCs based on expected demands for our customers’ products to lower overall supply chain costs and improve service quality.

We directly operate some Cloud OFCs, and have allowed our franchisee partners to operate other Cloud OFCs for a volume-based service system usage fee. All the Cloud OFCs use our technology infrastructure and are connected to the various information systems across our platform. Therefore, we can allocate inventory of our customers effectively in our Cloud OFCs, leverage our franchisee partners’ Cloud OFCs and coordinate our various services including subsequent transportation and delivery. Our franchised Cloud OFCs also provide significant cross-selling opportunities for our other services. We constantly monitor the service quality of our franchised Cloud OFCs to ensure the standardization of services across all the Cloud OFCs.

●            Transportation Services.   We provide and arrange transportation services and coordinate shipments to and from locations designated by our customers, such as their factories, warehouses, distributors, customers or consumers and our Cloud OFCs. Transportation from our Cloud OFCs is considered part of our order fulfillment services.

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We offer end-to-end transportation services from factories to consumers that may include FTL, LTL, regional distribution, intra-city distribution, express delivery, freight forwarding and other transportation-related value-added services. We arrange and optimize transportation services for our customers by evaluating options available from not just BEST Express and BEST Freight but also from a variety of transportation service providers in the market to ensure the best quality and lowest cost. We believe this approach is important to attracting and retaining customers.

●            Value-Added Services.   We also offer a full suite of SaaS-based solutions such as OMS and ERP to allow our customers to improve their supply chain operations.

BEST Supply Chain Management’s technology system is integrated into our customers’ ERP systems to facilitate the management and satisfaction of their warehousing and transportation needs. In addition, we provide a client portal to allow customers to monitor these operations at any time, and track the status of individual orders throughout the delivery process.

We are also able to fully integrate online and offline channels to track, manage and deliver goods across our Cloud OFCs and our customers’ retail stores. This allows consumers to place orders online or offline, have goods delivered to their homes from any store or Cloud OFC, and pick up and return goods at any store. We believe our ability to provide integrated supply chain management services across all sales channels has positioned us well in the New Retail era.

BEST Supply Chain Management Service Pricing

We serve customers of varying sizes and are able to tailor our services to accommodate their business needs.

●            We are able to serve the entire supply chain of our customers, most of which are well-known brands, as a one-stop supply chain solutions provider. We normally enter into annual service contracts with these customers. Our contracts specify the details of our services based on our customers’ expected sales volume and, when services are provided at our Cloud OFCs rather than on our customers’ premises, the floor area of the Cloud OFCs to be used. Our contracts also typically specify the unit price for each service we provide and hence, the amount of revenue we generate depends on the unit price and the volume we fulfill in connection with various order fulfillment services, which may include in-warehouse processing, order fulfillment, express delivery, freight delivery and other value-added services.

●            For franchised Cloud OFCs, we charge a service system usage fee for each order processed through our network for their usage of our technology infrastructure plus other fees such as for training. When franchised Cloud OFCs use our freight and express services, we charge them our normal rates for such services, and such revenue is recognized by BEST Freight and BEST Express.

●            For small and medium customers, most of whom are online sellers, we offer a full range of standardized services, and we charge different prices for different services.

BEST Store+

BEST Store⁺ was created in 2015 to address pain points in the traditional retail industry such as high channel costs and inefficient supply chain management. As of December 31, 2019, we had 414,136 membership stores across China and help them tackle the challenges they face by leveraging the strengths of our technology infrastructure and ecosystem. We offer smart supply chain solutions to businesses. Our online and mobile S2B platform allows convenience stores to source merchandise from BEST directly at competitive prices instead of through multiple layers of distributors. Leveraging our brand and capabilities in branded stores, we authorize certain membership stores to use our brand name, and empower the stores with our data and technological advantages and customer service integration. We also leverage our BEST Store⁺ network to provide B2C services. We provide last-mile and value-added services such as online-to-offline, parcel pick-up and drop-off, and others.

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Convenience store network

Convenience stores in our network fall into two categories: membership stores and branded stores. Membership stores are stores registered on our website, owned and operated by third parties. We have experienced rapid growth in our membership stores primarily through organic growth, from 363,755 as of December 31, 2017 to 414,136 as of December 31, 2019. We authorize certain membership stores to use our brand name. In 2017 and 2018, we acquired WOWO and another convenience store chain in China, which in aggregate had 346 convenience stores (under the WOWO brand) as of December 31, 2019. We acquired these stores in order to further accumulate first-hand experience and know-how in convenience store operations and explore new services and products to integrate traditional convenience stores into our store service network.

Dianjia.com services

Our B2B platform Dianjia.com sources merchandise from brands and top-layer distributors to directly supply convenience stores, thereby eliminating the multiple layers of the traditional distribution network. It helps convenience stores procure inventory at more competitive prices, allowing them to reduce procurement costs, improve services and enhance sales. Dianjia.com also helps convenience store operators predict demand, optimize inventory levels and product mix and reduce their working capital needs by using big data analytics.

BEST Store⁺ service pricing

We primarily generate revenue for BEST Store⁺ from sales of merchandise to membership stores through Dianjia.com. We acquired WOWO in May 2017, and since then, we have also generated revenue from sales of merchandise by our self-operated stores to consumers. For some of our branded stores, such as BEST-Neighbor stores, we generated revenue not only from sales of merchandise, but also from franchising fee. As most of the products sold are standard consumer products, they are generally priced taking into account prevailing market rates and geographical locations of the stores.

BEST Global

In order to meet the strong demand for cross-border e-commerce transactions, we provide inbound and outbound door-to-door integrated cross-border supply chain services, including international express, LTL, fulfillment and freight forwarding through our own network and global transportation and warehouse partners. We provide direct mail and bonded warehouses, customs clearance and fulfillment to overseas merchants offering goods into China. We also provide full supply chain services, including local fulfillment, as well as other market advisory services to Chinese merchants selling into overseas markets.

We operate Cloud OFCs in the U.S., and Thailand, occupying approximately 1,330,000 square feet of space. We also offer coverage through our partners in Vietnam, Australia, France, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Italy, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, New Zealand, Kuwait, Laos, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates. We also manage eight bonded Cloud OFCs in China, including one of the largest cross-border bonded warehouses that fulfills orders generated on Tmall Global. In addition, our Urumqi Frontier Cloud OFC facilitates shipments to destinations in Central Asia, Russia and other destinations using land transport links across Eurasia. We contract with third-party transportation service providers for transportation services, including transportation within China, international air and sea freight providers, and local fulfillment companies. In China, we may also provide transportation services through our other service lines, such as BEST Express and BEST Freight. Pricing of services is primarily determined by prevailing market rates.

To further expand our footprint and capture growth opportunities in Southeast Asia, BEST Global launched its express delivery services in Thailand’s Greater Bangkok area in the fourth quarter of 2018. The service has been expanded nationwide to provide flexible, fast and high-quality delivery services across Thailand with operation centers in Bangkok, Khon Kaen, Phitsanulok and Suratthani. Starting in July 2019, we started to operate a local express network in Vietnam after acquiring a local express delivery company. Commencing in April 2020, we further expanded our local express delivery services to Malaysia through a strategic acquisition of a local express delivery company.

As of December 31, 2019, BEST Global had four hubs and eight sortation centers in Thailand and four hubs in Vietnam. We directly operate all of these hubs and sortation centers as they are critical to ensuring the service quality of our network.

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BEST Capital

Through BEST Capital we provide certain financial services and support to participants in our ecosystem to help them grow their businesses, and improve the overall efficiency of our network.

We offer financing lease related services to help our franchisee partners and transportation service providers acquire trucks and other logistics equipment to grow their businesses and provide better services. As of December 31, 2019, we provided financing lease related services for the purchase of over 10,600 trucks through BEST Capital. We normally require installation of vehicle monitoring devices and truck management systems on these trucks to help us monitor and manage the fleets. BEST Capital also provides support to certain franchisee partners and transportation service providers to satisfy their short-term capital needs from time to time. We are able to take as collateral certain operating assets which we are able to monitor and repossess for rapid utilization and/or monetization in the event of a default. In addition, as most of the parties to which we provide financial services are our ecosystem participants, we have substantial knowledge about their business and operations and can monitor their financial position and their usage of collateralized assets.

BEST Capital also offers centralized sourcing of products and services used by our franchisee partners and transportation service providers such as bulk procurement of trucks and accessories to obtain group discounts and reduce costs.

BEST UCargo

BEST UCargo is a real-time bidding platform, powered by BEST Cloud, to source truckload capacity from independent transportation service providers and agents. As of December 31, 2019, over 5,100 transportation service providers and agents with access to over 327,000 trucks covering 30 provinces in China were registered on the BEST UCargo platform. When we or our ecosystem participants have temporary or long-term truckload transportation needs, we post these jobs on the BEST UCargo platform. Registered transportation service providers that have corresponding transportation capacity will bid on these jobs. The transportation service providers for each posted job on the BEST UCargo platform are selected and assigned by us based on bid price and service quality.

Starting in 2016, when we source truckload capacity for our ecosystem participants, they pay us directly while we are responsible for payment to the transportation service providers and agents. We believe our ability to leverage our technology infrastructure, transportation services and handle payment flows increases the credibility of BEST UCargo as compared to other online platforms. The large amount of demand for transportation services from us and our ecosystem participants also distinguishes BEST UCargo from other online platforms and helps attract a large number of transportation service providers and agents.

Starting in 2017, UCargo has opened the platform to external clients for sourcing truckload capacity. We plan to further expand this service in order to attract more merchants and transportation service providers to the platform and increase transaction volume and revenue.

To leverage the increasing scale of our BEST UCargo platform, we intend to offer truck pooling and additional value-added services to transportation service providers and agents, such as bulk procurement of vehicle insurance, gasoline and electronic toll collection credits.

BEST Cloud

Our proprietary BEST Cloud service platform powers the technology solutions and applications for our ecosystem. Our franchisee partners use BEST Cloud to run their operations, including to manage franchised Cloud OFCs, BEST Express and BEST Freight operations. Convenience store operators use our B2B platform Dianjia.com for store management and merchandise sourcing. As of December 31, 2019, BEST Cloud had over 1.5 million users of its SaaS, OMS and ERP solutions and over 46 million subscribers on public accounts on popular online platforms. Our best-in-class technology and big data analytics capabilities drive operational excellence and enhance value creation across our ecosystem.

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BEST Cloud offers integrated web and mobile portals, which we refer to as our network endpoints, for merchants, consumers, franchisee partners and employees, providing access to a wide range of applications and services, such as SMS, OMS, TMS, WMS, billing and payment settlement, CRM and customer data tracking and analytics. We refer to these applications and services as the application layer. Applications may be integrated with the data and systems of our customers, such as their ERP, messaging, payment gateway and business intelligence. The application layer is supported by the technology layer, which consists of a robust set of tools such as AI, big data analytics, geographic information system, address mapping, performance monitoring, mobile apps and others. In the data integration layer, we weave information collected through millions of endpoints and from the application and technology layers with the capabilities available across our ecosystem to create smart solutions.

Our Supply Chain Service Network

We have established a nationwide, integrated supply chain service network. The seamless integration of this network with our technology infrastructure has laid the foundation for our service offerings and our rich and growing ecosystem. We are asset-light as we lease facilities used in our operations and outsource all of our transportation needs to third-party service providers.

Network Facilities

Our network facilities include Cloud OFCs, hubs and sortation centers, service stations and convenience stores.

Order Fulfillment Centers (Cloud OFCs)

Cloud OFCs are warehouses with direct order fulfillment functions, which allow us to manage inventory for our customers and dispatch products from the Cloud OFCs directly to their customers whether consumers or businesses. As of December 31, 2019, we had 401 Cloud OFCs with an aggregate gross floor area of approximately 3.3 million square meters. Among these Cloud OFCs, 108 were directly operated by us and 293 were operated by our franchisee partners.

Hubs and Sortation Centers

All of our hubs and sortation centers can collect, sort and dispatch parcels or goods to hubs and sortation centers in other regions and cities.

Our hubs are generally large logistics facilities located in major cities in China. Each of our hubs is connected to most of our other hubs by line-haul transportation and therefore can dispatch parcels and goods directly to most other regions in China.

Our sortation centers are generally smaller-scale logistics facilities compared to hubs and each of them is primarily connected to nearby hubs and/or other sortation centers by feeder services. They can dispatch parcels and goods to other regions through nearby hub or directly to nearby cities and regions. When a sortation center reaches critical mass, we will connect it directly to hubs and sortation centers in other regions by line-haul transportation.

As of December 31, 2019, BEST Express had 59 hubs and 29 sortation centers, and BEST Freight had 56 hubs and 42 sortation centers. We directly operate all of these hubs and sortation centers as they are critical to ensuring the service quality of our network. Over 41% of BEST Freight hubs and sortation centers are adjacent to BEST Express hubs and sortation centers, allowing them to share resources between the two facilities, thus increasing operating efficiency and reducing costs.

We continue to optimize our hubs and sortation centers as our volume grows.

Service Stations

Service stations are responsible for developing relationships with senders within its coverage area and picking up parcels and other goods from senders for delivery through our network. They also handle last-mile delivery of parcels and other goods sent through our network to recipients located within their coverage areas.

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As of December 31, 2019, we had over 60,100 service stations, of which over 42,400 were BEST Express service stations and over 17,700 were BEST Freight service stations. BEST Express service stations cover 100% of China’s provinces and cities, and 100% of China’s districts and counties. BEST Freight service stations cover 100% of China’s provinces, 98.8% of China’s cities and 96.2% of China’s districts and counties. As of December 31, 2019, all of our BEST Express service stations and substantially all of our BEST Freight service stations were operated by franchisee partners.

Convenience Stores

As of December 31, 2019, we had 414,136 membership stores in 37 cities in China. In May 2017, we acquired WOWO to gather first-hand experience and know-how in convenience store operations. We had 3,614 branded stores as of December 31, 2019, including franchised BEST-Neighbor, self-operated WOWO and franchised WOWO.

We view the stores in our network as a strategic expansion of our supply chain service network. We believe convenience stores on our BEST Store⁺ network will help us significantly increase first-mile and last-mile coverage with minimal investment and operational costs, providing us with a unique advantage in serving the full scope of our ecosystem participants in the New Retail era.

Transportation Fleet

Line-Haul and Feeder Services

We generally use line-haul services for long-distance, cross-region transportation and feeder services for shorter-distance, inter-region transportation.

We are responsible for arranging all of the line-haul transportation in our network. As of December 31, 2019, our network had over 4,000 BEST Express line-haul routes and over 2,100 BEST Freight line-haul routes.

We are also responsible for arranging feeder services between our hubs and sortation centers as well as between our different sortation centers. We also arrange feeder services between our self-operated Cloud OFCs and our hubs or sortation centers. In addition, we also arrange feeder services between our directly-served customers and our self-operated Cloud OFCs, hubs and sortation centers.

Our franchisee partners are responsible for arranging feeder services from their service stations to our sortation centers or hubs. They also arrange transportation for their directly-served customers and franchised Cloud OFCs.

Fleet Management

We have historically relied on trucks and other vehicles owned and operated by independent transportation service providers.

We have taken various measures to enhance our control over the trucks used in our network and increase their utilization to reduce transportation costs across our network. For example,

●            While we continue to rely on independent transportation service providers to provide trucks and drivers, we started to provide financing to them through BEST Capital for truck purchases, install data collection equipment and truck management system on these trucks, and hire these trucks together with their drivers for our use and management on a time charter basis.

●            We use swap bodies, which are standard freight containers that can be conveniently mounted on tractors for road transportation. This allows us to increase the utilization rate of tractors and their drivers by reducing the waiting time during loading and unloading. This also allows us to better match swap bodies to freight volume and thereby minimize empty containers and save on fuel cost. We are also utilizing our technology infrastructure to optimize route planning and tractor-to-swap body ratio to further reduce our transportation costs.

●            We shared some line haul trucks between express and freight network for some routes to save overall costs.

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●            In 2016, we also launched our real-time bidding platform, BEST UCargo, to source truckload capacity from independent transportation service providers and agents at more competitive costs.

Operating Efficiency and Capacity

We have continuously expanded the capacity and improved the operating efficiency of our Cloud OFCs, hubs, sortation centers and service stations through optimization of our operating processes as well as the increased adoption of automation and AI.

As of December 31, 2019, nine of our Cloud OFCs used 150 AGVs, which have increased the order fulfillment capacity of these Cloud OFCs while increasing efficiency and accuracy and reducing labor costs. We are also able to support extreme volumes across our network, as illustrated by the fulfillment of over 28.5 million orders during the Singles’ Day promotion period in 2019.

As of December 31, 2019, we had 88 automated sorting lines in our hubs and sortation centers. These automated sorting lines are able to achieve sorting accuracy of over 98.7% and our double-layer high speed automated sorting lines are able to sort over 45,000 items per hour, which is significantly higher than manual sorting.

We utilize big data analytics, AI and machine learning to optimize our network operations, route planning and line-haul routes to reduce costs. We also capitalize on synergies from our different services.

We continue to introduce technological enhancements to improve our capabilities and increase efficiency. BEST Cloud integrates convenience stores’ POS and membership rewards program with Store and Supply Chain Management for full data visibility. It also integrates BEST Express and BEST Freight’s dynamic routing calculation, which is expected to further reduce transportation costs. In addition, BEST Cloud has started a pilot simulation process in Cloud OFCs and BEST Express hubs to analyze and optimize personnel resources planning in order to increase labor utilization efficiency.

Our Ecosystem Participants

We have built a rich and growing ecosystem with various types of participants. Many of our ecosystem participants not only receive but also provide services to us and therefore are both our customers and suppliers. Our ecosystem participants also provide services to other ecosystem participants. Our technology infrastructure and supply chain service network enable us and our ecosystem participants to provide better services and improve operating efficiency, which ultimately benefit all participants in our ecosystem.

Merchants

Merchants in our ecosystem include (i) brands, (ii) distributors, (iii) large online and offline retailers, (iv) other sellers on various e-commerce platforms, or online sellers, most of which are SMEs and individuals, and (v) membership stores.

We provide BEST Supply Chain Management services to brands, large online and offline retailers and an increasing number of online sellers. We also offer BEST Cloud services and cross-sell BEST Express, BEST Freight and BEST Global services to them as part of our integrated solution. In such transactions, these merchants are our customers.

We also source merchandise from brands and top-tier distributors and sell them to membership stores through our B2B platform Dianjia.com. In addition, we provide door-to-door delivery and value-added services to the stores. In these transactions, brands and top-tier distributors are our suppliers and membership stores are our customers.

Merchants are our direct customers when they use BEST Express, BEST Freight and Cloud OFC services directly through us. Merchants are customers of our franchisee partners when they use BEST Express, BEST Freight and Cloud OFC services through our franchisee partners.

As we continue to expand service offerings, we expect more merchants to become customers and suppliers of our services in the future. For example, as we plan to provide financial services to membership stores, we expect they will become customers of BEST Capital, and as we utilize these stores to extend our last-mile service network, we expect they will become important suppliers for BEST Express and BEST Freight as well.

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Our largest merchant customers include brands such as 3M, Li Ning, Hotwind and Cainiao Network and large online and offline retailers, but no single customer contributed more than 5% of our total revenue in 2017, 2018 or 2019. In addition, many of our merchant customers conduct their businesses on major e-commerce platforms in China. Our volume of express deliveries generated from merchants on major Alibaba platforms such as Taobao Marketplace and Tmall accounted for approximately 51% of our express deliveries in 2019.

Consumers

When individual consumers use BEST Express at our self-operated service stations, make a purchase at our self-operated convenience stores, or order goods from overseas through our platform, they are our direct customers. For most of our other services and solutions, we serve consumers indirectly through merchants and our franchisee partners.

Franchisee partners

Franchisee partners for our BEST Express, BEST Freight and Cloud OFCs are our customers. In addition, we have started to provide other services, such as an FTL freight real-time bidding platform under BEST UCargo and financial services under BEST Capital. We may also provide additional services, such as feeder services connecting franchised service stations and our hubs and sortation centers, to our franchisee partners in the future.

Prior to 2017, we were not responsible for last-mile delivery of parcels or freight items unless we directly operated the destination service stations, and therefore franchisee partners were directly liable to franchised service stations for their delivery service charges. Starting in 2017, all of our franchisee partners for BEST Express and BEST Freight also provide last-mile delivery services to us and therefore are our suppliers.

Other ecosystem participants

Other participants in our ecosystem include transportation service providers and other suppliers.

Transportation service providers have traditionally been our suppliers as we use them for line-haul transportation and feeder services that connect our network. They are also suppliers of our FTL freight real-time bidding platform under BEST UCargo as we use them to provide transportation services for franchisee partners and our other service lines. As we expand our BEST Capital service, they have increasingly become customers of our various financial services.

Given the variety of participants and transactions in our ecosystem, we rely on many other suppliers to provide products and services to us and our ecosystem participants. These include other capacity carriers such as airlines and shipping companies that provide cross-border transportation services, truck and logistics equipment manufacturers from which transportation service providers and our franchisee partners procure trucks and other equipment using our financial services, landlords from which we and our franchisee partners lease premises for our network facilities, insurance providers from which we procure insurance products for various ecosystem participants, and financial institutions from which we may obtain financing.

As we continue to grow our ecosystem and expand our service offerings, we expect to attract an increasing number and variety of participants into our ecosystem.

Marketing and Sales

We have established our brand awareness through continuous innovation and high service quality. While we have mainly relied on word-of-mouth referrals, we also utilize various advertising channels to increase our brand awareness among potential customers.

Marketing and sales of our supply chain solutions and transportation services is led by a team of 1,242 personnel as of December 31, 2019. Our senior management is also significantly involved in building relationships with customers, especially current and potential major partners. In addition, from time to time, we initiate promotions to expand our customer base and build familiarity with our brand. As we have multiple service lines, there are many opportunities for cross-selling across our platform as we seek to introduce customers to our other service offerings in addition to the service line with which they engage initially. We also believe our strong reputation is a factor in retaining and attracting customers.

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In addition to our centralized marketing efforts, we empower our franchisee partners to promote BEST services. Successful initiatives will increase demand for services in their franchised areas across our entire network. Our marketing team assists franchisee partners in the identification of new marketing leads and coordination of new initiatives.

Customer Service

The quality of our service directly affects our customer loyalty and brand image. We directly operate the critical parts of our network and selectively franchise out services to franchisee partners. To maintain consistent standards within our network, we provide periodical training to our franchisee partners’ employees and regularly inspect franchisee partners’ service quality.

We have established a customer relationship management system, or CRM, that allows us to effectively manage service quality issues and promptly address customer inquiries. Customers can access the system by phone or online channels. We currently operate 12 call centers that are dedicated to customer service. Our call center representatives provide real-time assistance from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm, seven days a week. Our call system automatically forwards each incoming call to an available representative from one of the call centers. After the submission of each enquiry, we ask the customer to rate the quality of our customer service, and we follow up on instances where customers are not completely satisfied. For each complaint, we strive to provide an initial response within 24 hours, and to resolve the issue within three days.

Intellectual Property

We regard our trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights, patents, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our business. As of December 31, 2019, we had 518 trademark registrations in China, including those of “百世” and “百世物流” and were in the process of making 768 trademark applications in China. As of December 31, 2019, we had 48 trademark registrations outside China and were in the process of making 144 trademark applications outside China. We have also been granted 41 copyrights in China in respect of our proprietary information systems. We are the registered holder of 169 domain names, including best-inc.com. We have 22 issued patents and 59 publicly filed patents under application in China. We also rely on confidentiality and invention assignment provisions in the employment agreements that we enter into with key employees engaged in research and development. We have implemented a data security system which strictly controls access to our technology and information systems.

Security and Safety

We have integrated safety policies and procedures across our businesses. Our key safety measures include:

Operational security and Safety

We have enacted a full range of operational security measures to ensure the safety of our employees, customers and partners. We screen all items processed through our network for dangerous and prohibited materials, enforce handling procedures across hubs and sortation centers, service stations and at each level of our network and raise transportation safety awareness among our workers and others. Each worksite in our network is required to conduct a general safety assessment with regard to onsite activities, including maintenance as well as non-routine tasks. We train our employees as well as those of our franchisee partners and service providers and use periodic follow-up training to maintain skills and safety awareness. We have further improved our safety management system by setting up safety management teams at each worksite. These teams provide comprehensive onsite safety management training including operational safety, work health and safety, daily transportation safety, goods safety and security checks.

Technology

We and our partners operate trucks configured with GPS tracking as well as integrated safety features such as ESP body stability systems, VDS dynamic steering systems, EBS electronically controlled braking systems, hydraulic brakes, ramp-assist starters and ABS anti-lock braking systems. We are able to provide updates and alerts to drivers, warehouse employees and others involved in our operations as needed. In addition, we utilize advanced equipment at our facilities to reduce risks to workers involved in sorting and moving goods as well as loading and offloading items from vehicles. We also employ digital workforce management technology to monitor employee work hours to ensure compliance with regulations and reduce fatigue-related risks. Using BEST Cloud, we are able to monitor vehicles and goods as they move across our network and system and can leverage BEST Cloud’s insights to identify risk areas and address them proactively.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we had a total of 8,784, 8,325 and 8,423 employees, respectively. We believe we have a good working relationship with our employees and have not experienced any significant labor disputes in the past. The majority of our employees are based in China, and we also have employees in certain other countries.

The following table sets forth details of our employees as of December 31, 2019 by function:

	Number of
Function	Employees	% of Total
BEST Supply Chain Management	1,394	16.5	%
BEST Express	1,657	19.7	%
BEST Freight	1,369	16.3	%
BEST Store+	1,041	12.4	%
Other Service Lines	949	11.3	%
Technology	871	10.3	%
Management, Administration and Others(1)	1,142	13.6	%
Total	8,423	100.0	%

(1) Includes management and administration personnel at headquarters and local level.

In addition to our own employees, we engage outsourcing firms that provide large numbers of their employees to work at our facilities. As of December 31, 2019, over 31,600 outsourced personnel were active in our operations. Our franchisee partners and service providers engage their own employees in connection with their operations.

In order to maintain a high standard of performance, reliability and safety across our network, we conduct training for our employees as well as those of our franchisee partners and service providers. We provide these trainings through a variety of programs led by our internal BEST University initiative, which includes specialized programs for individuals of each job type and level of seniority. Many of our technology professionals have received training and certifications from globally-recognized technology service organizations.

As required by PRC regulations, we participate in various government statutory employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan, a maternity insurance plan (which shall be consolidated into the medical insurance) and a housing provident fund. We are required under PRC law to make contributions to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time.

Properties

As part of our asset-light strategy, we currently lease all of the facilities that we occupy from independent third parties. Our headquarters are located at 2nd Floor, Block A, Huaxing Modern Industrial Park, No. 18 Tangmiao Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, People’s Republic of China. As of December 31, 2019, our headquarters had an aggregate gross area of approximately 15,566 sq m. In addition, we have leased an aggregate of 5.4 million square meters of industrial and warehouse space for the administration and operation of self-operated Cloud OFCs, hubs and sortation centers as of December 31, 2019.

We believe that the facilities that we currently lease are adequate to meet the needs of our current operations, and that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities to accommodate our future expansion plans.

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Insurance

We have in place insurance coverage up to a level which we consider to be reasonable and typical for companies in our industry in China. Our insurance broadly falls under the following categories: life insurance, such as group accident insurance; property loss insurance, such as cargo transportation insurance; all-risk property insurance; and liability insurance, such as non-motor vehicle liability insurance, public liability insurance and logistics liability insurance. We also provide benefits to our employees pursuant to local social insurance laws, including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, maternity insurance (which shall be consolidated into the medical insurance) and medical insurance.

Competition

Our extensive supply chain solutions encompass a wide range of operational areas, and as a result we may compete with a broad range of companies, including supply chain management service providers, express and freight delivery service providers, B2B platforms for convenience stores, SaaS software service providers and logistics brokers.

We compete with total supply chain solution providers, such as JD Logistics and SF Holdings. Certain service lines may also face competition from other service providers, such as P.G. Logistics and Annto Logistics for supply chain management services; ZTO Express, YTO Express, STO Express, YUNDA and J&T Express for express services; DEPPON Logistics and ANE Logistics for freight services; JD.com’s network of convenience stores and Zhongshang Huimin for our BEST Store⁺ business. In addition, our other services may face competition from companies that provide similar or competing services.

Legal Proceedings

We may become subject to legal proceedings, investigations, claims and administrative fines incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. We are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any legal proceeding, investigation or claim which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Regulatory Matters

The following is a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China or our shareholders’ rights to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment

Industry Catalogue and Negative List Relating to Foreign Investment. Investment activities in China by foreign investors used to be principally governed by the Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Catalogue, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time jointly by the Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, and the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC. On June 28, 2017, the MOFCOM and the NDRC jointly promulgated the Guidance Catalogue of Industry for Foreign Investment (2017), or the 2017 Catalogue, which became effective on July 28, 2017. On June 28, 2018, the MOFCOM and the NDRC jointly promulgated the Special Administrative Measures for Entrance of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2018 Version), or the Negative List 2018. The Negative List 2018 replaced the Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (the Negative List for Access of Foreign Investment) set forth under the 2017 Catalogue. The encouraged foreign investment industry catalogue set forth under the 2017 Catalogue was replaced by the Encouraged Foreign Investment Catalogue (2019 version), or the Encouraged Industry Catalogue, which was promulgated by the NDRC on June 30, 2019 and became effective on July 30, 2019.

Pursuant to the Encouraged Industry Catalogue and the Negative List 2019, foreign-invested projects are categorized as encouraged, restricted and prohibited. Industries that are not listed in either of the Negative List and Encouraged Industry Catalogue are permitted areas for foreign investments, and are generally open to foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other PRC regulations. Foreign investment activities in China are subject to the special administrative measures prescribed in the Negative List 2019.

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Pursuant to the Negative List 2019, foreign investments in domestic express delivery services of mail are prohibited, and foreign investments in value-added telecommunications services (other than business of e-commerce, domestic multiparty communication, store-and-forward business and call center) are subject to special administrative measures including restriction on foreign shareholding. Therefore, in China we provide domestic express delivery services of mail through Hangzhou BEST Network, our VIE, and its subsidiaries in China, value-added telecommunications services (other than those in connection with our BEST UCargo business) through Hangzhou BEST Network, and value-added telecommunications services in connection with our BEST UCargo Business through Hangzhou BEST IT and its subsidiaries in China.

Our PRC subsidiaries also operate in certain industries which are industries listed in the Encouraged Industry Catalogue, such as road transportation and software development. Most of our PRC subsidiaries mainly engage in software development, technical services and consultations, which are industries listed in the Encouraged Industry Catalogue.

Under current PRC law, the establishment of a foreign-invested enterprise is no longer subject to the approval of the MOFCOM or its local counterparts. The foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprise shall report investment information to competent authority of commerce through enterprise registration system and Enterprise Credit Information Disclosure System.

Foreign Investment Law. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress of China approved the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020 and replace three existing laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Foreign Owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and legislative efforts to unify corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic invested enterprises in China. The Foreign Investment Law establishes a basic framework for the access to, and the promotion, protection and administration of foreign investments with a view to investment protection and fair competition.

According to the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by one or more natural persons, business entities, or other organizations of a foreign country (collectively referred to as “foreign investors”) within China, and such investment activities include the following situations: (i) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, establishes a foreign-invested enterprise within China; (ii) a foreign investor acquires stock shares, equity shares, shares in assets, or other similar rights and interests of an enterprise within China; (iii) a foreign investor, individually or collectively with other investors, invests in a new project within China; and (iv) investments in other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations, or the State Council. As such, there is still leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over our VIEs through contractual arrangements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.”

In addition, according to the Foreign Investment Law, the State Council will publish, or approve to publish, a catalogue for special administrative measures, or the “negative list.” The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries deemed to be either “restricted” or “prohibited” in the “negative list.”

On December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Rules to the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. The implementation rules further clarified that the state encourages and promotes foreign investment, protects the lawful rights and interests of foreign investors, regulates foreign investment administration, continues to optimize foreign investment environment, and advances a higher-level opening.

As required by the State Council, MOFCOM, NDRC and the Ministry of Justice are leading the abolishment or revisions of other foreign investment related laws, which are inconsistent with the Foreign Investment Law. It may be anticipated that further revisions to regulations relating to foreign investment would be promulgated.

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Foreign Investment in Road Transportation Businesses.   According to the Administrative Provisions for Foreign Investment in the Road Transportation Industry, promulgated in November 2014 by the Ministry of Transport and the MOFCOM, and its supplements and implementing rules, investment in a road transportation business (including, among other things, road freight transportation, and flitting, loading, unloading and storage of road cargo) by a foreign investor is subject to the approval of the relevant provincial counterparts of the Ministry of Transport, and the newly established foreign-invested enterprise must obtain a road transportation operation permit from the relevant provincial counterparts of the Ministry of Transport after the completion of other foreign investment registration procedures. The incorporation of any direct or indirect subsidiary of a foreign-invested enterprise that intends to engage in road transportation business is subject to the same approval procedure. The Administrative Provisions for Foreign Investment in the Road Transportation Industry were abolished by the Ministry of Transport and the MOFCOM on October 25, 2018 for the purpose of reducing regulation.

Foreign Investment in Telecommunication Businesses. Foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in China is governed by the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001 and recently amended on February 6, 2016. The regulations provide that a foreign investor’s beneficial equity ownership in an entity providing value-added telecommunications services in China is not permitted to exceed 50%. In addition, the main foreign investor who invests in a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprise operating the value-added telecommunications business in China must demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating a value-added telecommunications business, provided such investor is a major one among the foreign investors investing in a value-added telecommunications enterprise in China. Moreover, foreign investors that meet these requirements must obtain approvals from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, and the MOFCOM, or their authorized local counterparts, which retain considerable discretion in granting approvals, for its commencement of value-added telecommunications business in China.

The MIIT’s Notice Regarding Strengthening Administration of Foreign Investment in Operating Value-Added Telecommunication Businesses, or the MIIT Notice, issued on July 13, 2006 prohibits holders of these services licenses from leasing, transferring or selling their licenses in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities, to any foreign investors intending to conduct such businesses in China.

Regulations Relating to Express Delivery Services

The PRC Postal Law, which took effect in October 2009 with the latest amendment in 2015, sets out the fundamental rules on the establishment and operation of an express delivery company. Pursuant to the Postal Law, an enterprise that operates and provides express delivery services must obtain a courier service operation permit. In order to apply for a business permit for express delivery services, a company must meet all the requirements as a corporate legal person and satisfy certain prerequisites with respect to its service capacity and management system, and its registered capital must be no less than RMB500,000 to operate within a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the central government, no less than RMB1,000,000 in the case of cross-provincial operation, and no less than RMB2,000,000 to operate international express delivery services.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Courier Service Market, or the Courier Market Measures, which was announced by the Ministry of Transport in 2013, and the Administrative Measures on Courier Service Operation Permits, which was revised by the Ministry of Transport on November 28, 2019, any entity engaging in express delivery services must obtain a courier service operation permit from the State Post Bureau or its local counterpart and is subject to their supervision and regulation. Entities applying for a permit to operate express delivery services in a certain province should apply to the provincial-level postal bureau, while entities applying for a permit to operate express delivery services across multiple provinces should apply to the State Post Bureau. The State Post Bureau and provincial-level postal bureaus may appoint their subordinate postal bureau to deal with permit applications. If an entity operates express delivery services without obtaining a courier service operation permit in accordance with the above measures, it may be compelled to make corrections, subject to the confiscation of its earnings generated from its unlicensed operation of express delivery services, imposed a fine ranging from RMB50,000 to RMB200,000, and/or ordered to suspend its business operation for rectification. If a permit-holder does not operate any express delivery services for over six months without due grounds after obtaining the courier service operation permit, or suspends its business for more than six months without authorization, the postal administrative departments have the authority to cancel the courier service operation permit of such holder.

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Filing with the postal administrative department is required where an express delivery company sets up branches. The requirements for the establishment of a branch of express delivery company are specified in the Courier Market Measures. The Courier Market Measures stipulate that where any express delivery company establishes its branches or business departments, it must register with the local industrial and commercial administrations where such branches or business departments are located by submitting its express delivery services operation permit and a list of its branches and, such branches or business departments must, within 20 days after they obtain their relevant business licenses, file with the local postal administrative department. If an express delivery company fails to complete the required registration and/or filing with the relevant governmental authority, it may be ordered to rectification and may also be imposed a fine of no more than RMB10,000 or where the circumstances are severe, a fine ranging from RMB10,000 to RMB50,000, compelled to make corrections, and/or ordered to suspend its business operation for rectification. Enterprises engaging in express delivery services other than postal enterprises may not engage in posting and mail delivery business exclusively operated by postal enterprises, and may not deliver any official documents of state organs. The express delivery business must be operated within the permitted scope and valid term of the courier service operation permit. The courier service operation permit is valid for 5 years upon its issuance and comes with an annual reporting obligation. The Circular on Implementing the Administrative Measures for the Courier Market and Strengthening the Administration of Courier Service Operations, which was issued by the State Post Bureau in 2013, further clarifies that the postal administrative department must examine whether an entity operates express delivery service within the permitted business scope and geographic scope of its courier service operation permit, and the geographic examination must be carried out down to the district-level within cities. Failure to conduct express delivery services within the permitted operation scopes would subject the express delivery company to a correction order by the postal administrative department and a fine from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000.

Moreover, in accordance with the Regulations on Annual Reporting of Operation Permission of Express Delivery Service Business issued by the State Post Bureau in 2011, an enterprise engaged in express delivery services must complete annual reporting on its operation status for the previous year with the postal administrative authority which issued its courier service operation permit. Where an express delivery service company fails to submit its annual report to the relevant postal administrative authority in a timely manner or conceals any facts or commits fraud in its annual report, such express delivery service company may be imposed a fine ranging from RMB10,000 to RMB30,000.

In accordance with the Decision of the State Council on Issues concerning Cancelling and Adjusting a Batch of Administrative Examination and Approval Items in February 2015, a company operating express delivery services must apply for and obtain the courier service operation permit prior to the application of its business license, and the obtaining of courier service operation permit is subject to industrial and commercial registration with prior examination.

In accordance with the Courier Market Measures, if any express delivery service is carried out through franchise, both the franchisees and franchisors must obtain the courier service operation permits and any franchisee must run its franchise business within its licensed scope; and the franchisees and franchisors must enter into written agreements providing the rights and obligations of both parties and the liabilities of both parties in case of any violation of the legal rights and interests of the users of express delivery services. Any franchisee or franchisor failing to obtain the courier service operation permit or any franchisee failing to run its franchise business within its licensed scope would be subject to a correction order by the relevant postal administrative authority and a fine ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000.

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Companies engaging in express delivery service must establish and implement a system for the examination of parcels or articles received for delivery. Pursuant to the PRC Postal Law and Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Security of the Postal Industry issued by the Ministry of Transport in 2011 and most recently amended in 2013, express delivery companies must examine the postal articles that would be in the presence of customers so as to inspect whether the postal articles are prohibited or restricted from express delivery. Express delivery companies must also examine whether the names, categories and quantity of the postal articles have been properly written down on delivery forms. Any failure to establish or implement such inspection system, or any unlawful acceptance or delivery of prohibited or restricted parcels/articles may result in the suspension of the company’s business operation for rectification or even cancellation of its courier service operation permit. Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Security of the Postal Industry has been replaced by Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Security of the Posting and Delivery of Postal Industry, which has been announced on January 2, 2020 and entered into effect on February 15, 2020. The revisions are mainly related to changing of the name, improving certain specific mechanisms, adding matters related to eco-security during the posting and delivery process, providing details on specific mechanisms, specifying matters related to delegation of postal administrative penalties and optimizing administrative penalty measures. In addition, the State Postal Office promulgated the Regulation on Implementing the Duties on Main Body of Safe Production of Postal Enterprises and Express Delivery Enterprises on September 4, 2019, which provides the detailed requirements on eight aspects relating to safe production, such as the general requirements, organization structure and responsibilities of posts, safety management system, investment on safe production, education and training, on-site management , management and control of safety risk and examination and governance of hidden danger as well as emergent management.

BEST Logistics Technologies (China) Co., Ltd., one of our PRC subsidiaries, Hangzhou BEST Network, our VIE, and eight of Hangzhou BEST Network’s subsidiaries have obtained the courier service operation permits to operate express delivery services. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Failure of us or our franchisee partners to obtain, maintain or update necessary licenses and permits may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.”

The Interim Regulation on Express Delivery has been revised on March 2, 2019. This regulation was made to promote healthy development of the industry, ensure safe delivery, protect the legal rights of users, and enhance supervision of the sector. For example, companies engaging in express delivery service and their branches may establish express delivery end-networks as needed and shall make a filing with the local postal management department within 20 days of establishment. Furthermore, companies engaging in express delivery service shall implement a management system regarding users’ information and shall refrain from providing users’ information illegally. Failure to comply with above provisions on security of users’ information may result in penalties such as order to make corrections, confiscation of illegal income and a fine ranging from RMB10,000 to RMB50,000, or where the circumstances are severe, a fine ranging from RMB50,000 to RMB100,000, and suspension of the company’s business operation for rectification or even cancellation of its courier service operation permit. There is uncertainty as to the application and the implementation of the Interim Regulation on Express Delivery because it is recently promulgated.

Additionally, the Administrative Measures for the Delivery Services of Smart Package Lockers was announced on June 20, 2019 and became effective on October 1, 2019. These measures supervise and manage the activities such as provision and utilization of smart package lockers. While our franchisee partners may utilize those smart package lockers in their daily operations, we do not own or operate such smart package lockers.

Regulations Relating to Road Transportation

Pursuant to the Regulations on Road Transportation promulgated by the State Council in April 2004 and most recently amended in March 2019, and the Provisions on Administration of Road Freight Transportation and Stations (Sites) issued by the Ministry of Transport in June 2005 and most recently amended in June 2019, or the Road Freight Provisions, the business operations of road freight transportation refer to commercial road freight transportation activities that provide public services. The road freight transportation includes general road freight transportation, special road freight transportation, road transportation of large articles, and road transportation of dangerous cargos. Special road freight transportation refers to freight transportation using special vehicles such as vehicles with containers, refrigeration equipment, or tank containers. The Road Freight Provisions set forth detailed requirements with respect to vehicles and drivers.

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Under the Road Freight Provisions, except those engaging in general cargo transportation with a general cargo vehicle weighing 4,500 kilograms or less, anyone engaging in the business of operating road freight transportation or stations (sites) must obtain a road transportation operation permit from the local county-level road transportation administrative bureau, and each vehicle used for road freight transportation must have a road transportation certificate from the same authority. The incorporation of a subsidiary of a road freight transportation operator that intends to engage in road transportation business is subject to the same approval procedure. If a road freight transportation operator intends to establish a branch, it should file with the local road transportation administrative bureau where the branch is to be established.

Although the road transportation operation permits have no limitation with respect to geographical scope, several provincial governments in China, including Shanghai and Beijing, promulgated local rules on administration of road transportation, stipulating that permitted operators of road freight transportation registered in other provinces should also make filing with the local road transportation administrative bureau where it carries out its business. The requirement to obtain operation permits with respect to operating road freight stations (sites) was abolished by the State Council on February 27, 2019.

Interim Measures for the Operation and Administration of Road Freight Transport based on Internet Platforms was promulgated by the Ministry of Transport and the State Taxation Administration on September 6, 2019 and came into effect on January 1, 2020. An operator of an internet platform for road freight transport is defined as entity which consolidates and allocates resources using an internet platform as its basis, undertakes responsibility of transportation for the whole course as carrier, and appoints the actual carrier and enters into a transport contract with it to undertake the road freight transport mission. Merely providing information intermediary or deal making services will not be deemed as internet freight transport. Such operator may apply for a road transportation certificate specifying the business scope as “internet freight transport”. Such entities shall comply with the ICP measures and other relevant laws and regulations regarding operational internet information service and be equipped with corresponding online service capabilities. The operator of such internet freight transport should set up corresponding mechanisms and undertake corresponding measures as required by the Safe Production Law of the People’s Republic of China, the E-commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law on the Administration of Tax Collection of the People’s Republic of China, the Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China and certain other laws, regulations and standards.

BEST Logistics Technologies (China) Co., Ltd., one of our PRC subsidiaries, and Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Ltd., one of our VIEs, has obtained road transportation operation permits to operate general road freight transportation while the subsidiaries of another VIE, Hangzhou BEST IT, are in the process of applying for the road transportation operation permits specifying the business scope as internet freight transport. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Failure of us or our franchisee partners to obtain, maintain or update necessary licenses and permits may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.”

Regulations on Cargo Vehicles

Pursuant to the Administrative Provisions concerning the Running of Cargo Vehicles with Out-of-Gauge Goods promulgated by the Ministry of Transport, which took effect on September 21, 2016, cargo vehicles running on public roads shall not carry cargo weighing more than the limits prescribed by this regulation and their dimensions shall not exceed those as set forth in the same regulation. Vehicle operators who violate this regulation may be subject to a fine of up to RMB30,000 for each violation. In the event of repeated violations, the regulatory authority may suspend the operating license of the vehicle operator and/or revoke the business operation registration of the relevant vehicle.

We rely on trucks and other vehicles owned and operated by third-party trucking companies, while the operation of our fleet is subject to this new regulation. We have an obligation to educate and manage vehicle operators as well as to urge them to comply with this regulation. We weigh each cargo truck as they enter and leave our hubs and sortation centers to ensure their compliance with this regulation in terms of cargo weight. If any truck is not in compliance with this regulation, we may be required to replace it with another vehicle that complies with this regulation. Otherwise, we may be subject to penalties under this regulation if we continue to operate those trucks that exceed the limits set forth in the regulation.

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Regulations Relating to International Freight Forwarding Business

Regulations on Management of International Freight Forwarders promulgated by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (now known as the MOFCOM) in 1995 and its detailed rules regulate the business of international freight forwarding. According to the provisions and its detailed rules, the minimum amount of registered capital must be RMB5 million for an international freight forwarder by sea, RMB3 million for an international freight forwarder by air and RMB2 million for an international freight forwarder by land or for an entity operating international express delivery services. Additionally, an international freight forwarder must, when applying for setting up its branches, increase its registered capital (or the excess amount over its minimum registered capital) by RMB500,000. Furthermore, under the Provisional Measures on Filing of International Freight Forwarders announced by the MOFCOM in March 2005 and most recently amended in August 2016, all international freight forwarders and their branches registered with the state industrial and commercial administration must be filed with the MOFCOM or its authorized agencies.

BEST Logistics Technologies (China) Co., Ltd., one of our PRC subsidiaries, is engaged in the international freight forwarding business and has made a filing with the relevant agency for carrying out such business.

Regulations Relating to Commercial Franchising

Pursuant to the Regulations on Commercial Franchising promulgated by the State Council in February 2007 and Provisions on Administration of the Record Filing of Commercial Franchises issued by MOFCOM in December 2011, collectively the Regulations and Provisions on Commercial Franchising, commercial franchising refers to the business activities where an enterprise that possesses the registered trademarks, enterprise logos, patents, proprietary technology or any other business resources allows such business resources to be used by another business operator through contract and the franchisee follows the uniform business model to conduct business operations and pays franchising fees according to the contract. We and our franchisee partners are therefore subject to regulations on commercial franchising. Under the Regulations and Provisions on Commercial Franchising, within 15 days of the first conclusion of franchising contract, the franchisor must carry out record-filing with MOFCOM or its local counterparts and must report the current status of its franchising contracts in the first quarter of each year after record-filing. MOFCOM announces the names of franchisors who have completed filing on the government website and makes prompt updates. If the franchisor fails to comply with these Regulations and Provisions on Commercial Franchising, the MOFCOM or its local counterparts have the discretion to take administrative measures against the franchisor, including fines and public announcements. The Regulations and Provisions on Commercial Franchising also set forth requirements on the contents of franchising contracts.

We have completed the requisite filings with respect to our BEST Express, BEST Freight and Cloud OFC services. We cannot assure you that we can update such filing in a timely manner or that our relationships with other existing and future ecosystem participants will not be found to constitute such regulated commercial franchising in the future. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any order from any governmental authorities to make such filing. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Failure to comply with PRC laws and regulations by us or our franchisee partners may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

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Regulations Relating to Personal Information Security and Consumer Protection

The Administrative Provisions on the Security of Personal Information of Express Service Users, promulgated by the State Post Bureau in March 2014, provide for the protection of the personal information of users of express or express delivery services, and the supervision on the express operations of postal enterprises and express delivery companies. In accordance with these provisions, the state postal administrative department and its local counterparts are the supervising and administering authority responsible for the security of the personal information of users of express or express delivery services, and postal enterprises and express delivery companies must establish and refine systems and measures for the security of such information. Specifically, express delivery companies must enter into confidentiality agreements with their employees regarding the information of their clients or users to specify confidentiality obligations and liabilities for violation thereof. Where express delivery companies are entrusted by operators engaging in online shopping, TV shopping, mail-order and other businesses to provide express delivery services, such express delivery companies must enter into agreements with the said principals, which agreements shall contain provisions safeguarding the security of information of users of express delivery services. Courier companies operating through franchise are further required to formulate provisions on the security of information of users of express delivery services in franchising contracts and clarify the security responsibilities between franchisor and franchisee. A courier company and its employees causing damages to the users of express delivery services by divulging the users’ information is expected to bear compensation liabilities. If a courier company is found to unlawfully furnish the information of users of express delivery services, the company and its employees are subject to administrative liabilities or even criminal penalties. A user of express delivery services may further seek remedies by following the Measures on Settling the Complaints of the Postal Users issued by the State Post Bureau, which took effect in September 2014. The Postal Users Complaints Settling Center handles the complaints from users on the quality of the express delivery services under a regime of mediation. We are subject to the above provisions and measures with regard to the security of personal information and believe that we are currently in compliance with such provisions and measures in all material aspects.

Regulations Relating to Telecommunications and Internet Information Services

Regulations Relating to Telecommunication Businesses

Under the Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC, or the Telecommunications Regulations, promulgated by the State Council on September 25, 2000 and most recently amended on February 6, 2016, a telecommunication services provider in China must obtain an operating license from the MIIT or its provincial counterparts. The Telecommunications Regulations categorize all telecommunication services in China as either basic telecommunications services or value-added telecommunications services. Our online and mobile commerce businesses are classified as value-added telecommunications services. The Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Business Operating Licensing, which was promulgated by the MIIT and recently amended on July 3, 2017, further regulate the telecommunications business licensing.

In addition to restricting dealings with foreign investors, the MIIT Notice contains a number of detailed requirements applicable to holders of value-added telecommunications services licenses, including that license holders or their shareholders must directly own the domain names and trademarks used in their daily operations and each license holder must possess the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license, including maintaining its network and providing Internet security in accordance with the relevant regulatory standards. The MIIT or its provincial counterpart has the power to require corrective actions after it discovers any non-compliance of the license holders, and where such license holders fail to take such steps, the MIIT or its provincial counterpart has the power to revoke the value-added telecommunications services licenses.

Regulations Relating to Internet Information Services

As a subsector of the telecommunications industry, Internet information services are regulated by the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the ICP Measures, promulgated on September 25, 2000 by the State Council and amended on January 8, 2011. “Internet information services” are defined as services that provide information to online users through the Internet. Internet information services providers, also called Internet content providers, or ICPs, that provide commercial services are required to obtain an operating license from the MIIT or its provincial counterpart.

To the extent the Internet information services provided relate to certain matters, including news, publication, education or medical and health care (including pharmaceutical products and medical equipment), approvals must also be obtained from the relevant industry regulators in accordance with the laws, rules and regulations governing those industries.

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The PRC government has promulgated measures relating to Internet content through various ministries and agencies, including the MIIT, the News Office of the State Council, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the National Radio and Television Administration. In addition to various approval and license requirements, these measures specifically prohibit Internet activities that result in the dissemination of any content which is found to contain pornography, promote gambling or violence, instigate crimes, undermine public morality or the cultural traditions of the PRC or compromise state security or secrets. ICPs must monitor and control the information posted on their websites. If any prohibited content is found, they must remove such content immediately, keep a record of it and report to the relevant authorities. If an ICP violates these measures, the PRC government may impose fines and revoke any relevant business operation licenses.

We conduct our value-added telecommunications business through our VIE, Hangzhou BEST Network, which has obtained the requisite licenses. Certain subsidiaries of our VIE, Hangzhou BEST IT, have obtained such requisite licenses as well.

Regulations Relating to Internet Security

The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated by the National People’s Congress of China on July 6, 1979 and recently amended on November 4, 2017, imposes a number of Internet security requirements on Internet service providers. These requirements are mainly provided in the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the Ninth Amendment. According to the Ninth Amendment, an Internet service provider who does not perform its duties of security management on information network may be subject to criminal punishment, if such non-performance results in certain serious consequences.

The Decision in Relation to Protection of the Internet Security, enacted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China on December 28, 2000 and amended on August 27, 2009, provides that certain activities, including but not limited to the following, conducted through the Internet are subject to criminal punishment: (i) gaining improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) bringing out abnormal operation of Internet by cultivating or transmitting computer virus or interrupting network without authorization; (iii) disseminating politically disruptive information or obscenities; (iv) leaking State secrets; (v) spreading false commercial information; (vi) infringing intellectual property rights; (vii) providing information concerning pornography; or (viii) violating lawful rights of any other national person, legal person or other institution.

The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Security Protection of Computer Information System, promulgated by the State Council on February 18, 1994 and amended on January 8, 2011, require that no entity or individual may make use of computer information systems to engage in activities jeopardizing the interests of the state or collectives or the legitimate rights of the citizens, or endanger the security of computer information systems. A user of a computer information system shall establish and improve a security management system for its computer information system. A user of a computer information system is also required to take other security protection measures, such as reporting any incidents arising from the computer system to the public authority of the local government at or above the county level within 24 hours.

On December 28, 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the Internet. On July 16, 2013, the MIIT promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication services and Internet information services in China. Personal information includes a user’s name, birth date, identification card number, address, phone number, account name, password and other information that can be used for identifying a user.

On July 1, 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the New National Security Law which took effect on the same date and replaced the former National Security Law promulgated in 1993. According to the New National Security Law, the state shall ensure that the information system and data in important areas are secure and controllable. There are uncertainties on how the New National Security Law will be implemented in practice.

The Network Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China on November 7, 2016 and became effective on June 1, 2017, provides that network operators shall comply with laws and regulations and fulfill their obligations to safeguard security of the network when conducting business and providing services. Those who provide services through networks shall take technical measures and other necessary measures pursuant to laws, regulations and compulsory national requirements to safeguard the safe and stable operation of the networks, respond to network security incidents effectively, prevent illegal and criminal activities, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and usability of network data.

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On April 11, 2017, the Cyberspace Administration of China announced the Measures for the Security Assessment of Personal Information and Important Data to be Transmitted Abroad (consultation draft), or the Consultation Draft of Security Assessment Measures. The Consultation Draft of Security Assessment Measures requires network operators to conduct security assessments and obtain consents from owners of personal information prior to transmitting personal information and other important data abroad. Moreover, under the Consultation Draft of Security Assessment Measures, the network operators are required to apply to the relevant regulatory authorities for security assessments under several circumstances, including but not limited to: (i) if data to be transmitted abroad contains personal information of more than 500,000 users in aggregate; (ii) if the quantity of the data to be transmitted abroad is more than 1,000 gigabytes; (iii) if data to be transmitted abroad contains information regarding nuclear facilities, chemical biology, national defense or military projects, population and health, or relates to large-scale engineering activities, marine environment issues or sensitive geographic information; (iv) if data to be transmitted abroad contains network security information regarding system vulnerabilities or security protection of critical information infrastructure; (v) if key information infrastructure network operators transmit personal information and important data abroad; or (vi) if any other data to be transmitted abroad contains information that might affect national security or public interest and are required to be assessed as determined by the relevant regulatory authorities. On June 13, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China further announced the Measures for the Security Assessment of Personal Information to be Transmitted Abroad (consultation draft). Both drafts are still under consultation.

Regulations Relating to Finance Leasing

The Administrative Measures on Foreign Investment in the Leasing Industry, or the Leasing Industry Measures, were promulgated by the MOFCOM on February 3, 2005 and amended on October 28, 2015 to regulate the operation of foreign-invested leasing and finance leasing business. Under the Leasing Industry Measures, the total assets of the foreign investors of a foreign-funded finance leasing company may not be less than US$5 million. Foreign-invested finance leasing enterprises may carry out finance leasing activities by way of direct leasing, sub-leasing, sale-leaseback, leveraged leasing, entrusted leasing and joint leasing. For the purpose of the Leasing Industry Measures, the leasing property shall include, among others, transportation equipment, such as airplanes, automobiles and ships, etc. This regulation was declared invalid by the MOFCOM in 2018 for the purpose of easing regulation and optimizing service.

The Administrative Measures of Supervision on Finance Leasing Enterprises, or the Finance Leasing Measures, were formulated by the MOFCOM and became effective on October 1, 2013. According to the Finance Leasing Measures, the MOFCOM and the provincial-level commerce authorities are in charge of the supervision and administration of finance leasing enterprises. A finance leasing company shall report, according to the requirements of the MOFCOM, the relevant data in a timely and truthful manner through the National Finance Leasing Company Management Information System. Since April 20, 2018, the authority was transferred from MOFCOM to China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, or the CBIRC. On January 8, 2020, CBIRC has announce the Interim Measures on the Supervisory and Management of Financial Leasing Company (the Consulting Draft) and has been collecting any comments until February 9, 2020.

Xinyuan Financial Leasing (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd., one of our PRC subsidiaries, has obtained an approval to conduct financing lease business from the competent regulatory authority in the PRC.

Regulations Relating to Retail Industry

Regulations Relating to Consumer Protection

Under the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 31, 1993, became effective on January 1, 1994 and was recently amended on October 25, 2013, a business operator providing a commodity or service to a consumer is subject to a number of requirements, including the following:

●            to ensure that commodities and services meet with certain safety requirements;

●            to disclose serious defects of a commodity or a service and adopt preventive measures against damage occurrence;

●            to provide consumers with true information and to refrain from conducting false advertising;

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●            not to set unreasonable or unfair terms for consumers or alleviate or release itself from civil liability for harming the legal rights and interests of consumers by means of standard contracts, circulars, announcements, shop notices or other means; and

●            not to insult or slander consumers or to search the person of, or articles carried by, a consumer or to infringe upon the personal freedom of a consumer.

Business operators may be subject to civil liabilities for failing to fulfill the obligations discussed above. These liabilities include restoring the consumer’s reputation, eliminating the adverse effects suffered by the consumer, and offering an apology and compensation for any losses incurred. The following penalties may also be imposed upon business operators for the infraction of these obligations: issuance of a warning, confiscation of any illegal income, imposition of a fine, an order to cease business operations, revocation of its business license or imposition of criminal liabilities under circumstances that are specified in laws and statutory regulations.

Regulations Relating to Product Quality

Pursuant to the Product Quality Law of the PRC, or the Product Quality Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on February 22, 1993, became effective on September 1, 1993, and was recently amended on December 29, 2018, business operators, including manufacturers and sellers, are required to assume certain obligations in respect of product quality. Violations of the Product Quality Law may result in the imposition of fines. In addition, a company in violation of the Product Quality Law may be ordered to suspend its operations and its business license may be revoked. Criminal liability may be incurred in serious cases. A consumer or other victim who suffers injury or property losses due to product defects may demand compensation from the manufacturer as well as from the seller. Where the responsibility lies with the manufacturer, the seller shall, after settling compensation with the consumer, have the right to recover such compensation from the manufacturer, and vice versa.

Regulations Relating to Pricing

In China, the prices of a very small number of products and services are guided or fixed by the government. According to the Pricing Law, which was promulgated by Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 29, 1997 and became effective on May 1, 1998, business operators must, as required by the government departments in charge of pricing, mark the prices explicitly and indicate the service items, charging standards and other related particulars clearly. Business operators may not charge any fees that are not explicitly indicated. Business operators must not commit unlawful pricing activities, such as colluding with others to manipulate the market price, using false or misleading prices to deceive consumers to transact, or conducting price discrimination against other business operators. Failure to comply with the Pricing Law may subject business operators to administrative sanctions such as warning, ceasing unlawful activities, compensation, confiscating illegal gains and fines. The business operators may be ordered to suspend business for rectification, or have their business licenses revoked if the circumstances are severe. We are subject to the Pricing Law as a service provider and believe that our pricing activities are currently in compliance with the law in all material aspects.

Regulations Relating to Leasing

We currently lease all of the facilities that we occupy from independent third parties. Pursuant to the Law on Administration of Urban Real Estate which took effect in January 1995 with the latest amendment in August 2019, lessors and lessees are required to enter into a written lease contract, containing such provisions as the term of the lease, the use of the premises, liability for rent and repair, and other rights and obligations of both parties. Both lessor and lessee are also required to register the lease with the real estate administration department. Pursuant to implementing rules stipulated by certain provinces or cities, such as Tianjin, if the lessor and lessee fail to go through the registration procedures, both lessor and lessee may be subject to warnings, rectifications and/or other penalties.

According to the PRC Contract Law which took effect in October 1999, the lessee may sublease the leased premises to a third party, subject to the consent of the lessor. Where the lessee subleases the premises, the lease contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid. The lessor is entitled to terminate the lease contract if the lessee subleases the premises without the consent of the lessor. In addition, if the lessor transfers the premises, the lease contract between the lessee and the lessor will still remain valid.

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Pursuant to the PRC Property Law which took effect in October 2007, if a mortgagor leases the mortgaged property before the mortgage contract is executed, the previously established leasehold interest will not be affected by the subsequent mortgage, but where a mortgagor leases the mortgaged property after the creation and registration of the mortgage interest, the leasehold interest will be subordinated to the registered mortgage.

Regulations Relating to Intellectual Property Rights

The PRC government has adopted comprehensive legislation governing intellectual property rights, including copyrights, patents, trademarks and domain names.

Copyright.   Copyright in China, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the Copyright Law and its implementation rules. Under the Copyright Law, the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years.

Patent.   The Patent Law provides for patentable inventions, utility models and designs, which must meet three conditions: novelty, inventiveness and practical applicability. The State Intellectual Property Office under the State Council is responsible for examining and approving patent applications. The duration of a patent right is either 10 years or 20 years from the date of application, depending on the type of patent right.

Trademark. The Trademark Law and its implementation rules protect registered trademarks. The PRC Trademark Office of National Intellectual Property Administration is responsible for the registration and administration of trademarks throughout China. The Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registration. Where registration is sought for a trademark that is identical or similar to another trademark which has already registered or given preliminary examination and approval for use in the same or similar category of commodities or services, the application for registration of such trademark may be rejected. Trademark registration is effective for a renewable ten-year period, unless otherwise revoked.

Domain Name. Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on the Internet Domain Names promulgated by the MIIT. The MIIT is the major regulatory body responsible for the administration of the PRC Internet domain names, under supervision of which the China Internet Network Information Center is responsible for the daily administration of “.cn” domain names and Chinese domain names. Domain name registration is handled through domain name service agencies established under the relevant regulations, and applicants become domain name holders upon successful registration.

Regulations Relating to Employment

Pursuant to the Labor Law, which was promulgated by National People’s Congress in January 1995 and amended in December 2018, and the Labor Contract Law, promulgated by Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in June 2007 and amended in December 2012, employers must execute written labor contracts with full-time employees. If an employer fails to enter into a written employment contract with an employee within one year from the date on which the employment relationship is established, the employer must rectify the situation by entering into a written employment contract with the employee and pay the employee twice the employee’s salary for the period from the day following the lapse of one month after the date of establishment of the employment relationship to the day prior to the execution of the written employment contract. All employers must comply with local minimum wage standards. Violation of the Labor Law and the Labor Contract Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative and criminal liability in the case of serious violation.

In December 2012, the Labor Contract Law was amended to impose more stringent requirements on the use of employees of temp agencies, who are known in China as “dispatched workers.” Dispatched workers are entitled to equal pay with full-time employees for equal work. Employers are only allowed to use dispatched workers for temporary, auxiliary or substitutive positions, and the number of dispatched workers may not exceed 10% of the total number of employees.

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Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan (which, as provided in Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Comprehensively Advancing Combined Implementation of Maternity Insurance and Basic Medical Insurance for Employees which was promulgated on March 6, 2019, shall be consolidated into the medical insurance), and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. According to the PRC Social Insurance Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 28, 2010 and became effective on July 1, 2011 and recently amended on December 29, 2018, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to rectify the non-compliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee of up to 0.05% or 0.2% per day, as the case may be. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. According to the Regulations on Management of Housing Fund, which was promulgated by the State Council on April 3, 1999 and recently amended on March 24, 2019, an enterprise that fails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China—The enforcement of the Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, or the PRC Labor Contract Law, and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may increase our labor costs, impose limitations on our labor practices and adversely affect our business and our results of operations, and our failure to comply with PRC labor-related laws may expose us to penalties.”

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently amended in August 2008. Payments of current account items, such as profit distributions and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can usually be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate governmental authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, the foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises is subject to the discretional foreign exchange settlement, which means the foreign exchange capital in the capital account of foreign-invested enterprises upon the confirmation of rights and interests of monetary contribution by the local foreign exchange bureau (or the book-entry registration of monetary contribution by the banks) may be settled at the banks based on the actual operation needs of the enterprises. The proportion of discretionary settlement of foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises is currently 100%. SAFE can adjust such proportion in due time based on the circumstances of international balance of payments. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 or SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties.

On January 26, 2017, SAFE issued the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Review of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control, or SAFE Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and (ii) domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits. Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

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The Notice for Further Advancing the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the SAFE Circular 28, was promulgated by the SAFE on October 23, 2019. SAFE Circular 28, among other things, allows FIEs to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in China so long as the equity investment complies with the then-effective Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) and is genuine and legitimate. However, since the SAFE Circular 28 is newly promulgated, it remains uncertain how the SAFE and competent banks will implement this circular.

Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution

The principal laws, rules and regulations governing dividend distribution by foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC are the Company Law of the PRC, as amended, the Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations. Under these laws, rules and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profit, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Both PRC domestic companies and wholly-foreign owned PRC enterprises are required to set aside as general reserves at least 10% of their after-tax profit each year, until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital. A PRC company is not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.

Regulations Relating to Offshore Financing

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75” promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015.

We have notified substantial beneficial owners of ordinary shares who we know are PRC residents of their obligations of applications, filings and amendments as required under SAFE Circular 37 and other related rules. Nevertheless, we may not be aware of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and there can be no assurance that all of our PRC-resident beneficial owners will comply with SAFE Circular 37, its implementation rules and other applicable foreign exchange rules, and there is no assurance that the registration under SAFE Circular 37 and any amendment will be completed in a timely manner, or will be completed at all. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to register or amend their foreign exchange registrations in a timely manner pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, its implementation rules and other applicable foreign exchange rules, or the failure of future beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents to comply with these registration requirements may subject such beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions. Failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to our company, or we may be penalized by SAFE.

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Regulations Relating to Employee Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly-Listed Company

Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for the foreign exchange registration with respect to offshore special purpose companies. In addition, under the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Share Option Rules, issued by SAFE on February 15, 2012, PRC residents who are granted shares or share options by companies listed on overseas stock exchanges under share incentive plans are required to (i) register with SAFE or its local branches, (ii) retain a qualified PRC agent, which may be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas listed company or another qualified institution selected by the PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the share incentive plans on behalf of the participants, and (iii) retain an overseas institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of share options, purchase and sale of shares or interests and funds transfers. We are making efforts to comply with these requirements.

The State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options or restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

Regulations Relating to Tax

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was recently amended on December 29, 2018, an enterprise established outside the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. The Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law further define the term “de facto management body” as the management body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the SAT issued the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Further to SAT Circular 82, in 2011, the SAT issued the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered a PRC resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in the PRC; (ii) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (iii) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board of directors and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (iv) more than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC.

Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore-incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups and not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the term “de facto management body” could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.

We do not believe that we meet all of the conditions under SAT Circular 82. We believe that BEST Inc. and our offshore subsidiaries should not be treated as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes if the criteria for “de facto management body” as set forth in SAT Circular 82 were deemed applicable to us. However, as the tax residency status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body” as applicable to our offshore entities, we may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the EIT Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income. We are actively monitoring the possibility of “resident enterprise” treatment for the applicable tax years and are evaluating appropriate organizational changes to avoid this treatment, to the extent possible.

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In the event that BEST Inc. or any of our offshore subsidiaries is considered to be a PRC resident enterprise: BEST Inc. or our offshore subsidiaries, as the case may be, may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our worldwide taxable income; dividend income that BEST Inc. or our offshore subsidiaries, as the case may be, received from our PRC subsidiaries may be exempt from the PRC withholding tax; and dividends paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders who are non-PRC resident enterprises as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs may be regarded as PRC-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties, and similarly, dividends paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders who are non-PRC resident individuals, as well as gains realized by such shareholders or ADS holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs, may be regarded as PRC-sourced income and as a result be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China—We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China—Dividends payable to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by our foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax.”

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, which was recently amended on December 29, 2017. Pursuant to this Bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be recharacterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment or place of business in China, immovable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives directly or indirectly from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the foreign income tax liabilities arising from the indirect transfer of PRC taxable assets; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment or place of business, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Where the payor fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non­resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or Bulletin 37, which, among others, repeals certain rules related to treatment of situations where a payor has failed to timely withhold tax as stipulated in Bulletin 7. In particular, Bulletin 37 provides that when a payor as the withholding agent fails to or is unable to perform its withholding duty, on the condition that the relevant non-PRC resident enterprise voluntarily makes payment before being ordered to do so in a timely manner or within a time limit prescribed by relevant tax authorities, the tax shall be deemed as having been timely paid. The Bulletin 37 further specifies and clarifies tax withholding methods applicable to income of non-PRC resident enterprises. There is uncertainty as to the application of Bulletin 7. Especially as Bulletin 7 is lately promulgated, it is not clear how it will be implemented. Bulletin 7 may be determined by the tax authorities to be applicable to our offshore restructuring transactions or sale of our ordinary shares or preferred shares, or those of our offshore subsidiaries where non-resident enterprises, being the transferors, were involved.

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Under the Circular on Comprehensively Promoting the Pilot Program of the Collection of Value-added Tax to Replace Business Tax, or Circular 36, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Finance and the SAT on March 23, 2016 and became effective on May 1, 2016, entities and individuals engaging in the sale of services, intangible assets or fixed assets within the territory of the PRC are required to pay value-added tax, or VAT, instead of business tax. According to the Circular 36, our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to VAT, at a rate of 6% to 17% (13% after April 1, 2019, pursuant to the Announcement on Policies for Deepening the VAT Reform promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, the SAT and the General Administration of Customs on March 20, 2019) on proceeds received from customers, and are entitled to a refund for VAT already paid or borne on the goods purchased by it and utilized in the production of goods or provisions of services that have generated the gross sales proceeds.

Regulations Relating to M&A Rules and Overseas Listing

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, issued by six PRC governmental and regulatory agencies, including the MOFCOM and the CSRC, on August 8, 2006 and amended on June 22, 2009, require that an SPV formed for listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies or individuals must obtain the approval of the CSRC in the event that the SPV acquires equity interests in the PRC companies in exchange for the shares of offshore companies.

The application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. Our PRC counsel, King & Wood Mallesons, has advised us that, under current PRC laws, rules and regulations and the M&A Rules, prior approval from the CSRC is not required under the M&A Rules for our initial public offering because (i) our PRC subsidiaries were incorporated as foreign-invested enterprises by means of foreign direct investments at the time of their incorporation, and (ii) we did not acquire any equity interests or assets of a PRC company owned by its controlling shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC companies or individuals, as such terms are defined under the M&A Rules. However, as there has been no official interpretation or clarification of the M&A Rules, there is uncertainty as to how these rules will be implemented in practice. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China—Certain PRC regulations establish more complex procedures for acquisitions conducted by foreign investors that could make it more difficult for us to grow through acquisitions.”

C.Organizational Structure

Our Corporate Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report. It omits certain entities that are immaterial to our results of operations, business and financial condition. Unless otherwise indicated, equity interests depicted in this diagram are held as to 100%. The relationship between us and Hangzhou BEST Network, one of our VIEs, as illustrated in this diagram is governed by contractual arrangements and does not constitute equity ownership.

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(1) Two PRC individuals, Wei Chen and Lili He, who are relatives of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, and Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., a PRC domestic company and consolidated entity of Alibaba, hold 36.285%, 36.285% and 27.43%, respectively, equity interest in the VIE.

(2) Primarily involved in the provision of BEST Express services.

(3) Primarily involved in the provision of BEST Cloud services.

(4) Primarily involved in the provision of BEST Supply Chain Management and BEST Freight.

(5) Primarily involved in the provision of BEST Store+ services.

(6) Primarily involved in the provision of BEST Supply Chain Management services.

(7) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement; Exclusive Call Option Agreement.

(8) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement; Exclusive Call Option Agreement.

(9) Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement; Exclusive Call Option Agreement.

(10) Loan Agreements; Exclusive Call Option Agreement; Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement; Equity Pledge Agreement.

(11) Exclusive Technical Services Agreement; Exclusive Call Option Agreement; Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement; Equity Pledge Agreement.

Variable Interest Entity Contractual Arrangements

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, domestic mail delivery services as well as value-added telecommunication business, we, similar to all other entities with foreign-incorporated holding company

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structures operating in our industry in the PRC, provide the services that may be subject to such restrictions in the PRC through Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., or Hangzhou BEST Network, and Hangzhou BEST IT Information Technology Services Co., Ltd., or Hangzhou BEST IT, our VIEs, both of which are incorporated in the PRC and 100% owned by PRC legal persons. Hangzhou BEST Network holds a courier service operation permit that allows it to provide domestic mail delivery services in addition to parcel delivery services and an ICP license that allows it to provide value-added telecommunication services, all of which may constitute part of our comprehensive service offerings. Certain subsidiaries of Hangzhou BEST IT have obtained ICP licenses that would allow them to provide value-added telecommunication services in connection with our BEST UCargo business. Two PRC individuals, Wei Chen and Lili He, who are relatives of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou and Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., a domestic PRC company and consolidated entity of Alibaba, hold 36.285%, 36.285% and 27.43%, respectively, equity interest in Hangzhou BEST Network. Wei Chen and Lili He each holds 50% equity interest in Hangzhou BEST IT.

We generated 66% of our revenue through our VIEs for the year ended December 31, 2019. We have entered into certain contractual arrangements which collectively enable us to exercise effective control over the VIEs and receive substantially all of the economic risks and benefits generated from the operations of the VIEs and their subsidiaries. As a result, we include the financial results of the VIEs and their subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP as if they were our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The following is a summary of the contractual arrangements that provide us with effective control of Hangzhou BEST Network and its subsidiaries and that enable us to receive substantially all of the economic benefits from their operations. We have entered into substantially similar contractual arrangements that provide us with effective control of Hangzhou BEST IT and its subsidiaries and that enable us to receive substantially all of the economic benefits from their operations and absorb all of the expected losses of Hangzhou BEST IT and its subsidiaries.

Contracts that give us effective control of Hangzhou BEST Network

Loan Agreements

Zhejiang BEST entered into loan agreements with Wei Chen and Lili He in 2011 and with Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd. in 2015, respectively. Pursuant to these loan agreements, Zhejiang BEST has granted an interest-free loan to each of Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders, which may only be used for the purpose of a capital contribution to Hangzhou BEST Network. Zhejiang BEST agreed not to ask the Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders to repay the loans unless the relevant equity holder violates its undertakings provided in the loan agreements. Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders undertook, among others, not to transfer any of its equity interests in Hangzhou BEST Network to any third party. The loans are repayable by such equity holders through a transfer of their equity interests in Hangzhou BEST Network to Zhejiang BEST or its designated party, in proportion to the amount of the loans to be repaid. The loan agreements remain effective until the relevant loans are repaid in full or Zhejiang BEST relinquishes its rights under the relevant loan agreements.

Amended and Restated Exclusive Call Option Agreement

Pursuant to the amended and restated exclusive call option agreement among us, Zhejiang BEST, Hangzhou BEST Network and its equity holders, dated June 21, 2017, Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders have granted Zhejiang BEST and us, or a party designated by us or Zhejiang BEST, the exclusive and irrevocable call option rights to purchase part or all of their equity interests in Hangzhou BEST Network at an exercise price equal to the minimum price as permitted by applicable Chinese laws. Hangzhou BEST Network has further granted Zhejiang BEST and us, or a party designated by us or Zhejiang BEST, an exclusive call option to purchase part or all of its assets also at an exercise price equal to the minimum price as permitted by applicable PRC laws. At our sole discretion, we have the right to decide whether the option and other rights granted under the agreement will be exercised by us, Zhejiang BEST or a party designated by us. Each of Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders may not, among other things, transfer any part of their equity interests to any party other than to us or Zhejiang BEST, or a party designated by us or Zhejiang BEST, pledge or create or permit any security interest or similar encumbrance to be created on all or any part of its equity interests, increase or decrease the registered capital of Hangzhou BEST Network, terminate or cause to terminate any material contracts of Hangzhou BEST Network, or cause Hangzhou BEST Network to declare or distribute profits, bonuses or dividends. We are obligated, to the extent permitted by PRC laws, to provide financing support to Hangzhou BEST Network in order to meet the cash flow requirements of its ordinary operations and to offset any loss from such operations. We and Zhejiang BEST are not entitled to request repayment if Hangzhou BEST Network or its equity holders are unable to repay such financial support. The amended and restated exclusive call option agreement remains in effect until all the equity interests or assets that are the subject of the agreement are transferred to us or Zhejiang BEST, or a party designated by us or Zhejiang BEST, or if we or Zhejiang BEST unilaterally terminate the agreement with 30 days’ prior written notice. Unless otherwise provided by law, Hangzhou BEST Network and its equity holders are not entitled to unilaterally terminate this agreement under any circumstances.

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Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement

Pursuant to the amended and restated shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement among us, Zhejiang BEST, Hangzhou BEST Network and its equity holders, dated June 21, 2017, each of Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders has irrevocably authorized any person designated by Zhejiang BEST, with our consent, to exercise its rights as an equity holder of Hangzhou BEST Network in a manner approved by us, including but not limited to the rights to attend and vote at equity holders’ meetings and appoint directors and senior management. The amended and restated proxy agreement remains effective until such time as the relevant equity holder no longer holds any equity interest in Hangzhou BEST Network.

Amended and Restated Equity Pledge Agreement

Pursuant to the amended and restated equity pledge agreement among Zhejiang BEST, Hangzhou BEST Network and its equity holders, dated June 21, 2017, the relevant equity holders of Hangzhou BEST Network have pledged all of their equity interests in Hangzhou BEST Network as a continuing first priority security interest in favor of Zhejiang BEST to secure the outstanding amounts advanced under the relevant loan agreements described above and to secure the performance of obligations by Hangzhou BEST Network and/or its equity holders under the other contractual arrangements. Zhejiang BEST is entitled to exercise its right to dispose of the pledged interests held by Hangzhou BEST Network’s equity holders in the equity of Hangzhou BEST Network and has priority in receiving payment by the application of proceeds from the auction or sale of such pledged interests, in the event of any breach or default under the loan agreements or other contractual arrangements, if applicable. All of the equity pledges have been registered with the relevant office of the Administration for Market Regulation in China. The amended and restated equity pledge agreement will expire when all obligations under this amended and restated equity pledge agreement or under the aforementioned loan agreements, amended and restated exclusive call option agreement, amended and restated shareholders’ voting rights proxy agreement and amended and restated exclusive technical services agreement have been satisfied.

Contract that enables us to receive substantially all of the economic benefits from Hangzhou BEST Network

Amended and Restated Exclusive Technical Services Agreement

On June 21, 2017, Hangzhou BEST Network entered into an amended and restated exclusive technical services agreement with Zhejiang BEST, pursuant to which Zhejiang BEST provides exclusive technical services to Hangzhou BEST Network. In exchange, Hangzhou BEST Network pays a service fee to Zhejiang BEST that is based on a predetermined formula based on the financial performance of Hangzhou BEST Network. During the term of this agreement, Zhejiang BEST is entitled to adjust the service fee at its sole discretion without the consent of Hangzhou BEST Network. Zhejiang BEST will exclusively own any intellectual property arising from the performance of this agreement. This amended and restated exclusive technical services agreement has an initial contract term of 20 years and may be automatically renewed for another 20 years unless Zhejiang BEST notifies Hangzhou BEST Network of its intent not to renew with at least three months’ prior notice. Zhejiang BEST is entitled to terminate the agreement unilaterally with 30 days’ prior written notice, while Hangzhou BEST Network is not entitled to unilaterally terminate this agreement under any circumstances.

We have been advised by our PRC legal counsel that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, rules and regulations. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may in the future take a view that is contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our domestic mail delivery services and Internet related value-added business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the aforesaid business we engage in, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

Subsidiaries of BEST Inc.

An exhibit containing a list of our significant subsidiaries has been filed with this annual report.

D.Property, Plants and Equipment

Please refer to “B. Business Overview—Properties” for a discussion of our property, plants and equipment.

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ITEM 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

Unless otherwise stated, the discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operation in this section apply to our financial information as prepared according to U.S. GAAP. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and operating results in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”

A. Operating Results

Overview

Our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, founded BEST in 2007, in the belief that technology and business model innovation can disrupt and transform the inefficient logistics and supply chain industry in China. We are focused on maximizing long-term value propositions to businesses and consumers in our ecosystem through comprehensive integrated services and enhanced experiences driven by technology and service quality. Our multi-sided platform combines technology, integrated logistics and supply chain services, last-mile services and value-added services. We believe we are well positioned to transform the logistics and supply chain industry in China and capture growth opportunities in the New Retail era.

We have achieved superior revenue growth. Our total revenue increased by 39.9% from RMB19,989.6 million in 2017 to RMB27,961.0 million in 2018, and further increased by 25.8% to RMB35,175.9 million (US$5,052.7 million) in 2019. We had net losses of RMB1,228.1 million, RMB508.4 million and RMB219.1 million (US$31.5 million) in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Our gross margin has improved from negative 2.4% in 2017, to 5.2% in 2018 and further to 5.6% in 2019, respectively, as a result of operating leverage and improved operating efficiency.

Our Business Philosophy

Our brand name in Chinese, “” means hundreds of generations. Our business philosophy is to build and invest for the long-term. Since inception, we have focused on building a platform to meet evolving market demands with Smart Supply Chain solutions. We are committed to continuing investment in and enhancement of our platform, which we believe will generate long-term benefits.

Platform Infrastructure.   We have invested in and established our proprietary technology infrastructure, which is the backbone of the integrated solutions we offer, as well as our integrated supply chain service network, which has significant scale and density. With the platform infrastructure in place, we expect to continue to reap the benefits of our investments.

Comprehensive Solutions.   Leveraging our platform, we have successfully launched multiple services, which allow customers to enjoy comprehensive solutions from a single source. We believe this gives us a strong competitive advantage, especially over monoline service providers. Our platform also allows us to introduce additional innovative solutions and services, capture more cross-selling opportunities and generate strong network effects, driving further growth.

Operating Leverage.   Our business enjoys significant operating leverage, and as our business continues to expand, we expect to enjoy greater economies of scale. In addition, we will leverage our technology and synergies across our different services to increase operational efficiency.

Asset-Light Business Model.   Our business model allows us to scale quickly while optimizing our levels of capital investment and enables us to maintain effective control over our network and service quality that will cultivate customer stickiness. See also “Business—Our Competitive Strengths—Flexible asset-light business model for control and scale” and “Business—Asset-Light Business Model.”

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Guided by our business philosophy, we believe our platform will enable us to continue driving growth, increasing operating leverage and generating long-term value to our ecosystem participants and our shareholders.

Our Scale and Growth

We have achieved significant scale and growth in our business. The following table illustrates the growth in key operating metrics of our major service lines:

	For the three months ended
	Mar. 31,	Jun. 30,	Sep. 30,	Dec. 31,	Mar. 31,	Jun. 30,	Sep. 30,	Dec. 31,	Mar. 31,	Jun. 30,	Sep. 30,	Dec. 31,
	2017	2017	2017	2017	2018	2018	2018	2018	2019	2019	2019	2019
BEST Supply Chain Management
Number of orders fulfilled by self-operated Cloud OFCs (in thousands) (1)	23,560	32,578	32,537	43,570	31,431	40,645	37,530	54,834	39,462	50,014	45,848	63,590
Number of orders fulfilled by franchised Cloud OFCs (in thousands)	8,872	11,840	10,514	17,007	13,913	20,532	19,041	28,789	22,502	36,648	40,523	58,317
BEST Express
Parcel volume (in thousands) (1)	571,601	917,103	1,010,512	1,270,168	950,498	1,280,050	1,371,055	1,868,489	1,340,540	1,906,863	1,890,842	2,437,959
BEST Freight
Freight volume (tonnage in thousands) (1)	790	1,095	1,194	1,237	985	1,366	1,474	1,605	1,268	1,730	1,885	2,097
BEST Store+
Number of store orders fulfilled	333,876	570,356	702,815	647,044	581,121	870,591	934,936	668,394	555,603	779,914	902,776	681,275

(1) Includes services performed for external customers both directly and indirectly through our other segments. For discussion of our total segment revenue, which includes both external revenue and intersegment revenue, please see “—Segment Financial Information.”

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our results of operations are directly affected by the following key factors.

Macroeconomic Trends and Consumption in China

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by the general factors driving China’s economy, the retail industry, and logistics and supply chain market. These factors include levels of per capita disposable income, levels of consumer spending, rate of Internet and mobile penetration, and other general economic conditions in China that affect consumption and business activities in general. Our results of operations are also affected by seasonal patterns. For example, the fourth quarter has historically been our strongest quarter by volume, led by the Singles’ Day and December 12 promotion periods. As our customers reduce activity in connection with Chinese holidays, such as Chinese New Year, the first quarter historically has been a low volume quarter.

In particular, we anticipate additional growth from the trend toward a New Retail paradigm, which is the seamless integration of online and offline retail enabled by Smart Supply Chain. The emergence of New Retail and transformation of the logistics and supply chain industry affect the demand for our services and our business opportunities.

Competitive Landscape

We are able to provide comprehensive, integrated supply chain solutions leveraging our technology infrastructure and supply chain service network, which differentiates us from monoline service providers. Our ability to strengthen our market position as a leading comprehensive supply chain solution provider and offer innovative services in the New Retail era will continue to affect our results of operations.

Each of our service lines is also subject to trends specific to such services, including market demand and competitive landscape. Therefore, we also compete with companies providing similar services, especially with respect to more standard services

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such as express and freight services. This will affect the pricing of our services, our ability to acquire customers for such services and our results of operation.

Service Offerings

We provide a variety of services to meet the needs of our customers. We plan to continue leveraging technology and business model innovation to expand and enhance our service offerings.

Each of our service offerings may have different revenue sources, cost structures and customer bases and may face different market conditions. Therefore, the ability to adjust our service offerings to adapt to changing market conditions may impact our results of operations.

Our consolidated results of operations may also be affected by the timing of the launch of new service offerings. We may incur start-up costs in the early stages. A certain amount of time may be needed to ramp up operations. The timing and trend in revenue growth and profitability of new services may vary over time.

Our ability to cross-sell various service offerings to existing and new customers will also affect our results of operations.

Operating Leverage and Efficiency

Our ability to control costs, increase operating efficiencies and scale our business effectively may affect our results of operations.

Costs to operate our businesses, including transportation, labor, lease and other costs are subject to factors such as fluctuations in fuel prices, increases in wage rates and leasing costs, among other things. These factors will affect our ability to control costs.

Our results of operations are also affected by our ability to (i) utilize latest technology to improve efficiencies across our business and data insights to drive optimization in our services, and (ii) take full advantage of our asset-light business model to expand our business operations in a cost-effective manner, leverage the resources and operating capabilities of our franchisee partners and transportation service providers, and dynamically adjust our network design and capacity.

The continued growth of our business and expansion of our market share will impact our ability to benefit from economies of scale, including optimization of our supply chain service network, reduction of unit costs and the strengthening of our bargaining power with suppliers and service providers.

Technology and Talent

We have made investments in developing our proprietary technology infrastructure. We believe the further enhancement of our technology infrastructure is important to our future performance. We expect to continue to make investments for development and implementation of new technologies. We will continue to hire, train and retain our talent to reinforce our culture of innovation. We have in the past granted and will in the future grant share-based awards to incentivize and retain talent.

Strategic Acquisitions and Investments

We may selectively pursue acquisitions, investments, joint ventures and partnerships that we believe are strategic and complementary to our operations and technology. These acquisitions, investments, joint ventures and partnerships may affect our results of operations.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in our financial statements include, but are not limited to, allowance for doubtful accounts, fair value measurements of equity instruments with no readily determinable fair value, useful lives of long-lived assets, the purchase price allocation with respect to business combinations, impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill, realization of deferred tax assets, uncertain tax positions, and share-based compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Our actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Revenue recognition

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) and elected to apply the modified retrospective approach to contracts that are not completed as of this date. The cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 resulted in an increase to opening accumulated deficit of RMB25,054, which has been recognized on the day of initial application and prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted.

Commencing on January 1, 2018, revenue is recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to our customers in an amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We present value-added taxes as a reduction from revenues. We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed.

Our revenue recognition policies effective on the adoption date of ASC 606 are as follows:

Express delivery services

We provide express services that comprise sorting, line-haul and feeder transportation services to our franchisee service stations, which are also our customers, when parcels (under 15 kg) are dropped off by our franchisee service station customers at our first hub or sortation center.

We offer an integrated service to the franchised service stations that includes last-mile delivery service to end recipients and we act as the principal that is directly responsible for all parcels sent through our network, from the point when customers drop off the parcels at our first hub or sortation center all the way through to the point when the parcels are delivered to end recipients.

Customers are required to prepay for express delivery services and we record such amounts as “customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue” in the balance sheet. The transaction price we earn from our customers are based on the parcel’s weight and route to the end recipient’s destination. In addition, we provide certain discounts, incentives and rebates based on explicitly agreed upon terms with our customers that can decrease the transaction price and estimates variable consideration based on the most likely amount to be provided. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price is limited to the amount that will not result in a significant revenue reversal. We review the estimate of variable consideration and updates the transaction price at the end of each reporting period as necessary. Uncertainties related to the variable consideration for transactions are resolved in a short time frame. Adjustments to variable consideration are recognized in the period the adjustments are identified and were insignificant for the periods presented.

Our express delivery services contracts with customers include only one performance obligation. Performance obligations are generally short-term in nature and with transit days being a week or less for each parcel. We recognize revenue over time as customers receive the benefit of our services as the goods are delivered from one location to another. As such, express delivery services revenue is recognized proportionally as a parcel moves from origin to destination and the related costs are recognized as incurred. We use an output method of progress based on time-in-transit as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

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A minor percentage of our express delivery services are performed by our self-operated service stations for direct customers (“direct customers express delivery services”) who are the senders of the parcels. We are directly responsible for the parcel from the point it is received from the senders all the way through the point when the parcels are delivered to end recipients. Direct customer express delivery services revenue is recognized proportionally as parcels are transported to end recipients and the related costs are recognized as incurred.

Express delivery services revenue also includes initial non-refundable franchise fees. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are recognized over the franchise period due to the franchisees’ rights to access our logos and brand names which are considered symbolic intellectual properties. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are negotiated under a separate agreement and represent a very small percentage of revenue for all periods presented.

Freight delivery services

Similar to express delivery services, we provide freight services that comprise sorting, line-haul and feeder transportation services mainly to our franchisees, which are also our customers.

We offer an integrated service to our franchisee service stations that includes last-mile delivery service to end recipients and we act as the principal that is directly responsible for all shipments sent through our network, from the point when customers drop off the shipments at our first hub or sortation center all the way through to the point when the shipments are delivered to end recipients.

Customers are required to prepay for freight delivery services and we record such amounts as “customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue” in the balance sheet. The transaction price we earn from our customers are based on the shipment’s weight and route to the end recipient’s destination.

Our freight delivery services contracts with customers include only one performance obligation. Performance obligations are generally short-term in nature with transit days being a week or less for each shipment. We recognize revenue over time as customers receive the benefit of our services as the goods are shipped from one location to another. As such, freight delivery services revenue is recognized proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination and the related costs are recognized as incurred. We use an output method of progress based on time-in-transit as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

Freight delivery services revenue also includes initial non-refundable franchise fees. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are recognized over the franchise period due to the franchisees’ rights to access our logos and brand names which are considered symbolic intellectual properties. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are negotiated under a separate agreement and represent a very small percentage of revenue for all periods presented.

Supply chain management services

We provide warehouse management, order fulfillment services and transportation services to our offline and online enterprise customers (“enterprise customers”). We enter into supply chain warehouse management service agreements with these customers to provide warehouse management and order fulfillment services through our self-operated order fulfillment centers and transportation services agreements for transportation services. The majority of the contracts have an effective term of one year. Order fulfillment service revenue is generated from various service fees charged on a volume basis in connection with various order fulfillment services, which may include in-warehouse processing, order fulfillment, express delivery, freight delivery and other value-added services. Pursuant to the warehouse management service agreements and transportation services agreements, enterprise customers have the right to terminate the contracts by providing one month’s advance notice. Therefore, even though the contract term for the majority of the contracts is one year, due to the termination rights provided to enterprise customers, warehouse management service agreements and transportation services agreements are considered month-to-month service contracts. Enterprise customers are billed on a monthly basis and make payments according to their granted credit terms which ranges from 5 to 120 days.

Under some situations, enterprise customers may request to add a transportation route or increase the warehouse rental space by entering into a separate contract with us. The additional services are considered distinct and the service fees are priced at their standalone selling prices, i.e. they cannot be purchased at a significant or incremental discount. Therefore, we account for this type of contract modification as a separate contract and the revenue recognized to date on the original contract is not adjusted.

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The warehouse management service agreements comprise various service offerings that can be purchased at the option of the customer. Although the service options are interrelated, none of the services modify the other services and they are not integrated to provide a combined output. Each of the service options is substantive and the enterprise customers cannot purchase each additional service at a significant and incremental discount. Therefore, each service is accounted for as a separate performance obligation. We are the primary obligor and do not outsource any portion of the order fulfillment services to supply chain franchisee partners. We recognize warehouse management and order fulfillment services revenue upon completion of the services as that is when we transfer control of the services and have right to payment.

For transportation services, we provide the service of arranging transportation and coordinating shipments to and from locations designated by our enterprise customers. Each transportation order for delivery of goods from origin to destination is considered a performance obligation. Performance obligations are generally short-term in nature with transit days being a week or less for each shipment. We recognize transportation services revenue over time as customers receive the benefit of our services as the goods are shipped from origin to destination. As such, transportation service revenue is recognized proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination and the related costs are recognized as incurred. We use an output method of progress based on time-in-transit as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

A small percentage of revenue is also earned from supply chain franchisee partners that can access our supply chain network. These franchisee partners pay an initial non-refundable fee for a comprehensive operating manual and orientation training, as well as an agreed system usage fee for each order processed through our supply chain network. The initial non-refundable fees and system usage fees were insignificant for all periods presented.

Store⁺ services

We recognize revenue upon the delivery of the consumer goods to our convenience store membership customers. Starting in May 2017, we also generate and recognize revenue upon the sales of merchandise to end consumers by our self-operated convenience stores. We are the principal to the transaction for the sales of customer goods and merchandise and revenue from these transactions are recognized on a gross basis. Transfer of control occurs at a point in time once delivery has been completed as we have transferred control of the promised goods to the customer. Generally, customers are billed upon delivery of the consumer goods while convenience store customers make payment upon checkout of merchandise.

Other services

We mainly provide cross-border logistics coordination services and oversea express delivery services, finance leasing services and UCargo transportation services. Revenue from interest income on finance leasing related service provided by BEST Capital is recognized using the effective interest rate method. For cross-border logistic coordination services, oversea express delivery services and UCargo transportation services, revenue is recognized proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination using an output method of progress based on time-in-transit while the related costs are recognized as incurred. We are the principal to the transaction for these services and revenue from these transactions is recognized on a gross basis.

Contract assets and liabilities

We enter into contracts with its customers, which may give rise to contract liabilities (deferred revenue) and contract assets (unbilled revenue). The payment terms and conditions within our contracts vary by the type of service and customers. When the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of payments made by customers, we recognize either unbilled revenue (its performance precedes the billing date) or deferred revenue (customer payment is received in advance of performance).

Contract assets represent unbilled amounts resulting from provision of transportation services as we have an unconditional right to payment only once all delivered goods reach their destination. Contract assets are classified as current and the full balance is reclassified to accounts receivables when the right to payment becomes unconditional.

Contract liabilities are included in “customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Contract liabilities represent the amount of consideration received upfront from customers related to in-transit shipments that has not yet been recognized as revenue based on our selected measure of progress and non-refundable franchise fees which are recognized over the franchise period. We classify contract liabilities as current based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue, which typically occurs within a week after period-end.

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Leases

On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), using the modified retrospective transition method and elected the transition option to use an effective date of January 1, 2019 as the date of initial application. As a result, the comparative periods were not restated.

We elected the package of practical expedients permitted which allows we not to reassess the following at adoption date: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contains a lease, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (iii) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases (i.e. whether those costs qualify for capitalization under ASU 2016-02). We also elected the short-term lease exemption for certain classes of underlying assets including office space, warehouses and hub and sortation center facilities and equipment, with a lease term of 12 months or less.

We determine whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Our accounting policy effective on the adoption date of ASU 2016-02 is as follows:

Sales-type, direct financing and operating leases as Lessor

We classify a lease as a sales-type lease when the lease meets any one of the following criteria at lease commencement:

a. The lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term.

b. The lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.

c. The lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset.

d. The present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset.

e. The underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the Company at the end of the lease term.

For sales-type leases, when collectability is probable at lease commencement, we derecognize the underlying asset and recognize the net investment in the lease which is the sum of the lease receivable. Initial direct costs are expensed, at the commencement date, if the fair value of the underlying asset is different from its carrying amount. Interest income is recognized in financing income over the lease term using the interest method.

When none of the criteria above are met, we classify a lease as either a direct financing lease or an operating lease. We will classify the lease as a direct financing lease if (i) the present value of the sum of lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee and any other third party unrelated to us equals or exceeds substantially all the fair value of the underlying asset; and (ii) it is probable that we will collect the lease payments plus any amount necessary to satisfy a residual value guarantee. If both of the criteria above are not met, we will classify the lease as an operating lease.

The new standard requires lessors within the scope of ASC 942, Financial Services – Depository and Lending, to classify principal payments received from sales-type and direct financing leases in investing activities in the statement of cash flows. We continue to present cash receipts from sales-type and direct financing leases as an investing cash inflow.

When we enters into sale-leaseback transactions as lessor, it applies the requirements in ASC 606 by assessing whether a contract exists and whether the seller-lessee satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of an asset when determining whether the transfer of an asset shall be accounted for as a sale of the asset. If the seller-lessor transfers the control of the leased asset to us, it accounts for the purchase of the leased asset in accordance with ASC360. The subsequent leaseback of the asset is accounted for in accordance with ASC842 in the same manner as any other lease. If the seller-lease does not transfer the control of the leased asset to us, it is a failed sales-leaseback transaction which is accounted for as a financing. We do not recognize the transferred asset and records the amounts paid as other financing receivables for which the current portion is included in “Prepayments and other current assets” and the non-current portion is included in "Other non-current assets" in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

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Financing lease and operating lease as Lessee

We classify a lease as a financing lease when the lease meets any one of the criteria specified as (a) to (e) in the “Sales-type, direct financing and operating leases as Lessor” policy at lease commencement. When none of the criteria are met, we classify a lease as an operating lease.

For both operating and financing leases, we record a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use (ROU) asset at lease commencement. Lease terms are based on the non-cancellable term of the lease and may contain options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise the option. Lease liabilities represent the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using the discount rate for the lease at lease commencement.

We estimate its incremental borrowing rate for its leases at the commencement date to determine the present value of future lease payments when the implicit rate is not readily determinable in the lease. In estimating its incremental borrowing rate, we consider its credit rating and publicly available data of borrowing rates for loans of similar amount, currency and term as the lease.

Operating leases are presented as “Operating lease ROU assets” and “Operating lease liabilities”. Lease liabilities that become due within one year of the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities. At lease commencement, operating lease ROU assets represent the right to use underlying assets for their respective lease terms and are recognized at amounts equal to the lease liabilities adjusted for any lease payments made prior to the lease commencement date, less any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs incurred by us.

After lease commencement, operating lease liabilities are measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments using the discount rate determined at lease commencement. Operating lease ROU assets are measured at the amount of the lease liabilities and further adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments, the remaining balance of any lease incentives received, unamortized initial direct costs and impairment of the ROU assets, if any. Operating lease expense is recognized as a single cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Financing lease ROU assets are included in “Property and equipment” and “Financing lease liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. Lease liabilities that become due within one year of the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities. Financing lease ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date. After initial measurement, the carrying value of financing lease liabilities are increased to reflect interest at a constant rate and reduced to reflect any lease payments made during the period.

Leases that have a term of 12 months or less at the commencement date (“short-term leases”) are not included in operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. Lease expense for the short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The adoption of the standard did not have significant impact our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss or cash flows.

When we enter into sale-leaseback transactions as a seller-lessee, it applies the requirements in ASC 606 by assessing whether a contract exists and whether it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of an asset when determining whether the transfer of an asset shall be accounted for as a sale of the asset. If we transfer the control of an asset to the buyer-lessor, it accounts for the transfer of the asset as a sale and recognizes a corresponding gain or loss on disposal. The subsequent leaseback of the asset is accounted for in accordance with ASC842 in the same manner as any other lease. If we do not transfer the control of an asset to the buyer-lessor, the failed sale-leaseback transaction is accounted for as a financing. We do not derecognize the transferred asset and accounts for proceeds received as borrowings for which the current portion is included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” and the non-current portion is included in "Other non-current liabilities" in the consolidated balance sheets.

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Share-based compensation

Awards granted to employees

We apply ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, or ASC 718, to account for our employee share-based payments. In accordance with ASC 718, we determined whether an award should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All of our share-based awards to employees were classified as equity awards and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on their grant date fair values. For awards only with service conditions, we have elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for all awards granted with graded vesting based on service conditions provided that the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date is at least equal to the portion of the grant date value of the options that are vested at that date. For awards with performance and service conditions, we use the accelerated method for all awards granted with graded vesting. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

With the assistance of an independent third party valuation firm, we determined the fair value of the stock options granted to employees. The binomial option pricing model was applied in determining the estimated fair value of the options granted to employees.

Awards granted to non-employees

We account for equity instruments issued to non-employees in accordance with ASC 505-50, Equity—Equity-based payments to non-employees. All transactions in which goods or services are received in exchange for equity instruments are accounted for based on the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. The measurement date of the fair value of the equity instrument issued is the date on which the counterparty’s performance is completed as there is no associated performance commitment. On July 1, 2018, we early adopted ASU 2018-07: Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”) which aligns the measurement and classification guidance for share-based payments to nonemployees with that for employees, with certain exceptions. ASU 2018-07 is required to be adopted on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. Nonemployee share-based payment awards within the scope of ASC 718 are measured at grant-date fair value. There was no material impact on the consolidated financial statements from the adoption of ASU 2018-07.

Modification of awards

A change in any of the terms or conditions of the awards is accounted for as a modification of the award. Incremental compensation cost is measured as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the fair value of the awards and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested awards, we recognize incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For unvested awards, we recognize over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date. If the fair value of the modified award is lower than the fair value of the original award immediately before modification, the minimum compensation cost we recognize is the cost of the original award.

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Significant Factors, Assumptions and Methodologies Used in Determining Fair Value

The fair value of each share option grant is estimated using the binomial option-pricing model. The model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including the estimated expected share price volatility and, the share price upon which (i.e. the exercise multiple) the employees are likely to exercise share options. We historically have been a private company and lack information on our share price volatility. Therefore, we estimate our expected share price volatility based on the historical volatility of a group of similar companies, which are publicly-traded. When selecting these public companies on which we have based our expected share price volatility, we selected companies with characteristics similar to us, including the invested capital’s value, business model, risk profiles, position within the industry, and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the contractual life of our share-based awards. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own share price becomes available. For the exercise multiple, as a private company, we were not able to develop an exercise pattern as a reference, thus the exercise multiple is based on management’s estimation, which we believe is representative of the future exercise pattern of the options. The risk-free interest rates for the periods within the contractual life of the option are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect during the period the options were granted. Expected dividend yield is based on the fact that we have never paid, and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The assumptions adopted to estimate the fair value of share options using the binomial option pricing model were as follows:

	2017	2018	2019
Risk-free interest rate	2.32% - 2.41%	2.74% - 2.78%	—
Expected volatility range	40.5% - 44.1%	44.3% - 46.9%	—
Suboptimal exercise factor	2.20	2.20	—
Fair market value per share as at valuation date	US$5.08 - $11.24	US$8.30 - $9.55	—

These assumptions represented our best estimates, but the estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of our judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates when valuing our share options, our share-based compensation expense could be materially different.

Consolidation of variable interest entities

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership and investment in, among other areas, domestic mail delivery services as well as value-added telecommunication business, we provide the services that may be subject to such restrictions in the PRC through our VIEs.

Despite the lack of technical majority ownership, our wholly owned subsidiaries, Zhejiang BEST and BEST Logistics China, have effective control of Hangzhou BEST Network and Hangzhou BEST IT, respectively, through a series of contractual arrangements, or the Contractual Agreements, and a parent-subsidiary relationship exists between Zhejiang BEST and Hangzhou BEST Network and between BEST Logistics China and Hangzhou BEST IT. The equity interests of the VIEs are legally held by Chinese individuals, or the respective nominee shareholders. Through the Contractual Agreements, the respective nominee shareholders of the VIEs effectively assign all of their voting rights underlying their equity interests in the VIEs to Zhejiang BEST and BEST Logistics China, as applicable. In addition, through the terms of the Contractual Agreements, Zhejiang BEST and BEST Logistics China demonstrate their abilities and intention to continue to exercise the ability to absorb substantially all of the profits and all of the expected losses of Hangzhou BEST Network and Hangzhou BEST IT, as applicable. As a result of the Contractual Agreements, we have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performances and, is entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from the VIEs through Zhejiang BEST and BEST Logistics China, respectively. Therefore, we consolidate the VIEs in accordance with SEC Regulation SX-3A-02 and Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, topic 810-10, Consolidation: Overall.

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With respect to Hangzhou BEST Network, in June 2017, the power and the rights pursuant to the Proxy Agreement were effectively reassigned from Zhejiang BEST to BEST Inc., resulting in BEST Inc. having the power to direct the activities of Hangzhou BEST Network that most significantly impact Hangzhou BEST Network’s economic performance. In addition, BEST Inc. is obligated to absorb the expected losses of Hangzhou BEST Network through the financial support provided pursuant to the amended and restated Equity Option Agreement. Therefore, we determined BEST Inc. to be most closely associated with Hangzhou BEST Network within the group of related parties, and BEST Inc. has replaced Zhejiang BEST as the primary beneficiary of Hangzhou BEST Network since June 2017. As Hangzhou BEST Network was subject to indirect control by us through Zhejiang BEST immediately before and direct control immediately after the Contractual Agreements were supplemented, we accounted for the change in primary beneficiary of Hangzhou BEST Network as a common control transaction based on the carrying amount of the net assets transferred. With respect to the Contractual Agreements concerning Hangzhou BEST IT, which were executed in October 2019 (with the loan agreement updated in April 2020), as BEST Inc. is a party to the Proxy Agreement and the Equity Option Agreement, we determined that BEST Inc. is the primary beneficiary of Hangzhou BEST IT commencing on the date of execution of such Contractual Agreements as BEST Inc. has obtained the power to direct the activities of Hangzhou BEST IT that most significantly impact its economic performance, is entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from, and is also obligated to absorb the expected losses of, Hangzhou BEST IT through BEST Logistics China. At the same time, BEST Logistics China transferred its equity interests in BEST UCargo and its subsidiaries to BEST IT. As the restructuring transaction to transfer the assets and liabilities relating to the UCargo transportation services business described above are between entities under common control and do not change the control at the ultimate parent level, the transaction was accounted for as a common control transaction based on the carrying amount of the net assets transferred.

For more information on consolidation of the variable interest entities, see Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

Goodwill

We assess goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350-20,  Intangibles—Goodwill and Other: Goodwill, or ASC 350-20, which requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events, as defined by ASC 350-20.

We have determined that there are five reporting units (that also represent operating segments). Goodwill was allocated to four reporting units as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. We have the option to assess qualitative factors first to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step test in accordance with ASC 350-20. If we believe, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step quantitative impairment test described above is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. In the qualitative assessment, we consider primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations.

In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit based on estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and we are not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then we must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to its assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss in general and administrative expenses.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we performed a qualitative assessment for the Express delivery and Freight delivery services reporting units based on the requirements of ASC 350-20. We evaluated all relevant factors, weighed all factors in their entirety and concluded that it was not more likely than not that the fair values of the express delivery and Freight delivery services reporting units were less than their respective carrying amounts. Therefore, further impairment testing on goodwill was unnecessary as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, we performed a quantitative assessment for the remaining reporting units by estimating the fair value of the reporting units based on an income approach. The fair values of these remaining reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values and therefore, goodwill related to these reporting units was not impaired.

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Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

We evaluate our long-lived assets, including fixed assets and intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets, indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, we evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over their fair value. Impairment losses are included in general and administrative expenses.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

The following table sets forth our revenue from different service lines and as a percentage of our total revenue for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017			2018			2019
	RMB	% of Revenue		RMB	% of Revenue		RMB	US$	% of Revenue
	(in thousands)
Revenue:
Express	12,786,279	64.0	%	17,702,869	63.3	%	21,807,598	3,132,465	62.0	%
Freight	3,178,044	15.9	%	4,102,610	14.7	%	5,224,355	750,432	14.9	%
Supply chain management	1,600,952	8.0	%	2,074,414	7.4	%	2,190,414	314,633	6.2	%
Store+	2,226,034	11.1	%	2,845,002	10.2	%	2,817,202	404,666	8.0	%
Others	198,253	1.0	%	1,236,084	4.4	%	3,136,320	450,504	8.9	%
Total revenue	19,989,562	100.0	%	27,960,979	100.0	%	35,175,889	5,052,700	100.0	%

Note: Revenue in the table above represents revenue from external customers.

Express

As most of the service stations in our express delivery network are operated by our franchisee partners, we derive the vast majority of our express service revenue from franchisee partners. We generate a small portion of our express service revenue from direct customers that use our express service.

Our express service revenue from franchisee partners is mainly generated from an integrated fee comprised of (i) a fixed-amount waybill fee for each parcel processed through our network, and (ii) a delivery service fee based on parcel weight, route and the scope of our services and responsibilities.

Prior to 2017, we were not responsible for last-mile delivery of the parcels unless we directly operated the destination service stations and, therefore, pick-up service stations were directly liable to destination service stations for their delivery service charges. Starting in 2017, in order to enhance the parcel delivery experience and our control over service quality throughout our network, we revised our arrangements with franchisee partners and the scope of our service. As a result, we became the principal that is directly responsible for last-mile delivery of all parcels processed through our network, and we are liable to senders for damage to or loss of parcels in connection with last-mile delivery. Therefore, in consideration of such expanded scope of services and increased responsibilities, we increased the fee that we charge to pick-up service stations. We provide the last-mile delivery service through either destination franchised service stations under our supervision or our self-operated service stations and are responsible for paying service fees to such destination franchised service stations for the provision of last-mile delivery services, which are recorded in our cost of revenue.

Our express service revenue also includes handling fees and service charges for certain value-added services, such as cash on delivery, or COD, facilitation. In addition, we generate revenue from sales to franchisee partners of ancillary items, such as BEST-branded packing materials.

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Our express service revenue is primarily driven by our parcel volume and the fees we collect from our franchisee partners and direct customers for each parcel processed through our network. We determine and periodically evaluate and adjust our fee levels based on prevailing market conditions, our operating costs and service quality.

Freight

We have historically derived most of our freight service revenue from franchisee partners which operate substantially all of the service stations in our freight network, with a small amount derived from our direct customers for whom we provide door-to-door freight services.

The components of our freight service revenue are similar to that of our express service revenue. See “—Components of Results of Operations—Revenue—Express” above. As with our express service revenue, starting in 2017, in order to enhance the freight delivery experience and our control over service quality throughout our network, we revised our arrangements with franchisee partners and the scope of our service. As a result, we became the principal that is directly responsible for last-mile delivery of all goods processed through our network, and we are liable to senders for damage to or loss of goods in connection with last-mile delivery. Therefore, in consideration of such expanded scope of services and increased responsibilities, we increased the fee that we charge to pick-up service stations. We provide the last-mile delivery service through destination franchised service stations under our supervision and are responsible for paying service fees to such destination franchised service stations for the provision of last-mile delivery services, which are recorded in our cost of revenue. We also generate freight service revenue from value-added services such as pre-shipment inspection, cargo insurance, COD facilitation, evidence of delivery, upstairs delivery and installation services.

Our freight service revenue is primarily driven by our freight volume and the fees we collect from our franchisee partners. We determine and periodically evaluate and adjust our fee levels based on prevailing market conditions, our operating costs and service quality.

Supply Chain Management

We generate supply chain management service revenue primarily from order fulfillment services and transportation services. Our order fulfillment service revenue is mainly generated from service fees paid by our customers for order fulfillment services offered through our self-operated Cloud OFCs. We also generate a small amount of order fulfillment service revenue from service system usage fee for each order processed through our network and other fees charged to franchisee partners operating Cloud OFCs.

Order fulfillment service revenue of our self-operated Cloud OFCs is generated from various service fees charged on a volume basis in connection with various order fulfillment services, which include warehouse management, in-warehouse processing, order fulfillment, transportation services and value-added services. Transportation from our self-operated Cloud OFCs is included in order fulfillment service revenue.

Transportation service revenue is generated from transportation of goods to and from locations designated by our customers, such as their factories, warehouses, distributors, stores, end-customers or consumers, including to our Cloud OFCs.

Our supply chain management service revenue is primarily driven by the number of orders fulfilled, the volume of the goods we process and the fees we negotiate with our customers. The fees we charge primarily depend on the scope of services they require, their size and scale, and the estimated amount of business volume.

Store⁺

We generate BEST Store⁺ revenue primarily from sales of merchandise to our membership stores. We acquired WOWO in May 2017, and since then, also generate revenue from sales of merchandise by our self-operated convenience stores to consumers.

Our BEST Store⁺ revenue is primarily driven by the number of membership stores we serve and the volume of merchandise we sell to them through our B2B platform Dianjia.com as well as merchandise we sold to end customers through self-operated convenience stores. As most of the merchandise sold are standard consumer products, they are generally priced taking into account prevailing market rates and geographical locations of the stores.

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Others

We also generate revenue from other business activities, including financing lease activities of BEST Capital, cross-border supply chain solutions and international transportation services of BEST Global as well as UCargo transportation services. As we continue to expand these services and introduce new service lines, our revenue generated from other services may increase in the future.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue primarily consists of costs of transportation, labor, lease and materials; operating costs for hubs and sortation centers; depreciation and other costs. The following table presents our costs of revenue by service lines for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue
Express	12,435,550	16,915,801	20,779,992	2,984,859
Freight	3,362,652	3,946,032	4,934,937	708,859
Supply chain management	1,502,570	1,970,105	2,052,006	294,752
Store+	2,072,912	2,589,883	2,495,503	358,457
Others	130,327	1,098,021	2,954,425	424,377
Total cost of revenue	19,504,011	26,519,842	33,216,863	4,771,304

Express

Cost of revenue for our express services mainly consists of (i) transportation costs paid to third-party service providers operating the routes in our network mainly connecting our hubs and sortation centers, (ii) labor costs for our hub and sortation center operations, including costs paid to outsourced workers, (iii) lease costs for our hubs and sortation centers and self-operated service stations, and (iv) starting from January 1, 2017, costs related to last-mile delivery services. Starting in 2017, in order to enhance the parcel delivery experience and our control over service quality throughout our network, we revised our arrangements with franchisee partners and the scope of our service to provide that we are directly responsible for last-mile delivery services. Other cost of revenue for express services includes costs for materials, depreciation of property and equipment, and utility and maintenance payments related to our operations.

Cost of revenue for our express services is comprised of fixed costs, such as lease costs, other facility costs and equipment costs, as well as variable costs, such as outsourced labor costs and materials used in our operations. As operational scale increases over time, we will generally be able to reduce unit fixed costs. Transportation costs are variable in nature but we are able to enjoy scale benefits by increasing capacity utilization of fleet for our core routes connecting our hubs and sortation centers and by employing larger vehicles to satisfy greater delivery volumes to drive lower unit transportation costs.

Freight

Cost of revenue for our freight services generally corresponds to the cost components of our express delivery services.

Supply Chain Management

Cost of revenue for our supply chain management services primarily consists of costs associated with our self-operated Cloud OFCs and transportation costs paid to transportation service providers. Costs associated with our self-operated Cloud OFCs primarily include labor costs, lease costs, equipment depreciation, costs of materials, such as for labeling and packing, utility and maintenance payments.

Some of these costs are relatively fixed in nature, such as lease and equipment costs. Other costs are more variable in nature, such as transportation, outsourced labor and materials costs. The launch of new self-operated Cloud OFCs or new projects will generally incur start-up costs in the early stages and requires time to ramp-up business volume. As operational scale increases over time, we will generally be able to reduce unit fixed costs.

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Store⁺

Cost of revenue for our BEST Store⁺ services primarily includes procurement cost for merchandise that we sell to our membership stores through our B2B platform Dianjia.com and, following our acquisition of WOWO in May 2017, merchandise that we sell to consumers through our self-operated convenience stores. We normally procure such merchandise directly from brands or top-layer distributors.

Others

Cost of revenue for our other services corresponds to our direct costs incurred in the provision of those services.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of selling expenses, general and administrative expenses, and research and development expenses. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our operating expenses for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Selling expenses	694,852	893,859	931,914	133,861
General and administrative expenses	928,188	1,020,671	1,109,545	159,376
Research and development expenses	139,009	184,581	243,392	34,961
Total operating expenses	1,762,049	2,099,111	2,284,851	328,198

Selling Expenses

Our selling expenses primarily consist of (i) salaries and benefit expenses for our network management personnel responsible for managing relationships with our franchisee partners and membership stores, our customer service personnel and other sales and marketing personnel, (ii) shipping and handling costs relating to the delivery of merchandise to our membership stores, and (iii) travel, marketing and advertising expenses. As our business grows, and in particular, as the BEST Store⁺ network expands, our selling expenses are expected to increase.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefit expenses for management and administrative personnel, depreciation and amortization expenses, office expenses, travel expenses, legal, accounting and other professional fees and impairment losses. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase as we continue to hire additional staff and increase office space in connection with business growth.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for our research and development personnel and depreciation of property and equipment. We expect research and development expenses to increase in the future along with continued development of and investment in our technology infrastructure.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share options granted to our employees, directors and consultants in accordance with ASC 718 prior to 2018 and ASU 2018-07: “Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting” starting in 2018. We are required to classify share options and restricted share units granted to our employees, directors and consultants as equity awards and recognize share-based compensation expense based on the fair value of such equity awards with the share-based compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity awards.

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See “—Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates—Share-based Compensation” in this section for a description of how we account for the compensation expenses from share-based payment transactions. You may find additional information on our share incentive plans as well as our options granted as of the date of this annual report in the section entitled “Management—Share Incentive Plans.”

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss data for the years indicated. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results you may expect for future periods.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Revenue
Express	12,786,279	17,702,869	21,807,598	3,132,465
Freight	3,178,044	4,102,610	5,224,355	750,432
Supply chain management	1,600,952	2,074,414	2,190,414	314,633
Store+	2,226,034	2,845,002	2,817,202	404,666
Others	198,253	1,236,084	3,136,320	450,504
Total revenue	19,989,562	27,960,979	35,175,889	5,052,700
Cost of revenue
Express	(12,435,550)	(16,915,801)	(20,779,992)	(2,984,859)
Freight	(3,362,652)	(3,946,032)	(4,934,937)	(708,859)
Supply chain management	(1,502,570)	(1,970,105)	(2,052,006)	(294,752)
Store+	(2,072,912)	(2,589,883)	(2,495,503)	(358,457)
Others	(130,327)	(1,098,021)	(2,954,425)	(424,377)
Total cost of revenue	(19,504,011)	(26,519,842)	(33,216,863)	(4,771,304)
Gross profit	485,551	1,441,137	1,959,026	281,396
Selling expenses	(694,852)	(893,859)	(931,914)	(133,861)
General and administrative expenses	(928,188)	(1,020,671)	(1,109,545)	(159,376)
Research and development expenses	(139,009)	(184,581)	(243,392)	(34,961)
Total operating expenses	(1,762,049)	(2,099,111)	(2,284,851)	(328,198)
Loss from operations	(1,276,498)	(657,974)	(325,825)	(46,802)
Interest income	75,056	102,821	95,440	13,709
Interest expense	(47,154)	(75,060)	(79,486)	(11,417)
Foreign exchange loss	(6,320)	(6,533)	(6,420)	(922)
Other income	56,035	171,370	152,305	21,877
Other expense	(18,507)	(30,672)	(36,437)	(5,234)
Loss before income tax and share of net loss of equity investees	(1,217,388)	(496,048)	(200,423)	(28,789)
Income tax expense	(9,856)	(11,887)	(18,290)	(2,627)
Loss before share of net loss of equity investees	(1,227,244)	(507,935)	(218,713)	(31,416)
Share of net loss of equity investees	(816)	(456)	(355)	(51)
Net loss	(1,228,060)	(508,391)	(219,068)	(31,467)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests	(167)	(403)	(16,652)	(2,392)
Net loss attributable to BEST Inc.	(1,227,893)	(507,988)	(202,416)	(29,075)

Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018

Revenue

Our revenue increased by 25.8% to RMB35,175.9 million (US$5,052.7 million) in 2019 from RMB27,961.0 million in 2018 due to increases in revenue across most of our service lines, as discussed below.

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Beginning in January 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak that resulted in travel restrictions and quarantines in China has negatively affected our operations in the country and caused lower productivity from late January to early March 2020. Our total revenue declined for January and February 2020 on a year-over-year basis. By the end of March 2020, we had fully recovered our services across China, including all hubs and warehouses for express services, freight services and supply chain management services. However, as the COVID-19 outbreak has further spread outside China and it is uncertain as to whether the COVID-19 outbreak will continue to be contained in China, we are still in the process of evaluating the magnitude of COVID-19’s impact on our operations and we are unable to quantify the ensuing financial impact at this time. For a detailed description of the risks associated with the COVID-19 outbreak, see “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We face risks related to natural disasters, extreme weather conditions, health epidemics and other catastrophic incidents, which could significantly disrupt our operations.”

Express. Our express service revenue increased by 23.2% to RMB21,807.6 million (US$3,132.5 million) in 2019 from RMB17,702.9 million in 2018. This increase in revenue was primarily due to a 38.5% increase in parcel volume, partially offset by 11.1% decrease in average revenue per parcel.

Freight. Our freight service revenue increased by 27.3% to RMB5,224.4 million (US$750.4 million) in 2019 from RMB4,102.6 million in 2018. This increase in revenue was primarily due to a 28.5% increase in freight volume.

Supply Chain Management. Our supply chain management service revenue increased by 5.6% to RMB2,190.4 million (US$314.6 million) in 2019 from RMB2,074.4 million in 2018. Such increase was primarily attributable to an increase in total number of orders fulfilled by Cloud OFCs, partially offset by a decrease in average revenue per order fulfilled.

Store⁺. Our BEST Store⁺ service revenue decreased by 1.0% to RMB2,817.2 million (US$404.7 million) in 2019 from RMB2,845.0 million in 2018, primarily due to a decrease of the number of orders fulfilled for membership stores, offset by an increase in the number of orders fulfilled for branded stores. The number of store orders fulfilled for membership stores decreased to 2,120,196 in 2019 by 17.1% compared to 2018, while the number of orders fulfilled for branded stores increased to 799,372 in 2019 by 49.8% compared to 2018.

Others. Revenue from our other services increased by 153.7% to RMB3,136.3 million (US$450.5 million) in 2019 from RMB1,236.1 million in 2018, primarily due to increased revenue generated from BEST UCargo’s external customers, BEST Global’s expanded operations in Southeast Asia and BEST Capital’s financing solutions to ecosystem participants.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue increased by 25.3% to RMB33,216.9 million (US$4,771.3 million) in 2019 from RMB26,519.8 million in 2018. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in cost of revenue across most of our various service lines, as discussed below. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue decreased to 94.4% in 2019 from 94.8% in 2018, which was primarily due to increased operating leverage and continued efforts in cost reduction, network optimization and operational improvement.

Express. Cost of revenue for our express services increased by 22.8% to RMB20,780.0 million (US$2,984.9 million) in 2019 from RMB16,915.8 million in 2018. This increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a 38.5% increase in parcel volume to 7,576.2 million in 2019 from 5,470.1 million in 2018, which resulted in higher last-mile and transportation costs. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our express delivery services decreased to 95.3% in 2019 from 95.6% in 2018, primarily due to economies of scale resulting from significant increase in our parcel volume, network optimization, as well as increased operational efficiency resulting from proactive cost-control measures and continuous technology improvements and applications.

Freight. Cost of revenue for our freight services increased by 25.1% to RMB4,935.0 million (US$708.9 million) in 2019 from RMB3,946.0 million in 2018. This increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to increased freight volume, which increased by 28.5% to 7.0 million tonnes in 2019 from 5.4 million tonnes in 2018. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our freight services decreased to 94.5% in 2019 from 96.2% in 2018, primarily due to economies of scale resulting from significant increase in our freight volume, network optimization and expansion of e-commerce business.

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Supply Chain Management. Cost of revenue for our supply chain management services increased by 4.2% to RMB2,052.0 million (US$294.8 million) in 2019 from RMB1,970.1 million in 2018. This increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to the 21% increase in the number of orders fulfilled by our self-operated Cloud OFCs, partially offset by operational efficiency improvement in labor and transportation cost. The number of orders fulfilled by our self-operated Cloud OFCs increased to 198.9 million in 2019 from 164.4 million in 2018. The number of our self-operated Cloud OFCs decreased to 108 as of December 31, 2019 from 115 as of December 31, 2018. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our supply chain management services decreased to 93.7% in 2019 from 95.0% in 2018, primarily due to improved operational efficiency and continued focus on optimizing customer profiles.

Store⁺. Cost of revenue for our BEST Store⁺ services decreased by 3.6% to RMB2,495.5 million (US$358.5 million) in 2019 from RMB2,589.9 million in 2018, primarily due to the decrease in number of orders fulfilled for membership stores resulting from ongoing efforts to improve order quality and margin. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our BEST Store⁺ services decreased to 88.6% in 2019 from 91.0% in 2018, primarily due to the order quality improvements as mentioned above.

Others. Cost of revenue for our other services increased by 169.1% to RMB2,954.4 million (US$424.4 million) in 2019 from RMB1,098.0 million in 2018 primarily in connection with increased volume generated from BEST UCargo’s service to external customers and BEST Global’s expanded operations in Southeast Asia.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased by 8.8% to RMB2,284.9 million (US$328.2 million) in 2019 from RMB2,099.1 million in 2018. Operating expenses as a percentage of our total revenue decreased to 6.5% in 2019 from 7.5% in 2018. This decrease was mainly due to faster growth in revenue and economies of scale.

Selling Expenses. Selling expenses increased by 4.3% to RMB931.9 million (US$133.9 million) in 2019 from RMB893.9 million in 2018. This increase was attributable to the growth of our operations, primarily attributable to the business expansion in Southeast Asia.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by 8.7% to RMB1,109.5 million (US$159.4 million) in 2019 from RMB1,020.7 million in 2018. This increase was primarily attributable to increased staff costs in connection with the growth of our operations, partially offset by the economies of scale and improved operating efficiencies.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by 31.9% to RMB243.4 million (US$35.0 million) in 2019 from RMB184.6 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to increased investments in technology and research and development professionals to drive operating efficiency.

Interest Income

Our interest income decreased to RMB95.4 million (US$13.7 million) in 2019 from RMB102.8 million in 2018, primarily due to the changes in average short-term investments balance during 2019 compared with 2018.

Interest Expense

Our interest expenses increased to RMB79.5 million (US$11.4 million) in 2019 from RMB75.1 million in 2018, primarily a result of increased short-term bank loan in 2019 compared with 2018, as we incur multiple Renminbi-denominated bank borrowings to satisfy working capital requirements while we held a significant amount of bank deposits in foreign currencies outside China, as well as the interest incurred due to the issuance of convertible senior notes in September 2019.

Foreign Exchange Loss

We recorded a foreign exchange loss of RMB6.4 million (US$0.9 million) in 2019 as compared to RMB6.5 million in 2018, which mainly reflected the fluctuation in exchange rates between Renminbi and U.S. dollars during the respective years.

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Other Income

Other income decreased to RMB152.3 million (US$21.9 million) in 2019 from RMB171.4 million in 2018, primarily due to a decrease in unrealized gains in our equity investments without readily determinable fair value measured using the measurement alternative of RMB50.5 million, partially offset by an increase in government subsidies.

Other Expense

Other expenses increased to RMB36.4 million (US$5.2 million) in 2019 from RMB30.7 million in 2018, primarily reflecting various miscellaneous expenses.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense increased to RMB18.3 million (US$2.6 million) in 2019 and RMB11.9 million in 2018, reflecting increased taxable income from certain of our PRC subsidiaries.

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, net loss decreased to RMB219.1 million (US$31.5 million) in 2019 from RMB508.4 million in 2018.

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Revenue

Our revenue increased by 39.9% to RMB27,961.0 million in 2018 from RMB19,989.6 million in 2017 due to increases in revenue across various service lines, as discussed below.

Express. Our express service revenue increased by 38.5% to RMB17,702.9 million in 2018 from RMB12,786.3 million in 2017. This increase in revenue was primarily due to a 45.1% increase in parcel volume, as a result of greater demand for express delivery services and increase in our market share.

Freight. Our freight service revenue increased by 29.1% to RMB4,102.6 million in 2018 from RMB3,178.0 million in 2017. This increase in revenue was primarily the result of greater freight volume, which increased by 25.8% and a 2.6% increase in average revenue per tonne, compared to 2017. The increase in average revenue per tonne was primarily due to upward price adjustments and a greater proportion of long-distance freight volumes in connection with the expansion of our freight network.

Supply Chain Management. Our supply chain management service revenue increased by 29.6% to RMB2,074.4 million in 2018 from RMB1,601.0 million in 2017. Such increase was primarily attributable to an increase in fulfillment and transportation revenue from both existing and new customers.

Store⁺. Our BEST Store⁺ service revenue increased by 27.8% to RMB2,845.0 million in 2018 from RMB2,226.0 million in 2017, primarily due to an increase in merchandise sales to branded and membership stores. The number of store orders fulfilled increased by 28.6% compared to 2017.

Others. Revenue from our other services increased by 523.5% to RMB1,236.1 million in 2018 from RMB198.3 million in 2017, primarily due to increased revenue generated from BEST UCargo’s external customers, BEST Global’s expanded operations and BEST Capital’s financing solutions to our ecosystem participants.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue increased by 36.0% to RMB26,519.8 million in 2018 from RMB19,504.0 million in 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in cost of revenue across our various service lines, as discussed below. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue decreased to 94.8% in 2018 from 97.6% in 2017, which was primarily attributable to increased operating leverage and continued efforts in cost reduction, network optimization and operational improvement.

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Express. Cost of revenue for our express services increased by 36.0% to RMB16,915.8 million in 2018 from RMB12,435.6 million in 2017. This increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a 45.1% increase in parcel volume to 5,470.1 million in 2018 from 3,769.4 million in 2017, which resulted in higher last-mile and transportation costs. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our express delivery services decreased to 95.6% in 2018 from 97.3% in 2017, primarily due to economies of scale resulting from significant increase in our parcel volume, network optimization, as well as increased operational efficiency resulting from proactive cost-control measures and continuous technology improvements and applications.

Freight. Cost of revenue for our freight services increased by 17.3% to RMB3,946.0 million in 2018 from RMB3,362.7 million in 2017. This increase in cost of revenue was primarily attributable to increased freight volume, which increased by 25.8% to 5.4 million tonnes in 2018 from 4.3 million tonnes in 2017. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our freight services decreased to 96.2% in 2018 from 105.8% in 2017, primarily due to economies of scale resulting from significant increase in our freight volume, as well as increased operational efficiency resulting from our proactive cost-control measures and continuous technology improvements and applications.

Supply Chain Management. Cost of revenue for our supply chain management services increased by 31.1% to RMB1,970.1 million in 2018 from RMB1,502.6 million in 2017. This increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to the 24.3% increase in the number of orders fulfilled by our self-operated Cloud OFCs and the addition of new self-operated Cloud OFCs, which resulted in additional lease, transportation, and labor costs. The number of orders fulfilled by our self-operated Cloud OFCs increased to 164.4 million in 2018 from 132.2 million in 2017. The number of our self-operated Cloud OFCs increased to 115 as of December 31, 2018 from 99 as of December 31, 2017. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our supply chain management services increased to 95.0% in 2018 from 93.9% in 2017, primarily due to ramp-up of certain self-operated Cloud OFCs.

Store⁺. Cost of revenue for our BEST Store⁺ services increased by 24.9% to RMB2,589.9 million in 2018 from RMB2,072.9 million in 2017, primarily due to the significant increase in the amount of merchandise sold to membership stores as well as the cost of revenue attributable to WOWO following its acquisition in May 2017. Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue from our BEST Store⁺ services decreased to 91.0% in 2018 from 93.1% in 2017, primarily due to a reduction in average procurement cost driven by the significant increase in volume purchased from merchandise suppliers resulting from an expansion of sales volume in 2018.

Others. Cost of revenue for our other services increased by 742.5% to RMB1,098.0 million in 2018 from RMB130.3 million in 2017 in connection with increased revenue generation from BEST UCargo, BEST Capital and BEST Global.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased by 19.1% to RMB2,099.1 million in 2018 from RMB1,762.0 million in 2017. Operating expenses as a percentage of our total revenue decreased to 7.5% in 2018 from 8.8% in 2017. This decrease was mainly due to faster growth in revenue and economies of scale as well as reduction of share-based compensation expense.

Selling Expenses. Selling expenses increased by 28.6% to RMB893.9 million in 2018 from RMB694.9 million in 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to increased selling expenses in connection with the growth of our operations, an increase in shipping and handling costs related to the delivery of merchandise to our branded and membership stores.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by 10.0% to RMB1,020.7 million in 2018 from RMB928.2 million in 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to increased staff costs in connection with the growth of our operations, partially offset by a reduction in share-based compensation expenses allocated to general and administrative functions.

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by 32.8% to RMB184.6 million in 2018 from RMB139.0 million in 2017. This increase was primarily due to increased investments in technology and research and development professionals, partially offset by a reduction in share-based compensation expenses allocated to research and development functions.

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Interest Income

Our interest income increased to RMB102.8 million in 2018 from RMB75.1 million in 2017, primarily due to higher yields generated from our cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investment balance.

Interest Expense

Our interest expenses increased to RMB75.1 million in 2018 from RMB47.2 million in 2017, primarily a result of increased short-term bank loan in 2018 compared with 2017, as we incur multiple Renminbi-denominated bank borrowings to satisfy working capital requirements while we held a significant amount of bank deposits in foreign currencies outside China.

Foreign Exchange (Loss) Gain

We recorded a foreign exchange loss of RMB6.5 million in 2018 as compared to RMB 6.3 million in 2017, primarily due to changes in exchange rates between Renminbi and U.S. dollars during the respective years.

Other Income

Other income increased to RMB171.4 million in 2018 from RMB56.0 million in 2017, primarily due to unrealized gains in our equity investments without readily determinable fair value measured using the measurement alternative, an increase in government subsidies and other miscellaneous fees.

Other Expense

Other expenses increased to RMB30.7 million in 2018 from RMB18.5 million in 2017, primarily reflecting various miscellaneous expenses.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense increased to RMB11.9 million in 2018 and RMB9.9 million in 2017, reflecting increased taxable income from certain of our PRC subsidiaries.

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, net loss decreased to RMB508.4 million in 2018 from RMB1,228.1 million in 2017.

B.Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity have been issuance of equity securities, redeemable convertible preferred shares, convertible senior notes and short-term borrowings, which have historically been sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements.

As of December 31, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of RMB1,994.7 million (US$286.5 million) and restricted cash (current portion) of RMB1,786.8 million (US$256.7 million). As of December 31, 2019, we had short-term bank loans of RMB2,510.5 million (US$360.6 million), of which RMB1,550.5 million (US$222.7 million) were cash-collateralized. The weighted average interest rate for the outstanding short-term bank loans as of December 31, 2019 was 4.27%. We also had borrowing from third party financing lease companies of RMB 40.0 million (US$5.8 million) as well as securitization debt of RMB104.9 million (US$15.1 million), which are due within the next 12 months as of December 31, 2019.

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Based on our current level of operations and available cash, we believe our cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from our operations will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our current obligations, projected working capital requirements, debt service requirements and capital spending requirements for at least the next 12 months. However, we may require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to selectively pursue. If our existing cash resources are insufficient to meet our requirements, we may seek to sell equity or equity-linked securities, debt securities or borrow from banks. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in the amounts we need or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. The sale of additional equity securities, including convertible debt securities, would result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness and issuance of debt securities would result in debt service obligations and could result in operating and financial covenants that restrict our operations and our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we are a corporation separate and apart from our subsidiaries and our VIEs and, therefore, must provide for our own liquidity. We conduct our operations in China primarily through our PRC subsidiaries and VIEs. As a result, our ability to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur depends upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries. If our PRC subsidiaries or any newly formed PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their respective retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are each required to set aside a portion of its after-tax profits each year to fund certain statutory reserves, and funds from such reserves may not be distributed to us as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation of such subsidiaries. These statutory limitations affect, and future covenant debt limitations might affect, our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to us. We currently believe that such limitations will not impact our ability to meet our ongoing short-term cash obligations although we cannot assure you that such limitations will not affect our ability in the future to meet our short-term cash obligations and to distribute dividends to our shareholders. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in the People’s Republic of China—We rely to a significant extent on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our operating subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse impact on our ability to operate our business” and “—Statutory Reserves.”

The following table sets forth a summary of the movements of our cash and cash equivalents for the periods indicated:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Net cash generated from operating activities	25,602	637,204	852,833	122,502
Net cash used in investing activities	(4,105,923)	(1,230,953)	(1,912,482)	(274,711)
Net cash generated from financing activities	3,730,859	557,149	2,011,812	288,978
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(48,241)	53,179	5,644	811
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(397,703)	16,579	957,807	137,580
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year	3,380,532	2,982,829	2,999,408	430,838
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year	2,982,829	2,999,408	3,957,215	568,418

Operating Activities

Net cash generated from operating activities was RMB852.8 million (US$122.5 million) in 2019, compared to RMB637.2 million generated from operating activities in 2018. This increase was primarily due to a decrease of RMB289.3 million (US$41.6 million) in net loss, which was mainly attributable to economies of scale resulting from a significant increase in our parcel and freight volume, as well as an increase in operational efficiency resulting from proactive cost-control measures and continuous technology improvements and applications. Our Express and Freight segments drove the significant improvement in profitability. Gross profit margin for express delivery services increased from 4.4% in 2018 to 4.7% in 2019 and revenue generated from express delivery services increased by RMB4,104.7 million (US$589.6 million), while gross profit margin for freight delivery services increased from 3.8% in 2018 to 5.5% in 2019 and revenue generated from freight delivery services increased by RMB1,121.7 million (US$161.1 million). In addition, due to improved operating leverage and efficiencies and cost-control measures, our expenditures for employee compensation, rental costs and selling and general administrative expenses increased at a slower rate than our growth in revenues.

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The largest source of operating cash flows are service fees for express and freight delivery services collected from our customers. Our customers are required to prepay these service fees before they drop off parcels and freight shipments at our self-operated service stations, hubs or sortation centers. At the same time, our major suppliers, such as our fleet of independent transportation service providers, grant us credit terms ranging from 30 to 90 days, which allows us to pay for our transportation costs after we have received cash from customers and complete the services. Due to the business models of our express and freight delivery services described above and the continued growth and expansion of our operations, our net cash generated from operating activities increased significantly.

Net cash generated from operating activities increased to RMB637.2 million in 2018 from RMB25.6 million in 2017. This increase was primarily due to a decrease of RMB719.7 million in net loss, which was mainly attributable to economies of scale resulting from a significant increase in our parcel and freight volume, as well as an increase in operational efficiency resulting from proactive cost-control measures and continuous technology improvements and applications. Our Express and Freight segments drove the significant improvement in profitability. Gross profit margin for express delivery services increased from 2.7% in 2017 to 4.4% in 2018 and revenue generated from express delivery services increased by RMB4,916.6 million, while gross profit margin for freight delivery services increased from negative 5.8% in 2017 to positive 3.8% in 2018 and revenue generated from freight delivery services increased by RMB924.6 million. In addition, due to improved operating leverage and efficiencies and cost-control measures, our expenditures for employee compensation, rental costs and selling and general administrative expenses increased at a slower rate than our growth in revenues. Due to the business models of our express and freight delivery services described above and the continued growth and expansion of our operations, the improvement in profitability of these two business segments led to the increase in our net operating cash inflow from 2017 to 2018.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB1,912.5 million (US$274.7 million) in 2019, which was primarily due to (i) payments for purchase of property and equipment of RMB1,497.7 million (US$215.1 million), which property and equipment were used in the expansion and optimization of our express service, freight service and supply chain service network; and (ii) origination of lease rental and other financing receivables of RMB850.2 million (US$122.1 million), mainly for financing lease related services provided to franchisee partners and transportation service providers. The above factors were partially offset by receipt of repayment on lease rental and other financing receivables—principal portion in an aggregate amount of RMB697.4 million (US$100.2 million).

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB1,231.0 million in 2018, which was primarily due to (i) origination of lease rental and other financing receivables of RMB1,556.2 million, mainly for financing lease related services provided to franchisee partners and transportation service providers; and (ii) payments for purchase of property and equipment of RMB1,077.8 million, which property and equipment were used in the expansion and optimization of our express service, freight service and supply chain service network. The above factors were partially offset by a net change in short-term investments of RMB1,398.7 million, which were proceeds from maturities of short-term investments of RMB5,729.6 million offset by purchase of short-term investments of RMB4,330.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB4,105.9 million in 2017, which was primarily due to payments for purchase of property and equipment used in the expansion and optimization of our express service, freight service and supply chain service network.

Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities was RMB2,011.8 million (US$289.0 million) in 2019, which was mainly due to (i) proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes of RMB1,378.3 million (US$198.0 million), partially offset by the acquisition of capped calls of RMB159.1 million (US$22.9 million); (ii) proceeds from short-term bank loans of RMB3,810.1 million (US$547.3 million), partially offset by repayment of short-term bank loans of RMB3,215.4 million (US$461.9 million); and (iii) proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities of RMB262.3 million (US$37.7 million), partially offset by repayment of asset-backed securities of RMB157.4 million (US$22.6 million).

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Net cash generated from financing activities was RMB557.1 million in 2018, which was mainly due to proceeds from short-term bank loans of RMB3,417.7 million, partially offset by repayment of short-term bank loans of RMB2,851.2 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities was RMB3,730.9 million in 2017, which was primarily due to proceeds from issuance of American depositary shares, net of issuance cost, of RMB3,130.2 million and proceeds from short-term bank loans of RMB1,901.9 million, partially offset by the repayment of short-term bank loans of RMB1,189.4 million.

Convertible Senior Notes

In September 2019, we completed an offering of US$200 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 (including full exercise of the initial purchasers’ option to purchase additional notes), including US$100 million principal amount of notes sold to an entity affiliated with Alibaba Group Holding Limited. These convertible senior notes were offered to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Rule 144A under the Securities Act, and to certain non-U.S. persons in offshore transactions in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act. The notes will mature on October 1, 2024. Holders may convert their notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, we will cause to be delivered, for each US$1,000 principal amount of converted notes, a number of ADSs equal to the conversion rate. The notes may be converted into our ADSs at an initial conversion rate of 141.8440 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately US$7.05 per ADS), which rate is subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Segment Financial Information

The table below provides a summary of our operating segment results for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, which have been derived from the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

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With the exception of the below, all segment information in this annual report is presented after inter-segment eliminations:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
	(in thousands)
Revenue:
Express	12,850,067	17,740,176	21,839,107	3,136,991
Freight	3,178,850	4,115,606	5,233,542	751,751
Supply Chain Management	1,854,356	2,326,487	2,381,848	342,131
Store +	2,226,034	2,845,141	2,817,202	404,666
Others	649,784	2,759,499	4,398,603	631,820
Inter-segment eliminations	(769,529)	(1,825,930)	(1,494,413)	(214,659)
Total revenue	19,989,562	27,960,979	35,175,889	5,052,700
Cost of revenue:
Express	12,508,090	16,953,251	21,150,925	3,038,140
Freight	3,363,457	3,963,172	4,997,270	717,813
Supply Chain Management	1,746,999	2,224,749	2,270,514	326,139
Store +	2,072,912	2,590,022	2,495,503	358,457
Others	573,581	2,609,846	3,611,969	518,827
Inter-segment eliminations	(761,028)	(1,821,198)	(1,309,318)	(188,072)
Total cost of revenue	19,504,011	26,519,842	33,216,863	4,771,304
Gross (loss)/profit:
Express	341,977	786,925	688,182	98,851
Freight	(184,607)	152,434	236,272	33,938
Supply Chain Management	107,357	101,738	111,334	15,992
Store +	153,122	255,119	321,699	46,209
Others	76,203	149,653	786,634	112,993
Inter-segment eliminations	(8,501)	(4,732)	(185,095)	(26,587)
Total gross profit	485,551	1,441,137	1,959,026	281,396

The inter-segment eliminations for the periods indicated above mainly consisted of (i) segment revenue of the Express segment and Freight segment generated from services provided to the Supply Chain Management segment, (ii) segment revenue of Supply Chain Management segment generated from services provided to the Store⁺ segment and (iii) segment revenue of the Others segment generated from services provided to our Supply Chain Management, Express and Freight segments, all of which were eliminated as intergroup transactions as a result of consolidation.

Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018

Revenue by Segment

Segment revenue of our Supply Chain Management segment, Express segment and Freight segment increased from 2018 to 2019 primarily due to increase in segment revenue from external customers. Segment revenue of our Store⁺ segment decreased from 2018 to 2019 primarily due to a decrease in the number of orders fulfilled for membership stores, partially offset by an increase in the number of orders fulfilled for branded stores. For additional information regarding these trends, please see “—Results of Operations—Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018.” Others segment revenue increased from 2018 to 2019 primarily due to increases in segment revenue generated from services provided by BEST UCargo to external customers and our Supply Chain Management, Express and Freight segments, as well as segment revenue generated from our Global service line.

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Cost of Revenue by Segment

Segment cost of revenue of our Supply Chain Management segment, Express segment and Freight segment increased from 2018 to 2019 primarily due to increases in lease, transportation and labor costs commensurate with significant increases in volume and expansion of the services provided by our company to its customers. Segment cost of revenue of our Store⁺ segment decreased from 2018 to 2019 due to the decrease of merchandise sold by our BEST Store⁺ business in line with the decrease of revenue. For additional information regarding these trends, please see “—Results of Operations—Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2018.” Others segment cost of revenue increased from 2018 to 2019 primarily due to segment cost of revenue attributable to services provided by BEST UCargo to external customers and to our Supply Chain Management, Express and Freight segments, as well as the increased cost with expansion of our BEST Global business to Thailand and Vietnam.

Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

Revenue by Segment

Segment revenue of our Supply Chain Management segment, Express segment, Freight segment and Store⁺ segment increased from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to increase in segment revenue from external customers. For additional information regarding these trends, please see “—Results of Operations—Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017.” Others segment revenue increased from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to increases in segment revenue generated from services provided by BEST UCargo to our Supply Chain Management, Express and Freight segments, as well as segment revenue generated from financing lease services provided by BEST Capital to our ecosystem participants.

Cost of Revenue by Segment

Segment cost of revenue of our Supply Chain Management segment, Express segment, Freight segment and Store⁺ segment increased from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to increases in lease, transportation and labor costs commensurate with significant increases in volume and expansion of the services provided by our company to its customers, as well as an increase in the amount of merchandise sold by our BEST Store⁺ business. For additional information regarding these trends, please see “—Results of Operations—Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017.” Others segment cost of revenue increased from 2017 to 2018 primarily due to segment cost of revenue attributable to services provided by BEST UCargo to our Supply Chain Management, Express and Freight segments.

Statutory Reserves

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China are required to provide for certain statutory reserves, namely a general reserve, an enterprise expansion fund and a staff welfare and bonus fund. Pursuant to such laws and regulations, we may pay dividends only out of our after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. Further, we are required to allocate at least 10% of our after-tax profits to fund the general reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of our registered capital. In addition, we may also set aside, at our or our Board’s discretion, a portion of our after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare and bonus fund. These reserves may only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable to us in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, our PRC subsidiaries had appropriated RMB3,771 and RMB4,641 (US$667), respectively, in its statutory reserves.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Technology and Service Offering Development

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Technology Infrastructure” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Service Offerings.”

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Intellectual Property

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”

D.Trend Information

Please refer to “—A. Results of Operations” for a discussion of the most recent trends in our services, sales and marketing as of the end of 2019. In addition, please refer to discussions included in such Item for a discussion of known trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that we believe are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net sales and operating revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information to be not necessarily indicative of our future operating results or financial condition.

E.Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any unconsolidated third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholders’ equity, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. Moreover, we do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

F.Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2019:

	Payment due by period
	Total	Less than 1 Year	1 – 3 Years	3 – 5 Years	More than 5 Years
	(in thousands of RMB)
Short-term bank loans	2,510,500	2,510,500	—	—	—
Borrowings from third party financing lease companies (1)	81,278	40,167	41,111	—	—
Securitization debt	104,899	104,899	—	—	—
Convertible senior notes (1), (3)	1,395,240	—	—	1,395,240	—
Financing lease obligations	4,205	1,643	2,018	544	—
Operating lease obligations (2)	5,671,457	1,343,383	2,034,058	1,345,741	948,275
Capital expenditure commitments	963,841	963,841	—	—	—
Total	10,731,420	4,964,433	2,077,187	2,741,525	948,275

(1) The amounts disclosed represent future contractual payments for the principal portion of the borrowing which may differ from the balances recognized on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019, which are accounted for on an amortized cost basis and accreted up to the principal amounts due at the repayment date.

(2) Operating lease obligations represent our obligations for leasing offices, warehouses, hub and sortation center facilities and equipment, which include all future cash outflows under ASC Topic 842, Leases. Please see “Leases” under Note 9 to our audited consolidated financial statements.

(3) The aggregate scheduled maturities of RMB1,395.2 million (US$200.0 million) of the convertible senior notes will be repaid when they become due in 2024, assuming no conversion or redemption prior to the maturity and convertible senior note bondholders hold the notes until maturity.

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G.Safe Harbor

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including statements based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and our industry. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “potential,” “continue,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements included in this annual report relate to, among others:

●            our goals and growth strategies;

●            our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

●            trends in the logistics and supply chain industry in China and globally;

●            competition in our industry;

●            fluctuations in general economic and business conditions in China and other regions where we operate;

●            the regulatory environment in which we and companies integral to our ecosystem operate;

●            our proposed use of proceeds from our initial public offering; and

●            assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

This annual report also contains market data relating to the logistics and supply chain industry in China, including market position, market size, and growth rates of the markets in which we operate, that are based on industry publications and reports. Statistical data in these publications and reports also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The logistics and supply chain industry in China may not grow at the rates projected by market data, or at all. The failure of these markets to grow at the projected rates may have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of our ADSs. If any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data turns out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which we operate is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we have referred to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to this annual report, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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ITEM 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A.Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth certain information relating to our current directors, executive officers and senior management as of the date of this annual report:

Name	Age	Position/Title
Shao-Ning Johnny Chou	58	Chairman and chief executive officer
Lin Wan	44	Director
Jun Chen	46	Director
Mark Qiu	55	Director
George Chow	52	Director, chief strategy and investment officer
Quan Hao	61	Director
Wenbiao Li	53	Director
Gloria Fan	55	Chief financial officer
Mangli Zhang	63	Senior vice president, general manager of supply chain management service line
Shaohua Zhou	47	Senior vice president, general manager of express service line
Tao Liu	43	Senior vice president, general manager of freight service line
Bo Liu	48	Senior vice president, general manager of store+ service line
Xingjun Yuan	45	Vice president, general manager of UCargo service line
Feng Dong	37	General manager of financial service line
Yanbing Zhang	44	Senior vice president of engineering, general manager of cloud service line
Jimei Liu	48	Senior vice president of human resources and administration

Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou is our founder, and has served as our chairman and chief executive officer since 2007. Prior to founding our company, he served as a global vice president and Greater China president of Google with responsibility for Google’s sales and marketing in Greater China from 2005 to 2006. From 1996 to 2005, Mr. Chou served as president of UTStarcom China with responsibility for China operations. From 1986 to 1996, Mr. Chou served as a director of wireless software and system development with AT&T Bell Laboratory. From 1978 to 1980, Mr. Chou studied computer science at Fudan University. Mr. Chou earned a bachelor’s degree in science, specializing in electrical engineering, from City College of New York, a master’s degree in science, specializing in engineering science, from Princeton University, and an MBA from Rutgers University. Mr. Chou was nominated by himself as a Founder Director under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of incorporation.

Mr. Lin Wan has been a director of our company since March 2018. Mr. Wan has been the president of Cainiao Network, where he oversees strategic planning and business operation, since January 2017. Before that, Mr. Wan had been a vice president of Cainiao Network since 2014. Prior to joining Cainiao Network, he served as director of global transportation strategy of Amazon. Mr. Wan currently serves as a board member of Global Standards 1 (GS1). He received a Ph.D. in operational research & industrial engineering from The University of Texas at Austin.

Mr. Jun Chen has been a director of our company since 2015. Mr. Jun Chen is currently a vice president of Alibaba Group Holding Limited. He is also a managing director of Alibaba strategic investment group and the investment head of Alibaba new retail fund. Mr. Chen has over 20 years of experience in strategy management and investment, strategic market development, and business and financial advisory services. He has been in charge of strategic investments by Alibaba Group in various types of companies, including high-growth private companies and public companies listed in the PRC and overseas. The portfolio companies he manages are in a wide spectrum of industries such as retail, logistics, travel, healthcare, sports, and software and solutions. Prior to joining Alibaba Group in 2011, Mr. Chen worked for SAP, a Fortune 500 high-tech software company from 1999 to 2011, taking roles including strategic adviser in the office of CEO and industry director. From 1995 to 1998, he worked as an auditor for Arthur Andersen Consulting Co. Ltd. Mr. Chen holds a bachelor’s degree in international finance and accounting from Shanghai University, and received an EMBA degree from INSEAD. Mr. Chen was nominated to our board of directors by Alibaba Investment Limited pursuant to the shareholders agreement. Mr. Chen was nominated by Alibaba and Cainiao Network as an Alibaba Director under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of incorporation.

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Mr. Mark Qiu has been a director of our company since 2011. Mr. Qiu is the founder, and since May 2005, has served as the chief executive officer and managing director of China Renaissance Capital Investment Inc., a private equity investment management company. From 2001 to March 2005, Mr. Qiu served as a senior vice president (chief financial officer until year end of 2004) of CNOOC Limited, a company principally engaged in the exploration, development and production of oil and gas. From 1998 to 2000, Mr. Qiu was with Salomon Smith Barney, last as the head of its Asia oil and gas investment banking group. From 1993 to 1997, Mr. Qiu held various positions with Atlantic Richfield Corporation (ARCO), an integrated oil and gas company. From 1990 to 1993, Mr. Qiu served as a staff consultant with RHR International, a succession planning consulting firm. Mr. Qiu also serves as a director of certain other companies affiliated with China Renaissance Capital Investment Inc. Mr. Qiu received a bachelor’s degree in science, specializing in management psychology, from Hangzhou University in China, a Ph.D. and a Master of Science degree in decision science from the University of Texas at Arlington, and an MBA from the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Qiu was nominated to our board of directors by affiliates of China Renaissance Capital Investment Inc. (referred to as the “CR Entities” under “Principal and Selling Shareholders”) pursuant to the shareholders agreement.

Mr. George Chow joined as our chief strategy and investment officer in 2017 and has served as our director since September 2017. Mr. Chow brings with him over 22 years of experience in investment banking, trading and risk management. From 2004 to 2017, he served as a managing director at Credit Suisse, having held several senior positions in securities and investment banking division, including most recently the Co-Head of Investment Banking and Capital Markets for Greater China. He also worked for UBS and Merrill Lynch. Mr. Chow received an MBA in finance from the Stern School of Business at New York University. He is Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou’s brother. Mr. Chow was nominated by Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou as a Founder Director under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of incorporation.

Ms. Quan Hao has served as our independent director since September 2017. Ms. Hao currently also serves as an independent non-executive director of Legend Holdings Corporation and HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited. From 2001 to 2015, Ms. Hao had been a partner of KPMG China, and originally joined KPMG USA in 1993. From 1982 to 1989, Ms. Hao served as a lecturer at Renmin University of China. Ms. Hao received a bachelor’s degree in economics from Renmin University of China and an MBA degree from Temple University. Ms. Hao obtained her certified public accountant qualification in the PRC and California, USA.

Mr. Wenbiao Li has served as our independent director since September 2017. Mr. Li has served as a managing director of Walden International since 2008 and as a managing partner of Kaiwu Walden Capital, L.P. since 2013. From 2004 to 2007, Mr. Li served as a director of mobile engineering at Google. From 2000 to 2003, Mr. Li served as a vice president of engineering with Skire, Inc. From 1997 to 1999, Mr. Li served as a director of engineering at Internet Image, Inc. Mr. Li also serves as a director of Union Optech Co., Ltd. Mr. Li received a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, a master’s degree in computer science from the University of San Francisco, and an EMBA degree from Golden Gate University.

Ms. Gloria Fan currently services as our chief financial officer. Prior to joining us in November 2019, she served as CFO of Corporate Visions, Inc., a software as a service company, from September 2015. Previously Ms. Fan spent nearly 10 years as CFO for a number of clean technology companies, including Bridgelux, Inc. and ClearEdge Powers, Inc. From 1999 to 2006, Ms. Fan worked at UTStarcom Inc. where she held senior management roles including Vice President of Finance and Global Business Operations and oversaw the company’s listing on the NASDAQ. Ms. Fan passed the U.S. CPA exam, and she holds a Master of Science degree from Purdue University.

Ms. Mangli Zhang currently serves as the senior vice president and general manager of our supply chain management service line, and served as our vice president of operations from 2007 to 2011. Prior to joining us in 2007, Ms. Zhang held various positions with UTStarcom China as manager of the contract execution department, director of business operations, and vice president of business operations in China from 1996 to 2007. From 1993 to 1996, Ms. Zhang served as a department manager of Zhejiang Province Economic and Construction Development Consulting Company. From 1982 to 1993, Ms. Zhang served as a product development engineer in the technology division, and served as vice president of the quality management division, of Hangzhou Wireless Equipment Factory. Ms. Zhang received a bachelor’s degree in wireless electronic engineering from Zhejiang University.

Mr. Shaohua Zhou currently serves as the senior vice president and general manager of our express service line. Prior to joining us in 2009, Mr. Zhou held various positions with UTStarcom China as regional project manager, global service solution business unit general manager of the western region and general manager of the Chongqing branch from 2002 to 2008. Mr. Zhou also previously worked with Motorola and China Mobile. Mr. Zhou received a bachelor’s degree in communication engineering from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications.

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Mr. Tao Liu currently serves as the senior vice president and general manager of our freight service line. Before that, between 2009 and 2017, he had held various positions with our company as deputy general manager of our freight service line, general manager of our Shanghai branch, and general manager of our Shandong branch. Prior to joining us, Mr. Liu served as a deputy general manager at Shandong Zitong International Logistics Company from 2007 to 2009. From 2000 to 2004, Mr. Liu held various positions with Zhilian Logistics (a group company of China Kejian Co., Ltd.) as assistant to general manager, general manager of its Jinan branch, general manager of the Northern China region, and then general manager of Shandong Zhongtie Modern Logistics and Technology Co. Ltd., a joint venture established by Zhilian Logistics and China Railway Jinan Group. Mr. Liu received a bachelor’s degree in international business administration from Shandong University of Finance and Economics.

Mr. Bo Liu currently serves as the senior vice president and general manager of our store⁺ service line. Prior to joining us in 2007, Mr. Liu held various positions with UTStarcom China as Shandong branch general manager, national director of the technology marketing department and regional general manager from 2000 to 2007. From 1997 to 2000, Mr. Liu held various positions with Motorola as a manager of technology marketing, sales manager, and manager of the business operations department. Mr. Liu currently also serves as chairman of the board of Sichuan WOWO Supermarket Chain Management Ltd. Mr. Liu received a bachelor’s degree in industrial electric automation from China University of Mining and Technology.

Mr. Xingjun Yuan currently serves as the vice president and general manager of our UCargo service line. Before that, between 2011 and 2018, Mr. Yuan had held various positions with our company as warehouse manager and transportation director of our supply chain management service line. Prior to joining us, Mr. Yuan had served as a logistics manager at UTStarcom China. Mr. Yuan passed the examination of CILT and received his master’s degree in international trade and finance from Leeds Metropolitan University (now known as Leeds Beckett University).

Mr. Feng Dong currently serves as general manager of our financial service line. Prior to joining us in 2015, Mr. Dong had held various positions at the Hangzhou branch of China Guangfa Bank, including product supervisor at the Global Transaction Services (GTS) department. Mr. Dong graduated from Southwestern University.

Mr. Yanbing Zhang currently serves as our senior vice president of engineering and the general manager of our cloud service line. Prior to joining us, Mr. Zhang served as a senior project manager at the IT department of UTStarcom China from 2004 to 2007. From 2003 to 2004, Mr. Zhang served as a project manager at China TravelSky Holding Company. Mr. Zhang received a bachelor’s degree in computer science from the National University of Defense Technology and a master’s degree in computer science from the University of Karlsruhe (now known as the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology).

Ms. Jimei Liu currently serves as our senior vice president of human resources and administration. Prior to joining us, Ms. Liu served as the director of human resources at UTStarcom China from 2000 to 2007. From 1996 to 2000, Ms. Liu served as the training supervisor at Ting Hsin International Group. Ms. Liu received a bachelor’s degree in machinery design and manufacturing from Central South University and an executive master of business administration degree from the University of Texas at Arlington.

B.Compensation

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we paid an aggregate of approximately US$3.0 million in cash to our executive officers and directors. Our PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, housing fund, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits. Other than the above-mentioned statutory contributions mandated by applicable PRC law, we have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors. No executive officer is entitled to any severance benefits upon termination of his or her employment with our company except as required under applicable PRC law.

Share Incentive Plans

2008 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan

Our 2008 equity and performance incentive plan provides for the grant of options or restricted share units, which we refer to collectively as awards. Up to 20,934,684 ordinary shares upon exercise of awards may be granted under the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan. We believe that the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan will aid us in attracting, motivating and retaining employees, non-employee directors, officers and consultants through the granting of awards.

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Administration

The 2008 equity and performance incentive plan is administered by our board of directors or our compensation committee or any person to whom the board shall delegate any of its authority under the plan. The plan administrator is authorized to interpret the plan and to determine the provisions of each award.

Change in Control

In the event of a change in control or another transaction having a similar effect, then the plan administrator may, in its sole discretion, adjust the number of ordinary shares subject to options then held by a participant in the plan as needed to prevent dilution or enlargement of the participant’s rights that otherwise would result from such event. The plan administrator may also, in its sole direction, provide in substitution for the participant’s rights such alternative consideration as it may determine to be equitable in the circumstances. A “change of control” under the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan is defined as (i) a sale of our company for cash consideration approved by our shareholders, (ii) our company is merged into or with another entity, resulting in our original shareholders, namely, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, Mr. George Chow, Mr. Shaohan Joe Chou, Mr. David Hsiaoming Ting and The 2012 MKB Irrevocable Trust ceasing to own, collectively with their affiliates, the largest percentage of the outstanding securities of our company, (iii) the sale or transfer of all or substantially all of our assets to another entity, other than one of our subsidiaries, resulting in our original shareholders, namely, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, Mr. George Chow, Mr. Shaohan Joe Chou, Mr. David Hsiaoming Ting and The 2012 MKB Irrevocable Trust ceasing to own, collectively with their affiliates, the largest percentage of the outstanding securities of our company, or (iv) our shareholders approve the liquidation or dissolution of our company.

Term

The 2008 equity and performance incentive plan expired in June 2018. Awards made under the plan on or prior to the date of its termination will continue in effect subject to the terms of the plan and the award.

Vesting Schedule

In general, the plan administrator determines, or the award agreement specifies, the vesting schedule.

Amendment and Termination of Plan

Our board of directors may at any time amend, alter or discontinue the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan, subject to certain exceptions.

Granted Options

As of February 29, 2020, we had outstanding options with respect to 4,246,560 ordinary shares that have been granted to our directors, officers, employees and consultants, or the option holders, under the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan.

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The table below summarizes, as of February 29, 2020, the options we had granted to our directors and executive officers under the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan:

	Number of
	shares	Exercise
	underlying	price
	options	(US$ per
Name	granted	share)	Grant date	Expiration date
George Chow	*	0.75	June 30, 2017	June 30, 2032
Mangli Zhang	*	0.75	Various dates from June 30, 2008 to September 30, 2017	Various dates from June 30, 2018 to September 30, 2032
Shaohua Zhou	*	0.50 or 0.75	Various dates from December 31, 2009 to September 30, 2017	Various dates from December 31, 2024 to September 30, 2032
Tao Liu	*	0.50 or 0.75	Various dates from June 30, 2009 to Sep 30, 2017	Various dates from June 30, 2024 to Sep 30, 2032
Bo Liu	*	0.75	Various dates from June 30, 2008 to September 30, 2017	Various dates from June 30, 2027 to September 30, 2032
Xingjun Yuan	*	0.75	Various dates from December 31, 2011 to December 31, 2017	Various dates from December 31, 2026 to December 31, 2032
Feng Dong	*	0.75	Various dates from June 30, 2016 to December 31, 2017	Various dates June 30, 2031 to December 31, 2032
Yanbing Zhang	*	0.01, 0.50 or 0.75	Various dates from June 30, 2008 to September 30, 2017	Various dates from June 30, 2023 to September 30, 2032
Jimei Liu	*	0.01 or 0.75	Various dates from June 30, 2008 to September 30, 2017	Various dates from June 30, 2023 to September 30, 2032

* Less than 1% of our total ordinary shares outstanding on an as-converted basis.

All of our option grant agreements under the 2008 equity and performance incentive plan provide that the options may not be exercised before the first date on which the ADSs are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or the listing date. In July 2017, we granted a conditional, one-time waiver of this restriction for certain option holders, and pursuant to this waiver, vested options with respect to an aggregate of 12,599,520 ordinary shares were exercised by their holders in July 2017. These option holders have paid the exercise price to us in full.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

In September 2017, we adopted our 2017 equity incentive plan, pursuant to which equity-based awards may be granted to eligible participants. The purpose of the 2017 equity incentive plan is to attract and retain the services of key personnel and to provide means for directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors to acquire and maintain an interest in us, which interest may be measured by reference to the value of Class A ordinary shares.

The 2017 equity incentive plan provides for an aggregate amount of no more than 10,000,000 Class A ordinary shares to be issued pursuant to equity-based awards granted under the plan. In addition, the number of Class A ordinary shares available for issuance under the 2017 equity incentive plan automatically increased by a maximum of 2% of our total outstanding shares at the end of preceding calendar year on January 1, 2019 and will automatically be increased on every January 1 thereafter for eight years, provided that the aggregate amount of shares which may be subject to awards granted under the plan does not exceed 10% of our total outstanding shares at the end of the preceding calendar year. As a result, as of January 1, 2020, the maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2017 equity incentive plan has been increased to 20,025,938 Class A ordinary shares. No more than 10,000,000 Class A ordinary shares may be issued upon the exercise of incentive stock options. Generally, if any award (or portion thereof) under the 2017 equity incentive plan terminates, expires, lapses or is cancelled for any reason without being vested or exercised, as applicable, the Class A ordinary shares subject to such award will again be available for future grant.

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Granted Options and Restricted Share Units

As of February 29, 2020, we had outstanding restricted share units with respect to 6,815,989 ordinary shares that have been granted to our directors, officers, employees and consultants under the 2017 equity incentive plan.

The table below summarizes, as of February 29, 2020, the share-based awards we had granted to our directors and executive officers under the 2017 equity incentive plan, which were all restricted share units:

	Number of
	restricted
	share units
Name	granted	Grant date	Expiration date
Shao-Ning Johnny Chou	*	Various dates from June 1, 2018 to January 1, 2020	Various dates from June 1, 2028 to January 1, 2030
Mark Qiu	*	Various dates from February 1, 2018 to February 1, 2020	Various dates from February 1, 2028 to February 1, 2030
George Chow	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to August 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to August 1, 2029
Quan Hao	*	Various dates from February 1, 2018 to February 1, 2020	Various dates from February 1, 2028 to February 1, 2030
Wenbiao Li	*	Various dates from February 1, 2018 to February 1, 2020	Various dates from February 1, 2028 to February 1, 2030
Gloria Fan	*	November 30, 2019	November 30, 2029
Mangli Zhang	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to March 1, 2029
Shaohua Zhou	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to March 1, 2029
Tao Liu	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to August 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to August 1, 2029
Bo Liu	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to March 1, 2029
Xingjun Yuan	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to August 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to August 1, 2029
Feng Dong	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to March 1, 2029
Yanbing Zhang	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to March 1, 2029
Jimei Liu	*	Various dates from March 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019	Various dates from March 1, 2028 to March 1, 2029

* Less than 1% of our total ordinary shares outstanding on an as-converted basis.

Administration

The 2017 equity incentive plan will be administered by our board of directors, our compensation committee, or any other committee of board of directors or any member(s) of the board of directors or officer(s) who have been delegated any authority pursuant to the 2017 equity incentive plan. The plan administrator is authorized to interpret the plan and to determine the provisions of each award including the number of shares covered, the type of award, the exercise price, if applicable, and the vesting schedule. In addition, the plan administrator may (i) select the recipients of awards, (ii) prescribe the forms of award agreements and amend any award agreement (subject to certain limitations), (iii) allow a participant to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations by withholding shares to be issued pursuant to an award and (iv) to make other decisions and determinations as provided in the 2017 equity incentive plan.

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Change in Control

In the event of a change in control, the plan administrator may, in its sole discretion, (i) adjust the number and kind of shares and prices subject to awards then held by a participant in the 2017 equity incentive plan in connection with the assumption, conversion or replacement of any award (as the plan administrator determines to be reasonable, equitable and appropriate) (ii) accelerate the vesting, in whole or in part, of any award, or (iii) purchase any award for an amount of cash or shares (in accordance with the terms of the 2017 equity incentive plan). In the event a successor or surviving company refuses to assume, convert or replace an award, then the outstanding awards shall fully vest. A “change of control” under the 2017 equity incentive plan is defined as (i) an amalgamation, arrangement, merger, consolidation or scheme of arrangement in which our company is not the surviving entity, except for a transaction the principal purpose of which is to change the jurisdiction in which our company is incorporated or which following such transaction the holders of our company’s voting shares immediately prior to such transaction own more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting shares of the surviving entity; (ii) the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of our company (other than to one of our subsidiaries); (iii) the completion of a voluntary or insolvent liquidation or dissolution of our company; (iv) any takeover, reverse takeover, scheme of arrangement, or series of related transactions culminating in a reverse takeover or scheme of arrangement (including, but not limited to, a tender offer followed by a takeover or reverse takeover) in which our company survives but (A) the shares of our company outstanding immediately prior to such transaction are converted or exchanged by virtue of the transaction into other property, whether in the form of shares, securities, cash or otherwise, or (B) the shares carrying more than 50% of the total combined voting power of our company’s then issued and outstanding shares are transferred to a person or persons different from those who held such shares immediately prior to such transaction culminating in such takeover, reverse takeover or scheme of arrangement, or (C) our company issues new voting shares in connection with any such transaction such that holders of the our company’s voting shares immediately prior to the transaction no longer hold more than 50% of the voting shares of our company after the transaction; or (v) the acquisition in a single or series of related transactions by any person or related group of persons (other than employees of our company or any of its affiliates or entities established for the benefit of the employees of our company or any of its affiliates) of (A) control of our board of directors or the ability to appoint a majority of the members of our board of directors, or (B) beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) of shares carrying more than 50% of the total combined voting power of the our company’s then issued and outstanding shares.

Term

Unless terminated earlier, the 2017 equity incentive plan will expire ten years from the date the 2017 equity incentive plan becomes effective. Awards made under the 2017 equity incentive plan on or prior to the date of its termination will continue in effect subject to the terms of the 2017 equity incentive plan and the applicable award agreement.

Vesting Schedule

In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule of each award as evidenced by an award agreement. The plan administrator may accelerate the vesting of any award.

Amendment and Termination of Plan

Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may at any time amend, alter or discontinue the 2017 equity incentive plan, subject to certain exceptions.

C.Board Practices

Board of Directors

Pursuant to our ninth amended and restated articles of association currently in effect, our board of directors consists of seven directors, including (i) Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou and Mr. George Chow, or the Founder Directors, who were nominated by our founder, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou; (ii) Mr. Lin Wan and Mr. Jun Chen, or collectively, the Alibaba Directors, who were nominated by Alibaba (including Cainiao Network); and (iii) Ms. Quan Hao, Mr. Mark Qiu and Mr. Wenbiao Li, who are independent directors. As long as Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou is a director, he will serve as the chairman of the board.

Unless otherwise determined by our shareholders in a general meeting, our board will consist of not less than three directors.

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There is no requirement for our directors to own any shares in our company in order for them to qualify as a director.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee, and a corporate governance and nominating committee. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country corporate governance practices under the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Ms. Quan Hao, Mr. Mark Qiu and Mr. Wenbiao Li. Ms. Quan Hao is the chairman of our audit committee. Each of Ms. Quan Hao and Mr. Mark Qiu satisfies the criteria of an audit committee financial expert as set forth under the applicable rules of the SEC. Each of Ms. Quan Hao, Mr. Mark Qiu and Mr. Wenbiao Li satisfies the requirements for an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the Corporate Governance Rules of the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, and meets the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Our audit committee consists solely of independent directors.

The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. Our audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

●            selecting, and evaluating the qualifications, performance and independence of, the independent auditor;

●            pre-approving or, as permitted, approving auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditor;

●            considering the adequacy of our internal accounting controls and audit procedures;

●            reviewing with the independent auditor any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

●            reviewing and approving related party transactions between us and our directors, senior management and other persons specified in Item 7B of Form 20-F;

●            reviewing and discussing the quarterly financial statements and annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditor;

●            establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received from our employees regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and the confidential, anonymous submission by our employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters;

●            meeting separately, periodically, with management, internal auditors and the independent auditor; and

●            reporting regularly to the full board of directors.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Mark Qiu, Mr. Lin Wan and Mr. George Chow. Mr. Mark Qiu is the chairman of our compensation committee. Mr. Mark Qiu satisfies the requirements for an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.

Our compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

●            reviewing, evaluating and, if necessary, revising our overall compensation policies;

●            reviewing and evaluating the performance of our directors and executive officers and determining the compensation of our directors and executive officers;

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●            reviewing and approving our executive officers’ employment agreements with us;

●            determining performance targets for our executive officers with respect to our annual bonus plan and share incentive plans;

●            administering our share incentive plans in accordance with the terms thereof; and

●            carrying out such other matters that are specifically delegated to the compensation committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee

Our corporate governance and nominating committee consists of Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, Mr. Lin Wan and Mr. Wenbiao Li. Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou is the chairman of our corporate governance and nominating committee. Mr. Wenbiao Li satisfies the requirements for an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.

Our corporate governance and nominating committee is responsible for, among other things:

●            selecting the board nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

●            periodically reviewing with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

●            making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and

●            advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in corporate governance law and practices as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on corporate governance matters.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, all of our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in good faith and in a manner they believe to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of our directors is breached. In limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. Subject to the rules of the New York Stock Exchange and disqualification by the chairman of the relevant board meeting, a director may vote in respect of any contract, proposed contract, or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered. Our directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money, and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures, debenture stock or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party.

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Terms of Directors and Officers

Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou may remove any Founder Director from office by written notice to us; Alibaba may remove any Alibaba Director from office by written notice to us; and our shareholders may remove any of our directors from office by a special resolution. In addition, a director will cease to be a director if he or she becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his or her creditors, dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, resigns, or is absent from meetings of the board for three consecutive meetings without special leave of absence from the board and the board resolves that his or her office be vacated.

If a Founder Director ceases to be a director for any reason, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou will have the right to appoint another Founder Director as long as Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou and his affiliates hold any of our shares. If an Alibaba Director ceases to be a director for any reason, Alibaba will have the right to appoint another Alibaba Director as long as Alibaba (including Cainiao Network) and their affiliates hold any of our shares. If the aggregate number of shares held by Alibaba (including Cainiao Network) and their affiliates represent less than 10% of our total outstanding shares, Alibaba will not be able to exercise such appointment right if there is one remaining Alibaba Director on our board, and Alibaba may be required to remove one Alibaba Director if there are two Alibaba Directors on our board.

By special resolution, our shareholders may appoint any person to be a director, either to fill a vacancy resulting from the removal of a director by special resolution or as an addition to the existing board. Our board may, by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the remaining directors present and voting at a board meeting, appoint any person as a director in order to fill a vacancy other than as a result of the removal of a director by our shareholders, Mr. Shao-Ning Johnny Chou or Alibaba.

D.Employees

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Employees.”

E.Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership, within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, of our ordinary shares, as of February 29, 2020 by:

●            each of our directors and executive officers;

●            our directors and executive officers as a group; and

●            each person known to us to own beneficially 5.0% or more of our ordinary shares.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option or other right or the conversion of any other security.

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The calculations in the table below are based on (i) 247,783,865 Class A ordinary shares, (ii) 94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares, and (iii) 47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares, that were issued and outstanding as of February 29, 2020. The aforesaid 247,783,865 Class A ordinary shares excludes the 2,864,587 Class A ordinary shares issued to our depositary bank as of February 29, 2020 and reserved for future issuances of ADSs upon exercise or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans that are not deemed outstanding for the purpose of calculating percentage ownership and voting power in this annual report.

	Class A		Class B		Class C
	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage	Voting Power****
Shao-Ning Johnny Chou	*	*	—	—	47,790,698	100.0	46.4
Lin Wan	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Jun Chen	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mark Qiu	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
George Chow	6,653,937	2.7	—	—	—	—	**
Quan Hao	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Wenbiao Li	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Gloria Fan	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mangli Zhang	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Shaohua Zhou	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Tao Liu	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Bo Liu	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Xingjun Yuan	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Feng Dong	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Yanbing Zhang	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Jimei Liu	*	*	—	—	—	—	**
Directors and Executive officers as a Group	8,240,829	3.3	—	—	47,790,698	100.0	46.6
Alibaba Group Holding Limited(1)	24,184,400	9.2	94,075,249	100.0	—	—	46.2
Shao-Ning Johnny Chou	*	*	—	—	47,790,698	100.0	46.4
CR Entities (2)	33,548,304	13.5	—	—	—	—	1.1
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.(3)	12,702,068	5.1	—	—	—	—	0.4

* Beneficially owns less than 1% of our total ordinary shares outstanding on an as-converted basis.

** Holds less than 1% of voting power of our total ordinary shares outstanding.

*** The business address for our directors and executive officers is 2nd Floor, Block A, Huaxing Modern Industry Park, No. 18 Tangmiao Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310013, People’s Republic of China.

**** For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares as a single class. In respect of matters requiring a shareholder vote, each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote, each Class B ordinary share is entitled to 15 votes, and each Class C ordinary share is entitled to 30 votes. Each Class B ordinary share or Class C ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares or Class C ordinary shares, Class B ordinary shares are not convertible to Class C ordinary shares, and Class C ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances.

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(1) The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned was reported in an Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13D filed by Alibaba Group Holding Limited, Alibaba Investment Limited and other reporting persons on September 19, 2019, and consists of (i) 10,000,000 Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs held by Alibaba Investment Limited, (ii) 14,184,400 Class A ordinary shares, represented by ADSs, convertible at any time from 1.75% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2024 in the principal amount of US$100,000,000 at the option of Alibaba Investment Limited, the holder of such senior notes issued by us in September 2019, (iii) 75,831,692 Class B ordinary shares held by Alibaba Investment Limited, and (iv) 18,243,557 Class B ordinary shares held by Cainiao Smart Logistics Investment Limited. Alibaba Group Holding Limited is a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Alibaba Investment Limited is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Alibaba Group Holding Limited. Cainiao Smart Logistics Investment Limited is a British Virgin Islands company wholly owned by Cainiao Smart Logistics Network Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Alibaba Group Holding Limited owned a 63% equity interest in Cainiao Smart Logistics Network Limited as of November 8, 2019 as disclosed in the current report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC by Alibaba Group Holding Limited on November 8, 2019. Beneficial ownership of the Class B ordinary shares held by Cainiao Smart Logistics Investment Limited is attributed to Alibaba Group Holding Limited as a result of its ownership of the 63% equity interest in Cainiao Smart Logistics Network Limited. The registered address of Alibaba Group Holding Limited is the offices of Trident Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, Fourth Floor, One Capital Place, P.O. Box 847, George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands.

(2) The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned was reported in a Schedule 13G filed by the CR Entities and other reporting persons on February 14, 2019 and consists of (i) 25,778,872 Class A ordinary shares held by Florence Star Worldwide Limited, and (ii) 7,769,432 Class A ordinary shares held by Brackenhill Tower Limited. Florence Star Worldwide Limited and Brackenhill Tower Limited are collectively referred to as the CR Entities. Each of Florence Star Worldwide Limited and Brackenhill Tower Limited is a limited liability company established in the British Virgin Islands, and each of them has its registered address at Trident Chambers, P.O. Box 146, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The CR Entities are special purpose vehicles of both China Harvest Fund II, L.P. and China Harvest Co-Investors II, L.P., or the China Harvest Funds. The general partner of the China Harvest Funds is China Renaissance Capital Investment II, L.P. The general partner of China Renaissance Capital Investment II, L.P. is China Renaissance Capital II GP. The voting powers and investment powers of the CR Entities are exercised in accordance with the direction of the board of directors of China Renaissance Capital II GP. Mark Qiu is a member of such board of directors and disclaims beneficial ownership in the aforesaid shares except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein through his partnership interest in the China Harvest Funds.

(3) The number of ordinary shares beneficially owned was reported in a Schedule 13G filed by The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and other reporting persons on February 14, 2020 and consists of an aggregate of 12,702,068 Class A ordinary shares owned by Broad Street Principal Investments, L.L.C., Bridge Street 2014, L.P., Stone Street 2014, L.P., MBD 2014, L.P., Bridge Street 2014 Offshore, L.P., Stone Street 2014 Offshore, L.P. and MBD 2014 Offshore, L.P. (collectively, the “GS Stockholders”), and are owned, or may be deemed to, or to have been beneficially owned, by Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (“Goldman Sachs”) and The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (“GS Group”). MBD Advisors, L.L.C. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of GS Group and is the general partner of MBD 2014, L.P. and MBD 2014 Offshore, L.P., and Bridge Street Opportunity Advisors, L.L.C. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of GS Group and is the general partner of the other GS Investing Entities. Goldman Sachs is a subsidiary of GS Group. Goldman Sachs owns certain of the shares on behalf of managed accounts and is the investment manager of the GS Stockholders. Each of the GS Group, Broad Street Principal Investments, L.L.C., MBD Advisors, L.L.C. and Bridge Street Opportunity Advisors, L.L.C. is a limited liability company incorporated in Delaware. Each of MBD 2014, L.P., Bridge Street 2014, L.P. and Stone Street 2014, L.P. is a Delaware limited partnership. Goldman Sachs is a limited liability company incorporated in New York. Each of Bridge Street 2014 Offshore, L.P., Stone Street 2014 Offshore, L.P. and MBD 2014 Offshore, L.P. is a Cayman Islands limited partnership.

To our knowledge, as of February 29, 2020, 160,346,712 Class A ordinary shares or 64.7% of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares were held by eight record holders in the United States, including our ADS depositary bank, which held 152,172,268 Class A ordinary shares or 61.4% of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares (excluding 2,864,587 Class A ordinary shares issued and reserved for future issuances of ADSs upon exercise or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans). Because many of these shares are held by brokers or other nominees, we cannot ascertain the exact number of beneficial shareholders with addresses in the United States. As of February 29, 2020, 47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares representing all of our outstanding Class C ordinary shares were held by one record holder in the United States, namely, Shao-Ning Johnny Chou, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

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ITEM 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A.Major Shareholders

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership”

B.Related Party Transactions

Contractual Arrangements with our Variable Interest Entity and its Shareholders

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Variable Interest Entity Contractual Arrangements.”

Convertible Senior Notes

In September 2019, we completed an offering of US$200 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 (including full exercise of the initial purchasers’ option to purchase additional notes), including US$100 million principal amount of notes sold to an entity affiliated with Alibaba Group Holding Limited. The notes will mature on October 1, 2024. Holders may convert their notes at their option into our ADSs at an initial conversion rate of 141.8440 ADSs per US$1,000 principal amount of notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately US$7.05 per ADS), which rate is subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Shareholders Agreement

On April 5, 2016, we, our subsidiaries, Hangzhou BEST Network, and all of our then-existing shareholders entered into the shareholders agreement, as amended on September 6, 2017, which replaced and superseded our previous shareholders agreements. The shareholders agreement addresses certain matters in relation to shareholder rights, corporate governance arrangements and other related obligations. Except for the shareholder and director nomination right of Alibaba Investment Limited, or AIL, with respect to Hangzhou BEST Network, a VIE, our non-compete undertaking to AIL and certain registration rights, all other rights and obligations of us and the shareholders under the shareholders agreement terminated upon completion of our initial public offering.

Other Transactions with Certain Directors and Affiliates

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”

Share Incentive Plans

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.”

Other Transactions with Related Parties

We provided supply chain management and express delivery services to Cainiao Network, and the related service fees amounted to RMB490.0 million, RMB652.4 million and RMB814.9 (US$117.0 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, we had balances of RMB164.9 million, RMB197.5 million and RMB241.0 million (US$34.6 million), respectively, due from Cainiao Network, which represent service fees payable to us.

Cainiao Network leased warehouses to us resulting in rental expense of RMB8.7 million, RMB9.1 million and RMB9.9 million (US$1.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Cainiao Network introduced customers to us and we incurred commission fees of nil, RMB3.5 million and RMB0.2 million (US$0.02 million) to Cainiao Network for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Cainiao Network also paid on our behalf certain operating costs of RMB19.9 million, RMB 16.4 million and RMB9.9 million (US$1.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31,2018 and 2019, we had a balance of RMB12.4 million and RMB6.1 million (US$0.9 million), respectively, due to Cainiao Network, which represents rental expenses, commission fees and operating costs payable by us.

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Alibaba Cloud Computing Co. Ltd. (“Ali Cloud”), an affiliate of Alibaba, provided certain cloud services to us resulting in service expense incurred by us of nil, RMB4.8 million and RMB9.7 million (US$1.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, we had a balance of nil and RMB 0.4 million (US$0.06 million), respectively, due from Ali Could, which represents service fees prepaid to Ali Cloud.

We provided express delivery service to Lazada Express Limited (“Lazada”), an affiliate of Alibaba, and the related service fees amounted to nil, nil and RMB10.7 million (US$1.5 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, we had a balance of nil and RMB5.3 million (US$0.8 million), respectively, due from Lazada, which represents service fees payable to us.

C.Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Please refer to Item 18 for a list of our annual consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report on Form 20-F.

Legal Proceedings

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Legal Proceedings.”

Dividend Policy and Distributions

Since our inception, we have not declared or paid any dividends on our shares. We do not have any present plan to pay any dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Any future determination to pay dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our directors decide to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount of dividends will be based on a number of factors, including our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by our ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to our ADS holders in proportion to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. Cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. In order for us to distribute any dividends to our shareholders and ADS holders, we rely on dividends distributed by our subsidiaries in China and other jurisdictions. Distributions from our subsidiaries to us may be subject to various local taxes, such as withholding tax. In addition, regulations in China currently permit payment of dividends of a Chinese company only out of accumulated distributable after-tax profits as determined in accordance with its articles of association and the accounting standards and regulations in China.

B.Significant Changes

We have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

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ITEM 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING

A.Offer and Listing Details

Our ADSs, each representing one of our Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since September 20, 2017 under the symbol “BSTI.” Our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “BSTI” to BEST” effective at the start of trading on February 19, 2019.

B.          Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C.          Markets

Our ADSs, each representing one of our Class A ordinary shares, have been trading on the New York Stock Exchange since September 20, 2017. From September 20, 2017 to February 18, 2019, our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange was “BSTI.” Our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “BSTI” to BEST” effective at the start of trading on February 19, 2019.

D.          Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E.          Dilution

Not applicable.

F.          Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A.          Share Capital

Not applicable.

B.          Memorandum and Articles of Association

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our ninth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contained in our Form F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-218959), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017. Our shareholders adopted our ninth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association on September 6, 2017.

C.          Material Contracts

In the past three fiscal years, we have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business or other than those disclosed elsewhere in this annual report.

D.          Exchange Controls

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulatory Matters—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange.”

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E.         Taxation

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not a party to any double tax treaties which are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our ordinary shares and ADSs will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of dividends or capital to any holder of our ordinary shares or ADSs, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our ordinary shares or ADSs be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax. No stamp duty is payable in respect of the issue of our ordinary shares or on an instrument of transfer in respect of our ordinary shares.

Pursuant to Section 6 of the Tax Concessions Law (1999 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, we have obtained an undertaking from the Governor-in-Council:

(1) that no law which is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits or income or gains or appreciation shall apply to us or our operations; and

(2) that the aforesaid tax or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall not be payable on our shares, debentures or other obligations.

The undertaking for us is for a period of twenty years from March 18, 2008.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

In March 2007, the National People’s Congress of China enacted the Enterprise Income Tax Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was recently amended on December 29, 2018. The Enterprise Income Tax Law provides that enterprises organized under the laws of jurisdictions outside China with their “de facto management bodies” located within China may be considered China resident enterprises and therefore subject to Chinese enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law further defines the term “de facto management body” as the management body that exercises substantial and overall management and control over the business, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Further to SAT Circular 82, in 2011, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial), or SAT Bulletin 45, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82.

According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be considered a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the senior management and core management departments in charge of its daily operations function have their presence mainly in the PRC; (ii) its financial and human resources decisions are subject to determination or approval by persons or bodies in the PRC; (iii) its major assets, accounting books, company seals, and minutes and files of its board of directors and shareholders’ meetings are located or kept in the PRC; and (iv) more than half of the enterprise’s directors or senior management with voting rights habitually reside in the PRC.

Although SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the determination criteria set forth therein may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test could be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, individuals or foreigners.

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Although a substantial majority of the members of our management team are located in the PRC, we believe that BEST Inc. is not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. BEST Inc. is not controlled by a PRC enterprise or PRC enterprise group and we do not believe that BEST Inc. meets all of the conditions above. BEST Inc. is a company incorporated outside the PRC. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, which are located outside the PRC. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.”

If the PRC tax authorities determine that BEST Inc. is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. It is also unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of BEST Inc. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that BEST Inc. is treated as a PRC resident enterprise.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following summary describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ADSs and ordinary shares as of the date hereof. This summary is only applicable to ADSs and ordinary shares held as capital assets by a U.S. Holder (as defined below).

As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

●            an individual citizen or resident of the U.S.;

●            a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the U.S., any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

●            an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

●            a trust if it (i) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the U.S. and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

The discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and regulations, rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, and such authorities may be replaced, revoked or modified so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. In addition, this summary is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

This summary does not represent a detailed description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to you if you are subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws, including if you are:

●            a U.S. expatriate or one of certain former citizens or long-term residents of the U.S.;

●            a broker or dealer in securities or currencies;

●            a financial institution;

●            a regulated investment company;

●            a real estate investment trust;

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●            an insurance company;

●            a tax-exempt organization or governmental organization;

●            a person holding our ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a hedging, integrated or conversion transaction, a constructive sale or a straddle;

●            a trader in securities that has elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for your securities;

●            a person liable for alternative minimum tax;

●            a person who acquired the ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation;

●            a person who owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value);

●            a partnership or other pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

●            a person required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to our ADSs or ordinary shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement; or

●            a person whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our ADSs or ordinary shares, you should consult your tax advisors.

This summary does not contain a detailed description of all the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular circumstances and does not address the Medicare tax on net investment income or the effects of any state, local or non-U.S. tax laws. If you are considering the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, you should consult your own tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular situation as well as any consequences arising under other United States federal tax laws and the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

ADSs

If you hold ADSs, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, you generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares that are represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Taxation of Dividends

Subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, the gross amount of any distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as dividends, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent that the amount of any distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, the distribution ordinarily would be treated, first, as a tax-free return of capital, causing a reduction in the adjusted basis of the ADSs or ordinary shares (thereby increasing the amount of gain, or decreasing the amount of loss, to be recognized by you on a subsequent disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares), and, second, the balance in excess of adjusted basis generally would be taxed as capital gain recognized on a sale or exchange. However, we do not expect to determine our earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, you should expect that distributions will generally be reported to the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and taxed to you as dividends (as discussed above), even if they might ordinarily be treated as a tax-free return of capital or as capital gain.

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Any dividends that you receive (including withheld taxes) will be includable in your gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received by you, in the case of the ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code.

With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, certain dividends received from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to reduced rates of taxation. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends received from that corporation on ordinary shares (or ADSs backed by such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. U.S. Treasury Department guidance indicates that our ADSs (which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange), but not our common shares, are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S. Thus, subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, we believe that dividends we pay on our ADSs will meet the conditions required for the reduced tax rate. Since we do not expect that our ordinary shares will be listed on an established securities market, we do not believe that dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs will meet the conditions required for these reduced tax rates. There also can be no assurance that our ADSs will continue to be readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. Consequently, there can be no assurance that dividends paid on our ADSs will continue to be afforded the reduced tax rates. A qualified foreign corporation also includes a foreign corporation that is eligible for the benefits of certain income tax treaties with the U.S. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC tax law (see “—People’s Republic of China Taxation” above), we may be eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the U.S. and the PRC, or the Treaty. In that case, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation whether or not the shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the U.S., and whether or not the shares are represented by ADSs. Non-corporate U.S. Holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules given your particular circumstances.

Non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us if we are a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year (see “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below).

In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the PRC tax law, you may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. See “—People’s Republic of China Taxation.” In that case, subject to certain conditions and limitations (including a minimum holding period requirement), PRC withholding taxes on dividends may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as foreign-source income and will generally constitute passive category income. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

Based on the past and projected composition of our income and assets, and the valuation of our assets, including goodwill, we do not believe we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2019 and we do not expect to become one in future taxable years, although there can be no assurance in this regard, since the determination of our PFIC status cannot be made until the end of a taxable year and depends significantly on the composition of our assets and income throughout the year.

In general, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which:

●            at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or

●            at least 50% of the value (based on a quarterly average) of our assets is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

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For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents (other than royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from a related person), as well as gains from the sale of assets (such as stock) that produce passive income, foreign currency gains, and certain other categories of income. If we own at least 25% (by value) of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated, for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC, as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income. However, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our VIEs will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we consider ourselves to own the stock of our VIEs. If it is determined, contrary to our view, that we do not own the stock of our VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes (for instance, because the relevant Chinese authorities do not respect these arrangements), that would alter the composition of our income and assets for purposes of testing our PFIC status, and may cause us to be treated as a PFIC.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year due to changes in our asset or income composition. Because we have valued our goodwill based on the market value of our ADSs, a decrease in the price of our ADSs may also result in our becoming a PFIC. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or common shares, you will be subject to special tax rules discussed below.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares and you do not make a timely mark-to-market election, as described below, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received and any gain realized from a sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Distributions received in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

●            the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares,

●            the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income, and

●            the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

The tax liability for amounts allocated to taxable years prior to the year of disposition or excess distribution cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares cannot be treated as capital, even if you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares as capital assets.

Although the determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year in which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will generally be subject to the special tax rules described above for that year and for each subsequent year in which you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares (even if we do not qualify as a PFIC in any subsequent years). However, if we cease to be a PFIC, you can avoid the continuing impact of the PFIC rules by making a special election to recognize gain as if your ADSs or ordinary shares had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year during which we were a PFIC. You are urged to consult your own tax advisor about this election.

In certain circumstances, in lieu of being subject to the special tax rules discussed above, you may make a mark-to-market election with respect to your ADSs or ordinary shares provided such ADSs or ordinary shares are treated as “marketable stock.” The ADSs or ordinary shares generally will be treated as marketable stock if the ADSs or ordinary shares are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange or other market” (within the meaning of the applicable Treasury regulations). Under current law, the mark-to-market election may be available to holders of ADSs because the ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, which constitutes a qualified exchange, although there can be no assurance that the ADSs will be “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. It should also be noted that only the ADSs and not the ordinary shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Consequently, if you are a holder of ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs, you generally will not be eligible to make a mark-to-market election.

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If you make an effective mark-to-market election, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, you will include as ordinary income the excess of the fair market value of your ADSs at the end of the year over your adjusted basis in the ADSs. You will be entitled to deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess of your adjusted basis in the ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If you make an effective mark-to-market election, any gain you recognize upon the sale or other disposition of your ADSs in a year that we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If you make a mark-to-market election, any distributions we make would generally be subject to the rules discussed above under “—Taxation of Dividends” except the lower rate applicable to qualified dividend income would not apply.

Your adjusted basis in the ADSs will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. If you make a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any lower-tier PFICs that we own, you may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to your indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes (as discussed below). You are urged to consult your tax advisor about the availability of the mark-to-market election, and whether making the election would be advisable in your particular circumstances.

A different election, known as the “qualified electing fund” or “QEF” election, under Section 1295 of the Code is generally available to holders of PFIC stock, but requires that the corporation provide the holders with a “PFIC Annual Information Statement” containing certain information necessary for the election, including the holder’s pro rata share of the corporation’s earnings and profits and net capital gains for each taxable year, computed according to U.S. federal income tax principles. We do not intend, however, to determine our earnings and profits or net capital gain under U.S. federal income tax principles, nor do we intend to provide U.S. Holders with a PFIC Annual Information Statement. Therefore, you should not expect to be eligible to make this election.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is also a PFIC, you will be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. You are urged to consult your tax advisors about the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

You will generally be required to file IRS Form 8621 if you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares in any year in which we are classified as a PFIC. You are urged to consult your tax advisors concerning the U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding ADSs or ordinary shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year.

Taxation of Capital Gains

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale or exchange of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized for the ADSs or ordinary shares and your adjusted basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares. Subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” above, such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss and will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the ADSs or ordinary shares for more than one year. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any gain or loss recognized by you will generally be treated as U.S. source gain or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. However, if we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes and PRC tax is imposed on any gain, and if you are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, you may elect to treat such gain as PRC source gain. If you are not eligible for the benefits of the Treaty or you fail to make the election to treat any gain as PRC source, then you may not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against U.S. federal income tax due on other income derived from foreign sources in the same income category (generally, the passive category). You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if any PRC tax is imposed on gain on a disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs, including the availability of the foreign tax credit and the election to treat any gain as PRC source, under your particular circumstances.

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Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

In general, information reporting will apply to dividends in respect of our ADSs or ordinary shares and the proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares that are paid to you within the U.S. (and in certain cases, outside the U.S.), unless you are an exempt recipient such as a corporation. A backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status or fail to report in full dividend and interest income. U.S. Holders that are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is furnished to the IRS in a timely manner.

F.Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G.Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H.Documents on Display

We have filed this annual report on Form 20-F, including exhibits, with the SEC. As allowed by the SEC, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report.

You may read and copy this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the SEC’s regional offices in New York, New York, and Chicago, Illinois. You can also request copies of this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Room for information.

The SEC also maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov. The information on that website is not a part of this annual report.

I.Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 11.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to interest expenses incurred in respect of bank borrowings, capital lease obligations and interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits. We have not significantly used derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Interest earning instruments and interest-bearing obligations carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in market interest rates. However, our future interest income and interest expenses may fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates.

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Foreign Exchange Risk

Substantially all of our revenue and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. Although in general our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while our ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the PBOC. The Chinese government allowed the Renminbi to appreciate by more than 20% against the U.S. dollar between July 2005 and July 2008. Between July 2008 and June 2010, the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar had been stable and traded within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Chinese government has allowed the Renminbi to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar, though there have been periods when the Renminbi has depreciated against the U.S. dollar. In particular, on August 11, 2015, the PBOC allowed the Renminbi to depreciate by approximately 2% against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how long the current situation may last and when and how the relationship between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar may change again.

We have historically incurred short-term borrowings in Renminbi to fund our working capital requirements in the PRC while holding significant U.S. dollar balances. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

Inflation

Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially affected our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent changes in the consumer price index were increases of 1.6%, 2.1% and 2.9% in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Although we have not been materially affected by inflation in the past, we may be affected if China experiences higher rates of inflation in the future.

Commodity Price Risk

Our exposure to commodity price risk primarily relates to the fuel price in connection with our transportation network. The price and availability of fuel are subject to fluctuations due to changes in the level of global oil production, seasonality, weather, global politics and other factors. Historically, fluctuations in the price of fuel, especially gasoline, have been the commodity with the greatest impact on our results of operations. Despite the recent decline in fuel prices, there is a risk that fuel prices could rise in future periods. In the event of significant fuel price rise, our transportation expenses may rise and our gross income may decrease if we are unable to adopt any effective cost control-measures or pass on the incremental costs to our customers in the form of service surcharges.

We are also exposed to a lesser degree to the price of paper used in packing of the parcels and other goods we ship and the price of electricity that powers our technology and that is used in our facilities.

ITEM 12.  DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A.           Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B.           Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C.          Other Securities

Not applicable.

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D.American Depositary Shares

In September 2017, we appointed Citibank, N.A., or Citibank, as the depositary bank for our ADR program. We entered into a deposit agreement with Citibank, as depositary, and all holders from time to time of our ADRs on September 22, 2017.

Fees and Charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:

Service	Fees
●      Issuance of ADSs (e.g.,  an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of Class A ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Class A ordinary share(s) ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of Class A ordinary shares	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS issued
●      Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-Class A ordinary share(s) ratio, or for any other reason)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS cancelled
●      Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
●      Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) stock dividends or other free stock distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
●      Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
●      ADS Services	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank

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As an ADS holder you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

●            taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

●            the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of Class A ordinary shares on the share register and applicable to transfers of Class A ordinary shares to or from the name of the custodian, the depositary bank or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

●            certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

●            the expenses and charges incurred by the depositary bank in the conversion of foreign currency;

●            the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary bank in connection with compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to Class A ordinary shares, ADSs and ADRs; and

●            the fees and expenses incurred by the depositary bank, the custodian, or any nominee in connection with the servicing or delivery of deposited property.

ADS fees and charges payable upon (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person to whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person whose ADSs are cancelled (in the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary bank into DTC, the ADS issuance and cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii) the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary bank fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary bank fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain of the depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary bank. You will receive prior notice of such changes. The depositary bank may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary bank agree from time to time.

Payments by Depositary

In early 2020, we received total payments of approximately US$2.1 million from Citibank, the depositary bank for our ADR program for reimbursement of investor relations expenses and other program-related expenses, after deduction of applicable U.S. taxes, for the year 2019.

PART II

ITEM  13.DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

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ITEM  14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

A.Modifications of Rights

See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.

E.Use of Proceeds

The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File No. 333-218959) in relation to our initial public offering, which was declared effective by the SEC on September 19, 2017. In September 2017, we completed our initial public offering in which we issued and sold an aggregate of 49,750,000 ADSs, representing 49,750,000 Class A ordinary shares, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately US$472.2 million. Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. were the representatives of the underwriters for our initial public offering.

For the period from September 19, 2017, the date that the F-1 Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC, to December 31, 2019, we used approximately US$360.7 million of the net proceeds from our initial public offering to expand and optimize our express, freight and supply chain service network as well as for us to provide financing services to our ecosystem participants through BEST Capital. We still intend to use the remainder of the proceeds from our initial public offering, as disclosed in our registration statements on Form F-1, for (i) continued investments in our technology infrastructure and development of additional services and solutions, (ii) further expansion of our integrated logistics and supply chain service network and BEST Store⁺ network, and (iii) general corporate purposes, including the acquisition of, or investment in, technologies, solutions or businesses that complement our existing business, although we have no present commitments or agreements to enter into any acquisitions or investments.

ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the specified time periods and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal accounting officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal accounting officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2019. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal accounting officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that material information required to be disclosed in this annual report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported to them for assessment, and required disclosure is made within the time period specified in the rules and forms of the Commission.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. As required by Rule 13a-15(c) of the Exchange Act, our management conducted an evaluation of our company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, as stated in its report, which appears on page F-4 of this annual report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that each of Ms. Quan Hao and Mr. Mark Qiu, who is an independent director, qualifies as an audit committee financial expert as defined in Item 16A of the instruction to Form 20-F.

ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which applies to our directors, employees, advisors and officers, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. No changes have been made to the code of business conduct and ethics since its adoption and no waivers have been granted therefrom to our directors or employees. We have filed our code of business conduct as an exhibit to our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-218959), as amended, initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017, and a copy is available to any shareholder upon request. This code of business conduct and ethics is also available on our website at ir.best-inc.com.

ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, for the years indicated.

	For the Years Ended
	December 31,
	2018	2019
	(In thousands of US dollars)
Audit Fees(1)	1,599	1,681
All Other Fees(2)	—	210
Total	—	1,891

(1)“Audit Fees” represents the aggregate fees billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual financial statements and assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC and other statutory and regulatory filings.

(2)“All Other Fees” represents transaction advisory services related to certain restructuring in each of the fiscal years listed for services rendered by our principal auditors associated with certain due diligence projects in 2019.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee is responsible for the oversight of our independent accountants’ work. The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, including audit services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.

ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

None.

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ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

In November 2019, we announced the adoption of a share repurchase program in an aggregate amount of up to US$100 million worth of our outstanding ADSs from time to time over a period of 18 months, or the 2019 Share Repurchase Program. We did not repurchase any ADS in 2019, being the period covered by this annual report.

ITEM 16F.CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act), and our ADSs, each representing one Class A ordinary share, are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Under Section 303A of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual, New York Stock Exchange listed companies that are foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions specified by the New York Stock Exchange with limited exceptions. The following summarizes some significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies under the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange.

●            In respect of independent directors on our board of directors: As our home country practice does not require a majority of our board of directors to be independent, only three of our seven directors are independent.

●            In respect of the oversight of our executive officer compensation and director nominations matters: As our home country practice does not require independent director oversight of executive officer compensation and director nomination matters, our compensation and corporate governance and nominating committees are not comprised solely of independent directors.

ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Registrant has elected to provide the financial statements and related information specified in Item 18.

ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements of BEST Inc. are included at the end of this annual report.

ITEM 19.            EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits
1.1	Ninth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
2.1	Registrant’s Form of American Depositary Receipt evidencing American Depositary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a) to our Registration Statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-220361) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2017 with respect to American depositary shares representing our Class A ordinary shares).

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Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits
2.2	Registrant’s Specimen of Ordinary Share Certificate (incorporated by reference Exhibit 4.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
2.3	Form of Deposit Agreement between the Registrant and Citibank, N.A., as depositary (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a) to our Registration Statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-220361) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2017 with respect to American depositary shares representing our Class A ordinary shares).
*2.4	Description of Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
4.1	Seventh Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement among the Registrant, its then shareholders, subsidiaries and variable interest entity, dated April 5, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.2	Amendment No. 1 to Seventh Shareholders Agreement, as adopted by shareholder resolutions on September 6, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.3	Loan Agreement between Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd., Wei Chen and Lili He, dated October 12, 2011 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.4	Loan Agreement between Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., dated February 15, 2015 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.5	Amended and Restated Exclusive Technical Services Agreement between Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd. and Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd., dated June 21, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.6	Amended and Restated Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., among Wei Chen, Lili He, Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., dated June 21, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.7	Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement concerning Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., among Wei Chen, Lili He, Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., BEST Logistics Technologies Limited, Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., dated June 21, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.8	Amended and Restated Exclusive Call Option Agreement concerning Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., among Wei Chen, Lili He, Hangzhou Ali Venture Capital Co., Ltd., BEST Logistics Technologies Limited, Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd., dated June 21, 2017 (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).

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Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits
4.9	BEST Logistics Technologies Limited Series G Preferred Share Purchase Agreement, among the Registrant, its then shareholders, subsidiaries and variable interest entity and certain investors named therein, dated January 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.10	BEST Logistics Technologies Limited Series G-2 Preferred Share Purchase Agreement, among the Registrant, its then shareholders, subsidiaries and variable interest entity and certain investors named therein, dated April 5, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.11	Share Repurchase Agreement, among the Registrant and certain selling shareholders named therein, dated April 5, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.12	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.13	Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers who are not PRC citizens (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.14	Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officers who are PRC citizens (English Translation) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.15	Form of Letter of Commitment and Non-Compete between the Registrant and its executive officers who are PRC citizens (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.16	BEST Logistics Technologies Limited 2008 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
4.17	BEST Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
*4.18	Indenture, dated September 17, 2019, between the Registrant and Citicorp International Limited, as Trustee, relating to the issuance of the Registrant’s 1.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2024 in the aggregate principal amount of US$200 million.
*4.19	Loan Agreement between BEST Logistics Technology (China) Co., Ltd., Wei Chen and Lili He, dated April 8, 2020 (English Translation).
*4.20	Exclusive Technical Services Agreement between Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.) and BEST Logistics Technology (China) Co., Ltd., dated October 23, 2019 (English Translation).
*4.21	Equity Pledge Agreement concerning Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.), among Wei Chen, Lili He, BEST Logistics Technology (China) Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.), dated October 23, 2019 (English Translation).

143

Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibits
*4.22	Shareholders’ Voting Rights Proxy Agreement concerning Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.), among Wei Chen, Lili He, BEST Inc., BEST Logistics Technology (China) Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.), dated October 23, 2019 (English Translation).
*4.23	Exclusive Call Option Agreement concerning Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.), among Wei Chen, Lili He, BEST Inc. BEST Logistics Technology (China) Co., Ltd. and Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd. (later renamed as Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.), dated October 23, 2019 (English Translation).
*8.1	List of Subsidiaries.
11.1	Code of Business Conduct of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-218959), initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 26, 2017).
*12.1	Certification of our Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
*12.2	Certification of our Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
**13.1	Certification of our Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
**13.2	Certification of our Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
*15.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
*15.2	Consent of King and Wood Mallesons
*101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.
*101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
*101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
*101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
*101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.
*101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

*104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*       Filed herewith

**    Furnished herewith

144

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	BEST Inc.
	By:	/s/ Shao-Ning Johnny Chou
		Name:	Shao-Ning Johnny Chou
		Title:	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: April 17, 2020

145

BEST INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2 - F-4
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2019	F-5 - F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-7 – F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-8 – F-8
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ (Deficit)/Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019	F-9 - F10
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	F-11 - F69

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of BEST Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of BEST Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ (deficit)/equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated April 17, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method for accounting for revenue from contracts with customers using a modified retrospective approach in the year ended December 31, 2018 and changed its method for accounting for leases using a modified retrospective approach in the year ended December 31, 2019.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

F-2

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

	Goodwill impairment assessment for the Store+ reporting unit
Description of the Matter	At December 31, 2019, the Company’s total goodwill was RMB490,986 thousand of which RMB201,668 thousand is allocated to the Store+ reporting unit. As discussed in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Group performed a quantitative assessment for the Store+ reporting unit by estimating the fair value of the reporting unit based on an income approach. Auditing management’s annual goodwill impairment test for the Store+ reporting unit was complex and highly judgmental due to the significant estimation required by management in determining the fair value of the reporting unit. In particular, the fair value estimate was sensitive to significant assumptions such as the discount rate, revenue growth rates and operating margin, which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s goodwill impairment assessment process, including management’s review of the significant assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the Store+ reporting unit. To test the estimated fair value of the Store+ reporting unit, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the valuation methodology and testing the significant assumptions discussed above and the underlying data used by the Company in its quantitative assessment. We compared the revenue growth rates and operating margins used by management to the historical performance of the reporting unit, current industry and economic trends and other relevant external data. We involved our valuation specialists to assist in benchmarking the discount rate used by management to comparable companies. We recalculated the fair value of the Store+ reporting unit based on management’s significant assumptions and compared it to the carrying value. We also performed sensitivity analyses of the significant assumptions to evaluate the change in the fair value of the reporting unit that would result from changes in the assumptions.

/s/ Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China

April 17, 2020

F-3

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of BEST Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited BEST Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, BEST Inc. (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ (deficit)/equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and our report dated April 17, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP

Shanghai, The People’s Republic of China

April 17, 2020

F-4

BEST INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 and 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and U.S. dollars (“US$”),
except for number of shares and per share data)

		As at December 31
	Notes	2018	2019	2019
		RMB	RMB	US$
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		1,630,444	1,994,683	286,518
Restricted cash		1,278,326	1,786,832	256,662
Accounts and notes receivables, net of allowance of RMB25,105 and RMB86,152 (US$12,375) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively	5	1,046,844	1,229,083	176,547
Inventories		151,031	140,006	20,111
Prepayments and other current assets	6	1,904,846	2,582,577	370,964
Short-term investments		1,007,329	1,057,598	151,914
Lease rental receivables	9	613,439	650,912	93,498
Amounts due from related parties	21	197,488	246,758	35,445
Total current assets		7,829,747	9,688,449	1,391,659
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net	7	2,064,657	2,939,379	422,215
Intangible assets, net	8	143,810	121,587	17,465
Goodwill	11	469,076	490,986	70,526
Long-term investments	10	214,339	230,855	33,160
Non-current deposits		77,043	127,191	18,270
Other non-current assets		45,531	262,129	37,652
Operating lease right-of-use assets	9	—	4,378,804	628,976
Lease rental receivables	9	1,431,441	1,077,776	154,813
Restricted cash		90,638	175,700	25,238
Total non-current assets		4,536,535	9,804,407	1,408,315
Total assets		12,366,282	19,492,856	2,799,974
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities (including current liabilities of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary of RMB4,357,649 and RMB5,967,835 (US$857,225) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively):
Short-term bank loans	12	1,782,900	2,510,500	360,611
Securitization debt	14	—	104,899	15,068
Accounts and notes payable		2,851,557	3,391,383	487,141
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	13	2,238,785	2,023,263	290,622
Customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue		1,219,230	1,489,510	213,955
Operating lease liabilities	9	—	1,035,252	148,705
Financing lease liabilities	9	2,851	1,363	196
Amounts due to related parties	21	12,429	6,140	882
Income tax payable	16	5,767	7,358	1,057
Total current liabilities		8,113,519	10,569,668	1,518,237
Non‑current liabilities (including non‑current liabilities of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the primary beneficiary of RMB4,357,649 and RMB1,967,870 (US$282,668) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively):
Convertible senior notes	15	—	1,360,208	195,382
Operating lease liabilities	9	—	3,482,634	500,249
Financing lease liabilities	9	745	2,072	298
Deferred tax liabilities	16	25,356	25,806	3,707
Other non-current liabilities		86,504	137,184	19,705
Total non-current liabilities		112,605	5,007,904	719,341
Total liabilities		8,226,124	15,577,572	2,237,578

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

BEST INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018 and 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and U.S. dollars (“US$”),
except for number of shares and per share data)

		As at December 31
	Notes	2018	2019	2019
		RMB	RMB	US$
Commitments and contingencies	24
Shareholders' equity:
Class A ordinary shares (par value of US$0.01 per share as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 1,858,134,053 shares authorized as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 250,648,452 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	20	16,532	16,532	2,375
Class B ordinary shares (par value of US$0.01 per share as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 94,075,249 shares authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	20	6,178	6,178	887
Class C ordinary shares (par value of US$0.01 per share as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 47,790,698 shares authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	20	3,278	3,278	471
Additional paid in capital		19,407,460	19,353,400	2,779,942
Accumulated deficit		(15,419,256)	(15,621,672)	(2,243,913)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	26	123,923	163,196	23,442
BEST Inc. shareholders’ equity		4,138,115	3,920,912	563,204
Non-controlling interests		2,043	(5,628)	(808)
Total shareholders’ equity		4,140,158	3,915,284	562,396
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		12,366,282	19,492,856	2,799,974

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

BEST INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and U.S. dollars (“US$”),
except for number of shares and per share data)

		For the Years ended December 31,
	Notes	2017	2018	2019	2019
		RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Revenue from third parties
Express delivery		12,667,734	17,526,449	21,533,330	3,093,069
Freight delivery		3,178,044	4,102,610	5,224,355	750,432
Supply chain management		1,229,498	1,598,482	1,656,402	237,927
Store +		2,226,034	2,845,002	2,817,202	404,666
Others		198,253	1,236,084	3,119,048	448,023
		19,499,563	27,308,627	34,350,337	4,934,117
Revenue from related parties
Express delivery	21	118,545	176,420	274,268	39,396
Supply chain management	21	371,454	475,932	534,012	76,706
Others	21	—	—	17,272	2,481
		489,999	652,352	825,552	118,583
Total revenue		19,989,562	27,960,979	35,175,889	5,052,700
Cost of revenue
Express delivery		(12,435,550)	(16,915,801)	(20,779,992)	(2,984,859)
Freight delivery		(3,362,652)	(3,946,032)	(4,934,937)	(708,859)
Supply chain management		(1,502,570)	(1,970,105)	(2,052,006)	(294,752)
Store +		(2,072,912)	(2,589,883)	(2,495,503)	(358,457)
Others		(130,327)	(1,098,021)	(2,954,425)	(424,377)
Total cost of revenue		(19,504,011)	(26,519,842)	(33,216,863)	(4,771,304)
Gross profit		485,551	1,441,137	1,959,026	281,396
Selling expenses		(694,852)	(893,859)	(931,914)	(133,861)
General and administrative expenses		(928,188)	(1,020,671)	(1,109,545)	(159,376)
Research and development expenses		(139,009)	(184,581)	(243,392)	(34,961)
Total operating expenses		(1,762,049)	(2,099,111)	(2,284,851)	(328,198)
Loss from operations		(1,276,498)	(657,974)	(325,825)	(46,802)
Interest income		75,056	102,821	95,440	13,709
Interest expense		(47,154)	(75,060)	(79,486)	(11,417)
Foreign exchange loss		(6,320)	(6,533)	(6,420)	(922)
Other income		56,035	171,370	152,305	21,877
Other expense		(18,507)	(30,672)	(36,437)	(5,234)
Loss before income tax and share of net loss of equity investees		(1,217,388)	(496,048)	(200,423)	(28,789)
Income tax expense	16	(9,856)	(11,887)	(18,290)	(2,627)
Loss before share of net loss of equity investees		(1,227,244)	(507,935)	(218,713)	(31,416)
Share of net loss of equity investees		(816)	(456)	(355)	(51)
Net loss		(1,228,060)	(508,391)	(219,068)	(31,467)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(167)	(403)	(16,652)	(2,392)
Net loss attributable to BEST Inc.		(1,227,893)	(507,988)	(202,416)	(29,075)
Net loss per Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary share:
Basic	18	(8.28)	(1.32)	(0.52)	(0.07)
Diluted	18	(8.28)	(1.32)	(0.52)	(0.07)
Shares used in net loss per share computation:
Class A ordinary shares:
Basic	18	73,900,022	242,542,728	246,614,615
Diluted	18	148,237,982	384,408,675	388,480,562
Class B ordinary shares:
Basic	18	26,547,262	94,075,249	94,075,249
Diluted	18	26,547,262	94,075,249	94,075,249
Class C ordinary shares:
Basic	18	47,790,698	47,790,698	47,790,698
Diluted	18	47,790,698	47,790,698	47,790,698
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax of nil
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(133,767)	111,590	39,273	5,641
Comprehensive loss		(1,361,827)	(396,801)	(179,795)	(25,826)
Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(167)	(403)	(16,652)	(2,392)
Comprehensive loss attributable to BEST Inc.		(1,361,660)	(396,398)	(163,143)	(23,434)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-7

BEST INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and U.S. dollars (“US$”)

		For the Years ended December 31,
	Notes	2017	2018	2019	2019
		RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss		(1,228,060)	(508,391)	(219,068)	(31,467)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash generated from operating activities:
Share of net loss of equity investees		816	456	355	51
Fair value change of equity investments without readily determinable fair values under the measurement alternative	10	—	(64,628)	(14,155)	(2,033)
Deferred income tax	16	(1,680)	(6,332)	450	65
Depreciation and amortization		363,909	461,612	492,778	70,783
Lease expense to reduce operating lease right-of -use assets		—	—	773,512	111,108
Share-based compensation	19	298,963	109,107	98,504	14,149
Accretion on secured bank borrowings and convertible senior notes		—	—	17,760	2,551
Allowance for doubtful accounts and inventory provision		18,394	60,001	113,059	16,240
(Gain)/Loss on disposal of property and equipment		(3,065)	12,345	8,130	1,168
Gain on disposal of an equity method investment	10	—	—	(22)	(3)
Gain on disposal of a subsidiary	4	—	—	(4,040)	(580)
Foreign exchange loss		6,320	6,533	6,420	922
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts and notes receivable		(268,272)	(415,318)	(283,114)	(40,667)
Inventories		(21,324)	10,485	13,198	1,896
Prepayment and other current assets		(466,118)	(231,408)	(481,604)	(69,178)
Amounts due from related parties		(81,592)	(32,594)	(49,270)	(7,077)
Non-current deposits		(18,178)	(7,918)	(50,148)	(7,203)
Other non-current assets		(27,037)	(9,055)	1,901	273
Lease rental receivables-interest portion		—	—	(6,738)	(968)
Accounts and notes payable		619,421	636,015	643,709	92,463
Income tax payable		162	5,138	717	103
Customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue		233,394	283,794	270,280	38,823
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		573,637	316,658	177,905	25,552
Amounts due to related parties		12,011	(473)	(6,289)	(903)
Other non-current liabilities		13,901	11,177	11,186	1,607
Operating lease liabilities		—	—	(662,583)	(95,173)
Net cash generated from operating activities		25,602	637,204	852,833	122,502
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of property and equipment		(749,734)	(1,077,784)	(1,497,723)	(215,134)
Origination of lease rental and other financing receivables		(722,257)	(1,556,178)	(850,150)	(122,116)
Receipt of repayment on lease and other financing receivables-principal portion		97,727	309,403	697,380	100,172
Disposal of property and equipment and intangible assets		45,156	44,092	25,444	3,655
Cash paid for business acquisitions (net of cash acquired of RMB2,737, RMB nil and RMB5,176 (US$742) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	4	(313,958)	(45,012)	(29,661)	(4,261)
Acquisition of intangible assets		(26,830)	(1,487)	(4,711)	(677)
Disposal of an equity method investment		—	—	450	65
Proceeds from disposal of a subsidiary		—	—	100	14
Acquisition of long-term investments		(13,902)	(113,000)	(3,144)	(452)
Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments		2,678,724	5,729,611	2,509,477	360,464
Purchase of short-term investments		(5,058,426)	(4,330,900)	(2,554,217)	(366,890)
Other investing activities, net		(42,423)	(189,698)	(205,727)	(29,551)
Net cash used in investing activities		(4,105,923)	(1,230,953)	(1,912,482)	(274,711)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from short-term bank loans		1,901,884	3,417,700	3,810,095	547,286
Repayment of short-term bank loans		(1,189,417)	(2,851,184)	(3,212,486)	(461,444)
Proceeds from convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs	15	—	—	1,375,355	197,557
Purchase of capped calls	15	—	—	(159,138)	(22,859)
Proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities to external investors, net of issuance costs	14	—	—	262,316	37,679
Principal repayment of borrowings from external investors	14	—	—	(157,417)	(22,612)
Borrowings for machinery and electronic equipment	13	—	—	94,000	13,502
Principal repayment of borrowings for machinery and electronic equipment loans		—	—	(14,470)	(2,078)
Proceeds from other financing activities		—	—	1,054	151
Principal repayment of financing lease liabilities		(13,523)	(5,459)	(1,215)	(175)
Contributions from non-controlling interest shareholders		—	2,446	8,318	1,195
Payment of deferred initial public offering costs		—	(9,836)	—	—
Proceeds from initial public offering, net of issuance costs		3,130,197	—	—	—
Proceeds from the exercise of share options		48	3,482	5,400	776
Repurchase of redeemable convertible preferred shares		(98,330)	—	—	—
Net cash generated from financing activities		3,730,859	557,149	2,011,812	288,978
Exchange rate effect on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(48,241)	53,179	5,644	811
Net (decrease)/increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(397,703)	16,579	957,807	137,580
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the year		3,380,532	2,982,829	2,999,408	430,838
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the year		2,982,829	2,999,408	3,957,215	568,418
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:
Cash and cash equivalents		1,240,431	1,630,444	1,994,683	286,518
Restricted cash – current		1,652,653	1,278,326	1,786,832	256,662
Restricted cash – non-current		89,745	90,638	175,700	25,238
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows		2,982,829	2,999,408	3,957,215	568,418
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Income taxes paid		368	4,595	16,249	2,334
Interest expense paid		46,531	74,611	68,846	9,889
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment included in accrued expenses and other liabilities	13	121,735	252,265	128,457	18,452
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment included in prepayment and other current assets		18,351	—	—	—
Acquisition of property and equipment through financing leases		9,055	3,596	3,435	494
Purchase consideration for business acquisitions included in accrued expenses and other liabilities	13	26,497	12,335	11,095	1,594
Deferred IPO costs included in accrued expenses and other liabilities		9,836	—	—	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-8

BEST INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT)/EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and U.S. dollars (“US$”), except for number of shares)

				Accumulated
	Ordinary Shares (Note 20)		Additional	other		Non-	Total
	Number of		paid-in	comprehensive	Accumulated	controlling	shareholders'
	shares	Amount	capital	income	deficit	interests	(deficit)/equity
		RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2017	60,000,000	4,116	—	146,100	(13,658,321)	—	(13,508,105)
Net loss for the year	—	—	—	—	(1,227,893)	(167)	(1,228,060)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—	—	(133,767)	—	—	(133,767)
Share-based compensation	—	—	298,963	—	—	—	298,963
Acquisition of subsidiaries	—	—	—	—	—	91,623	91,623
Acquisition of non-controlling interests	—	—	—	—	—	(90,778)	(90,778)
Issuance of Class A ordinary shares in connection with initial public offering (Note 20)	49,750,000	3,283	3,117,078	—	—	—	3,120,361
Exercise of share options (Note 20)	730,000	48	—	—	—	—	48
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred shares (Note 20)	264,034,399	17,339	15,824,871	—	—	—	15,842,210
Balance as of December 31, 2017 in RMB	374,514,399	24,786	19,240,912	12,333	(14,886,214)	678	4,392,495

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-9

BEST INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT)/EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and U.S. dollars (“US$”), except for number of shares)

				Accumulated
	Ordinary Shares (Note 20)		Additional	other		Non-	Total
	Number of		paid-in	comprehensive	Accumulated	controlling	shareholders'
	shares	Amount	capital	income	deficit	interests	equity
		RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of December 31, 2017	374,514,399	24,786	19,240,912	12,333	(14,886,214)	678	4,392,495
Cumulative effect of accounting change	—	—	—	—	(25,054)	—	(25,054)
Net loss for the year	—	—	—	—	(507,988)	(403)	(508,391)
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	111,590	—	—	111,590
Share-based compensation	—	—	109,107	—	—	—	109,107
Contributions from non-controlling interest shareholders	—	—	—	—	—	2,446	2,446
Acquisition of non-controlling interests (Note 4)	—	—	(167)	—	—	(678)	(845)
Newly deposited and issued to Citibank, N.A. (“Citi”) (Note 20)	18,000,000	—	—	—	—	—	—
Settlement of exercised share options and vested restricted shares with shares held by Citi (Note 20)	(12,903,413)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Exercise of share options and vesting of restricted shares (Note 20)	12,903,413	1,202	57,608	—	—	—	58,810
Balance as of December 31, 2018 in RMB	392,514,399	25,988	19,407,460	123,923	(15,419,256)	2,043	4,140,158
Balance as of December 31, 2018	392,514,399	25,988	19,407,460	123,923	(15,419,256)	2,043	4,140,158
Net loss for the year	—	—	—	—	(202,416)	(16,652)	(219,068)
Other comprehensive income	—	—	—	39,273	—	—	39,273
Share-based compensation	—	—	98,504	—	—	—	98,504
Purchase of capped calls	—	—	(159,138)	—	—	—	(159,138)
Contributions from non-controlling interest shareholders	—	—	—	—	—	8,318	8,318
Acquisition of non-controlling interests (Note 4)	—	—	—	—	—	663	663
Settlement of exercised share options and vested restricted shares with shares held by Citi (Note 20)	(2,056,804)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Exercise of share options and vesting of restricted shares (Note 20)	2,056,804	—	6,574	—	—	—	6,574
Balance as of December 31, 2019 in RMB	392,514,399	25,988	19,353,400	163,196	(15,621,672)	(5,628)	3,915,284
Balance as of December 31, 2019 in US$	—	3,733	2,779,942	23,442	(2,243,913)	(808)	562,396

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-10

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The Company is a limited liability company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on March 3, 2008.

The Company does not conduct any substantive operations on its own but instead conducts its primary business operations through its subsidiaries, variable interest entities (the “VIEs") and VIEs' subsidiaries, which are mainly located in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries. The Company, its subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries are hereinafter collectively referred to as the “Group”.

The Group is principally engaged in the business of providing express delivery services, freight delivery services, supply chain management services, store+ services and other value-added services. The Group’s principal geographic market is in the PRC. On June 22, 2017, the Company revised its name from Best Logistics Technologies Limited to BEST Inc. effective immediately.

On September 20, 2017, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) on the New York Stock Exchange (Note 20).

F-11

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

Details of the Company’s principal subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries as of December 31, 2019 are as follows:

	Place  of		Percentage of
	incorporation,		equity interest
	registration and	Date of	attributable
Name of Company	business	incorporation/acquisition	to the Company		Principal activities
Subsidiaries:
Eight Hundred Logistics Technologies Corporation	British Virgin Islands	May 22, 2007	100	%	Investment holding
("BEST BVI")	("BVI")
BEST Logistics Technologies Limited	Hong Kong	May 29, 2007	100	%	Investment holding
("BEST HK")	("HK")
BEST Capital Inc.	Cayman Islands	December 13, 2017	100	%	Investment holding
(“BEST Capital”)
BEST Capital Holding Limited	BVI	December 13, 2017	100	%	Investment holding
(“BEST Capital BVI”)
BEST Capital Management Limited	HK	December 20, 2017	100	%	Investment holding
(“BEST Capital HK”)
BEST Logistics Technologies (China) Co., Ltd.	PRC	April 23, 2008	100	%	Freight delivery and Supply chain
("BEST China")					management services
BEST Store Network (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.	PRC	May16, 2013	100	%	Store + services
("BEST Store")
Zhejiang BEST Technology Co., Ltd.	PRC	July 26, 2007	100	%	Logistics technical services
("BEST Technology")
Xinyuan Financial Leasing (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd.	PRC	January 15, 2015	100	%	Financial services
(“BEST Finance”)
BEST Logistics Technologies (Ningbo Free Trade Zone) Co., Ltd.	PRC	May 22, 2015	100	%	Supply chain management services
("BEST Ningbo")
VIEs
Hangzhou BEST Network Technologies Co., Ltd.	PRC	August 22, 2007	Nil		Express delivery services
("BEST Network")
Hangzhou BEST Information Technology Services Co., Ltd.	PRC	October 23, 2019	Nil		Ucargo transportation services
(“BEST Information Technology”) (formerly known as Hangzhou Baisheng Investment Management Co., Ltd.) (“Baisheng”)
VIE’s subsidiaries:
Sichuan Wowo Supermarket Chain Co., Ltd.	PRC	May 4, 2017	Nil		Convenience store operations
(“Wowo”)
Shanxi Wowo Supermarket Chain Co., Ltd.	PRC	October 15, 2018	Nil		Convenience store operations
(“Shanxi Wowo”)
BEST UCargo Technologies (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd	PRC	September 8, 2017	Nil		Ucargo transportation services
(“BEST Ucargo”)

F-12

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

To comply with PRC laws and regulations which prohibit foreign investors invest in any domestic mail delivery services, the Group operates its express delivery services in the PRC through its VIEs. Despite the lack of technical majority ownership, BEST Technology has effective control of BEST Network through a series of contractual arrangements (the “Contractual Agreements”) and a parent-subsidiary relationship exists between BEST Technology and BEST Network. The equity interests of BEST Network are legally held by PRC individuals (the “nominee shareholders”). Through the Contractual Agreements, the nominee shareholders of BEST Network effectively assign all of their voting rights underlying their equity interests in BEST Network to BEST Technology. In addition, through the terms of the Contractual Agreements, BEST Technology demonstrates its ability and intention to continue to exercise the ability to absorb substantially all of the profits and all of the expected losses of BEST Network. As a result of the Contractual Agreements, the Company has the power to direct the activities of BEST Network that most significantly impact its economic performance and, is entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from BEST Network through BEST Technology. Therefore, the Company consolidates BEST Network in accordance with SEC Regulation SX-3A-02 and Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810-10, Consolidation: Overall.

The following is a summary of the Contractual Agreements.

Loan Agreements

BEST Technology has granted interest-free loans with an aggregate amount of RMB13,780 to the nominee shareholders of BEST Network for the purpose of providing funds necessary for the capital injection of BEST Network. The loans are only repayable by the nominee shareholders through a transfer of his or her equity interests in BEST Network to BEST Technology or its designated party unless the nominee shareholders are in breach of the agreement, in which BEST Technology can request immediate repayment of the loans. The loan agreements are effective until full repayment of the loans or BEST Technology agrees to waive the loan.

Exclusive Technical Support and Service Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Technical Support and Service Agreement between BEST Technology and BEST Network, BEST Technology has the exclusive right to provide services to BEST Network related to BEST Network’s business, including but not limited to the management, development and maintenance of software, databases and websites, training and recruitment of employees and other services required by BEST Network. In return, BEST Network agrees to pay a service fee that is based on a predetermined formula based on the financial performance of BEST Network. The Exclusive Technical Support and Service Agreement is valid for 20 years and will be automatically renewed on an annual basis unless both parties agree to terminate the agreement.

Exclusive Option Agreement

Under the Exclusive Option Agreement among BEST Technology, BEST Network and nominee shareholders of BEST Network, BEST Technology has (i) an exclusive option to purchase, when and to the extent permitted under PRC laws, all or part of the equity interests in BEST Network or all or part of the assets held by BEST Network and (ii) an exclusive right to cause the nominee shareholders to transfer their equity interest in BEST Network to BEST Technology or any designated third party. BEST Technology has the sole discretion to decide when to exercise the option, whether in part or full. The exercise price of the option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in BEST Network or assets held by BEST Network will be the minimum amount of consideration permitted under the then-applicable PRC laws. Any proceeds received by the nominee shareholders from the exercise of the option exceeding the loan amount, distribution of profits or dividends, shall be remitted to BEST Technology, to the extent permitted under PRC laws. The Exclusive Option Agreement will remain in effect until all the equity interests or the assets held by BEST Network are transferred to BEST Technology or its designated party. BEST Technology may terminate the Exclusive Option Agreement at their sole discretion, whereas under no circumstances may BEST Network or its nominee shareholders terminate this agreement.

F-13

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

Proxy Agreement

Pursuant to the Proxy Agreement between BEST Technology, BEST Network and its nominee shareholders, each of BEST Network’s shareholders agreed to entrust all the rights to exercise their voting power to the person designated by BEST Technology. The nominee shareholders irrevocably authorize the person designated by BEST Technology as its attorney-in-fact (“AIF”) to exercise on such nominee shareholder’s behalf any and all rights that such shareholder has in respect of its equity interests in BEST Network. BEST Technology has the right to replace the authorized AIF at any time upon written notice but not consent from the other parties. The Proxy Agreement has a term of 20 years and is subject to automatic renewal on an annual basis unless it is terminated by BEST Technology at its sole discretion. The nominee shareholders may not terminate the Proxy Agreement or revoke the appointment of the AIF without BEST Technology’s prior written consent.

Equity Pledge Agreement

Under the Equity Pledge Agreement among BEST Technology, BEST Network and its nominee shareholders; the nominee shareholders of BEST Network have pledged all of their equity interests in BEST Network in favor of BEST Technology to secure the performance by BEST Network and its nominee shareholders under the various contractual agreements, including the Exclusive Technical Support and Service Agreement, Loan Agreements and Exclusive Option Agreement described above. The nominee shareholders further undertake that they will remit any distributions as a result in connection with such shareholder’s equity interests in BEST Network to BEST Technology, to the extent permitted by PRC laws. If BEST Network or any of their respective nominee shareholders breach any of their respective contractual obligations under the above agreements, BEST Technology, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell, transfer or dispose the pledged equity interest. The nominee shareholders of BEST Network agree not to create any encumbrance on or otherwise transfer or dispose of their respective equity interest in BEST Network, without the prior consent of BEST Technology. The Equity Pledge Agreement will be valid until BEST Network and their respective shareholders fulfill all contractual obligations under the above agreements.

Through the design of the Contractual Agreements, the nominee shareholders of BEST Network effectively assigned their full voting rights to BEST Technology, which gives BEST Technology the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact BEST Network’s economic performance. In addition, BEST Technology is entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from BEST Network. As a result of these Contractual Agreements, BEST Technology is determined to be the primary beneficiary of BEST Network.

In June 2017, the Contractual Agreements were supplemented by the following terms:

a) Exclusive Technical Support and Service Agreement

●            BEST Technology has the right to unilaterally adjust the service fee;

●            The agreement is valid for 20 years and will be automatically renewed on an annual basis unless terminated by BEST Technology at its sole discretion, whereas under no circumstances may BEST Network terminate this agreement.

F-14

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

b) Exclusive Option Agreement

●            To ensure that the cash flow requirements of BEST Network’s daily operations are met and/or to set off any losses that may be incurred, the Company is obliged, only to the extent permissible under PRC laws, to provide financial support to BEST Network, whether or not BEST Network actually incurs any such operational loss. The Company will not request repayment if BEST Network or its nominee shareholders are unable to do so;

●            Without the Company’s prior consent, BEST Network and its nominee shareholders shall not enter into any material agreements outside of the ordinary course of business;

●            The Company, at its sole discretion, has the right to decide whether the option and other rights granted under the agreement will be exercised by the Company, BEST Technology or its designated party.

c) Proxy Agreement

●            The Proxy Agreement is valid as long as the nominee shareholders remain shareholders of BEST Network;

●            The appointment of any individuals to exercise the powers and rights assigned pursuant to the Proxy Agreement requires the approval of the Company. All the activities in relation to such powers and rights assigned are directed and approved by the Company.

As a result, the power and the rights pursuant to the Proxy Agreement have since been effectively reassigned to the Company which has the power to direct the activities of BEST Network that most significantly impact BEST Network’s economic performance. The Company is also obligated to absorb the expected losses of BEST Network through the financial support as described above. The Company and BEST Technology, as a group of related parties,hold all of the variable interests of BEST Network. The Company has been determined to be most closely associated with BEST Network within the group of related parties and has replaced BEST Technology as the primary beneficiary of BEST Network since June 2017. As BEST Network was subject to indirect control by the Company through BEST Technology immediately before and direct control immediately after the Contractual Agreements were supplemented, the change of the primary beneficiary of BEST Network was accounted for as a common control transaction based on the carrying amount of the net assets transferred.

To comply with changes to PRC laws and regulations that became effective in 2020 which prohibit foreign ownership of more than 50% of the equity interests in companies that engage in value-added telecommunication services, the Group effected a restructuring of its UCargo transportation services business. In October 2019, BEST China, the nominee shareholders of BEST Information Technology and the Company signed a series of Contractual Arrangements, through which, the Company obtained the power to direct the activities of BEST Information Technology that most significantly impact its economic performance and, is entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits from and is also obligated to absorb the expected losses of BEST Information Technology through BEST China. The Contractual Agreements executed by BEST China, the nominee shareholders of BEST Information Technology and the Company have similar terms as those described above between BEST Technology, BEST Network and its nominee shareholders. As a result, the Company is the primary beneficiary of BEST Information Technology and consolidates the entity in accordance with ASC810-10. At the same time, BEST China transferred its equity interests in BEST Ucargo and its subsidiaries to BEST Information Technology. As the restructuring transaction to transfer the assets and liabilities relating to the UCargo transportation services business described above are between entities under common control and do not change the control at the ultimate parent level, the transaction was accounted for as a common control transaction based on the carrying amount of the net assets transferred.

F-15

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

In the opinion of the Company’s PRC legal counsel, (i) the ownership structure relating to the VIEs complies with current PRC laws and regulations; and (ii) the Company, BEST Technology and BEST China's contractual arrangements with the respective VIEs and VIEs' nominee shareholders are valid, binding and enforceable on all parties to these arrangements and do not violate current PRC laws or regulations.

The carrying amounts of the assets, liabilities and the results of operations of the VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of comprehensive loss are as follows:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	251,531	619,459	88,980
Restricted cash	46,506	412,134	59,199
Accounts and notes receivables, net	215,070	224,793	32,289
Inventories	79,896	57,527	8,263
Prepayments and other current assets	995,505	1,437,173	206,437
Short-term investments	135,019	150,692	21,646
Amounts due from related parties	79,867	195,811	28,127
Total current assets	1,803,394	3,097,589	444,941
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment, net	1,418,007	2,273,190	326,523
Intangible assets, net	111,409	104,017	14,941
Goodwill	430,763	430,763	61,875
Other non-current assets	12,741	46,022	6,611
Operating lease right-of-use assets	—	2,221,337	319,075
Restricted cash	16,455	38,096	5,472
Total non-current assets	1,989,375	5,113,425	734,497
Total assets	3,792,769	8,211,014	1,179,438
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Short-term bank loans	735,000	819,000	117,642
Accounts and notes payable	1,399,578	2,071,644	297,573
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	1,232,916	1,197,583	172,022
Customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue	989,880	1,277,944	183,565
Operating lease liabilities	—	493,844	70,936
Amounts due to related parties	1,640,124	2,631,540	377,997
Income tax payable	275	—	—
Total current liabilities	5,997,773	8,491,555	1,219,735
Operating lease liabilities	—	1,809,753	259,955
Deferred tax liabilities	26,817	25,080	3,603
Other non-current liabilities	81,826	133,037	19,110
Total non-current liabilities	108,643	1,967,870	282,668
Total liabilities	6,106,416	10,459,425	1,502,403

The revenue-producing assets that are held by the VIEs comprise mainly of machinery and electronic equipment, express delivery software and domain name. The VIEs contributed an aggregate of 66%, 66% and 66% of the Group’s consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively, after elimination of inter-company transactions. As of December 31, 2019, there was no pledge or collateralization of the VIEs’ assets that can only be used to settled obligations of the VIEs.

F-16

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

1.   ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION (CONTINUED)

Other than the amounts due to related parties (which are eliminated upon consolidation) all remaining liabilities of the VIEs are without recourse to the primary beneficiary. The Company did not provide or intend to provide financial or other supports not previously contractually required to the VIEs during the years presented.

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Total revenue	13,251,443	18,462,434	23,047,895	3,310,623
Net (loss)/profit	(221,601)	116,889	46,704	6,707
Net cash generated from operating activities	215,575	828,383	1,002,531	144,005
Net cash used in investing activities	(656,571)	(820,490)	(1,293,953)	(185,865)
Net cash generated from financing activities	267,017	165,376	1,030,277	147,991

In June 2019, BEST Finance transferred certain lease rental and other financing receivables to a securitization vehicle through Xinyuan Leasing Asset Backed Special Plan (the “Plan”). The Group acts as the servicer of the Plan by providing payment collection services for the underlying lease rental receivables and holds significant variable interests in the Plan through holding the subordinated tranche of asset-backed debt securities and the guarantee provided, from which the Group has the obligation to absorb losses of the Plan that could potentially be significant to the Plan. Accordingly, the Group is considered the primary beneficiary of the Plan and has consolidated the Plan's assets, liabilities, results of operations, and cash flows in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

	As at December 31,	As at December 31,
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Amounts due from related parties	—	157,345	22,601
Total current assets	—	157,345	22,601
Restricted cash	—	40,000	5,745
Amounts due from related parties	—	140,000	20,110
Total non-current assets	—	180,000	25,855
Total assets	—	337,345	48,456
Securitization debt	—	107,820	15,487
Amounts due to related parties	—	49,525	7,114
Total current liabilities	—	157,345	22,601
Amounts due to related parties	—	180,000	25,855
Total non-current liabilities	—	180,000	25,855
Total liabilities	—	337,345	48,456

	As at December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Net cash used in operating activities	—	—	(297,345)	(42,711)
Net cash used in investing activities	—	—	—	—
Net cash generated from financing activities	—	—	337,345	48,457

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

F-17

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries for which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant intercompany balances and transactions between the Company, its subsidiaries and VIEs have been eliminated on consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Group’s financial statements include, but are not limited to, allowance for doubtful accounts, fair value measurements of equity instruments without readily determinable fair values, incremental borrowing rates for operating lease liabilities, standalone selling prices related to lease and non-lease components in the Company's lease arrangements, useful lives of long-lived assets, the purchase price allocation with respect to business combinations, impairment of long-lived assets and goodwill, realization of deferred tax assets, uncertain tax positions and share-based compensation. Management bases the estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Convenience translation

Amounts in U.S. dollars are presented for the convenience of the reader and are translated at the noon buying rate of RMB6.9618 per US$1.00 on December 31, 2019 in the City of New York for cable transfers of RMB as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at such rate.

Foreign currency

The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries located outside the PRC is determined based on the criteria of ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The Company’s subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidies located in the PRC determined their functional currency to be Renminbi (the “RMB”). The Company uses the RMB as its reporting currency.

Each entity in the Group maintains its financial records in its own functional currency. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are measured at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currency are remeasured using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

The Company uses the average exchange rate for the year and the exchange rate at the balance sheet date to translate the operating results and financial position, respectively. Translation differences are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of shareholders’ (deficit)/equity.

F-18

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand deposits or other highly liquid investments placed with banks or other financial institutions which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use and have original maturities of less than three months.

Restricted cash

The Group’s restricted cash mainly represents (a) deposits held in designated bank accounts for issuance of notes payable and short-term loans; (b) security deposits required by the Group’s operating leases for sortation centers and warehouses; and (c) deposits held in a designated bank account of the Plan which can only be utilized for repayment of the Series A and B tranches when there is default of the underlying lease rental and other financing receivables (Note 14). As of December 31, 2018 and December 31,2019, the restricted cash related to the deposits held in designated bank accounts as pledged security of notes payable was RMB34,979 and RMB135,663 (US$19,487), respectively. The restricted cash related to deposits held in designated bank accounts as pledged security of short-term loans are disclosed in Note 12.

Short-term investments

The Group’s short-term investments comprise primarily of cash deposits at fixed or floating rates based on daily bank deposit rates with maturities ranging from three months to one year.

Accounts receivable and notes receivable, and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts and notes receivable are carried at net realizable value. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded when collection of the full amount is no longer probable. In evaluating the collectability of receivable balances, the Group considers specific evidence including the aging of the receivable, the customer’s payment history, its current credit-worthiness and current economic trends. Accounts and notes receivable are written off after all collection efforts have ceased.

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Category	Estimated Useful Life
Machinery and electronic equipment	3 - 10 years
Motor vehicles	3 years
Leasehold improvements	Lesser of useful life or lease term

Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of property and equipment are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation from the asset and accumulated depreciation accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

F-19

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Property and equipment, net (continued)

Direct costs that are related to the construction of property and equipment, and incurred in connection with bringing the assets to their intended use are capitalized as construction in progress. Construction in progress is transferred to specific property and equipment, and the depreciation of these assets commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

Change in estimate useful life of certain machinery and electronic equipment

In accordance with its policy, the Group reviews the estimated useful lives of its property and equipment on an ongoing basis. This review indicated that the actual lives of certain machinery and electronic equipment at its hubs and sortation centers were longer than the estimated useful lives used for depreciation purposes. As a result, effective July 1, 2019, the Group changed the estimated useful lives of these machinery and equipment from five years to ten years to better reflect the periods for which these assets are expected to remain in service. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the effect of this change in estimate reduced depreciation expense, net loss, basic loss per share and diluted loss per share by RMB94,984 (US$13,644), RMB94,984 (US$13,644), RMB0.24 (US$0.03) and RMB0.24 (US$0.03), respectively.

Business Combinations

The Group accounts for its business combinations using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). The purchase method of accounting requires that the consideration transferred to be allocated to the assets, including separately identifiable assets and liabilities the Group acquired, based on their estimated fair values. The consideration transferred in an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the fair values at the date of exchange of the assets given, liabilities incurred, and equity instruments issued as well as the contingent considerations and all contractual contingencies as of the acquisition date. The costs directly attributable to the acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair values as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of (i) the total cost of acquisition, fair value of the non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in the acquiree over (ii) the fair value of the identifiable net assets of the acquiree, is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in earnings. The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 802): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, in determining whether it has acquired a business from January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis and there was no material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and non-controlling interests is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable judgment from management. The most significant variables in these valuations are discount rates, terminal values, the number of years on which to base the cash flow projections, as well as the assumptions and estimates used to determine the cash inflows and outflows. The Group determines the discount rates to be used based on the risk inherent in the related entity’s current business model and industry comparisons. Terminal values are based on the expected life of assets, forecasted life cycle and forecasted cash flows over that period.

Goodwill

The Group assesses goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350-20, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other: Goodwill (“ASC 350-20”), which requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least annually and more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events.

F-20

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Goodwill (continued)

The Group has determined it has five reporting units (that also represent operating segments). Goodwill was allocated to four reporting units as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively (Note 11). The Group has the option to assess qualitative factors first to determine whether it is necessary to perform the two-step test in accordance with ASC 350-20. If the Group believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the two-step quantitative impairment test described above is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. In the qualitative assessment, the Group considers primary factors such as industry and market considerations, overall financial performance of the reporting unit, and other specific information related to the operations.

In performing the two-step quantitative impairment test, the first step compares the carrying amount of the reporting unit to the fair value of the reporting unit based on estimated fair value using a combination of the income approach and the market approach. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Group is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then the Group must perform the second step of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. The fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to its assets and liabilities in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation in order to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss in general and administrative expenses.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets with finite lives are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. All intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives.

Intangible assets have weighted average estimated useful lives from the date of purchase as follows:

Category	Estimated Useful Life
Customer relationships	3.89 years
Software	3.42 years
Domain name	10 years
Brand name	20 years
Others	2.23 years

Impairment of long-lived assets other than goodwill

The Group evaluates its long-lived assets, including fixed assets and intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets, indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over their fair value. Impairment losses if any, are included in general and administrative expense.

F-21

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.  SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Fair value measurements of financial instruments

The Company applies ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures ("ASC 820"). ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 requires disclosures to be provided for fair value measurements.

ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Includes other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

ASC 820 describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach; and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and notes receivables, certain other current assets, short-term investments, due from related parties, long-term investments, certain other non-current assets, accounts and notes payable, short-term bank loans, securitization debt, convertible senior notes and amounts due to related parties, certain other current liabilities and certain other non-current liabilities. The carrying values of the financial instruments included in current assets and liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying amount of other non-current financial assets, convertible senior notes and other non-current financial liabilities approximates its fair value due to the fact that the related interest rates approximate market rates for similar debt instruments of comparable maturities.

Inventories

Inventories are comprised of finished goods. The Group’s finished goods consists of (i) low value consumables used in performing express delivery services, freight delivery services and supply chain management services such as handheld terminals, packing materials and uniforms emblazoned with the logo “BEST” (“accessories”); and (ii) fast-moving consumer goods such as beverage and drinks, snacks and daily necessities to be sold on the Group’s Store+ online business-to-business platform and in retail stores (“consumer goods”). Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less applicable variable selling expenses. Cost of accessories is accounted for using the weighted average cost method. Cost of purchased consumer goods are accounted for using the first-in first-out method for Store+ online business prior to January 1, 2018 and the weighted average cost method for Wowo, respectively. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventory to the estimated market value due to the slow-moving merchandise and damaged goods. Write-downs are recorded in cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Starting in 2018, the Group elected to change the inventory costing method for the Store+ online business from the first-in first-out method to the weighted average cost method. The impact of the change in accounting principle was immaterial to all periods presented and thus, not applied retrospectively.

F-22

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.  SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASC 606, Revenues from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) and elected to apply the modified retrospective approach to contracts that are not completed as of this date. The cumulative effect of initially applying ASC 606 resulted in an increase to opening accumulated deficit of RMB25,054, which has been recognized on the day of initial application and prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted.

Commencing on January 1, 2018, revenue is recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the Group’s customers in an amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The Group presents value-added taxes as a reduction from revenues. The Group does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which the Group recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice for services performed.

The Group’s revenue recognition policies effective on the adoption date of ASC 606 are as follows:

Express delivery services

The Group provides express services that comprise of sorting, line-haul and feeder transportation services to its franchisee service stations, which are also the Group’s customers, when parcels (under 15 kg) are dropped off by the Group’s franchisee service station customers at the Group’s first hub or sortation center.

The Group offers an integrated service to the franchised service stations that includes last-mile delivery service to end recipients and acts as the principal that is directly responsible for all parcels sent through its network, from the point when customers drop off the parcels at the Group’s first hub or sortation center all the way through to the point when the parcels are delivered to end recipients.

F-23

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue recognition (continued)

Express delivery services (continued)

Customers are required to prepay for express delivery services and the Group records such amounts as “customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue” in the consolidated balance sheets. The transaction price the Group earns from its customers are based on the parcel’s weight and route to the end recipient’s destination. In addition, the Group provides certain discounts, incentives and rebates based on explicitly agreed upon terms with its customers that can decrease the transaction price and estimates variable consideration based on the most likely amount to be provided. The amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price is limited to the amount that will not result in a significant revenue reversal. The Group reviews the estimate of variable consideration and updates the transaction price at the end of each reporting period as necessary. Uncertainties related to the estimates of variable consideration are resolved in a short time frame. Adjustments to variable consideration are recognized in the period the adjustments are identified and were insignificant for the periods presented.

The Group’s express delivery services contracts with customers include only one performance obligation. Performance obligations are generally short-term in nature and with transit days being a week or less for each parcel. The Group recognizes revenue over time as customers receive the benefit of the Group’s services as the goods are delivered from one location to another. As such, express delivery services revenue is recognized proportionally as a parcel moves from origin to destination and the related costs are recognized as incurred. The Group uses an output method of progress based on time-in-transit as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

A minor percentage of the Group’s express delivery services are performed by the group through its integrated express delivery service network for direct customers (“direct customer express delivery services”), who are the senders of the parcels. The Group is directly responsible for the parcel from the point it is received from the senders all the way through the point when the parcels are delivered to end recipients. Direct customer express delivery services revenue is recognized proportionally as parcels are transported to end recipients and the related costs are recognized as incurred.

Express delivery services revenue also includes initial non-refundable franchise fees. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are recognized over the franchise period due to the franchisees’ rights to access the Group’s logos and brand names which are considered symbolic intellectual properties. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are negotiated under a separate agreement and represent a very small percentage of revenue for all periods presented.

Freight delivery services

Similar to express delivery services, the Group provides freight services that comprise of sorting, line-haul and feeder transportation services mainly to its franchisees, which are also the Group’s customers. The Group offers an integrated service to franchisee service stations that includes last-mile delivery service to end recipients and acts as the principal that is directly responsible for all shipments sent through its network, from the point when customers drop off the shipments at the Group’s first hub or sortation center all the way through to the point when the shipments are delivered to end recipients.

Customers are required to prepay for freight delivery services and the Group records such amounts as “Customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue” in the consolidated balance sheets. The transaction price the Group earns from its customers are based on the shipment’s weight and route to the end recipient’s destination.

F-24

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue recognition (continued)

Freight delivery services (continued)

The Group’s freight delivery services contracts with customers include only one performance obligation. Performance obligations are generally short-term in nature with transit days being a week or less for each shipment. The Group recognizes revenue over time as customers receive the benefit of the Group’s services as the goods are shipped from one location to another. As such, freight delivery services revenue is recognized proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination and the related costs are recognized as incurred. The Group uses an output method of progress based on time-in-transit as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

Freight delivery services revenue also includes initial non-refundable franchise fees. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are recognized over the franchise period due to the franchisees’ rights to access the Group’s logos and brand names which are considered symbolic intellectual properties. The initial non-refundable franchise fees are negotiated under a separate agreement and represent a very small percentage of revenue for all periods presented.

Supply chain management services

The Group provide warehouse management, order fulfillment services and transportation services to its offline and online enterprise customers ("enterprise customers"). The Group enters into supply chain warehouse management service agreements with these customers to provide warehouse management and order fulfillment services through its self-operated order fulfillment centers and also enters into transportation services agreements to provide transportation services. The majority of these contracts having an effective term of one year. Order fulfillment services revenue is generated from various service fees charged on a volume basis in connection with various order fulfillment services, which may include in-warehouse processing, order fulfillment, express delivery, freight delivery and other value-added services. Pursuant to the warehouse management service agreements and transportation services agreements, enterprise customers have the right to terminate the contracts by providing a one-month advance notice. Therefore, even though the contract term for the majority of the contracts is one year, due to the termination rights provided to enterprise customers, warehouse management service agreements and transportation services agreements are considered month-to-month service contracts. Enterprise customers are billed on a monthly basis and make payments according to their granted credit terms which ranges from 5 to 120 days.

Under some situations, enterprise customers may request to add a transportation route or increase the warehouse rental space by entering into a separate contract with the Group. The additional services are considered distinct and the service fees are priced at their standalone selling prices, i.e. they cannot be purchased at a significant or incremental discount. Therefore, the Group accounts for this type of contract modification as a separate contract and the revenue recognized to date on the original contract is not adjusted.

The warehouse management service agreements comprise various service offerings that can be purchased at the option of the customer. Although the service options are interrelated, none of the services modify the other services and they are not integrated to provide a combined output. Each of the service options is substantive and the enterprise customers cannot purchase each additional service at a significant and incremental discount. Therefore, each service is accounted for as a separate performance obligation. The Group is the primary obligor and does not outsource any portion of the order fulfillment services to supply chain franchisee partners. The Group recognizes warehouse management and order fulfillment services revenue upon completion of the services as that is when the Group transfers control of the services and has right to payment.

F-25

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue recognition (continued)

Supply chain management services (continued)

For transportation services, the Group provides the service of arranging transportation and coordinating shipments to and from locations designated by its enterprise customers. Each transportation order for delivery of goods from origin to destination is considered a performance obligation. Performance obligations are generally short-term in nature with transit days being a week or less for each shipment. The Group recognizes transportation services revenue over time as customers receive the benefit of the services as the goods are shipped from origin to destination. As such, transportation services revenue is recognized proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination and the related costs are recognized as incurred. The Group use an output method of progress based on time-in-transit as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer.

A small percentage of revenue is also earned from supply chain franchisee partners that can access the Group’s supply chain network. These franchisee partners pay an initial non-refundable fee for a comprehensive operating manual and orientation training, as well as an agreed system usage fee for each order processed through the Group’s supply chain network. The initial non-refundable fees and system usage fees were insignificant for all periods presented.

Store+ services

The Group recognizes revenue upon the delivery of the consumer goods to its convenience store membership customers. For the Group's self-operated convenience stores, revenue recognized upon the sales of merchandise to end consumers. The Group is the principal to the transaction for the sales of customer goods and merchandise and revenue from these transactions are recognized on a gross basis. Transfer of control occurs at a point in time once delivery has been completed as the Group has transferred control of the promised goods to the customer. Generally, customers are billed upon delivery of the consumer goods while convenience store customers make payment upon checkout of merchandise.

Other services

The Group mainly provides cross-border logistic coordination services and oversea express delivery services, finance leasing services and Ucargo transportation services. Revenue from interest income on lease rental and other financing receivables is recognized using the effective interest rate method. For cross-border logistic coordination services, oversea express delivery services and Ucargo transportation services, revenue is recognized proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination using an output method of progress based on time-in-transit while the related costs are recognized as incurred. The Group is the principal to the transaction for these services and revenue from these transactions is recognized on a gross basis.

Contract assets and liabilities

The Group enters into contracts with its customers, which may give rise to contract liabilities (deferred revenue) and contract assets (unbilled revenue). The payment terms and conditions within the Group’s contracts vary by the type of service and customers. When the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of payments made by customers, the Group recognizes either unbilled revenue (its performance precedes the billing date) or deferred revenue (customer payment is received in advance of performance).

Contract assets represent unbilled amounts resulting from provision of transportation services as the Group has an unconditional right to payment only once all delivered goods reach their destination. Contract assets are classified as current and the full balance is reclassified to accounts receivables when the right to payment becomes unconditional. The balance of contract assets was insignificant as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

F-26

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Revenue recognition (continued)

Contract assets and liabilities (continued)

Contract liabilities are included in “Customer advances and deposits and deferred revenue” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. Contract liabilities represent the amount of consideration received upfront from customers related to in-transit shipments that has not yet been recognized as revenue based on our selected measure of progress and non-refundable franchise fees which are recognized over the franchise period. The Group classifies contract liabilities as current based on the timing of when the Group expects to recognize revenue, which typically occurs within a week after period-end.

The balances of contract liabilities arising from contracts with customers as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were as follows:

	Balance at	Balance at	Balance at
	December 31,	December 31,	December 31,
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Contract liabilities	639,912	871,833	125,231

Revenue recognized in the year ended December 31, 2019 that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period was RMB588,181 (US$ 84,487). This revenue was driven primarily by express and freight delivery performance obligations being satisfied.

For contract costs associated with obtaining a contract such as commissions incurred with obtaining a contract, the Group capitalizes the incremental contract costs and amortizes the capitalized contract costs using a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. The capitalized contract costs as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 and the related amortization during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 was insignificant.

Transfer of financial assets

The Group accounts for transfers of financial assets in accordance with ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing (“ASC 860”). For a transfer of financial assets considered as a sale, the assets would be removed from the Group’s consolidated balance sheet. If the conditions for a sale required by ASC 860 are not met, the transfer is considered to be a secured borrowing and the assets remain on the consolidated balance sheet while the sale proceeds are recognized as a liability.

Pursuant to ASC 860, the issuance of debt securities securitized by the Group’s lease rental and other financing receivables arising from its financing lease business (Note 14) and the factoring of intercompany note receivables to domestic banks (Note 12) do not constitute a sale of the underlying financial assets for accounting purposes due to the recourse obligations retained by the Group. Therefore, these transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings on the consolidated balance sheet and the financial assets are not derecognized.

F-27

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of transportation costs including last-mile delivery service fees, cost of express and freight delivery accessories, operating costs for the delivery platforms, hubs and sortation centers, operating costs for the supply chain management network, purchased consumer goods, salaries and benefits of related personnel, depreciation, rental costs, and other related operating costs.

Selling expenses

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are included in selling expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, advertising expenses were RMB15,401, RMB24,131 and RMB35,958 (US$5,165), respectively.

Selling expenses include shipping and handling costs incurred for the Store + services segment comprising of costs for operating and staffing the Group’s warehouses, packaging and outbound shipping to customers. Shipping and handling costs amounted to RMB203,916, RMB224,815 and RMB190,857 (US$27,415) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Selling expenses also include retail store occupancy costs such as rent, depreciation, amortization and overhead expenses incurred for Wowo, which is included in the Store+ services segment. Retail store occupancy costs amounted to RMB70,450, RMB106,590 and RMB132,830 (US$19,080) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

Government subsidies

Government subsidies primarily consist of financial subsidies received from local governments for operating a business in their jurisdictions and compliance with specific policies promoted by the local governments. There are no defined rules and regulations to govern the criteria necessary for companies to receive such benefits, and the amount of financial subsidy is determined at the discretion of the relevant government authorities. For the government subsidies with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recorded as non-operating income in “Other income” if the subsidies are with non-operating nature, or as a reduction of specific cost or expenses if such subsidies are intended to compensate such amounts. The government subsidies with certain operating conditions are recorded as liabilities when received and will be recorded as “Other income” or as a reduction of specific cost or expenses when the conditions are met.

Leases

On January 1, 2019, the Group adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), using the modified retrospective transition method and elected the transition option to use an effective date of January 1, 2019 as the date of initial application. As a result, the comparative periods were not restated.

The Group has elected the package of practical expedients permitted which allows the Group not to reassess the following at adoption date: (i) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contains a lease, (ii) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (iii) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases (i.e. whether those costs qualify for capitalization under ASU 2016-02). The Group also elected the short-term lease exemption for certain classes of underlying assets including office space, warehouses and hub and sortation center facilities and equipment, with a lease term of 12 months or less.

F-28

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.  SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Leases (continued)

The Group determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. The Group’s accounting policy effective on the adoption date of ASU 2016-02 is as follows:

Sales-type, direct financing and operating leases as Lessor

The Group classifies a lease as a sales-type lease when the lease meets any one of the following criteria at lease commencement:

a.           The lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term.

b.           The lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.

c.           The lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset.

d.           The present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset.

e.           The underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the Company at the end of the lease term.

For sales-type leases, when collectability is probable at lease commencement, the Group derecognizes the underlying asset and recognizes the net investment in the lease which is the sum of the lease receivable. Initial direct costs are expensed, at the commencement date, if the fair value of the underlying asset is different from its carrying amount. Interest income is recognized in financing income over the lease term using the interest method.

When none of the criteria above are met, the Group classifies a lease as either a direct financing lease or an operating lease. The Group will classify the lease as a direct financing lease if (i) the present value of the sum of lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee and any other third party unrelated to the Group equals or exceeds substantially all the fair value of the underlying asset; and (ii) it is probable that the Group will collect the lease payments plus any amount necessary to satisfy a residual value guarantee. If both of the criteria above are not met, the Group will classify the lease as an operating lease.

The new standard requires lessors within the scope of ASC 942, Financial Services – Depository and Lending, to classify principal payments received from sales-type and direct financing leases in investing activities in the statement of cash flows. The Company continues to present cash receipts from sales-type and direct financing leases as an investing cash inflow. For the year ended December 31, 2019, total cash originations and cash receipts from sales-type and direct financing leases were RMB365,525 (US$52,504) and RMB620,896 (US$89,186), respectively.

Sale-leaseback transactions as Lessor

When the Group enters into sale-leaseback transactions as lessor, it applies the requirements in ASC 606 by assessing whether a contract exists and whether the seller-lessee satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of an asset when determining whether the transfer of an asset shall be accounted for as a sale of the asset. If the seller-lessor transfers the control of the leased asset to the Group, it accounts for the purchase of the leased asset in accordance with ASC360. The subsequent leaseback of the asset is accounted for in accordance with ASC842 in the same manner as any other lease. If the seller-lease does not transfer the control of the leased asset to the Group, it is a failed sales-leaseback transaction which is accounted for as a financing. The Group does not recognize the transferred asset and records the amounts paid as other financing receivables for which the current portion is included in “Prepayments and other current assets” and the non-current portion is included in "Other non-current assets" in the Group’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

F-29

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Leases (continued)

Financing lease and operating lease as Lessee

The Group classifies a lease as a financing lease when the lease meets any one of the criteria specified as (a) to (e) in the “Sales-type, direct financing and operating leases as Lessor” policy at lease commencement. When none of the criteria are met, the Group classifies a lease as an operating lease.

For both operating and financing leases, the Group records a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use (ROU) asset at lease commencement. Lease terms are based on the non-cancellable term of the lease and may contain options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise the option. Lease liabilities represent the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using the discount rate for the lease at lease commencement.

The Group estimates its incremental borrowing rate for its leases at the commencement date to determine the present value of future lease payments when the implicit rate is not readily determinable in the lease. In estimating its incremental borrowing rate, the Group considers its credit rating and publicly available data of borrowing rates for loans of similar amount, currency and term as the lease.

Operating leases are presented as “Operating lease ROU assets” and “Operating lease liabilities”. Lease liabilities that become due within one year of the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities. At lease commencement, operating lease ROU assets represent the right to use underlying assets for their respective lease terms and are recognized at amounts equal to the lease liabilities adjusted for any lease payments made prior to the lease commencement date, less any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs incurred by the Group.

After lease commencement, operating lease liabilities are measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments using the discount rate determined at lease commencement. Operating lease ROU assets are measured at the amount of the lease liabilities and further adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments, the remaining balance of any lease incentives received, unamortized initial direct costs and impairment of the ROU assets, if any. Operating lease expense is recognized as a single cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Financing lease ROU assets are included in “Property and equipment” and “Financing lease liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheet. Lease liabilities that become due within one year of the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities. Financing lease ROU assets are amortized on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date. After initial measurement, the carrying value of financing lease liabilities are increased to reflect interest at a constant rate and reduced to reflect any lease payments made during the period.

Leases that have a term of 12 months or less at the commencement date (“short-term leases”) are not included in operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. Lease expense for the short-term leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

F-30

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Leases (continued)

Financing lease and operating lease as Lessee (continued)

The cumulative effect of the changes made to the Group’s consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2019 for the adoption of ASU 2016-02 is as follows:

		Adjustments due to the
	Balance as of	adoption of	Balance as of
	December 31, 2018	ASU 2016-02	January 1, 2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB
Assets:
Prepayments and other current assets	1,904,846	(219,438)	1,685,408
Operating lease ROU assets	—	3,568,886	3,568,886
Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities (current)	—	(641,323)	(641,323)
Operating lease liabilities (non-current)	—	(2,955,716)	(2,955,716)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(2,238,785)	247,591	(1,991,194)

The impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on the Group’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019 are as follows:

			Effect of the
			adoption of
			ASU 2016-02
	As reported	Legacy GAAP	Higher/(lower)
	RMB	RMB	RMB
Assets:
Prepayments and other current assets	2,582,577	2,818,815	(236,238)
Operating lease ROU assets	4,378,804	—	4,378,804
Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities (current)	(1,035,252)	—	(1,035,252)
Operating lease liabilities (non-current)	(3,482,634)	—	(3,482,634)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	(2,023,263)	(2,398,584)	375,321

The adoption of the standard did not have significant impact to the Group’s consolidated statements of comprehensive loss or cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019.

F-31

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Leases (continued)

Sale-leaseback transactions as Lessee

When the Group enters into sale-leaseback transactions as a seller-lessee, it applies the requirements in ASC 606 by assessing whether a contract exists and whether the it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control of an asset when determining whether the transfer of an asset shall be accounted for as a sale of the asset. If the Group transfers the control of an asset to the buyer-lessor, it accounts for the transfer of the asset as a sale and recognizes a corresponding gain or loss on disposal. The subsequent leaseback of the asset is accounted for in accordance with ASC842 in the same manner as any other lease. If the Group does not transfer the control of an asset to the buyer-lessor, the failed sale-leaseback transaction is accounted for as a financing. The Group does not derecognize the transferred asset and accounts for proceeds received as borrowings for which the current portion is included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” and the non-current portion is included in "Other non-current liabilities" in the Group’s consolidated balance sheets.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for research and development personnel and depreciation of property and equipment. The Group expenses research and development costs as they are incurred.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as the changes in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, ASC 220, Comprehensive Income , requires that all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive loss be reported in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements. For each of the periods presented, the Group’s comprehensive loss includes net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments, and is presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Income taxes

The Group follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Group records a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change in tax rate.

The Group accounted for uncertainties in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740. Interest and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes shall be computed in accordance with the related PRC tax law. The amount of interest expense is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized and the amount previously taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest and penalties recognized in accordance with ASC 740 are classified in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss as income tax expense.

F-32

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Income taxes (continued)

The Group recognizes in its consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail based on the facts and technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group’s estimated liability for unrecognized tax benefits included in “Other non-current liabilities” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets is periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by tax authorities, changes and/or developments with respect to tax audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from the Group’s estimates. As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are recorded in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Additionally, in future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require the Group to adjust the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changes occur.

Share-based compensation

Awards granted to employees

The Group applies ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”), to account for its employee share-based payments. In accordance with ASC 718, the Group determines whether an award should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All the Group’s share-based awards to employees were classified as equity awards and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on their grant date fair values. For awards only with service conditions, the Group has elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for awards granted with graded vesting provided that the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date is at least equal to the portion of the grant date value of the options that are vested at that date. For awards with performance and service conditions, the Group uses the accelerated method for awards granted with graded vesting. The Group accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The Group, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm, determined the fair value of the share options granted to employees. The binomial option pricing model was applied in determining the estimated fair value of the options granted to employees.

Awards granted to non-employees

The Group has accounted for equity instruments issued to non-employees in accordance with the provisions ASC 505-50, Equity-based payments to non-employees. All transactions in which goods or services are received in exchange for equity instruments are accounted for based on the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instrument issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. The measurement date of the fair value of the equity instrument issued is the date on which the counterparty’s performance is completed as there is no associated performance commitment. On July 1, 2018, the Group early adopted ASU 2018-07: Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”) which aligns the measurement and classification guidance for share based payments to nonemployees with that for employees, with certain exceptions. ASU 2018-07 is required to be adopted on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. Nonemployee share-based payment awards within the scope of ASC 718 are measured at grant-date fair value. There was no material impact on the consolidated financial statements from the adoption of ASU 2018-07.

F-33

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Share-based compensation (continued)

Modification of awards

A change in any of the terms or conditions of the awards is accounted for as a modification of the award. Incremental compensation cost is measured as the excess, if any, of the fair value of the modified award over the fair value of the original award immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the fair value of the awards and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs. For unvested awards, the Group recognizes over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date. If the fair value of the modified award is lower than the fair value of the original award immediately before modification, the minimum compensation cost the Group recognizes is the cost of the original award.

Long-term investments

After the adoption of ASC 321 from January 1, 2018, the Group accounts for investments in an investee over which the Group does not have significant influence and which do not have readily determinable fair value using the measurement alternative, which is defined as cost, less impairments, adjusted by observable price changes. The Group makes a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the Group estimates the investment’s fair value in accordance with ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the Group recognizes an impairment loss equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value.

Investments in entities in which the Group can exercise significant influence and holds an investment in voting common stock or in-substance common stock (or both) of the investee but does not own a majority equity interest or control are accounted for using the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC 323, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Under the equity method, the Group initially records its investments at cost. The Group subsequently adjusts the carrying amount of the investments to recognize the Group’s proportionate share of each equity investee’s net income/(loss) into earnings after the date of investments. The Group evaluates the equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized in earnings when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Loss per share

In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”), basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of unrestricted ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net loss is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on their participating rights. The Group’s Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares (Note 20) are participating securities. Diluted loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of the ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the Group’s redeemable convertible preferred shares and convertible senior notes using the if-converted method and ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of the share options and vesting of restricted share units, using the treasury stock method. Ordinary share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share if their effects would be anti-dilutive.

F-34

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

2.   SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)

Loss per share (continued)

For the years ended December 31, 2017,2018 and 2019, the two-class method is applicable because the Company has three classes of ordinary shares outstanding, Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, respectively. The participating rights (liquidation and dividend rights) of the holders of the Company’s Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion (Note 20). In accordance with ASC 260, the undistributed loss for each year is allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, respectively. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed loss is allocated on a proportionate basis.

Segment reporting

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer and each of its major service lines is a discrete operating and reportable segment.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step two from the goodwill impairment test. The guidance is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for all entities for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates on or after January 1, 2017. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis. The Group does not believe the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instrument – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The guidance requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. The guidance will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases instead of ASC Subtopic 326-20.

The Group does not believe the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the guidance, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years, but entities are permitted to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. The Group does not expect a significant impact from adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

F-35

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

3.   CONCENTRATION OF RISKS

Concentration of credit risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable and lease rental and other financing receivables. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, RMB2,817,959 and RMB3,785,060 (US$ 543,690), respectively, of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were primarily deposited in financial institutions located in the PRC, which management believes are of high credit quality.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and derived from revenue earned from customers mainly in the PRC, which are exposed to credit risk. The risk is mitigated by credit evaluations the Group performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring process of outstanding balances. The Group maintains reserves for estimated credit losses, which have generally been within its expectations.

The Group is exposed to default risk on its lease rental and other financing receivables amounting to RMB2,044,880 and RMB2,136,847 (US$306,939) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. The Group regularly reviews the creditworthiness and lease rental and other financing receivables are fully collateralized by assets the Group can repossess in the event of default. The Group assesses the allowance for credit losses related to lease rental and other financing receivables on a quarterly basis, either on an individual or collective basis. The Group maintains reserves for estimated credit losses, which have generally been within its expectations.

The Group is able to take as collateral certain operating assets which it is able to monitor and repossess for rapid utilization and/or monetization in the event of a default. In addition, as most of the parties to which the Group provides financial services are the Group’s ecosystem participants, the Group has substantial knowledge about their business and operations and can monitor their financial position and their usage of collateralized assets.

Business, customer, political, social and economic risks

The Group participates in a dynamic logistics and supply chain management industry and believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s future financial position, results of operations or cash flows: changes in the overall demand for services; competitive pressures due to new entrants; advances and new trends in new technologies and industry standards; changes in certain strategic relationships or customer relationships; regulatory considerations; and risks associated with the Group’s ability to attract and retain employees necessary to support its growth. The Group’s operations could be also adversely affected by significant political, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC.

Domestic mail delivery service-related businesses and planned value-added telecommunication services in connection with UCargo business since 2020 are subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. Specifically, foreign investors are not allowed to invest in any domestic mail delivery service business. Currently, the Group conducts its operations in China through contractual arrangements entered between the Company, its PRC subsidiaries and VIEs. The relevant regulatory authorities may find the current contractual arrangements and businesses to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations. If so, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations. In addition, if the current ownership structure of the Company and its contractual arrangements with the VIEs are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws and regulations, the Company may be required to restructure its ownership structure and operations in the PRC to comply with the changing and new PRC laws and regulations. The Company may not be able to operate or control the VIEs, which may result in deconsolidation of the VIEs.

No single customer or supplier accounted for more than 10% of revenues or cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-36

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

3.   CONCENTRATION OF RISKS (CONTINUED)

Currency convertibility risk

The Group primarily transacts all of its business in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. On January 1, 1994, the PRC government abolished the dual rate system and introduced a single rate of exchange as quoted daily by the PBOC. However, the unification of the exchange rates does not imply that the RMB may be readily convertible into United States dollars or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.

Foreign currency exchange rate risk

From July 21, 2005, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. For RMB against U.S. dollars, there was appreciation of 5.8% in the year ended December 31, 2017 and depreciation of 5.0% and 1.6% in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollars in the future.

To the extent that the Company needs to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount the Company would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if the Company decides to convert RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on ordinary shares, strategic acquisitions or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to the Company. In addition, a significant depreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar may significantly reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent of the Company’s earnings or losses.

F-37

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

4.   BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

Acquisition of Wowo

On May 4, 2017, the Group acquired a 62.5% and 79.17% equity interest in Wowo and Chengdu Yidanshi Food Co. Ltd (“YDS”), respectively. The acquisitions were accounted for as a single business combination as they are considered linked transactions given the acquisition agreements were entered into at or around the same time with the same counterparties. Wowo operates convenience stores that are supported by certain services provided by YDS, which is not considered a principal part of the business. The Group acquired Wowo in order to accumulate first-hand experience and know-how in convenience store operation for a total cash consideration RMB208,377.

Goodwill recognized represents the expected synergies from integrating the Wowo and YDS operations with the existing Store⁺services and is not tax deductible. The purchase price allocation for the acquisitions was based on a valuation determined by the Group with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition.

	RMB
Consideration:
Cash	208,377
Less:
Cash	2,737
Inventories	53,003
Other current assets	162,220
Brand name	116,600
Other non-current assets	28,419
Short-term bank loans	(3,500)
Other current liabilities	(152,882)
Other non-current liabilities	(57,509)
Deferred tax liabilities	(30,264)
Non controlling interests	(91,623)
Goodwill	181,176

The non-controlling interests on acquisition date was measured by applying the equity percentage held by minority shareholders and a discount for lack of control premium to the fair value of the acquired business of Wowo and YDS, which was determined using an income approach. The significant inputs were revenue growth rates, gross margin rates, gross margin ratios, weighted-average cost of capital, and terminal growth rates. Identifiable intangible assets acquired include Wowo’s brand name, which was valued using a relief from royalty approach and has an estimated remaining useful life of 20 years.

On August 14, 2017, the Group acquired the remaining non-controlling interest of Wowo resulting in the Group becoming the sole shareholder of Wowo for a total cash consideration of RMB90,778, which represented the carrying amount of the non-controlling interest on the acquisition date. The acquisition of the non-controlling interest by the Group was accounted for as an equity transaction. The non-controlling interests balance as at December 31, 2018 of RMB678 is attributable to the minority shareholders of YDS.

On March 14, 2018, the Group acquired the remaining non-controlling interest of YDS and became the sole shareholder of YDS for a total cash consideration of RMB845. The acquisition of the non-controlling interest by the Group was accounted for as an equity transaction.

On December 2, 2019, the Group disposed all of their equity interests in YDS and recognized a gain on disposal of its subsidiary of RMB4,040 (US$580) which was recorded in “Other income” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

F-38

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

4.   BUSINESS COMBINATIONS (CONTINUED)

Acquisition of Wowo (continued)

The unaudited pro forma information for the year ended December 31, 2017 set forth below gives effect to the acquisition as if it had occurred at the beginning of the period. The pro forma results have been calculated after applying the Company's accounting policies and including adjustments primarily related to the amortization of acquired intangible assets, and income tax effects, as applicable. The pro forma information does not include any impact of transaction synergies and is presented for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that actually would have been occurred had the acquisition been consummated as of that time or that may result in the future:

	Year ended December 31, 2017
	Pro forma
	(unaudited)	As reported	As reported
	RMB	RMB	US$
Revenue	20,167,825	19,989,562	3,072,339
Net loss	(1,228,161)	(1,228,060)	(188,749)

Acquisitions in 2018 and 2019

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group completed an acquisition of a convenience store operation to complement its existing businesses and achieve synergies. The purchase consideration was not significant. Results of the acquired business have been included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date. Goodwill recognized in 2018 represents the expected synergies from integrating the convenience store operations and is not tax deductible.

On July 1, 2019, the Group completed an acquisition of an overseas express delivery service operation to complement its existing businesses and achieve synergies. The purchase consideration was not significant. Results of the acquired business have been included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements since the acquisition date. Goodwill recognized in 2019 represents the expected synergies from integrating the express delivery service operations and is not tax deductible.

The actual results of operations after the acquisition date and pro-forma results of operations for these acquisitions have not been presented because the effects of these acquisitions were insignificant.

F-39

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

5.   ACCOUNTS AND NOTES RECEIVABLE, NET

Accounts and notes receivable, net, consists of the following:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Accounts receivable	1,059,129	1,287,232	184,900
Notes receivable	12,820	28,003	4,022
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(25,105)	(86,152)	(12,375)
Accounts and notes receivable, net	1,046,844	1,229,083	176,547

The movements in the allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows:

	As at December 31
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Balance at beginning of the year	(6,708)	(5,794)	(25,105)	(3,606)
Additions	(18,958)	(60,183)	(105,984)	(15,224)
Write-offs	19,872	40,872	44,937	6,455
Balance at end of the year	(5,794)	(25,105)	(86,152)	(12,375)

6.   PREPAYMENTS AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, VAT prepayments amounting to RMB697,112 and RMB1,067,858 (US$153,388), respectively, are included in prepayments and other current assets.

7.   PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Machinery and electronic equipment	1,794,624	2,571,548	369,380
Leasehold improvements	952,789	1,192,607	171,307
Motor vehicles	5,410	5,264	756
Construction in progress	493,121	725,221	104,171
	3,245,944	4,494,640	645,614
Less: accumulated depreciation	(1,181,287)	(1,555,261)	(223,399)
	2,064,657	2,939,379	422,215

The Group acquired certain machinery and electronic equipment by entering into financing leases. The gross amount and the accumulated depreciation of these machinery and electronic equipment were RMB29,167 and RMB19,176, respectively, as of December 31, 2018 and RMB30,462 (US$ 4,376) and RMB22,566 (US$ 3,241), respectively, as of December 31, 2019. Future minimum lease payments are disclosed in Note 9. Depreciation expense of property and equipment, including assets under financing leases, was RMB347,567, RMB437,139 and RMB465,874 (US$66,919) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the balances of construction in progress were RMB493,121 and RMB725,221 (US$104,171), respectively, which were related to the construction of warehouses, hubs and sortation centers and related equipment.

F-40

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

8.   INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Customer relationships	10,449	10,449	1,501
Brand name	116,600	116,600	16,748
Software	56,346	61,027	8,765
Domain name	1,329	1,329	191
Others	6,130	6,130	881
	190,854	195,535	28,086
Less: accumulated amortization	(47,044)	(73,948)	(10,621)
	143,810	121,587	17,465

Amortization expense of intangible assets was RMB16,342, RMB24,473 and RMB26,904 (US$3,864) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Estimated amortization expense relating to the existing intangible assets with finite lives for each of the next five years is as follows:

	RMB	USD
2020	17,210	2,472
2021	9,868	1,417
2022	6,952	999
2023	6,326	909
2024	6,245	897
	46,601	6,694

No impairment losses were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

9.   LEASES

Leases of motor vehicles and logistic equipment as Lessor

The Group provides direct financing and sales-type leases of motor vehicles and logistic equipment, primarily to transportation service providers that meet the Group’s credit assessment requirements. The lease terms range from two to ten years, do not contain contingent rental income clauses, and are fully collateralized by assets the Group can repossess in the event of default. Initial direct costs were insignificant for all periods presented. The lease agreements include lease payments that are fixed, do not contain residual value guarantees or variable lease payments. The Group generally either grants the lessee an option at the end of the lease term to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise or ownership of the underlying asset transfers to the lessee for a nominal amount.

F-41

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

9.   LEASES (CONTINUED)

Leases of motor vehicles and logistic equipment as Lessor (continued)

The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases are presented as “Lease rental receivables” on the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Current assets:
Direct financing leases	613,439	570,182	81,902
Sales-type leases	—	80,730	11,596
	613,439	650,912	93,498
Non-current assets:
Direct financing leases	1,431,441	859,936	123,522
Sales-type leases	—	217,840	31,291
	1,431,441	1,077,776	154,813
Total	2,044,880	1,728,688	248,311

The net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases consisted of:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Total minimum lease payments receivable	2,340,674	1,963,359	282,019
Less: Executory costs	—	—	—
Minimum lease payments receivable	2,340,674	1,963,359	282,019
Less: Allowance for un-collectables	—	(11,014)	(1,582)
Net minimum lease payments receivable	2,340,674	1,952,345	280,437
Unguaranteed residuals	—	—	—
Less: Unearned income	(295,794)	(223,657)	(32,126)
Net investment in financing leases	2,044,880	1,728,688	248,311
Current portion	613,439	650,912	93,498
Non-current portion	1,431,441	1,077,776	154,813

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Group recorded RMB62,174, RMB125,225 and RMB139,394 (US$20,022) of interest income from direct financing and sales-type leases as a lessor in “Revenue - Others” on its consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Losses incurred with respect to default on lease receivables were insignificant for all periods presented. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the allowance of lease rental receivables were RMB nil and RMB11,014 (US$1,582), respectively. Accordingly, risk of default with respect to these receivables is remote.

F-42

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

9.   LEASES (CONTINUED)

Leases of motor vehicles and logistic equipment as Lessor (continued)

Future minimum lease payments to be received for the direct financing and sales-type leases for each of the five succeeding fiscal years as of the December 31, 2019 are as follows:

	As at December 31	As at December 31
	2018	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
For the year ending December 31, 2020	748,377	762,491	109,525
For the year ending December 31, 2021	735,913	605,661	86,998
For the year ending December 31, 2022	475,313	318,962	45,816
For the year ending December 31, 2023	214,554	158,503	22,768
For the year ending December 31, 2024	107,120	71,383	10,254
Thereafter	59,397	35,345	5,076
Total minimum lease payments	2,340,674	1,952,345	280,437
Unearned income	(295,794)	(223,657)	(32,126)
Net investment in direct financing and sales-type leases	2,044,880	1,728,688	248,311

Failed sale-leaseback transactions as buyer-lessor

The Group has certain failed sales-leaseback transactions of certain motor vehicles and logistic equipment in which the Group acts as buyer-lessor but the seller-lessee does not transfer the control of the leased asset to the Group. The internal rate of return is used in the computation of interest income which is recorded in “Revenue - Others” in the Group’s consolidated statement of comprehensive loss and was insignificant for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the Group recorded RMB189,642 (US$27,240) under "Prepayments and other current assets" and RMB218,517 (US$31,388) under "Other non-current assets", respectively.

Financing and operating leases as Lessee

The Group has operating leases for certain offices, warehouses, hub and sortation center facilities and equipment and financing leases for certain machinery and electronic equipment as a lessee.

The Group’s lease agreements include lease payments that are fixed, do not contain material residual value guarantees or variable lease payments. The leases have remaining lease terms of up to twenty years. Certain lease agreements include terms with options to extend the lease, however none of these have been recognized in the Company’s operating lease ROU assets or operating lease liabilities since those options were not reasonably certain to be exercised. The Group’s leases do not contain restrictions or covenants that restrict the Group from incurring other financial obligations. The Group’s lease agreements may contain lease and non-lease components. Non-lease components primarily include payments for maintenance and utilities. Consideration for lease and non-lease components are allocated on a relative standalone selling price basis.

F-43

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

9.   LEASES (CONTINUED)

Financing and operating leases as Lessee (continued)

The components of lease cost were as follows:

	For the year ended December 31, 2019
	RMB	US$
Operating lease cost	1,272,499	182,784
Short-term lease cost	126,840	18,219
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of ROU assets	3,390	487
Interest	304	44
Total lease cost	1,403,033	201,534

	For the year ended December 31, 2019
Other information	RMB		US$
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	1,288,410		185,069
Operating cash flows from financing leases	304		44
Financing cash flows from financing leases	1,215		175
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	1,583,430		227,445
ROU obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	1,054		151
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years):
Operating leases	5.38
Financing leases	2.75
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases	7.78	%
Financing leases	7.38	%

For the year ended December 31, 2019, total operating and short-term lease costs of RMB1,269,946 (US$182,416), RMB93,738 (US$13,465), and RMB35,655 (US$5,122) were recorded in cost of revenue, selling expenses, general and administrative expenses, respectively.

Total expenses under operating leases were RMB981,737 and RMB1,083,889 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

F-44

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

9.   LEASES (CONTINUED)

Financing and operating leases as Lessee (continued)

Future minimum lease payments for operating and financing leases as of December 31, 2019 are as follows:

	Operating Leases		Financing leases
	RMB	US$	RMB	US$
For the year ended December 31,2020	1,343,383	192,965	1,643	236
For the year ended December 31,2021	1,112,846	159,850	1,399	201
For the year ended December 31,2022	921,212	132,324	619	89
For the year ended December 31,2023	779,506	111,969	506	73
For the year ended December 31,2024	566,235	81,335	38	5
Thereafter	948,275	136,211	—	—
Total minimum lease payments	5,671,457	814,654	4,205	604
Less: imputed interest	1,153,571	165,700	770	110
Total lease liability balance	4,517,886	648,954	3,435	494
Minimum payments related to leases not yet commenced as of December 31, 2019	310,004	44,529	—	—

10.   LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

Equity investments without readily determinable fair value

Equity investments without readily determinable fair value were accounted for as cost method investments prior to adopting ASC 321 on January 1, 2018. As of December 31, 2017, the carrying amount of the Company’s cost method investments was RMB 30,000. In accordance with ASC 321, the Company elected to use the measurement alternative to measure such investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the carrying amount of the Company’s equity investments was RMB207,628 and RMB224,927 (US$32,309), net of RMB nil and RMB nil (US$ nil) in accumulated impairment, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, certain equity investments were remeasured based on observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer and the aggregate carrying amount of these investments was RMB94,628 and RMB119,927 (US$17,226) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

Unrealized gains (upward adjustments) and losses (downward adjustments and impairment) resulting from observable price changes of equity securities without readily determinable fair values for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 were RMB64,628 and RMB nil, and RMB14,155 (US$2,033) and RMB nil (US$ nil), respectively.

Net unrealized gains and losses for equity securities held were RMB64,628 and RMB14,155 (US$2,033) for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2019. Net realized gains and losses on equity securities sold were RMB nil, and RMB nil (US$ nil) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 , respectively.

Equity method investments

In 2015, the Group completed the investment in Hangzhou Dezhi Logistic Co., Ltd. (“Dezhi”) through the subscription of newly issued ordinary shares representing 30% equity interest in Dezhi. Total consideration for the investment in Dezhi was RMB300 in cash. The Group accounts for the investment in Dezhi as an equity method investment due to its significant influence over the entity. On October 29, 2019, the Group disposed of its equity interest in Dezhi and realized a gain on disposal of RMB22 (US$3).

F-45

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

10.   LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS (CONTINUED)

Equity method investments (continued)

On January 22, 2017, the Group completed the investment in Hangzhou Jinye Technology Co., Ltd. (“Jinye”) through the subscription of newly issued ordinary shares representing a 13.73% equity interest in Jinye. Total consideration for the investment in Jinye was RMB7,652 in cash. The Group accounts for the investment in Jinye as an equity method investment due to its significant influence over the entity, as the Group has one board seat out of five in Jinye. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group’s investment was diluted to 13.04% due to Jinye’s closing of equity financing raised from investors.

The carrying amount of the equity method investments were RMB6,711 and RMB5,928 (US$851) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively. There were no impairment indicators for the equity method investments and no impairment losses were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Selected financial information of the equity method investees have not been presented as the effects were not material.

11.   GOODWILL

	Reporting units/operating segment
	Express	Freight
	delivery	delivery	Store+	Others	Total
Balance as of January 1, 2018	241,623	5,580	181,176	20,205	448,584
Goodwill acquired	—	—	20,492	—	20,492
Balance as of December 31, 2018	241,623	5,580	201,668	20,205	469,076
Goodwill acquired	—	—	—	21,910	21,910
Balance as of December 31, 2019	241,623	5,580	201,668	42,115	490,986
Balance as of December 31, 2019 (US$)	34,707	802	28,968	6,049	70,526

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Group performed a qualitative assessment for the Express delivery and Freight delivery services reporting units based on the requirements of ASC 350-20. The Group evaluated all relevant factors, weighed all factors in their entirety and concluded that it was not more-likely-than-not that the fair values of the Express delivery and Freight delivery services reporting units were less than their respective carrying amounts. Therefore, further impairment testing on goodwill was unnecessary as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Group performed a quantitative assessment for the remaining reporting units by estimating the fair value of the reporting units based on an income approach which involved significant management judgment, estimates and assumptions such as the discount rate, revenue growth rates and operating margin. The fair values of the remaining reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values and therefore, goodwill related to these reporting units was not impaired.

No impairment losses were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

F-46

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

12.   SHORT-TERM BANK LOANS

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Short-term bank loans guaranteed by subsidiaries within the Group	740,000	960,000	137,895
Short-term bank loans pledged by deposits	1,042,900	1,159,000	166,481
Secured bank borrowings	—	391,500	56,235
	1,782,900	2,510,500	360,611

During 2019, the Group factored certain intercompany notes receivables with a total face value of RMB471,500 (US$67,727) to several domestic banks for total proceeds of RMB458,864 (US$65,912) at effective interest rates ranging from 2.67% to 3.86% ("the receivable factoring transaction"). As the factoring of notes receivables was with recourse, the receivable factoring transaction did not qualify as a transfer of financial assets to be considered as a sale under ASC 860 and was accounted for as a secured borrowing. The note receivables remain on the consolidated balance sheet while the proceeds are recognized as secured bank borrowings included in "Short-term bank loans".

Short-term bank loans consisted of several bank loans denominated in RMB. The total deposits in restricted cash pledged for short-term bank loans and secured bank borrowings was RMB1,166,744 and RMB1,590,025 (US$228,393) as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The weighted average interest rate for the outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2019, was 4.80% and 4.27% respectively. The total intercompany notes receivables pledged for secured bank borrowings was RMB nil and RMB 391,500 (US$56,235) as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

13.   ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Salary and welfare payable	1,164,401	1,228,253	176,427
Accrual for purchases of property and equipment	252,265	128,457	18,452
Accrued expenses	277,479	81,576	11,718
Borrowings for electronic machinery and equipment	—	40,036	5,751
Payable for business acquisitions	12,335	11,095	1,594
Others	532,305	533,846	76,680
	2,238,785	2,023,263	290,622

Payable for business acquisitions mainly represents the amount to be paid to the original shareholders at the end of the escrow periods or consideration to be paid for other acquisitions based on their respective payment schedules.

F-47

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

13.   ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES (CONTINUED)

In the year ended December 31, 2019, the Group received total proceeds of RMB94,000 (US$13,502) from third-party financing lease companies (buyer-lessor) for which the Group acts as seller-lessee but did not transfer the control of leased machinery and electronic equipment to the buyer-lessor. These failed sales-leaseback transactions were accounted for as financing transactions. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements, the weighted average effective interest rate of the outstanding borrowings was 8.06% and repayments are to be made over a weighted average period of 2.47 years. At the end of the repayment schedule, the Group is entitled to obtain ownership of these equipment for nominal consideration. For the year ended December 31, 2019, interest costs incurred was not material. As of December 31, 2019, the Group recorded the current portion of the borrowings of RMB40,036 (US$5,751) in "Accrued expenses and other liabilities" and the non-current portion of borrowings of RMB41,451 (US$5,954) in "Other non-current liabilities", respectively. As of December 31, 2019, RMB40,167 (US$5,770), RMB31,333 (US$4,501) and RMB9,778 (US$1,404) of the borrowings are due in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. These borrowings were partially collateralized by the Company's electronic machinery and equipment with a total carrying value of RMB61,488 (US$8,832) as of December 31, 2019.

14.   SECURITIZATION DEBT

In June 2019, BEST Finance transferred certain lease rental and other financing receivables totaling RMB705,033 (US$102,700) with remaining lease terms ranging from one to four years originating from its finance leasing services business to a securitization vehicle. The securitization vehicle created Xinyuan Leasing Asset Backed Special Plan (the “Plan”) and contemporaneously issued debt securities securitized by the transferred lease rental receivables (“asset-backed securities”) to qualified institution investors on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and raised total proceeds of RMB262,316 (US$37,679) under the Plan , net of issuance costs for the securitization transaction of RMB6,684 (US$974). The Plan consists of three tranches: Series A tranche with a stated interest of 5.5% maturing no later than 2020, Series B tranche with a stated interest of 6.5% maturing no later than 2020 and a subordinated tranche maturing no later than 2023. The Group also provided a guarantee to the Plan to secure the full repayment of the principal and interest of the Series A and B tranches of the Plan issued to external investors.

The Group acts as the servicer of the Plan by providing payment collection services for the underlying lease rental receivables and holds significant variable interests in the Plan through holding all of the subordinated tranche of asset-backed debt securities maturing no later than 2023 and the guarantee provided, from which the Group has the obligation to absorb losses of the Plan that could potentially be significant to the Plan. Accordingly, the Group is considered the primary beneficiary of the Plan and has consolidated the Plan’s assets, liabilities, results of operations, and cash flows in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

As a result of the series of transactions described above, the maturity dates of the Series A and B tranches of the Plan issued to external investors were considered borrowings from external investors. The proceeds from borrowings from external investors is a financing activity and reported as “Proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities, net of issuance costs” on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Repayments on the borrowings totaled RMB157,417 (US$22,612) during 2019 from external investors were made according to the payment schedule.

As of December 31, 2019, the outstanding borrowings from external investors was RMB104,899 (US$15,068) which is repayable within one year and is included in “Securitization debt” on the consolidated balance sheets. The weighted average effective interest rate for the outstanding securitization debt was 11.36% as of December 31, 2019.

15.   CONVERTIBLE SENIOR NOTES

On September 17, 2019, the Company issued US$200,000 convertible senior notes (the “Notes”) to several initial purchasers. The Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company, and interest is payable semi-annually in arrears at a rate of 1.75% per annum on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2020. The Notes will mature on October 1, 2024 unless redeemed, repurchased or converted prior to such date.

F-48

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

15.   CONVERTIBLE SENIOR NOTES (CONTINUED)

The Notes holders have the right, at their option, to convert the outstanding principal amount of the Notes, in whole or in part in integral multiples of $1 principal amount (i) upon satisfaction of one or more of the conversion conditions as defined in the indenture for the Notes prior to the close of business day immediately preceding October 1, 2024; or (ii) anytime on or after October 1, 2024 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date (the “Conversion Option”).

The initial conversion rate for the Notes is 141.844 of the Company’s American depositary shares (“ADSs ”) per US$1,000 principal amount of the Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of US$7.05 per ADS, subject to certain anti-dilution and make-whole fundamental change adjustments but is not adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. Upon conversion, the Company is required to deliver ADSs to such converting holders and both issuer and holders have no other settlement options.

The holders may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the Notes for cash on September 30, 2022 at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the repurchase date.

If certain events of default, changes in tax laws of the relevant taxing jurisdiction or fundamental change as defined in the indenture for the Notes were to occur, the outstanding obligations under the Notes could be immediately due and payable (the “Contingent Redemption Options”). The Company will pay additional interest, at its election, as the sole remedy relating to the failure to comply with certain reporting obligations as defined in the indenture of the Notes. In addition, the Notes provide its holders with additional interest equal to the fair value of any dividends received by the holders of the Company’s ordinary shares (the “Contingent Interest Features”).

The Company evaluated the embedded conversion features contained in the Notes and determined that the Conversion Option was not required to be bifurcated because it met the scope exception provided for under ASC 815-10-15-74(a).

The Company also evaluated the embedded Contingent Redemption Options and Contingent Interest Features contained in the Notes in accordance with ASC 815 to determine if these features require bifurcation. The Contingent Redemption Options were not required to be bifurcated because they are considered to be clearly and closely related to the debt host, as the Notes were not issued at a substantial discount and are redeemable at par.

The Contingent Interest Features are not considered to be clearly and closely related to the debt host and met the definition of a derivative. However, the fair value of the Contingent Interest Features on the issuance date and at December 31, 2019 was not significant. In addition, the Company assessed whether the additional interest payments need to be accrued as a liability in accordance with ASC 450. Since the likelihood of the occurrence of such default events is determined to be remote, the Company did not accrue additional interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company will continue to assess the accrual for these additional interest payment liabilities at each reporting date.

Furthermore, no beneficial conversion feature was recognized for the Notes as the fair value per ADS at the commitment date was US$5.53, which was less than the most favorable conversion price.

In connection with the issuance of the Notes, the Company also purchased capped call options on the Company’s ADS with certain counterparties at a price of US$22,500 (equivalent to RMB159,138), which was recorded as a reduction of the Company’s additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheet with no subsequent changes in fair value recorded. The capped call exercise price is equal to the Notes’ initial conversion price and the cap price is US$10.0 per ADS, subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution to existing holders of the ordinary shares and ADSs of the Company upon conversion of the Notes with such reduction subject to a cap.

F-49

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

15.   CONVERTIBLE SENIOR NOTES (CONTINUED)

The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes were US$194,457 (equivalent to RMB1,375,355), after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses of US$5,543 (equivalent to RMB39,205) from the initial proceeds of US$200,000.

As of December 31, 2019, the principal amount of the Notes was RMB1,395,240 (US$200,000), unamortized debt discount was RMB35,032 (US$4,618) and the net carrying amount of the Notes was RMB1,360,208 (US$195,382).

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the amount of interest cost recognized relating to both the contractual interest coupon and amortization of the discount on the Notes was RMB10,894 (US$1,565). As of December 31, 2019, the Notes will be accreted up to the principal amount of US$200,000 (equivalent to RMB1,395,240) over a remaining period of 2.75 years.

The aggregate scheduled maturities of RMB1,395,240 (US$200,000) of the Notes will be repaid when they become due in 2024, assuming no conversion, redemption prior to the maturity and convertible senior note bondholders hold the Notes until maturity.

16.   TAXATION

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no withholding tax is imposed.

British Virgin Islands

Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, BEST BVI is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by BEST BVI to its shareholders, no withholding tax is imposed.

Hong Kong

The subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to income tax at the rate of 16.5% on the estimated assessable profits arising in Hong Kong. For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Group did not make any provisions for Hong Kong profit tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earned in Hong Kong for any of the periods presented. Under the Hong Kong tax law, BEST HK and BEST Capital HK are exempted from income tax on their foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.

China

The current enterprise income tax law (“EIT Law”) applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax (“EIT”) rate to both foreign invested enterprises and domestic enterprises.

F-50

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

16.   TAXATION (CONTINUED)

The EIT Law treats enterprises established outside of the PRC with "effective management and control" located in the PRC as PRC resident enterprises for tax purposes. The term "effective management and control" is generally defined as exercising management and control over the business, personnel, accounting, properties, etc. of an enterprise. Any companies located in jurisdictions outside of the PRC, if considered a PRC resident enterprise for tax purposes, would be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income commencing on January 1, 2008. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not accrued for PRC tax on such basis as the Group's non-PRC entities had zero assessable profits in the PRC for the period after January 1, 2008. The Group will continue to monitor the tax status of its non-PRC entities with regards to the PRC tax resident enterprise rules.

Pursuant to relevant laws and regulations in the PRC and with approval from tax authorities in charge, one of the Group's subsidiaries, BEST Technology, qualified as a High and New Technology Enterprise ("HNTE"), and is entitled to the preferential tax rate of 15% for three years from 2016 to 2018. During 2019, BEST Technology has renewed the HNTE certificate for three years from 2019 to 2021.

Withholding tax on undistributed dividends

The EIT law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a foreign invested enterprise (“FIE”) to its immediate holding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a non-resident enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. According to the Arrangement between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes On Income in August 2006, dividends paid by an FIE in China to its immediate holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5% (if the foreign investor directly owns at least 25% of the shares of the FIE).

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
PRC	(1,229,979)	(523,221)	(287,511)	(41,298)
Non-PRC	12,591	27,173	87,088	12,509
	(1,217,388)	(496,048)	(200,423)	(28,789)

The current and deferred components of income tax expense appearing in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss are as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Current income tax	(11,536)	(18,219)	(17,840)	(2,562)
Deferred income tax	1,680	6,332	(450)	(65)
	(9,856)	(11,887)	(18,290)	(2,627)

F-51

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

16.   TAXATION (CONTINUED)

A reconciliation of the differences between the PRC statutory tax rate and the Group’s effective tax rate for enterprise income tax is as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Loss before income taxes and share of net loss of equity investees	(1,217,388)	(496,048)	(200,423)	(28,789)
Income tax computed at the statutory tax rate of 25%	304,346	124,012	50,106	7,197
Non-deductible expenses	(113,139)	(76,056)	(74,083)	(10,641)
Effect of different tax rates in different jurisdictions and preferential tax rate	(4,220)	(4,826)	(9,949)	(1,429)
Research and development expenses deduction	9,441	12,248	19,552	2,808
Non-taxable income	13,985	17,097	17,489	2,512
Over-accrued EIT for previous years	(154)	(8,770)	(1,245)	(179)
Deferred tax expense	(19,362)	(4,140)	2,876	413
Tax rate change	—	16,771	(4,578)	(658)
Expired tax loss	(31,373)	(13,482)	(2,201)	(316)
Change in valuation allowance	(169,380)	(74,741)	(16,257)	(2,334)
	(9,856)	(11,887)	(18,290)	(2,627)

F-52

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

16.   TAXATION (CONTINUED)

Deferred tax

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Deferred tax assets, non-current
Accrued expenses	357,259	363,107	52,157
Customer advances and deposits	47,233	34,571	4,966
Allowance for doubtful accounts and inventory provision	7,476	28,278	4,062
Depreciation and amortization expense	40,305	101,565	14,589
Net operating losses carrying forward	719,878	692,352	99,450
Total deferred tax assets	1,172,151	1,219,873	175,224
Valuation allowance*	(1,155,994)	(1,172,251)	(168,384)
Total deferred tax assets net of valuation allowance	16,157	47,622	6,840

* The Group recorded a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets of those subsidiaries and VIEs that are in a three-year cumulative financial loss position and are not forecasting profits in the near future as of December 31, 2018 and 2019. In making such determination, the Group also evaluates a variety of factors including the Group’s operating history, accumulated deficit, existence of taxable temporary differences and reversal periods.

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Deferred tax liabilities
Fair value changes on private equity investments	16,157	19,696	2,829
Accrued revenue recognition difference	—	27,926	4,011
Long-lived assets arising from acquisition	25,356	25,806	3,707
Total deferred tax liabilities	41,513	73,428	10,547

As of December 31, 2019, the Company has net operating losses of RMB3,300,414 (US$474,075) primarily from its subsidiaries and VIEs in the PRC, which can be carried forward per tax regulation to offset future net profit for income tax purposes. The net operating loss carry forwards as of December 31, 2019 will expire in years 2020 to 2029 if not utilized. As of December 31, 2019, the Company intends to permanently reinvest the undistributed earnings from foreign subsidiaries to fund future operations. As of December 31, 2019, the total amount of undistributed earnings from its PRC subsidiaries as well as VIEs was RMB81,539 (US$11,712). The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liabilities for temporary differences related to investments in foreign subsidiaries are not determined because such a determination is not practicable.

F-53

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

16.   TAXATION (CONTINUED)

Unrecognized tax benefits

As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, the Company recorded an unrecognized tax benefit of RMB132,808 and RMB191,473 (US$27,503) respectively, of which RMB nil and RMB nil (US$ nil), respectively, are presented on a net basis against the deferred tax assets related to tax loss carry forwards on the consolidated balance sheets. This primarily represents the estimated income tax expense the Group would pay should its income tax returns have been prepared in accordance with the current PRC tax laws and regulations. It is possible that the amount of uncertain tax position will change in the next twelve months; however, an estimate of the range of the possible outcomes cannot be made at this time. As of December 31, 2018 and 2019, unrecognized tax benefits of RMB16,698 and RMB (1,446) (US$(208)), respectively, if ultimately recognized, will impact the effective tax rate. A roll-forward of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Beginning balance	106,376	132,808	19,077
Additions	27,786	64,410	9,251
Decreases	(1,354)	(5,745)	(825)
Ending balance	132,808	191,473	27,503

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Company recorded insignificant late payment interest expense as part of income tax expense and did not incur any penalties.

In general, the PRC tax authority has up to five years to conduct examinations of the Company’s tax filings. Accordingly, the PRC subsidiaries’ and the VIEs and its subsidiaries’ tax years 2014 through 2019 remain open to examination by the taxing jurisdictions.

17.   RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Group’s PRC subsidiaries only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries.

In accordance with the Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment of China and its Articles of Association, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, being a foreign-invested enterprise established in the PRC, are required to provide certain statutory reserves, namely the general reserve fund, enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund, all of which are appropriated from net profit as reported in its PRC statutory accounts. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required to allocate at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit to the general reserve fund until such fund has reached 50% of its registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. Appropriations to the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund are at the discretion of the Board of Directors of the PRC subsidiaries. These reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends.

F-54

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

17.   RESTRICTED NET ASSETS (CONTINUED)

In accordance with the PRC Company Laws, the Company’s VIEs and its subsidiaries must make appropriations from their annual after-tax profits as reported in their PRC statutory accounts to non-distributable reserve funds, namely statutory surplus fund, statutory public welfare fund and discretionary surplus fund. The VIEs and its subsidiaries are required to allocate at least 10% of their after-tax profits to the statutory surplus fund until such fund has reached 50% of their respective registered capital. Appropriations to the discretionary surplus fund are made at the discretion of the Board of Directors of the VIEs and its subsidiaries. These reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not transferable to the Company in the form of loans, advances, or cash dividends.

As of December 31, 2018, and 2019, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries had appropriated RMB3,771 and RMB4,641 (US$667) of statutory reserves , respectively, which are included in shareholder's equity.

Under PRC laws and regulations, there are restrictions on the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, the VIEs and its subsidiaries with respect to transferring certain of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans, or advances. Amounts restricted include paid-in capital and surplus reserves of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs and its subsidiaries, totaling RMB4,664,305 (US$ 669,985) as of December 31, 2019; therefore in accordance with Rules 504 and 4.08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X, the condensed parent company only financial statements as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 are disclosed in Note 28.

Furthermore, cash transfers from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to its subsidiaries outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of the PRC subsidiaries and consolidated VIEs to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to the Company, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations.

F-55

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

18.   LOSS PER SHARE

Basic and diluted loss per share for each of the years presented are calculated as follows:

	2017	2017	2017	2018	2018	2018	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019
	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class A	Class A	Class B	Class B	Class C	Class C
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$	RMB	US$	RMB	US$
Basic loss per share:
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders—basic	(612,133)	(219,898)	(395,862)	(320,514)	(124,319)	(63,155)	(128,498)	(18,458)	(49,017)	(7,040)	(24,901)	(3,577)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic	73,900,022	26,547,262	47,790,698	242,542,728	94,075,249	47,790,698	246,614,615	246,614,615	94,075,249	94,075,249	47,790,698	47,790,698
Basic loss per share	(8.28)	(8.28)	(8.28)	(1.32)	(1.32)	(1.32)	(0.52)	(0.07)	(0.52)	(0.07)	(0.52)	(0.07)

F-56

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

18.   LOSS PER SHARE (CONTINUED)

	2017	2017	2017	2018	2018	2018	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019	2019
	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class A	Class B	Class C	Class A	Class A	Class B	Class B	Class C	Class C
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$	RMB	US$	RMB	US$
Diluted loss per share:
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders—basic	(612,133)	(219,898)	(395,862)	(320,514)	(124,319)	(63,155)	(128,498)	(18,458)	(49,017)	(7,040)	(24,901)	(3,577)
Reallocation of net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders as a result of conversion of Class C and Class B to Class A ordinary shares (Note 20)	(615,760)	—	—	(187,474)	—	—	(73,918)	(10,617)	—	—	—	—
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders—diluted	(1,227,893)	(219,898)	(395,862)	(507,988)	(124,319)	(63,155)	(202,416)	(29,075)	(49,017)	(7,040)	(24,901)	(3,577)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic	73,900,022	26,547,262	47,790,698	242,542,728	94,075,249	47,790,698	246,614,615	246,614,615	94,075,249	94,075,249	47,790,698	47,790,698
Conversion of Class C and Class B to Class A ordinary shares (Note 20)	74,337,960	—	—	141,865,947	—	—	141,865,947	141,865,947	—	—	—	—
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding - diluted	148,237,982	26,547,262	47,790,698	384,408,675	94,075,249	47,790,698	388,480,562	388,480,562	94,075,249	94,075,249	47,790,698	47,790,698
Diluted loss per share	(8.28)	(8.28)	(8.28)	(1.32)	(1.32)	(1.32)	(0.52)	(0.07)	(0.52)	(0.07)	(0.52)	(0.07)

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, the two-class method is applicable because the Company has three classes of ordinary shares outstanding, Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares, respectively (Note 20). The effects of all outstanding share options, restricted share units and convertible senior notes were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 as their effects would be anti-dilutive.

F-57

19.   SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS

2008 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”)

On June 4, 2008, the shareholders and Board of Directors of the Company approved the 2008 Plan, which is administrated by the Board of Directors and has a term of 10 years from the date of adoption. Under the 2008 Plan, the Company reserved 10,000,000 ordinary shares of the Company to its eligible employees, directors and officers of the Group and consultants. The purpose of the 2008 Plan is to attract and retain key employees, directors, officers and consultants of outstanding ability and to motivate them to exert their best efforts on behalf of the Group by providing incentives through granting awards. On October 25, 2011 and January 15, 2015, the shareholders and Board of Directors of the Company approved a resolution to increase the share option pool under the 2008 Plan to 16,239,033 and 20,934,684 ordinary shares, respectively.

The options granted under the 2008 Plan have a contractual term of 15 years and will become vested (but not exercisable) either (i) immediately upon grant; or (ii) with respect to 25% of the options on the first anniversary of the vesting period, and thereafter in thirty-six equal monthly installments of 2.09% each on the last day of every month that has elapsed following the first anniversary of the vesting period until the options are 100% vested.

The grantee can exercise vested options after the commencement date of exercise and before the earlier of: 1) its contractual term (i.e. 15 years after its grant date); or 2) 90 days after the grantee terminates their employment if the vested options have not been exercised. The commencement date of exercise is upon the Company’s IPO.

In July 2017, 12,599,520 vested options were exercised pursuant to a conditional one-time waiver of the "exercisable upon the Company's IPO" condition by the Group (the "early exercise"). The early exercise was not considered substantive for accounting purposes in accordance with ASC 718-10-55-31.

2017 Stock Incentive Plan

In September 2017, the Company's shareholders and Board of Directors approved the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2017 Plan"). The 2017 Plan provides for an aggregate amount of no more than 10,000,000 Class A ordinary shares to be issued. In addition, the number of Class A ordinary shares available to be issued under the 2017 Plan will automatically be increased by a maximum of 2% of the Company's total outstanding shares at the end of the preceding calendar year on January 1, 2019 and on every January 1 thereafter for eight years, provided that the aggregate amount of shares which may be subject to awards granted under the 2017 Plan does not exceed 10% of the Company's total outstanding shares at the end of the preceding calendar year.

The options granted under the 2017 Plan have a contractual term no more than 10 years and will become vested with respect to 25% of the options on the first anniversary of the vesting period, and thereafter in thirty six equal monthly installments of 2.09% each on the last day of every month that has elapsed following the first anniversary of the vesting period until the options are 100% vested.

The grantee can exercise vested options after the commencement date of exercise and before the earlier of: 1) its contractual term (i.e. 10 years after its grant date); or 2) 90 days after the grantee terminates their employment if the vested options have not been exercised.

The restricted Class A ordinary shares (“Restricted Shares”) granted under the 2017 Plan have the same terms as the share options except that Restricted Shares do not require exercise and will become vested with respect to 25% of the Restricted Shares on the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the vesting period until the Restricted Shares are 100% vested.

F-58

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

19.   SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS (CONTINUED)

Options granted to employees

The options granted to employees are accounted for as equity awards and measured at their grant date fair values. Given that the inability of the grantees to exercise these options until the completion of the IPO constitutes a performance condition that is not considered probable until the IPO completion date on September 20, 2017, the Company did not recognize any compensation expense until the IPO occurred. Upon the IPO completion date, the Company immediately recognized expenses associated with options that were vested as of the IPO completion date amounting to RMB6,017, RMB13,172, RMB119,654, and RMB24,268 included in cost of revenues, selling expense, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses, respectively. In addition, the Company recognizes the remaining compensation expenses over the remaining service requisite period using the accelerated method.

A summary of the employee share option activity under the 2008 Plan is stated below:

				Weighted-
			Weighted-	average
		Weighted-	average	remaining	Aggregate
	Number of	average	grant-date	contractual	intrinsic
	options	exercise price	fair value	term	Value
		US$	US$	Years	US$
Outstanding, December 31, 2018	4,294,256	0.75	6.65	12.95	14,430
Granted	—	—	—
Exercised	(1,177,249)	0.75	5.86
Forfeited/Expired	(325,549)	0.75	8.05
Outstanding, December 31, 2019	2,791,458	0.75	6.83	12.01	13,428
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019	2,791,458	0.75	6.83	12.01	13,428
Exercisable at December 31, 2019	1,926,205	0.75	6.14	11.79	9,266

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between the closing share price on the last trading day in 2019 and the option’s respective exercise price. Total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 was RMB792,192 and RMB860,607 (US$123,618) respectively.

The total weighted average grant-date fair value of the share option awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 were US$8.63 and US$9.55 , respectively. No share option awards were granted during the year ended December 31, 2019. The total fair value of the equity awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were RMB 87,812, RMB101,966 and RMB48,452 (US$6,960) respectively.

There were no new grants of share option awards during the year ended December 31, 2019 or any outstanding share options under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, the unrecognized compensation cost related to 865,253 unvested share options expected to vest was RMB24,722 (US$3,551). This unrecognized compensation will be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 1.50 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost may be adjusted for actual forfeitures occurring in the future.

F-59

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

19.   SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS (CONTINUED)

Options granted to non-employees

Modification of non-employee options

On June 21, 2017 (“Modification Date”), all outstanding options granted to non-employees under the 2008 Plan amounting to 1,500,154 options (except for 50,000 options granted to one external consultant) were modified to be fully vested on the Modification Date, and exercisable upon the Company’s IPO. Therefore, upon the IPO completion date, the Company immediately recognized expenses amounting to RMB117,578 associated with those non-employee options under the 2008 Plan that are vested as of the IPO completion date. In addition, the Company recognizes the remaining compensation expenses for the one external consultant over the remaining service requisite period using the accelerated method.

A summary of the non-employee share option activity under the 2008 Plan is stated below:

				Weighted‑
			Weighted‑	average
		Weighted‑	average	remaining	Aggregate
	Number of	average	grant‑date	contractual	intrinsic
	options	exercise price	fair value	term	Value
		US$	US$	Years	US$
Outstanding, December 31, 2018	1,574,623	0.70	2.47	9.67	4,657
Granted	—	—	—
Exercised	(102,946)	0.30	2.20
Forfeited	—	—	—
Outstanding, December 31, 2019	1,471,677	0.70	2.47	8.67	7,645
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019	1,471,677	0.70	2.47	8.67	7,645
Exercisable at December 31, 2019	1,471,677	0.70	2.42	8.60	7,149

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between the closing stock price on the last trading day in 2019 and the option’s respective exercise price. Total intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was RMB nil, RMB15,703 and RMB19,677 (US$2,826), respectively.

The total weighted average grant date fair value of the non-employee share option awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 were US$9.05, US$9.06 per option, respectively. The Company did not grant any non-employee share option awards for the year ended December 31, 2019. The total fair value of the equity awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were RMB118,002, RMB21,199 and RMB770 (US$111), respectively.

There were no new grants of non-employee share option awards during the year ended December 31, 2019 or any outstanding non-employee share options under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, there was no remaining unrecognized non-employee share-based compensation expenses.

F-60

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

19.   SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS (CONTINUED)

Grant date fair value of employee and non-employee share options

The grant date fair value of share options was determined using the binomial option valuation model, with the assistance from an independent third-party appraiser. The binomial model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected share price volatility and the suboptimal early exercise factor. For expected volatilities, the Company has made reference to historical volatilities of several comparable companies. The suboptimal early exercise factor was estimated based on the Company’s expectation of exercise behavior of the grantees. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the share options is based on the market yield of U.S. treasury bonds in effect at the time of grant. Prior to the IPO, the estimated fair value of the ordinary shares, at the option grant dates, was determined with the assistance from an independent third-party appraiser. Subsequent to the IPO, the fair value of the ordinary shares is the price of the Company’s publicly traded shares. The Company’s management is ultimately responsible for the determination of the estimated fair value of its ordinary shares.

The assumptions used to estimate the grant date fair value of the share options granted to employees and non-employees are as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019
Risk-free interest rate	2.32% ~ 2.41%	2.74% ~ 2.78%	—
Expected volatility range	40.5% ~ 44.1%	44.3% ~ 46.9%	—
Suboptimal exercise factor	2.20	2.20	—
Fair market value per ordinary share	US$5.08 ~ $11.24	US$8.30 ~ $9.55	—

Restricted Shares

The following table summarizes the Company's Restricted Shares activity under the 2017 Plan:

		Weighted-
		average
	Number of	grant-date fair
	shares	value
		US$
Outstanding, December 31, 2018	3,171,099	10.44
Granted	4,354,211	5.65
Vested and issued	(767,196)	10.45
Forfeited	(422,900)	8.43
Outstanding, December 31, 2019	6,335,214	7.28
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019	6,335,214

The weighted average grant-date fair value of Restricted Shares granted during the year ended December 31, 2019 was US$5.65, which was derived from the fair value of the underlying ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2019, there was RMB258,620 (US$37,148) of total unrecognized share-based compensation expenses related to unvested Restricted Shares expected to vest which are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.88 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost may be adjusted for actual forfeitures occurring in the future. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Group granted 9,413 Restricted Shares to non-employees, which were fully vested and issued during the year.

F-61

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

19.   SHARE-BASED PAYMENTS (CONTINUED)

The following table summarizes the total share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Cost of revenue	6,799	2,003	1,771	254
Selling expenses	14,244	6,007	8,788	1,262
General and administrative expenses	251,312	91,982	80,736	11,597
Research and development expenses	26,608	9,115	7,209	1,036
Total share-based compensation expenses	298,963	109,107	98,504	14,149

20.   SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

Upon the completion of the Company’s IPO on September 20, 2017, all the outstanding Series A, Series B, Series C, Series D, Series E, Series F, Series G-1 and Series G-2 preferred shares preferred (collectively the “Preferred Shares”) issued by the Company prior to the IPO were automatically converted into 264,034,399 ordinary shares and all outstanding ordinary shares, were re-designated into 182,168,452 Class A ordinary shares, 94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares and 47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares, respectively. The participating rights (liquidation and dividend rights) of the Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. Holders of Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares shall vote together as one class on all resolutions submitted to a vote by the shareholders (except with respect to the modification of the rights of any class of ordinary shares). Each share of Class A, Class B and Class C ordinary shares entitle the holder thereof to one vote per share, fifteen votes per share and thirty votes per share on all matters subject to vote at the Company’s general meetings, respectively, and each share of Class B and Class C ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Each holder of Class B ordinary shares or Class C ordinary shares can exercise their conversion right by delivering a written notice to the Company that specifies the number of Class B or Class C ordinary shares they elect to convert into Class A ordinary shares. In no event shall Class A ordinary shares be convertible into Class B or Class C ordinary shares, Class B ordinary shares be convertible into Class C ordinary shares, nor shall Class C ordinary shares be convertible into Class B ordinary shares.

On September 20, 2017, the Company completed its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange. The Company offered 45,000,000 ADSs representing 45,000,000 Class A ordinary shares at US$10.00 per ADS. Additionally, the underwriters exercised their options to purchase an additional 4,750,000 and 2,000,000 ADSs at US$10.00 per ADS, representing 4,750,000 and 2,000,000 Class A ordinary shares, from the Company and selling shareholders, respectively. Net proceeds from the IPO including the over-allotment option after deducting underwriting discounts were RMB3,151,007. Deferred IPO costs of RMB30,646 were recorded as a reduction of the proceeds from the IPO in shareholders’ equity.

Upon completion of the IPO, all outstanding 264,034,399 Preferred Shares were converted on a one-for-one basis into 169,959,150 Class A ordinary shares and 94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares, respectively, and the related aggregate carrying value of RMB15,842,210 was reclassified from mezzanine equity to shareholders’ equity. Upon completion of the IPO, all 60,000,000 outstanding ordinary shares were converted on a one-for-one basis into 12,209,302 Class A ordinary shares and 47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, 730,000, 12,903,413 and 2,056,804 Class A ordinary shares were issued pursuant to exercise of share options and vesting of Restricted Shares, respectively.

F-62

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

20.   SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (CONTINUED)

On February 1, 2018 and September 5, 2018, the Company issued and transferred 16,000,000 and 2,000,000 Class A ordinary shares respectively to Citi, its depositary bank to be issued to employees and non-employees upon the exercise of vested share options and vesting of Restricted Shares under the 2008 Stock Incentive Plan and 2017 Stock Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2019, 14,960,217 ordinary shares out of these 18,000,000 ordinary shares had been issued to employees and non-employees. Therefore, as of December 31, 2019, 3,039,783 Class A ordinary shares remain available for future issuance.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had ordinary shares outstanding comprising of 250,648,452 Class A ordinary shares, 94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares and 47,790,698 of Class C ordinary shares, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had ordinary shares outstanding comprising of 250,648,452 Class A ordinary shares, 94,075,249 Class B ordinary shares and 47,790,698 Class C ordinary shares, respectively. No Class B or Class C ordinary shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

In November 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program (“2019 Share Repurchase Program”), pursuant to which the Company is authorized to repurchase its own issued and outstanding ADSs up to an aggregate value of US$100 million from the open market over a period of 18 months in accordance with applicable securities laws from time to time. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had not repurchased any ADSs under the 2019 Share Repurchase Program.

21.   RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

a) Related Parties

Name of Related Parties	Relationship with the Group
Zhejiang Cainiao Supply Chain Management Co. Ltd (“Cainiao”)	Entity controlled by a principal shareholder of the Group
Alibaba Cloud Computing Co. Ltd (“Ali Cloud”)	Entity controlled by a principal shareholder of the Group
Lazada Express Limited (“Lazada”)	Entity controlled by a principal shareholder of the Group

b) The Group had the following related party transactions:

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Rendering of express delivery and supply chain management services:
Cainiao	489,999	652,352	814,855	117,046
Lazada	—	—	10,697	1,537
	489,999	652,352	825,552	118,583

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Rental of warehouse as a lessee:
Cainiao	8,731	9,076	9,916	1,424

F-63

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

21.   RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS (CONTINUED)

b) The Group had the following related party transactions: (continued)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Operating costs paid on behalf of the Company:
Cainiao	19,892	16,433	9,874	1,418

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Commission fee paid to related party:
Cainiao	—	3,489	160	23

	For the years ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Operating costs paid to related party:
Ali Cloud	—	4,756	9,669	1,389

c) The Group had the following related party balances at the end of the year:

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Amounts due from related parties:
Cainiao	197,488	241,021	34,621
Ali Cloud	—	388	56
Lazada	—	5,349	768
	197,488	246,758	35,445

	As at December 31
	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	US$
Amounts due to related parties:
Cainiao	12,429	6,140	882

22.   SEGMENT REPORTING

The Group has determined that it operates in five operating segments: (1) Supply chain management services, (2) Express delivery services, (3) Freight delivery services, (4) Store ⁺ services, and (5) Others. The “Others” category principally relates to finance leasing services, cross-border logistic services and UCargo transportation services. The operating segments also represented the reporting segments.

F-64

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

22.   SEGMENT REPORTING (CONTINUED)

The chief operating decision maker ("CODM") has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer. The CODM assess the performance of the operating segments based on the measures of revenues, costs of revenues and gross profit. Other than the information provided below, the CODM does not use any other measures by segments. The Group currently does not allocate assets to its operating segments, as the CODM does not use such information to allocate resources to or evaluate the performance of the operating segments. As most of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC and most of the Group’s revenues are derived from the PRC, no geographical information is presented.

The table below provides a summary of the Group’s operating segment results for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Revenue:
Express delivery	12,850,067	17,740,176	21,839,107	3,136,991
Freight delivery	3,178,850	4,115,606	5,233,542	751,751
Supply chain management	1,854,356	2,326,487	2,381,848	342,131
Store +	2,226,034	2,845,141	2,817,202	404,666
Others	649,784	2,759,499	4,398,603	631,820
Inter-segment*	(769,529)	(1,825,930)	(1,494,413)	(214,659)
Total revenue	19,989,562	27,960,979	35,175,889	5,052,700
Cost of revenue:
Express delivery	12,508,090	16,953,251	21,150,925	3,038,140
Freight delivery	3,363,457	3,963,172	4,997,270	717,813
Supply chain management	1,746,999	2,224,749	2,270,514	326,139
Store +	2,072,912	2,590,022	2,495,503	358,457
Others	573,581	2,609,846	3,611,969	518,827
Inter-segment*	(761,028)	(1,821,198)	(1,309,318)	(188,072)
Total cost of revenue	19,504,011	26,519,842	33,216,863	4,771,304
Gross (loss)/profit:
Express delivery	341,977	786,925	688,182	98,851
Freight delivery	(184,607)	152,434	236,272	33,938
Supply chain management	107,357	101,738	111,334	15,992
Store +	153,122	255,119	321,699	46,209
Others	76,203	149,653	786,634	112,993
Inter-segment*	(8,501)	(4,732)	(185,095)	(26,587)
Total gross profit	485,551	1,441,137	1,959,026	281,396

^(*)   The inter-segment eliminations mainly consist of (i) express delivery services provided by the Express delivery services segment to the Supply chain management services segment; and (ii) supply chain management services provided by the Supply chain management services segment to the Store ⁺ services segment, and (iii) services provided by the Others segment to the Express delivery services, Freight delivery services and Supply chain management services segment, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

F-65

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

23.   FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following tables illustrate the fair value measurement hierarchy of the Group’s financial instruments:

	Fair value measurements as at December 31, 2018 using
	Quoted
	prices in	Significant	Significant
	active	observable	unobservable
	markets	inputs	inputs
	(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)	Total
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Non-recurring fair value measurement for:
Long-term investments	—	—	94,628	94,628

	Fair value measurements as at December 31, 2019 using
	Quoted
	prices in	Significant	Significant
	active	observable	unobservable
	markets	inputs	inputs
	(Level 1)	(Level 2)	(Level 3)	Total
	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Non-recurring fair value measurement for:
Long-term investments	—	—	119,927	119,927

The Group recognized a gain of RMB64,628 and RMB14,155 (US$2,033) for measuring equity investments at fair value using the measurement alternative resulting from the observable price changes occurring in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

The Group had no financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2019.

24.   COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Capital expenditure commitments

The Group has commitments for the construction of warehouses and equipment of RMB963,841 (US$138,447) at December 31, 2019, which are scheduled to be paid within one year.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Group is subject to legal proceedings, investigations, and claims incidental to the conduct of its business. The Group is currently not involved in any legal or administrative proceedings that may have a material adverse impact on the Group’s business, financial position or results of operations.

F-66

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

25.   EMPLOYEE DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN

Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the Group’s PRC subsidiaries, VIEs and its subsidiaries make contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were RMB219,646, RMB221,117 and RMB210,656 (US$30,259) for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively.

26.   ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	RMB
Balance as of January 1 , 2017	146,100
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of nil	(133,767)
Balance as of December 31, 2017	12,333
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of nil	111,590
Balance as of December 31, 2018	123,923
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of nil	39,273
Balance as of December 31, 2019	163,196
Balance as of December 31, 2019 (US$)	23,442

There have been no reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income to net loss for all the periods presented.

27.   SUBSEQUENT EVENT

Beginning in January 2020, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has negatively impacted the Group’s operations in China and resulted in lower productivity from late January to early March due to travel restrictions and quarantines. The Group's total revenue declined for January and February of 2020 as compared to the same period in the prior year. By the end of March, the Group's service have fully recovered nationwide, including all hubs and warehouses for Express delivery service, Freight delivery service and Supply Chain management service. As the COVID-19 outbreak has further spread outside the PRC and it is uncertain as to whether the COVID-19 outbreak will continue to be contained in the PRC, the Group is unable to reasonably estimate the magnitude of COVID-19's impact on its operations and the related financial impact at this time.

F-67

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

28.   CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE PARENT COMPANY

Condensed Balance Sheets

	As at December 31
	Notes	2018	2019	2019
		RMB	RMB	US$
Current assets:
Cash		5,350	9,933	1,427
Prepayments and other current assets		5,405	5,511	792
Total current assets		10,755	15,444	2,219
Non-current assets:
Other non—current assets		3,811	5,909	849
Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs		4,322,463	5,343,503	767,546
Total non—current assets:		4,326,274	5,349,412	768,395
Total assets		4,337,029	5,364,856	770,614
Current liabilities:
Accrued liabilities and other payables		14,401	8,805	1,265
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term payable due to subsidiaries		184,513	74,931	10,763
Convertible senior notes		—	1,360,208	195,382
Total liabilities		198,914	1,443,944	207,410
Shareholders’ equity
Class A ordinary shares (par value of US$0.01 per share as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 1,858,134,053 shares authorized as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 250,648,452 and 250,648,452 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	20	16,532	16,532	2,375
Class B ordinary shares (par value of US$0.01 per share as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 94,075,249 shares authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	20	6,178	6,178	887
Class C ordinary shares (par value of US$0.01 per share as of December 31, 2018 and 2019; 47,790,698 shares authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2019, respectively)	20	3,278	3,278	471
Additional paid in capital		19,407,460	19,353,400	2,779,942
Accumulated deficit		(15,419,256)	(15,621,672)	(2,243,913)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		123,923	163,196	23,442
BEST Inc. shareholders’ equity		4,138,115	3,920,912	563,204
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		4,337,029	5,364,856	770,614

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses	(30)	(6,610)	(2,698)	(388)
Operating loss	(30)	(6,610)	(2,698)	(388)
Share of losses of subsidiaries and VIEs	(1,227,847)	(501,396)	(188,962)	(27,142)
Interest expense	(30)	—	(10,756)	(1,545)
Interest income	14	18	—	—
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders	(1,227,893)	(507,988)	(202,416)	(29,075)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax of nil
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(133,767)	111,590	39,273	5,641
Comprehensive loss	(1,361,660)	(396,398)	(163,143)	(23,434)

F-68

BEST INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017, 2018 AND 2019 (CONTINUED)

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollars (“US$”)
except for number of shares and per share data)

28. CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE PARENT COMPANY (CONTINUED)

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

	For the year ended December 31,
	2017	2018	2019	2019
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Net cash generate from operating activities	56,730	3,132	4,218	606
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,069,955)	(41,166)	(1,224,149)	(175,838)
Net cash generated from financing activities	3,031,915	4,249	1,224,514	175,891
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	18,690	(33,785)	4,583	659
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year	20,445	39,135	5,350	768
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year	39,135	5,350	9,933	1,427

Basis of presentation

For the presentation of the parent company only condensed financial information, the Company records its investments in subsidiaries and VIEs under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323. Such investments are presented on the condensed balance sheets as “Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs” and the subsidiaries’ and VIE’s losses as “Share of losses of subsidiaries and VIEs” on the condensed statements of comprehensive loss.

The subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to the Company for the periods presented.

The Company does not have significant commitments or long-term obligations as of the period end other than those presented.

The parent company only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

F-69