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Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of U.S. and Foreign Pre-tax Income Table
Pre-tax income applicable to U.S. and non-U.S. operations is as follows: 
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
United States$2,020 $1,253 $1,161 
Non-U.S. 3,079 2,131 1,766 
Total income before income taxes$5,099 $3,384 $2,927 
Schedule of the Provision for Income Taxes Table
The following is an analysis of the provision for income taxes: 
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2021
2020
2019(a)
Current tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal$287 $185 $64 
State and local87 17 39 
Non-U.S.1,142 1,013 969 
1,516 1,215 1,072 
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal63 20 85 
State and local— 
Non-U.S.(325)(395)(388)
(254)(368)(303)
Total income taxes$1,262 $847 $769 
(a)2019 includes $70 million related to divestitures, non-U.S. current tax expense of $48 million and non-U.S. deferred tax expense of $22 million.
Schedule of the Difference Between the Actual Income Tax Provision and the Amount Computed By Applying the US Statutory Income Tax Rate Table An analysis of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the U.S. statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income follows:      
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
U.S. statutory income tax$1,071 21.0 %$711 21.0 %$615 21.0 %
State and local taxes – net of federal benefit83 1.6 %21 0.6 %31 1.1 %
U.S. tax credits and deductions (a)(23)(0.5)%(8)(0.2)%(31)(1.1)%
Non-U.S. tax differentials (b) (c)219 4.3 %167 4.9 %113 3.9 %
Share-Based compensation(56)(1.1)%(53)(1.6)%(41)(1.4)%
Divestitures— — %— — %36 1.2 %
Other – net (d)(32)(0.6)%0.3 %46 1.6 %
Provision for income taxes$1,262 24.7 %$847 25.0 %$769 26.3 %
 
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(a)U.S. tax credits and deductions relate to non-U.S. derived intangible income and the research and experimentation tax credit in 2021, 2020 and 2019.
(b)Primarily related to differences between the U.S. tax rate and the statutory tax rate in the countries where the company operates. Excluding (c), other permanent items and tax rate changes were not significant.
(c)2021 includes an $83 million deferred income tax charge related to a tax rate increase in the United Kingdom.
(d)Other - net includes $8 million, $11 million and $26 million of U.S tax related to Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively and a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits and accrued interest and penalties of $47 million in 2021.
Schedule of the Composition of the Net Deferred Tax Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Table Net deferred tax liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of the following: 
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
20212020
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets$3,177 $3,430 
Goodwill166 173 
Other intangible assets (a)3,263 3,703 
Subsidiary/equity investments586 609 
Other (b)634 791 
$7,826 $8,706 
Deferred tax assets
Carryforwards$358 $386 
Benefit plans and related (c)607 814 
Inventory57 70 
Accruals and other (d)1,042 1,243 
$2,064 $2,513 
Less: Valuation allowances (e)(235)(243)
$1,829 $2,270 
Net deferred tax liabilities$5,997 $6,436 
Recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as (Note 7):
Other long-term assets242 268 
Deferred credits6,239 6,704 
$5,997 $6,436 
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(a)Excludes $230 million of Intangibles in 2021 due to the effects of the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (See Note 2).
(b)Includes $236 million in 2021 and $255 million in 2020 related to right-of-use lease assets.
(c)Includes deferred taxes of $305 million and $560 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to pension / OPEB funded status (See Notes 7 and 16).
(d)Includes $246 million in 2021 and $255 million in 2020 related to lease liabilities and $42 million and $63 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to research and development costs.
(e)Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
202120202019
Balance, January 1,$(243)$(222)$(237)
Income tax (charge) benefit(21)(31)
Merger with Linde AG— — 18 
Other, including write-offs (i)— 26 
Translation adjustments— (2)
Balance, December 31,$(235)$(243)$(222)
(i)2019 includes $26 million related to the squeeze out of Linde AG (See Note 14).
Schedule of Valuation Allowances Relating To Deferred Tax Assets Table Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
202120202019
Balance, January 1,$(243)$(222)$(237)
Income tax (charge) benefit(21)(31)
Merger with Linde AG— — 18 
Other, including write-offs (i)— 26 
Translation adjustments— (2)
Balance, December 31,$(235)$(243)$(222)
(i)2019 includes $26 million related to the squeeze out of Linde AG (See Note 14).
Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Table
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 
(Millions of dollars)202120202019
Unrecognized income tax benefits, January 1$452 $472 $319 
Additions for tax positions of prior years (a)11 35 151 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years(11)(34)(3)
Additions for current year tax positions19 11 33 
Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities (b)(60)(39)(26)
Foreign currency translation and other(24)(2)
Unrecognized income tax benefits, December 31$387 $452 $472 
 
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(a)Increase primarily relates to tax positions in the United States and Europe, $66 million in 2019 related to the merger with Linde AG.
(b)Settlements are uncertain tax positions that were effectively settled with the taxing authorities, including positions where the company has agreed to amend its tax returns to eliminate the uncertainty.
Schedule of Open Tax Years Subject to Examination by Major Jurisdiction Table
As of December 31, 2021, the company remained subject to examination in the following major tax jurisdictions for the tax years as indicated below: 
Major tax jurisdictionsOpen Years
North and South America
United States2017 through 2021
Canada2014 through 2021
Mexico2014 through 2021
Brazil2003 through 2021
Europe and Africa
France2014 through 2021
Germany2016 through 2021
Republic of South Africa2018 through 2021
Spain2010 through 2021
United Kingdom2016 through 2021
Asia and Australia
Australia2017 through 2021
China2016 through 2021
India2006 through 2021
South Korea2016 through 2021