Share‑based compensation was recognized in operating cost and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2020 and 2021 as follows:


	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2020		2021
	(RMB in thousands)
Processing and servicing cost		10,472		11,391		9,968
Sales and marketing expenses		28,611		32,486		30,508
Research and development expenses		42,977		46,116		39,413
General and administrative expenses		95,202		108,832		107,995
Total share‑based compensation expenses		177,262		198,825		187,884

The Group recognizes share-based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the vesting term of the awards. All the share-based awards granted by the Group are service conditions only. There was no income tax benefit recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for share‑based compensation and the Group did not capitalize any of the share‑based compensation as part of the cost of any asset in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

In October 2017, the Group adopted its 2017 Share Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), which permits the grant of stock options, restricted shares, and restricted share units of the Company to employees, directors and other eligible persons of the

Company and its affiliates. Under the 2017 Plan, the maximum number of Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards is 22,859,634 shares, plus an annual increase on the first day of each fiscal year of the Company during the ten-year term of the 2017 Plan commencing with the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2019, by an amount equal to 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year. Option awards are granted with an exercise price determined by the board of directors. Those option awards generally vest over a period of four years and expire in ten years.

The following table sets forth a summary of the number of shares available for issuance:


	Shares Available
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2018		13,833
Additions		3,512
Granted		(10,849	)
Cancelled/forfeited		1,903
December 31, 2019		8,399
Additions		3,594
Granted		(3,005	)
Cancelled/forfeited		2,539
December 31, 2020		11,527
Additions		3,641
Granted		(13,736	)
Cancelled/forfeited		5,201
December 31, 2021		6,633

The following table sets forth the summary of activities for stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors:


	Options Outstanding			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)			US$		(In years)		(RMB in thousands)
December 31, 2018		20,142			1.5164		7.95		353,559
Granted*		5,091			0.5000
Exercised		(7,798	)		0.2548
Cancelled/forfeited		(1,194	)		2.3996
December 31, 2019		16,241			1.7386		8.22		589,871
Granted*		2,829			0.5000
Exercised		(3,140	)		0.2399
Cancelled/forfeited		(2,270	)		2.1589
December 31, 2020		13,660			1.7569		7.87		189,072
Granted*		13,489			0.5000
Exercised		(2,426	)		0.4529
Cancelled/forfeited		(4,594	)		3.2215
December 31, 2021		20,129			0.7227		8.43		155,018
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2021		18,867			0.7355		8.42		143,684
Exercisable as of December 31, 2021		4,447			1.2408		6.53		19,540

* No stock options were granted to non-employee directors for the years presented.

The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 was RMB35.6, RMB25.5 and RMB23.0 per share, respectively.

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 was RMB293.5 million, RMB90.4 million and RMB78.5 million, respectively. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the market value on the date of exercise and the exercise price of the stock options.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, total share-based compensation expenses recognized for stock options granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors were RMB125.1 million, RMB143.5 million and RMB147.0 million, respectively.

In August 2018, the Company modified the exercise price of 6,263,000 stock options granted under 2017 Plan to US$5.15. The incremental compensation expenses of RMB16.9 million was equal to the excess of the fair value of the modified award immediately after the modification over the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification.

As of December 31, 2021, the unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non‑vested stock options granted to the Group’s employees, directors and non-employee directors was RMB285.9 million. Total unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted‑average period of 2.9 years and may be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures. Prior to completion of the IPO, the exercise price of each granted stock option was US$0.0001, the Company used intrinsic value (approximately the fair value of each of the Company’s ordinary share) on the grant date to estimate the fair value of the stock options granted. After the IPO, the exercise price of each granted stock option is determined by the closing price of the Company’s ordinary share on the grant date, therefore, the estimated fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

For the Year Ended December 31,

2019

2020

2021

Expected volatility

41.81%~42.09%

45.25%~48.26%

46.68%~47.79%

Risk-free interest rate (per annum)

1.80%~1.81%

0.67%~0.88%

1.11%~1.64%

Exercise multiples

1.5~2.5

Expected dividend yield

—

Expected term (in years)

Fair value of the underlying shares on the date of grants (US$)

5.02~6.02

3.15~4.15

1.91~6.31

The following table sets forth the summary of activities for stock options granted to non‑employees:


	Options Outstanding			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
	(In thousands)			US$		(In years)		(RMB in thousands)
December 31, 2018		500			0.0001		8.58		12,439
Granted		—			—		—		—
Exercised		(90	)		0.0001		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—		—		—
December 31, 2019		410			0.0001		7.58		19,864
Granted		—			—		—		—
Exercised		—			—		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—		—		—
December 31, 2020		410			0.0001		6.58		8,962
Granted		—			—		—		—
Exercised		(160	)		0.0001		—		—
Cancelled/forfeited		—			—		—		—
December 31, 2021		250			0.0001		5.58		3,076
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2021		250			0.0001		5.58		3,076
Exercisable as of December 31, 2021		250			0.0001		5.58		3,076

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, total share-based compensation expenses recognized for stock options granted to non-employees were RMB3.3 million, RMB3.2 million and RMB1.7 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2021, the unrecognized compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, related to non‑vested stock options granted to the Group’s non‑employees was nil. There is no unrecognized compensation cost to be recognized and to be adjusted for future changes in estimated forfeitures.

The following table sets forth the summary of activities for restricted share units granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors:


	Shares Outstanding			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(In thousands)			US$
December 31, 2018		1,237			7.47
Granted*		5,758			5.10
Vested		(292	)		7.49
Cancelled/forfeited		(709	)		5.78
December 31, 2019		5,994			5.39
Granted*		176			4.27
Vested		(1,527	)		5.43
Cancelled/forfeited		(989	)		5.57
December 31, 2020		3,654			5.27
Granted*		247			3.21
Vested		(1,226	)		5.35
Cancelled forfeited		(607	)		5.12
December 31, 2021		2,068			5.02

* No restricted share units were granted to non-employee directors for the years presented.

The fair value and intrinsic value of restricted share units vested for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 was RMB11.6 million, RMB69.9 million and RMB24.2 million, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, total share‑based compensation expenses recognized for restricted share units were RMB48.9 million, RMB52.1 million and RMB39.2 million, respectively.