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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of U.S. and Foreign Pre-tax Income Table
Pre-tax income applicable to U.S. and non-U.S. operations is as follows: 
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
United States$2,502 $2,020 $1,253 
Non-U.S. 3,041 3,079 2,131 
Total income before income taxes$5,543 $5,099 $3,384 
Schedule of the Provision for Income Taxes Table
The following is an analysis of the provision for income taxes: 
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Current tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal$486 $287 $185 
State and local92 87 17 
Non-U.S.1,239 1,142 1,013 
1,817 1,516 1,215 
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal(12)63 20 
State and local
Non-U.S.(378)(325)(395)
(383)(254)(368)
Total income taxes$1,434 $1,262 $847 
Schedule of the Difference Between the Actual Income Tax Provision and the Amount Computed By Applying the US Statutory Income Tax Rate Table An analysis of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the U.S. statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income follows:      
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
U.S. statutory income tax$1,164 21.0 %$1,071 21.0 %$711 21.0 %
State and local taxes – net of federal benefit84 1.5 %83 1.6 %21 0.6 %
U.S. tax credits and deductions (a)(16)(0.3)%(23)(0.5)%(8)(0.2)%
Non-U.S. tax differentials (b) 176 3.2 %219 4.3 %167 4.9 %
Share-Based compensation(41)(0.7)%(56)(1.1)%(53)(1.6)%
Russia/Ukraine Charges108 1.9 %— — %— — %
Other – net (c)(41)(0.7)%(32)(0.6)%0.3 %
Provision for income taxes$1,434 25.9 %$1,262 24.7 %$847 25.0 %
 
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(a)U.S. tax credits and deductions relate to non-U.S. derived intangible income and the research and experimentation tax credit in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(b)Primarily related to differences between the U.S. tax rate and the statutory tax rate in the countries where the company operates. Excluding 2021, which included an $83 million deferred income tax charge related to a tax rate increase in the U.K, other permanent items and tax rate changes were not significant.
(c)Other - net includes net tax benefits related to the settlement of tax audits of $71 million in 2022 , and $47 million in 2021.
Schedule of the Composition of the Net Deferred Tax Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Table Net deferred tax liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of the following: 
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
20222021
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets (a)$2,775 $3,177 
Goodwill173 166 
Other intangible assets 2,939 3,263 
Subsidiary/equity investments545 586 
Other (b)471 634 
$6,903 $7,826 
Deferred tax assets
Carryforwards$289 $358 
Benefit plans and related (c)(d)165 607 
Inventory68 57 
Accruals and other (e)1,001 1,042 
$1,523 $2,064 
Less: Valuation allowances (f)(276)(235)
$1,247 $1,829 
Net deferred tax liabilities$5,656 $5,997 
Recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as (Note 7):
Other long-term assets230 242 
Deferred credits5,886 6,239 
$5,656 $5,997 
________________________
(a)Excludes $39 million and $19 million of fixed assets in 2022 related to the deconsolidation of Russia and the sale of GIST, respectively (see Notes 3 and 2).
(b)Includes $206 million in 2022 and $236 million in 2021 related to right-of-use lease assets.
(c)Includes deferred tax liabilities of $54 million and deferred tax assets of $305 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to pension / OPEB funded status (see Notes 7 and 16).
(d)The amounts are net of non-US deferred tax liabilities of $315 million in 2022 and $71 million in 2021.
(e)Includes $212 million in 2022 and $246 million in 2021 related to lease liabilities and $25 million and $42 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to research and development costs.
(f)Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
202220212020
Balance, January 1,$(235)$(243)$(222)
Income tax (charge) benefit(44)(21)
Other, including write-offs — — 
Translation adjustments— (2)
Balance, December 31,$(276)$(235)$(243)
Schedule of Valuation Allowances Relating To Deferred Tax Assets Table Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
202220212020
Balance, January 1,$(235)$(243)$(222)
Income tax (charge) benefit(44)(21)
Other, including write-offs — — 
Translation adjustments— (2)
Balance, December 31,$(276)$(235)$(243)
Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Table
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 
(Millions of dollars)202220212020
Unrecognized income tax benefits, January 1$387 $452 $472 
Additions for tax positions of prior years 26 11 35 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (a)(45)(11)(34)
Additions for current year tax positions— 19 11 
Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities (a)(b)(23)(60)(39)
Foreign currency translation and other(20)(24)
Unrecognized income tax benefits, December 31$325 $387 $452 
 
________________________
(a)2022 amounts are primarily related to the settlement of tax audits.
(b)Settlements are uncertain tax positions that were effectively settled with the taxing authorities, including positions where the company has agreed to amend its tax returns to eliminate the uncertainty.
Schedule of Open Tax Years Subject to Examination by Major Jurisdiction Table
As of December 31, 2022, the company remained subject to examination in the following major tax jurisdictions for the tax years as indicated below: 
Major tax jurisdictionsOpen Years
North and South America
United States2017 through 2022
Canada2014 through 2022
Mexico2014 through 2022
Brazil2003 through 2022
Europe and Africa
France2019 through 2022
Germany2018 through 2022
Spain2010 through 2022
United Kingdom2020 through 2022
Asia and Australia
Australia2018 through 2022
China2017 through 2022
India2006 through 2022
South Korea2020 through 2022